43

Bi 5
XC NH NNG DUNG DCH NaOH BNG DUNG DCH HCl

th rn, NaOH rt d ht m trong khng kh, dung dch NaOH hp th CO2 trong
khng kh to thnh Na2CO3. Bi vy khng th pha dung dch NaOH c nng chnh xc
nh trc theo lng cn. Hn na sau khi pha ch v xc nh nng trong tng thi gian
bo qun, trc khi dng ngi ta phi xc nh li nng ca n.
I. C s ca phng php
Dng dung dch HCl bit nng chnh xc lm dung dch chun xc nh nng
dung dch NaOH theo phn ng:
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O
y l trng hp nh phn mt baz mnh bng mt axit mnh, c th dng metyl
, metyl da cam hay phenolphtalein lm cht ch th.
II. Cch xc nh
Np dung dch HCl bit chnh xc nng vo buret.
Dng pipet ly chnh xc 10,00ml dung dch NaOH cho vo bnh nn 100ml, thm 23
git cht ch th metyl da cam ri nh phn bng dung dch HCl cho n khi dung dch chuyn
t mu vng sang mu da cam. Ghi th tch dung dch HCl dng.
Li ly chnh xc 10,00ml dung dch NaOH cho vo bnh nn sch, thm 78 git
cht ch th phenolphtalein ri tin hnh chun bng dung dch HCl cho ti khi ton b
dung dch chuyn t mu hng sang khng mu th dng qu trnh chun . Ghi th tch
HCl tiu tn.
So snh th tch HCl tiu tn trong qu trnh chun vi 2 cht ch th trn. Nhn
xt kt qu thu c.
III. Ha cht v dng c cn thit
- Dung dch NaOH cn xc nh nng
- Dung dch HCl
- Cht ch th metyl da cam v phenolphtalein
- Cc dng c cn thit cho phn tch th tch

Cu hi v bi tp
1) Ti sao khi dng metyl v phenolphtalein lm cht ch th trong trng hp nh
phn dung dch NaOH tip xc lu vi khng kh bng dung dch HCl th kt qu khc
nhau?

44
2) Tm nng ng lng gam v chun ca dung dch KOH nu ly 0,1485g
axit succinic H2C4H4O4 ha tan ri nh phn bng dung dch KOH th ht 25,20ml dung
dch KOH?
(S: 0,1005N)
3) Cho 9,777g axit nitric m c vo nc pha long thnh 1lt. nh phn 25ml
dung dch NaOH 0,1040N cn 25,45ml dung dch HNO3 va pha trn. Tnh nng phn
trm ca dung dch HNO3 m c.
(S: 65,85%)
4) Tnh s gam H3PO4 c trong dung dch, nu khi nh phn dung dch bng dung
dch NaOH 0,2000N dng phenolphtalein lm cht ch th th tn ht 25,50ml dung dch
NaOH.
(S: 0,2499g)

Bi 6
XC NH HM LNG Na2CO3 TRONG Na2CO3 K THUT

I. C s phng php
Phng php trung ha l phng php c bn c la chn xc nh hm lng
natri cacbonat.
Na2CO3 + HCl

= NaHCO3 + NaCl

(1)

NaHCO3 + HCl

= H2CO3

(2)

+ NaCl

C hai im tng ng quan st c trn ng chun Na2CO3. Ti im tng

ng u tin, tng ng vi phn ng chuyn cacbonat thnh hydrogen cacbonat, pH ca
dung dch c 8,3; ti im tng ng th hai khi sn phm ca phn ng l axit cacbonic
v cacbon dioxit, pH ca dung dch c 3,8. im tng ng th hai c la chn nh
lng cacbonat do bc nhy pH y ln hn nhiu so vi im tng ng th nht.
php xc nh c chnh xc hn ngi ta tin hnh un si nh dung dch trong thi gian
ngn nhm loi ra cc sn phm trung gian ca phn ng l axit cacbonic v cacbon
dioxyt. Thao tc ny s lm thay i nhiu pH ca dung dch v c th lm thay i mu ca
dung dch.
H2CO3 CO2 + H2O
Cht ch th c la chn cho phn ng chun l bromocresol xanh hoc metyl da cam.
Mt cch khc cng hay c s dng l cho d mt lng axit chun sau chun
ngc bng dung dch kim chun.

