JUNE 2015

HCM 721 HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE

AP777 MASTER IN HERITAGE AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

PREPARED BY :
NUR ULFAH AWATIF UMAIRAH BT ALIAS (2014562439)
COURSE COORDINATOR:
DR MASTURA BT ADAM

TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background study
1.2 Industrial Revolution Era: Establishment of
1.3 Malaysian Architecture timeline
1.4 Railway development phases in Malaya
2.0 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH RAILWAY STATION
2.1 Evolution of railways lines In Federated Malay States
2.2 Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh first railway station: simple train shed structure
2.3 Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh first brick railway station: First colossal railway
3.0 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH COLOSSAL RAILWAY STATION
3.1 Location in British Administration Setting
3.2 Ipoh Railway Station Construction Issue: World War 1
3.3 Architectural Style
3.3.1 British public building Elements
3.3.2Moghul Neo-saracen Architecture
3.3.3 Global architecture era : Industrial revolution
4.0 CONCLUSION
5.0 REFFERENCES

HCM 721 HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE

AP777 MASTER IN HERITAGE AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT

NUR ULFAH AWATIF UMAIRAH BT ALIAS

+6(012) 6923121

umairaalias@gmail.com

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION :
BACKGROUND STUDY

British-India influence to FMS Railway

station in Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh
This paper intend to identify and evaluate the influence
of British India in Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh Railway
Station as the first two railway stations that have been
built by brick in FMS.
The political influence of British as an administrative
body of Malaya and Malayan geological environment of
that era will be examined to identify the influence to
the railway stations architectural elements. The rivalry
between the European powers for control of the tin
deposits in Malaya as an economical force has further
developed the train system in Malaya, which has urged
to further development along the lines.
Therefore, this study will further evaluate the
relationship of the Ipoh Railway Station in comparison
to the Kuala Lumpur Railway Stations architectural
style from the influence of global industrial revolution
era, as well as local political and historical influence.
Ipoh Railway Station and Station Hotel c. 1945

rsmurthi. (2013, January 1). rsmurthi. Retrieved from http://www.rsmurthi.com/IpohStation.html

THE INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN MALAYSIA

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: INVENSION OF RAILWAY

The Industrial Revolution covers the century of extraordinary inventiveness and
unprecedented industrial and economic growth in Western world. Railway was invented
during this period of time and was also the driving force behind Industrial Revolution
(McNeese, 2010).

1.2 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ERA:

ESTABLISHMENT OF RAILWAY IN MALAYA
SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
1870-1914

The blossoming Industrial Revolution thirsted for raw material namely tin in Malaya
(Eveland, 2011).

RAILWAY ESTABLISHMENT IN MALAYA

Geological environment and historical background of Malaya displayed an important
role in the development of railway.
Railway was brought into Malaya 60 years after its invention in Europe by the British. It
was a solution to their problem; the need to transport the tin from the mines to the
port in a shorter period of time.
In 19th century, rivalry takes part between the European powers for control of the tin
deposits in Malaya. Tin became a significant raw material contributing to the industrial
revolution.
Large tin deposits were discovered in Sungei Ujong of Negeri Sembilan, in the valleys
of Klang River and at Larut, Perak (Kaur, 1985). In 1874, British came in to control the
unrest in the tin-producing areas and later, residential system was established in Perak,
Selangor and Sungei Ujong (Visvanathan, 2013).
The first railway system in Malaya was in 1885 from Taiping to Port Weld and later from
Kuala Lumpur to Klang. Many new cities begin to develop along the way later.
Both of this railway lines were later connected during the establishment of the
Federated Malay States. Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur later became the capital city and has
later constructed the first brick railway station for each states.

The great difficulty that the

tin could be got from the
mines to the shipping place
( Hugh Low)

Railways were clearly the

answer since they provide the
means of richening up the
territory with all its rich
commercial possibility
( Hugh Low)

1.3 MALAYSIAN ARCHITECTURE

TIMELINE

1910

1917

KUALA LUMPUR RAILWAY STATION

IPOH RAILWAY STATION

BEFORE 1910: Heavily

influenced with Moghul
style from British India

AFTER 1920: Moghul style

of British India became
less fashioned in this era.
Architecture elements has
been
simplified
with
mixture of art deco
elements.

