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Recent Advances in Technologies


Edited by Maurizio A Strangio

ISBN 978-953-307-017-9
Hard cover, 636 pages
Publisher InTech

Published online 01, November, 2009

Published in print edition November, 2009


The techniques of computer modelling and simulation are increasingly important in many fields of science

since they allow quantitative examination and evaluation of the most complex hypothesis. Furthermore, by
taking advantage of the enormous amount of computational resources available on modern computers

scientists are able to suggest scenarios and results that are more significant than ever. This book brings
together recent work describing novel and advanced modelling and analysis techniques applied to many
different research areas.

How to reference

In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:
Ghulam Ahmad and S.A. Mohsin (2009). Modern Communication Satellite Antenna Technology, Recent
Advances in Technologies, Maurizio A Strangio (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-017-9, InTech, Available from:

http://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-advances-in-technologies/modern-communication-satellite-antennatechnology

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