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II. Cch tin hnh
Sy kh mu Na2CO3 110oC trong khong 2 gi, lm ngui v nhit phng trong
bnh ht m.
Cn chnh xc mt lng mu (khong 0,2g) cho vo bnh nn 250ml ri ho tan hon
ton bng khong 50ml nc ct. Thm vo 2~3 git cht ch th bromocresol xanh ri
chun bng dung dch chun HCl 0,10N cho ti khi ton b mu xanh lam ca dung dch
chuyn thnh mu xanh l cy. un si dung dch khong

2~3 pht, ri lm ngui v

nhit phng (mu ca dung dch s chuyn t mu xanh l cy v mu xanh lam, nu mu

sc khng i chng t chun d axit) ri tip tc chun ti khi ton b dung dch c
mu xanh l cy.
Tnh hm lng phn trm natri cacbonat c trong mu.

Bi 7
XC NH NNG NaOH V Na2CO3 TRONG HN HP

Cc cht kim hp th CO2 trong khng kh chuyn thnh mui cacbonat tng ng:
2NaOH + CO2

= Na2CO3 + H2O

Do dung dch NaOH lun lun cha Na2CO3. C nhng trng hp phi bit hm lng
ring ca NaOH v Na2CO3 gii quyt vn ny c th dng 2 phng php:
Phng php 1: da trn vic xc nh 2 im tng ng trn ng nh
phn Na 2 CO 3 .
Phng php 2: nh phn dung dch NaOH sau khi kt ta CO32 bng ion Ba2+.
Phng php 1
I. C s ca phng php
Dng dung dch chun HCl cho tc dng vi hn hp NaOH v Na2CO3, phn ng xy
ra ln lt nh sau:
NaOH

+ HCl

= NaCl

+ H2O

(1)

Na2CO3 + HCl

= NaHCO3 + NaCl

(2)

NaHCO3 + HCl

= H2CO3

(3)

+ NaCl

Khi nh phn hn hp NaOH+Na2CO3, lc kt thc phn ng (1) v (2) pH ca dung

dch khong 8,3 (xem cch tnh pH ca cht lng tnh). Nu trong dung dch c mt cht
ch th phenolphtalein th thi im ny cht ch th s mt mu hng.

46
Tip tc cho HCl tc dng, khi phn ng (3) kt thc, ton b NaHCO3 chuyn thnh
H2CO3, pH ca dung dch khong 3,8 (xem cch tnh pH ca dung dch a axit). Lc nu
trong dung dch c mt cht ch th metyl da cam th mu ca n s chuyn t vng sang da cam.
K
Nh phn l thuyt ch r, H2CO3 c hng s K1, K2 m t s 1 < 104 bc nhy
K2
pH im tng ng th nht (to thnh NaHCO3) khng ln, bi vy vic i mu
ca cht ch th im ny cng khng r rng v do vic xc nh im tng ng
km chnh xc.
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm gim chnh xc ca php xc nh cn do s hp
th CO2 trong khng kh (hoc trong nc), v th m mt phn NaOH bin thnh Na2CO3
ngay trong khi nh phn. V th, khi phn tch cn:
- Pha long dung dch bng nc khng cha CO2
- nh phn ngay khi ly hn hp
- Khi gn kt thc nh phn (vi cht ch th phenolphtalein) thm HCl tng i
chm trnh to thnh H2CO3 t do
- ng lc dung dch qu mnh (nu khng, s tng cng s hp th CO2)
- Dng mt lng phenolphtalein tng i ln (810 git), nu dng t qu th cht ch th
c th mt mu sm trc im tng ng do phenolphtalein nhy vi CO2.
II. Cch xc nh
Dng pipet ly chnh xc 10,00ml hn hp NaOH+Na2CO3 cho vo bnh nn, thm
78 git dung dch cht ch th phenolphtalein ri nh phn bng dung dch HCl 0,1N cho
n khi mt mu hng. c v ghi th tch dung dch HCl tiu tn. Thm tip vo dung dch
12 git cht ch th metyl da cam, dung dch s c mu vng. Chun tip cho n khi dung
dch t mu vng chuyn sang mu da cam. c v ghi th tch HCl dng.
Phng php 2
I. C s ca phng php
Dng dung dch HCl 0,1N nh phn hn hp NaOH+Na2CO3, dng metyl da cam lm
cht ch th. Ta bit c th tch dung dch HCl tiu tn tc dng vi ton b NaOH v Na2CO3
Sau ly mt mu khc, kt ta CO32 bng dung dch BaCl2, CO32 s to kt ta
BaCO3
Na2CO3 + BaCl2 = BaCO3 + 2NaCl
Dung dch cn li l NaOH. Khng cn lc kt ta, dng HCl nh phn dung dch vi
cht ch th phenolphtalein, bit c th tch dung dch HCl cn tc dng vi ring NaOH.
T suy ra th tch dung dch HCl cn tc dng vi Na2CO3, phng php ny chnh
xc hn phng php 1.

