Operational Amplifiers: 741 Op-Amp Index Electronics Concepts Op-Amp Concepts

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Operational Amplifiers

The term operational amplifier or "op-amp" refers to a class of high-gain DC


coupled amplifiers with two inputs and a single output. The modern integrated
circuit version is typified by the famous 741 op-amp. Some of the general
characteristics of the IC version are:

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Electronics
concepts

High gain, on the order of a million


High input impedance, low output
impedance
Used with split supply, usually +/- 15V
Used with feedback, with gain determined
by the feedback network.

Op-amp
concepts

Their characteristics often approach that of the ideal op-amp and can be
understood with the help of the golden rules.
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The 741 Op-amp

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Index

The most common and most famous op-amp is the mA741C or just 741, which is
packaged in an 8-pin mini-DIP. The integrated circuit contains 20 transistors and
11 resistors. Introduced by Fairchild in 1968, the 741 and subsequent IC opamps including FET-input op-amps have become the standard tool for achieving
amplification and a host of other tasks. Though it has some practical limitations,
the 741 is an electronic bargain at less than a dollar.

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Op-amp
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The 741 Op-amp Circuit

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Electronics
The standard 741 Op-amp circuit contains 20 transistors and 11 resistors. It
concepts
starts with a differential input stage with a current mirror load. This is followed by
an npn voltage amplification stage with an active output. A pnp emitter follower
Op-amp
drives a push-pull emitter follower output stage. The output stage includes current
concepts
limiting circuitry.

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Real vs Ideal Op-amp

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Readily available, inexpensive IC op-amps have characteristics which are


reasonable approximations of an ideal op-amp (data from Simpson):

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Electronics
concepts
Op-amp
concepts

These characteristics lead to the golden rules for op-amps. They allow you to
logically deduce the operation of any op-amp circuit.

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Reference
Simpson

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