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A&P 302 Blood Lecture Notes
A&P 302 Blood Lecture Notes
A&P 302 Blood Lecture Notes
Blood Elements:
Erythrocytes
o Red blood cells
Buffy coat
o White blood cells
o Platelets
Plasma
Blood Hematocrit:
Blood Function:
Distribution
Regulation
Protection
Blood Components:
Plasma
Formed elements
Plasma Components:
Water 90%
Solutes
Plasma Solutes:
Proteins
Non-protein Nitrogenous Substances
Plasma Proteins:
Plasma Non-proteins:
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Respiratory gases
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Erythrocytes Structure:
Erythrocytes Function:
Erythrocytes Hemoglobin:
Protein globin
Pigment heme
Normal values:
o Infants 14-20 g/100 ml
o Males 13-18
o Females 12-16
Hematopoiesis
Occurs in the red bone marrow
o Axial skeleton and girdle
All blood cells come from hematopoietic stem cell or hemocytoblast
Erythrocytes Production:
Erythropoiesis:
Erythropoiesis Phase 1:
Erythropoiesis Phase 2:
Erythropoiesis Phase 3:
Reticulocytes are ejected into the blood stream and mature to become erythrocytes
Erythropoiesis Regulation:
Erythrocytes Iron:
Erythrocytes Destruction:
Leukocytes Structure:
Leukocytes Classification:
Granulocytes
o Neutrophils
o Basophils
o Eosinophils
Agranulocytes
o Lymphocytes
o Monocytes
Leukocytes Mnemonic:
Granulocytes Characteristics:
1) Larger than erythrocytes
2) Lobed nuclei
3) Shorter lived than erythrocytes
Granulocytes Neutrophils:
Granulocytes Eosinophils:
Eosinophils Function:
Elevated in:
Neoplasm
Asthma
Allergy
Connective tissue disease
Parasites
(NAACP)
Inactivates inflammatory reactants in allergic reactions
Granulocytes Basophils:
Basophils Function:
Agranulocytes Lymphocytes:
T lymphocytes or T cells
B lymphocytes
Lymphocytes T Cells:
Lymphocytes B Cells:
Agranulocytes Monocytes:
Monocytes Function:
Leukocytes Production:
Called leukopoiesis
Hormonally controlled
Leukopoiesis Hormones:
Hemoblasts divide into either myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells
Lymphoid stem cells give rise to lymphocytes and plasma cells only
Myeloid stem cells give rise to all others
Myeloblast
Monoblast
Lymphoblast
o Neutrophilic myelocytes
o Basophilic myelocytes
Myelocytes develop into band cells
Platelets Description:
Platelets Formation:
Hemostasis Description:
Hemostasis Steps:
1) Vasospasm
2) Platelet plug formation
3) Coagulation (blood clotting)
Hemostasis Vasospasm:
Platelet Regulation:
Coagulation Description:
1)
2)
3)
Two pathways:
o Intrinsic
o Extrinsic
Both require the presence of PF3
Slower
All factors are present in the blood
Only way clotting occurs outside the body
Platelets contain actin and myosin that contract bringing torn endothelial edges together
Causes serum to be squeezed out
Secrete platelet-derived growth factor which induces smooth muscle and fibroblasts to
divide
Coagulation Regulation:
Coagulation Fibrinolysis:
Presence of a clot causes endothelial cells secrete tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
TPA transformed plasminogen into plasmin
Plasmin dissolves the clot