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Fallsem2016-17 Ece401 Eth 1566 19-Sep-2016 RM001 3
Fallsem2016-17 Ece401 Eth 1566 19-Sep-2016 RM001 3
System
WDM Concept
Why WDM?
Capacity upgrade of existing fiber networks
(without adding fibers)
Transparency: Each optical channel can carry
any transmission format (different
asynchronous bit rates, analog or digital)
Scalability Buy and install equipment for
additional demand as needed
Wavelength routing and switching:
Wavelength is used as another dimension to
time and space
Ex: SONET
TDM Vs WDM
Principles of DWDM
c
2
Ex. 10.1
DWDM Limitations
Theoretically large number of channels can
be packed in a fiber
WDM Devices
Passive Devices
These operate completely in the optical
domain (no O/E conversion) and does not need
electrical power
Split/combine light stream Ex: N X N couplers,
power splitters, power taps and star couplers
Technologies: - Fiber based or
Optical waveguides based
Micro (Nano) optics based
Optical Couplers
A fiber optic coupler is a device that can distribute the optical signal (power) from
one fiber among two or more fibers.
A fiber optic coupler can also combine the optical signal from two or more fibers
into a single fiber.
Fiber optic couplers attenuate the signal much more than a connector or splice
because the input signal is divided among the output ports.
A basic fiber optic coupler has N input ports and M output ports.
N and M typically range from 1 to 64.
The number of input ports and output ports vary depending on the intended
application for the coupler.
Types of fiber optic couplers include optical splitters, optical combiners, X
couplers, star couplers, and tree couplers.
Star couplers, which are generally used for distributing a single input signal
to multiple outputs.
3.
Structure and principle of operation for the fiber fused biconical taper coupler
Loss Parameters
The excess loss which is defined as the ratio of power input to
power output is given by:
Loss Parameters
The crosstalk which provides a measure of the directional
isolation achieved by the device is the ratio of the
backscattered power received at the second input port to the
input power which may be written as:
Fused-Biconical coupler OR
Directional coupler
Definitions
Splitting (Coupling) Ratio = P2 ( P1 P2 )
Crosstalk = 10 Log( P3 P0 )
P1 P0 cos2 (z )
P2 P0 sin 2 (z )
Coupler
characteristics
: Coupling Coefficient
Coupler Characteristics
power ratio between both output can be
changed by adjusting the draw length of a simple
fused fiber coupler
Optical Splitter
An optical splitter is a passive device that splits the optical power carried by a
single input fiber into two output fibers. The input optical power is normally split
evenly between the two output fibers. This type of optical splitter is known as a
Y-coupler. However, an optical splitter may distribute the optical power carried
by input power in an uneven manner. An optical splitter may split most of the
power from the input fiber to one of the output fibers. Only a small amount of
the power is coupled into the secondary output fiber. This type of optical splitter
is known as a T-coupler, or an optical tap.
Optical Combiner
An optical combiner is a passive device that combines the optical power carried
by two input fibers into a single output fiber.
1, 2
1, 2 5, 6
3, 4 7, 8
N
Number of 3-dB Couplers Nc = log 2 N
2
(12 = 4 X 3)
Try Ex. 10.5
Wavelength filtering
Dispersion compensation
Optical sensing
EDFA Gain flattening
Single mode lasers and many more areas
2 sin( / 2) uv
FBG Theory
Exposure to the high intensity UV radiation
changes the fiber core n(z) permanently as a
periodic function of z
Reflection at FBG
ADD/DROP MUX
FBG Properties
Advantages
Easy to manufacture, low cost, ease of coupling
Minimal insertion losses approx. 0.1 db or less
Passive devices
Disadvantages
Sensitive to temperature and strain.
Any change in temperature or strain in a FBG causes the
grating period and/or the effective refractive index to change,
which causes the Bragg wavelength to change.
neff
neff
neff
T
Interferometers
Interferometer
An interferometric device uses 2 interfering paths of
different lengths to resolve wavelengths
Typical configuration: two 3-dB directional couplers
connected with 2 paths having different lengths
Applications:
wideband filters (coarse WDM) that separate
signals at1300 nm from those at 1550 nm
narrowband filters: filter bandwidth depends on the
number of cascades (i.e. the number of 3-dB
couplers connected)
Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
Phase shift at the output due to the propagation
path length difference:
2 neff
L
The AWGs consist of a number of input (1) / output (5) couplers, a free space
propagation region (2) and (4) and the grating waveguides (3). The grating consists of
a large number of waveguides with a constant length increment (L). Light is coupled
into the device via an optical fiber (1) connected to the input port. Light diffracting out
of the input waveguide at the coupler/slab interface propagates through the freespace region (2) . Each wavelength of light coupled to the grating waveguides (3),
undergoes a constant change of phase attributed to the constant length increment in
grating waveguides. Light diffracted from each waveguide of the grating interferes
constructively and gets refocused at the output waveguides (5).The light path from (1)
to (5) is a demultiplexer, from (5) to (1) a multiplexer.
The total loss incurred by the star coupler comprises the splitting loss
and the excess loss through the device.
Rayleigh scattering
Mie scattering
Linear scattering may also occur at inhomogeneities which are comparable
in size with the guided wavelength.
These result from the nonperfect cylindrical structure of the waveguide
and may be caused by fiber imperfections such as irregularities in the
corecladding interface, corecladding refractive index differences along
the fiber length, diameter fluctuations, strains and bubbles.