MALAYSIAN ARCHITECTURE TMELINE

Source: University of Malaya, 2015

THE DEVELOPMENT OF RAILWAY SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA

1.4 RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT PHASES IN

MALAYA

RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT PHASES :

STAGE 1: KERETAPI NEGERI-NEGERI (1885 TO 1900)
British government in India do not agree to develop the
railways in Malaya. The Train system was financed by the
British state government at that time in Perak and Selangor.

STAGE 2: FEDERATION MALAY STATES RAILWAYS

A.K.A FMSR (1901 TO 1948)

INDIVIDUAL STATE (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)

1885 TO 1900

State government of Perak and Selangor realize the sharing

interest and needs of railways, and begin to collaborate to
improved co-ordination of development in the new
founded federation.
The outbreak of World War II was marked with the
Japanese Empire's invasion of Malaya in 1942.

STAGE 3: MALAYAN RAILWAY/ KERETAPI TANAH

MELAYU@KTM (1948 TO 1992)

IN FMS PROVINCE UNTIL WORLDWAR

1901 TO 1948

British government in India accept the establishment of

FMSR and agree to develop new tracks to connect other
states in Malaya. Malayan Railway was established.

REBRANDING AFTER WORLDWAR: MALAYAN UNION

STAGE 4: KTM BERHAD (1992 ONWARDS)

Malayan Union dissolved and was replaced with
Persekutuan Tanah Melayu. The Malayan Railway was
renamed as Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad(KTM) in 1992
Source :Hassan, 1994

1948 TO 1992

2.0 KUALA LUMPUR AND

IPOH RAILWAY STATION

TIN DEPOSITS DISCOVERED IN FEDERATED MALAY STATES:

1896

IN PERAK : LINE FROM TAIPING TO PORT WELD (1885)

(Left) Port Weld Station , 1886 and (right) Taiping Station, 1885
Source: malayarailway. (2009, June 2). malayarailway. Retrieved from F.M.S.R - Taiping - Port Weld Railway Line:
http://www.malayarailway.com/2009/01/fmrs-taiping-port-weld-line.html#axzz3dNuRr1bH

IN SELANGOR: LINE FROM KL TO KLANG (1886)

Earlier established railway lines are within state government
initiatives which was built for economical purpose; from the
mines to the port.
After the establishment of FMS, British has linked all the
railway lines for both, economical and administrative purpose
(Chan, 1967).Ipoh Station begun to play a significant role in
Perak during FMS due to its shorter distance to Kuala Lumpur
station in comparison to other tin deposits around Perak. Ipoh
later became the capital of Perak.

Port Swettenham, 1907

Source: http://www.rsmurthi.com/PortSwettenhamPhotos.html

2.1 EVOLUTION OF RAILWAYS LINES IN

FEDERATED MALAY STATES

1901

2.1 EVOLUTION OF RAILWAYS LINES IN

FEDERATED MALAY STATES

LINE FROM IPOH TO PORT WELD (1896)

In 1896, Selangor, Perak, Negeri
Sembilan and Pahang was merged
under the Federated Malay States
(FMS) a.k.a Negeri-negeri melayu
bersekutu.
Rail was the main medium to
network link to the 4 states for the
purpose of administration and
economy (Chan, 1967).

LINE FROM KL TO PORT SWETTENHAM (1899)

IN SUNGEI UJONG: LINE FROM SEREMBAN TO PORT DICKSON (1891)

Internationalsteam. (2014). Retrieved from Steam in West Malaysia 1996: http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/malay02.htm

2.2 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH FIRST

RAILWAY STATION

Ipoh Old Railway Station in 1894

Kuala Lumpur Old Railway Station in 1894

https://aibob.wordpress.com/2012/01/31/kuala-lumpur-once-upon-a-time/

http://abckualalumpur.com/info_guide/kl_railwaystn.html

IPOH RAILWAY STATION

YEAR

Year:1886
Location: (known as Resident Station) along, earlier
called Victory Avenue
By: the State government

ARCHITECTURE
STYLE

KUALA LUMPUR RAILWAY STATION

RAILWAY SHED

Year:1893
Location: Along Jalan Fryer @ opposite track of current building
with simple shed structure

Simple railway shed structure with large overhangs.