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II. Cch xc nh
Dng pipet ly chnh xc 10,00ml dung dch hn hp NaOH+Na2CO3 cho vo bnh
nn, thm 12 git cht ch th metyl da cam ri nh phn bng dung dch HCl cho n khi
dung dch c mu da cam. Ghi th tch HCl tiu tn (V1).
Li ly chnh xc 10,00ml dung dch hn hp nh trn, cho vo bnh nn sch, thm
57ml dung dch BaCl2 5% v 810 git cht ch th phenolphtalein. Khng cn lc kt ta,
nh phn dung dch bng dung dch HCl cho n khi mt mu. Ghi th tch HCl tiu tn cho
php nh phn ny (V2).
(V1 V2) chnh l th tch dung dch HCl tc dng vi Na2CO3.
III. Ha cht v dng c cn thit
- Dung dch hn hp NaOH + Na2CO3
- Dung dch HCl 0,1N
- Dung dch BaCl2 5%
- Cht ch th phenolphtalein, metyl da cam
- Cc dng c cn thit cho vic phn tch th tch.
Cu hi v bi tp
1) Ti sao phng php xc nh NaOH v Na2CO3 trong cng mt dung dch bng
HCl vi 2 cht ch th khng chnh xc?
2) Trong phng php th 2, nu sau khi kt ta CO32 bng BaCl2, chun dung
dch NaOH cn li bng HCl vi cht ch th phenolphtalein th khng cn lc kt ta
(BaCO3) nu dng cht ch th metyl da cam c c khng? Gii thch.
3) Tnh lng KOH v K2CO3 trong mt mu sn phm KOH k thut nu sau khi ha
tan mu, chun dung dch bng dung dch HCl 0,09500N vi cht ch th phenolphtalein
th ht 22,40ml cn vi cht ch th metyl da cam th ht 25,80ml dung dch HCl.
(S: 0,046g K2CO3 v 0,1013g KOH)
4) Khi nh phn 25,00ml hn hp Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 bng dung dch

H2SO4

0,1200N vi cht ch th phenolphtalein th ht 9,46ml cn vi cht ch th metyl da cam th

ht 24,80ml dung dch H2SO4 ni trn.
Tnh s gam Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 trong 250ml dung dch hn hp ni trn.
(S: 1,203g Na2CO3 v 0,5989g NaHCO3)
5) Sau khi ha tan 1 mu CaCO3 vo 50,00ml dung dch HCl 0,200N, ngi ta cn
dng 10,00ml dung dch NaOH chun lng d HCl. Bit rng chun 25,00ml
dung dch HCl ni trn cn 24,00ml dung dch NaOH. Tnh s gam CaCO3 c trong mu
phn tch.