When the scattering inhomogeneity size is greater than /10, the
scattered intensity which has an angular dependence can be very large
SBS
SRS
Dispersion Management in
Optical Fibers
Dispersion management
Dispersion management refers to the approaches to circumvent the
transmission degradations caused by fiber dispersion using different types
of single mode optical fiber and other nonlinear passive optical devices.
Hence multiple sections of constant dispersion single-mode fiber and
dispersion-compensating elements whose lengths and group velocity
dispersion are chosen to optimize the overall transmission performance of
an optical fiber communication system are usually employed.
It should be noted that single-mode fiber dispersion tends to create limits
for the generation, propagation and application of ultra short pulses.
Dispersion management
In addition, optical amplifiers which are used in long-haul optical fiber
systems also cause dispersion and thus restrict overall transmission
distances.
It is therefore necessary to control and manage the dispersion on a singlemode fiber link to constrain its effect on the optical fiber system.
Dispersion management
A common method for managing dispersion is to combine two or more
types of single mode fiber to produce the desired dispersion over the
entire link span.
The total dispersion can be set at virtually any value as the contributions
from different components may have opposite signs (i.e. either positive or
negative) and hence they can partially, or completely, cancel each other.
Dispersion-compensating fibers can be either placed at one location or
distributed along the length of the fiber link .
In addition, lumped dispersion compensating devices, such as fiber
gratings, can also be incorporated.
Typically, dispersion management must consider single-mode fiber
chromatic
dispersion
over
a
range
of
wavelengths.
Dispersion management
Dispersion management
Figure shows a dispersion management scheme for a single-mode fiber
link.
It incorporates a dispersion management map to compensate positive
dispersion (i.e. identified as D+) on the fiber with the negative dispersion*
(i.e. identified as D) such that the chromatic or total first-order dispersion
DT goes to zero.
Negative dispersion can be achieved by using dispersion-compensating
fiber (DCF) or lumped elements (e.g. fiber Bragg gratings).
The single-mode fiber dispersion varies with wavelength and this property
is referred to as the dispersion slope.
Equation plays an important role in determining the value of the RDS for
the central wavelength of a multi wavelength transmission system in order
to determine the periodic dispersion management map for
multiwavelength channel operation.
For example,when the dispersion slope for the central wavelength is
satisfied for both conditions (i.e. the fiber length and the second-order
dispersion coefficient), the same dispersion management map period can
be used for the other channels present in the multiwavelength signal.
Problem
A dispersion management map strategy to provide dispersion
compensation for a DWDM single-mode fiber system operating in the
wavelength region around 1.55 m is displayed in Figure . The two path
lengths L1 and L2 are 160 km and 20 km, respectively. Furthermore, the
second-order dispersion coefficient for the latter path L2 is 17 ps nm1
km1.
Problem
(a) Calculate the second-order dispersion coefficient for the first path
length L1 in order to achieve zero mean chromatic dispersion.
(b) If the dispersion slope for first fiber path L1 is 0.075 ps nm2 km1 then
determine the dispersion slope for the second fiber path L2.
(c) Verify that the periodic dispersion management map will provide
sufficient confidence to facilitate reliable DWDM transmission.
Problem
Solution: (a) The second-order dispersion coefficient in order for the first
path 21 to achieve zero mean chromatic dispersion can be calculated as:
Problem
Solution: (b) The dispersion slope for the second fiber path is given by:
Problem
Solution: (c) For multiwavelength channel operation the periodic
dispersion management map in Figure is considered to provide confidence
for the other wavelengths present in the DWDM signal if the relative
dispersion slope (RDS) remains the same for the first and the central
wavelengths and therefore that Eq is satisfied following:
Problem
This outcome indicates that the RDS remains the same for the dispersion
management map for the first and the central wavelengths present in the
multiwavelength channel.
Therefore the same dispersion management map can be repeated with
confidence periodically over the entire optical fiber link to provide reliable
dispersion management for the other wavelengths present in the DWDM
signal.
Input intensity
NOTE
Only with the availability of intense , coherent light have
these higher order terms become important.
1 2 3
2
1
3
3
Visualizing CD
Lets visualize a light pulse travelling into a
fiber and segment it into 9 quadrants
(easier to visualize, and to draw!!!)
Visualizing CD
Fiber length:
Light pulse:
Pulse width
Effects of Dispersion
PMD
Fundamentals
PMD = Polarization Mode Dispersion
Light travels in not one but two orthogonal
polarizations
Each polarization travels at different speed
Pulse
Pulse Spreading
Is stochastic
Is not linear
Is affected by the environment
Cannot be easily compensated
Visualizing PMD
Lets visualize a light pulse travelling into a
fiber and segment it into 9 quadrants
(easier to visualize, and to draw!!!)
Visualizing PMD
Fiber section:
Light pulse:
Pulse width
PMD Impact
If we transmit 1-0-1:
Environmental
constraints
Internal Stress
Lateral Pressure
Wind
(aerial
fibers)
Heat
Bend
PMD
PMD Calculation
Equation
t pmd ( ns) P L
TOTAL DISPERSION
Total Dispersion Calculation
Sum of squares of all dispersions
In multimode fiber, tmod dominates
In single-mode fiber tmod
PMD is only important with Rb > 10 Gb/s
2
2
tOF tmod
tcro
t 2pmd