The first station was a temporary building made of wood and corrugated iron

The building consist of 2 compartments; a platform and a ticket counter

The building was constructed by the Indians brought in by the British as labor forces of that time

IPOH RAILWAY STATION AS SISTER BUILDING TO

KUALA LUMPUR RAILWAY STATION
A traveler from Medan, Sumatra, who visited Ipoh in the 1920s called
the Ipoh Railway Station "number two" after the Kuala Lumpur Railway
Station.

2.3 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH

FIRST BRICK RAILWAY STATION

LOCATION &
BACKGROUND

BUILDING
COMPONENTS

KUALA LUMPUR RAILWAY STATION

The function of the building is divided into 3 main section:

Main building function (Main hall, ticket counters and
offices)
Platform and rail
1915, Extension of the Station of a 30-room Hotel (3
levels)

SecondKuala Lumpur Railway Station (1910) : along Jalan

Sultan Hishamuddin
previously known as Victory Avenue, which in turn was part of
Damansara Road.
The station is located closely to the similarly designed Railway
Administration Building, as well as the National Mosque

Kuala Lumpur Railway Station c. 1930

http://www.keretapi.com/website/photos-from-ebay-old-kuala-lumpur-station/

IPOH RAILWAY STATION

Second Ipoh Railway Station (1917) : along Jalan Kelab
This building was under the administration of FMSR leaded by a
district superintendent
There are 2 roads to enter the new site, Jalan Hugh Low and Jalan
Stesen
This new railway station was designed together with a hotel as in
Kuala Lumpur, Johor and Singapore.

The main building is constructed with 2 main section:

Terminal area (Waiting area, offices and restaurant ) and hotel
(The hotel have been added in reference to most previously
added hotel in Kuala Lumpur and Singapore Railway Station)
Train shed

Ipoh Railway Station and Station Hotel c. 1945

rsmurthi. (2013, January 1). rsmurthi. Retrieved from http://www.rsmurthi.com/IpohStation.html

3.0 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH

COLOSSAL RAILWAY STATION

3.1 LOCATION IN BRITISH

ADMINISTRATION SETTING

RAILWAY BUILDING IN BRITISH ADMINISTRATION SETTING

British administrative center has developed a
standard module which have been applied to most
of its town around Malaya. The administrative
setting shall consist of a government office, post
office, high court, bank, club house and a parade
ground.
In comparison to both city setting in Ipoh and Kuala
Lumpur, Ipoh has displayed the strong relationship
of railway station to its administration center. Ipoh
was a major location for mining deposit and has
been established as a city due to mining activity.
Railway was an important mean of transportation to
the town.

CLUBHOUSE
PARADE GROUND

RAILWAY STATION
HIGH COURT
BANK

On the other hand, Kuala Lumpur reflected that the

British administration center is located closer to the
river mouth. This was because its early local
settlements have mostly settled along the river with
water transportation as a means of transportation
for communication and trades. Railway was added
later for the rising need of higher capacity and faster
means of transportation.

GOVERNMENT
OFFICE

POST OFFICE

British administrative setting in Ipoh

Kuala Lumpur plan in 1930

http://fac.arch.hku.hk/asian-cities-research/kuala-lumpur-historical-map-and-photos-2/

British administrative setting in Kuala Lumpur

3.2 IPOH RAILWAY STATION

CONSTRUCTION ISSUE

DELAY OF CONSTRUCTION

IPOH RAILWAY STATION

The station was designed by AB Hubbock (MSPWD)- the
same architect whom has designed Kuala Lumpur Railway
Station.
claimed to be the first brick building built by the state
government at that time.
The construction began in 1914 but was interrupted due to a
shortage of materials and high costs of labor during World
War I.
This station was constructed by phases from the North
After the completion of the main building, a temporary
wooden platform was constructed to connect the main
building. Platform 1,2,3,4 and 5 was built after that
Completed in 1917, the station has three platforms,
commodious offices for railway staff, and a restaurant and
hotel. The hotel rooms open out to the deep upper verandah.
It was upgraded from 17 to 21 rooms by 1936.