(S: 0,3962g)

48
Bi 8
XC NH HM LNG AXIT C TRONG DM V RU VANG

I. C s phng php
Tng lng axit c trong dm hoc ru vang c th xc nh bng mt baz chun
theo phng php chun thng thng. Tng lng axit xc nh c trong dm c
tnh theo axit axetic bi axit ny chim ch yu trong mc d cng c nhng axit khc
trong mu. Tng t nh vy, tng lng axit c trong ru vang c tnh theo phn trm
axit tactric, cho d trong mu cn c nhng axit khc.
Hm lng axit trong hu ht cc mu dm u vo khong 5% (trng lng/th tch)
quy ra axit axetic v cc mu ru vang l di 1% (trng lng/th tch) quy ra axit tactric.
II. Cch tin hnh
Vi mt mu dm (lng axit c trong chai dm c th b gim i nu ngoi
khng kh, do vy mu ly phn tch phi ly t chai c y nt kn): Dng pipet ly
chnh xc 25,0ml mu cho vo bnh nh mc 250ml ri nh mc bng nc ct ti vch,
lc u. T bnh nh mc ny ly ra 50,00ml dung dch cho vo bnh nn loi 250ml ri
thm khong 50ml nc ct na. Thm vo 1~2 git cht ch th phenolphthalein (lng
ch th c th tng ln m bo s thay i mu c th nhn thy c l d dng nht)
ri chun bng dung dch chun NaOH 0,1M ti khi dung dch c mu hng (khng mt
mu trong khong 30 giy)
Tnh lng axit trong mu dm theo hm lng phn trm (trng lng/th tch) axit
axetic CH3COOH (60,053g/mol)
Vi mt mu ru vang: Dng pipet ly chnh xc 50,00ml mu cho vo bnh nn
loi 250ml ri thm khong 50ml nc ct. Thm vo 1~2 git cht ch th
phenolphthalein chun bng dung dch chun NaOH 0,1M ti khi dung dch c mu hng
(khng mt mu sau khong 30 giy).
Tnh lng axit c trong mu ru vang theo hm lng phn trm (w/v) axit tactric
C2H4O2(COOH)2 (150,09g/mol)
III. Ha cht v dng c
- Dung dch NaOH 0,1M (fixanal)
- Cht ch th phenolphthalein
- Cc dng c cn thit cho phn tch th tch

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Bi 9
PHA CH V XC NH NNG DUNG DCH KMnO4

I. C s ca phng php Pecmanganat

KMnO4 l cht oxi ha mnh, thng c dng xc nh nhiu loi cht kh khc
nhau.
Phn ng oxi ha ca KMnO4 c th tin hnh trong mi trng axit hay mi trng
kim, nhng phn ng trong mi trng axit hay c dng hn.
Trong mi trng axit, MnO4 khi b kh chuyn thnh ion Mn2+
MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e

Mn2+ + 4H2O

Nu lng axit khng th ch xy ra phn ng (trong mi trng axit hoc kim

cng vy).
MnO4 + 4H+ + 3e

MnO2 + 2H2O

Khi tng nng ion H+, phn ng tip tc:

MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e

Mn2+ + 2H2O

Khi dng dung dch KMnO4 chun , sau im tng ng (d KMnO4) dung
dch c mu hng tm, nn khng cn dng cht ch th.
II. Pha ch v bo qun dung dch KMnO4
Trong phng th nghim phn tch, thng pha ch dung dch KMnO4 c nng 0,1N;
0,05N; 0,02N; 0,01N v ni chung hay dng dung dch KMnO4 c nng 0,05N.
KMnO4 l cht rn, tinh th mu tm en v thng c tp cht, nht l MnO2, ngoi ra
v l cht oxi ha rt mnh nn khi ha tan vo nc KMnO4 b phn hy bi cc cht kh
c trong nh NH3, cc cht hu c, bi v.v... v vy sau khi pha ch xong, nng dung
dch gim dn, phi sau 710 ngy nng mi n nh.
Do khng th (v cng khng cn thit) pha dung dch chun KMnO4 bng cch ly
lng cn tht chnh xc, m sau khi pha 710 ngy ri xc nh li nng ca dung
dch. (Nu un si dung dch KMnO4, qu trnh oxi ha xy ra nhanh, sau vi gi c th lc
b kt ta v c dung dch KMnO4 c nng n nh)
Khng c cho dung dch KMnO4 tip xc vi cao su, nt bc, giy v.v.. v vy
mun lc dung dch th dng chn lc th tch y xp hoc xiphng.
Phi bo qun dung dch KMnO4 trong ti hoc trong chai mu thm trnh phn
ng xy ra khi b nh sng kch thch:
KMnO4 + H2O = MnO2 + KOH + O2