3.3 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE:

ARCHITECTURE STYLES
Architecture style and elements reflected on both Kuala Lumpur
and Ipoh Railway Stations have been on the influence of the
factors below:
1. The function of the building to reflect the masculine and
massive figure of a British public building.
2. Brtish-India :Moghul neo-saracen architecture- carried in by
the British officers whom have served in India before coming
to Malaya. The elements are carried in to demonstrate Malaya
as an Islamic country.
3. Influence of architecture era in global context Starting from
Industrial revolution up to art deco era

3.3.1 BRITISH PUBLIC BUILDING

ELEMENTS
As a British public building, both of this stations share a common
elements to display a massive masculine figure to look dominant.
In Britain, the Neoclassical style was employed in the design of a
wide variety of public buildings from banks to museums to post
offices.
It is identified with common architecture principles as follow:
Symmetrical
Visual frame & break front
Proportion & verticality (visually looks taller)
Repetition and rhyme

3.3.1 BRITISH PUBLIC BUILDING

ELEMENTS

1
1
Front elevation of Kuala Lumpur Railway Station

SYMETRICAL
bBlance to the exis in both faade and layout. This is essentially important
to display stability and power through a massive image.
DOMINANT
It is a important character derived from the classical architecture to
highlight certain faade elements such as main entrance.

Big dome highlighting the centre

and a medium-size dome on the
marking the other 2 ends. These
domes is harmonized with the
3 dome size
Small-edges of the building
Miideumnorth south tower
Big centre of building

1
2
Front elevation of Ipoh Railway Station

Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

3.3.1 BRITISH PUBLIC BUILDING

ELEMENTS

Front elevation of Kuala Lumpur Railway Station

2
BREAK
FRONT

VISUAL FRAME
The building form is very linear, the edges is highlighted with decorative
projected elements.
The visual frame created a solid and stable image for the building.

Front elevation of Ipoh Railway Station

Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

3.3.1 BRITISH PUBLIC BUILDING

ELEMENTS

Front elevation of Kuala Lumpur Railway Station

URN-LIKE

The faade elements on the lower body is enlarged and exaggerated to

make the body visually looks taller.

REPETITION AND RHYTHM

This is reflected in the design of column, balustrade, pediments on the
faade, domes and others.

Front elevation of Ipoh Railway Station

Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

3.3.1 BRITISH PUBLIC BUILDING

ELEMENTS

Front elevation of Kuala Lumpur Railway Station

EDGES:
It is commonly known as the battlements in
classical architecture. It often is designed
similar to the balustrade along the corridor to
look harmonious with the overall facade.
Similar to classical Corinthian balustrade

Front elevation of Ipoh Railway Station

Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

3.3.2MOGHUL NEO-SARACEN
ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE
STYLE

MOGHUL NEO-SARACEN ARCHITECTURE

This style has been displayed at both Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh
railway station. It is commonly known as MOGHUL NEO-SARACEN
ARCHITECTURE or Moghul revival.
Moghul Neo-saracen Architecture is marriage elements from
Native Indo-Islamic and Indian architecture (to create notable
impression of Islamic architecture) with western Gothic revival
and Neo-classical styles.
The term Saracenic was used by the ancient Romans to refer to
province of Arabia features gently curving domes and arches.
It was a popularity style in late-19th century and early 20th
century in colonial India and was carried into Malaya by British
architects in British India (A.B. Hubback has worked in India
before coming to Malaya in 1901)
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/neoclassical-architecture.htm

3.3.2MOGHUL NEO-SARACEN
ARCHITECTURE

IPOH RAILWAY STATION

WINDOW WITH PEDIMENT

PALLADIAN WINDOW

SILL

Portion of Front elevation of Ipoh Railway Station (left) Displaying the proportion of window
sizes at every floor (Right) elements of Neo-classical

Portion of Front facade of Ipoh Railway Station, 2015

Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

Front elevation of Ipoh Railway Station

Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

3.3.2MOGHUL NEO-SARACEN
ARCHITECTURE
PEDIMENTS
Pediments are used to decorate the building.
Two types of pediments are used in the faade:

a.

Triangular pediment after LEveille

b.

Segmental Pediment after Vignola

BRACKET

It is a supporting structure often seen in Indian temples.

Seen used to support the dome and front windows

Windows and doors along Ipoh Railway Station verandah way is decorated with Neoclassical broken pediment, 2015

Front elevation of Ipoh Railway Station

Pediments of Neo-classical

Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

3.3.2MOGHUL NEO-SARACEN
ARCHITECTURE

EGGA AND DART MOTIF

egga and dart motif found to decorate
around the building on its architrave and
Ionic column as a common motif found in
Neo-classical building

Windows, pediments and architraves on Ipoh Railway faade is well decorated with
the egg and dart motif from Neo-classical element, 2015

Column in the veranda way of Ipoh Railway Station is well decorated with the egg and
dart motif from Neo-classical element, 2015

Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

3.3.2MOGHUL NEO-SARACEN
ARCHITECTURE
CLASSICAL COLUMN
It is devided to capital, entablature, shaft, base,and pedestal
(from timber known as wood casing)
In proportion base on the classical order:
Base: Similar to the Corinthian
Capital and entablature: similar to classical Tuscan
column
Some column is a rusticated column which has few block
like partition.

Type of column:
Steel column
Square drum column
Circular drum
*not all column function to transfer load

Square and circular drum column in Ipoh Railway Station, 2015

Rusticated column (block like partition) in Ipoh Railway Station, 2015

Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

3.3.2MOGHUL NEO-SARACEN
ARCHITECTURE

MINERATE
The minarets are designed in hexagon
which was adaprted by British as an
Islamic elemental pattern. Hexagon is
also used to design the main first class
ticket counter.

Comparative Minarets design from other building in India

Ipoh Railway Station Minerets , June 2015

Front elevation of Ipoh Railway Station

Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

3.3.2MOGHUL NEO-SARACEN
ARCHITECTURE

ARCHES
Often used in Indian tample and mosque. Used
type was:
Semi-circular type (Ground floor)
Segmented (Bath level)
Uses chambers guidelines for setting out
arches in classical measure but it does not
apply to all.
Uses 10ft diameter(for small corridor on north
and south) and (16ft diameterarch in the
centre) for

Arch in Ipoh Station applies the Classical arch principle

Front elevation of Ipoh Railway Station

Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

3.3.2MOGHUL NEO-SARACEN
ARCHITECTURE

KUALA LUMPUR RAILWAY STATION

MINERATE
Often projected up at the corner edges, higher than
the main building to create an attractive skyline.
Kuala Lumpur station reflects a strong character of
mosque from layout with courtyard , surrounded by
slim columns and edges marked with minaret -like
towers

Pinnacles

Comparative Minarets design from other building in India

MOORISH TURRETS -CHATRIS

(commonly found in Hindu as well as Mughal
architecture)

is a small tower that projects vertically

from the wall

6 CHATRIS originally, with 2 added later at the

corners of the building accompanying smaller
variations at the front.

turret as decorative structure to the

building. In the other ways, it might
contain a staircase if it projects higher
than the building.

Chhatris of Kuala Lumpur Railway Station

chhatris which hold the domes

Front elevation of Kuala Lumpur Railway Station

Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

KUALA LUMPUR RAILWAY STATION

BUILDING ELEMENTS: ARCHES

ARCHES

Equilateral Arch

Horseshoe Arch

@ also called the Moorish arch and

the Keyhole arch, is the emblematic
arch of Islamic architecture.

Keyhole Arch

Elliptical arch

Ogee Cyma Reversa Arch

Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

3.3.3 GLOBAL ARCHITECTURE ERA :

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

FORMATION OF RAILWAY STATION STANDARDS IN EUROPE:

Adapted in the concept of kuala lumpur and ipoh railway station

Exposed steel structure in the platform area parallel to technical

and engineering character.

Variety of platform structure depending on the width

Concourse area (to gather)

Combination of hotel and train Satation . Firstly used in 1837 in

England by Lord Crewe

Picturesque eclecticism used from late 18th century to early 20th

century to form an attractive skyline

Even though the raw material of tins have not been spent in Malaya,
these stations was still affected by the change of building material.
This is obviously presented in its platform area which have been of a
wide span steel structure especially Kuala Lumpur Train Station.
Ipoh have had steel as a structure for the whole building, which is
however, being covered by concrete in the main building

Megalomania(1890-1914) era has developed railway system widely in the west.

This has carry influence in Malaya only later , which reflects the changes of elements in Ipoh Station
compared to the earlier style of Kuala Lumpur Station.
From romantic era to aesthetic
Towers became less frequent
Domes begin to replace spires
Proportion: grand
Use of glass cages and domes

3.3.3 GLOBAL ARCHITECTURE ERA :

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Steam train at Kuala Lumpur railway station c. 1950

Kuala Lumpur railway station platform c.1920

http://www.keretapi.com/website/photos-from-ebay-old-kuala-lumpur-station/

Steam train at Kuala Lumpur railway station c. 1915

rsmurthi. (2013, January 1). rsmurthi. Retrieved from http://www.rsmurthi.com/IpohStation.html

3.3.3 GLOBAL ARCHITECTURE ERA :

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Steel I beam and column covered with

concrete finish in most area except platform
area to harmonize the design as a whole
and to differentiate the platform area from
the building.

Ipoh railway station platform c. 1950

rsmurthi. (2013, January 1). rsmurthi. Retrieved from http://www.rsmurthi.com/IpohStation.html

Ipoh railway station platform section

4.0 CONCLUSION

This study has identified and recognized the

similarity and differences in both, Kuala
Lumpur and Ipoh Railway Station
architecture
through
its
historical
background and influence. Kuala Lumpur
and Ipoh became the capital for Selangor
and Perak, function as the main center of
administration for British. Therefore, both
stations shows a strong masculine identity
as a public building under British
administration in Malaya.
However, even though both of this buildings
were the first brick FMS railway station in
each state, Kuala Lumpur Railway Station
was build 7 years earlier than Ipoh Railway
station.
Only in the late 19th century Ipoh was found
to contain large tin deposits and British
came in to control the unrest in the tinproducing areas and later.

Kuala Lumpur Station(1910) has displayed a strong Moghul and Raj

architecture and detailing that was later becoming less and simplified in
Ipoh Station. Kuala Lumpur station architecture style was similar to most
British public buildings in Kuala Lumpur in its era. The architects in that
time were closely influenced by British style in India.

Ipoh Station, which was later built in 1917 after the world war, have been
in the simpler complexity. Limitation of material was a challenge, and the
style is experimental. It demonstrated a stronger simplified classical image
and proportion.
The influence of Megalomania in Europe was found to influence the design
of Ipoh station which has exhibit fewer towers and minarets but more
domes.
On top of all, in the overall form of the building, both station has displayed
a common architectural elements of a British public building with a massive
image and principle.

5.0 REFERENCES

REFERENCES
Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.
Chan, C. H. (1967). The development of British Malaya 1896-1909. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Eveland, J. (2011). Frommer's Singapore and Malaysia. United States of America: Wiley Publishing.
Kaur, A. (1985). Bridge and barrier: transport and communications in Colonial Malaya, 1870-1957. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
McNeese, T. (2010). The Industrial Revolution. Missouri: Milliken.
Visvanathan, R. (2013, December 28). Development of Malaya Transport. Retrieved from Malayan History: https://rvisva.wordpress.com/tag/malayan-history/
Internationalsteam. (2014). Retrieved from Steam in West Malaysia 1996: http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/malay02.htm
malayarailway. (2009, June 2). malayarailway. Retrieved from F.M.S.R - Taiping - Port Weld Railway Line: http://www.malayarailway.com/2009/01/fmrs-taiping-portweld-line.html#axzz3dNuRr1bH
Kuala Lumpur Railway Station. (1997, 15 Feb). Kuala Lumpur Railway Station, pp. 5065. Arkib Negara Malaysia.
Mohd Bakri Jaffar & Dr. Azmy Morsid. (2007). Untukmu Malaysia Sempena 50 Tahun Merdeka Menjejaki Warisan Kita. Shah Alam, Malaysia: Ultimate
Print Sdn. Bhd.
Kuala Lumpur Train Station Very For Cheap And Easy Travel. Retrieved March 9, 2013, from Malaysia Travel Guide official website: http://www.malaysiatravel-guide.com/kuala-lumpur-train-station.html
Voyage 99. (N.D.) Kuala Lumpur Railway Station. Retrieved April 28, 2013 from http://www.voyage99.com/tourist-attraction/kuala-lumpur/attractions/klrailway-station.html
The Old Railway Station: Places to Visit in Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved March 9, 2013 , from abckualalumpur official website :
http://abckualalumpur.com/info_guide/kl_railwaystn.htm