Dap 2

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM
LI M U
Nh my sn xut Phn bn phc hp Diamon photphat (DAP) c din tch 72 ha,
nm cui bn o nh V - Hi Phng. y l Nh my u tin ti Vit Nam sn
xut phn bn DAP, nhm gp phn m bo an ninh lng thc, an sinh x hi; n
nh v ch ng trong vic cung cp DAP cho pht trin nng nghip, hn ch nhp
khu, s dng c hiu qu hn ngun ti nguyn qung apatit c sn trong nuc.
DAP c cng thc ha hc l (NH4)2HPO4, cung cp 2 thnh phn dinh dng quan
trng nht cho cy trng l P2O5 v Nit. Do c 2 thnh phn dinh dng c hnh
thnh bi phn ng ha hc nn tn gi y l phn bn phc hp Diamomonium
phosphate, vit tt l DAP.
Phn DAP ph hp cho cc loi cy trng v th nhng Vit Nam, khc hn vi
phn n thng thng c tnh kim hoc tnh axit th phn DAP c hnh thnh trn
c s phn ng trung ha nn n l trung tnh tt cho cy v khng nh hng n th
nhng. C th bn trc tip cho cc loi cy t cy lng thc nh la ng khoai sn
n cy cng nghip nh c ph, ht tiu..., ph hp vi c cy n qu, cy cho hoa,
cy ly l, cy cnh ...
Ni dung bo co thc tp ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP- VINACHEM ny tp
trung vo qu trnh cng ngh, thit b sn xut ti Cng ty.
Bo co thc tp c vit da trn kin thc thc t khi thc tp v tham kho cc
ti liu v quy trnh k thut ca cc nh my SA(axit sulfuric), PA(axit phtphoric) v
DAP((NH4)2HPO4).
Mc d c gng tm hiu nhng do kh nng ca bn thn, thi gian thc tp hn
ch cho nn bo co thc tp khng trnh khi thiu st nht nh, em rt mong c
s gp ca cc thy c.
SVTH : Nguyn Tng Anh
PHN I: TNG QUAN V CNG TY TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

D n u t xy dng nh my sn xut phn bn Diamon photphat (DAP) ti khu
kinh t nh V, thnh ph Hi Phng l d n trng im (nhm A) c Th tng
Chnh ph quyt nh u t (ti Quyt nh s 626/Q-TTg ngy 29/7/2002) vi tng
mc u t l 172,385 triu USD, cng sut 330.000 tn/nm. Nh my c xy
dng trn l t GI-7 c din tch 72 ha, nm cui bn o nh V, cnh khu vc
sng Bch ng. Nh my c khi cng ngy 27/7/2003. Hp ng EPC c k
ngy 31/10/2005. y l d n ln vi yu cu sn xut phn bn phc hp cht lng
cao. Cc Ha cht cho bit d n c phn ra thnh 19 gi thu, trong c hai
gi thu ln l gi thu chnh EPC do nh thu Tp on Xy dng ha cht quc gia
Trung Quc m nhim. Gi thu th hai l t vn qun l d n do nh thu Hon
Cu ca Trung Quc m nhim.
Theo thit k, D n gm c 04 nh my sn xut chnh:
- Nh my Axit Sulfuric (H2SO4) cng sut 414.000 tn/nm, sn xut theo
cng ngh tin tin trn th gii hin nay (bn quyn hng MONSANTO - Hoa K,
theo cng ngh tip xc kp v hp th kp).
- Nh my Axit Phtphoric (H3PO4) cng sut 161.700 tn/nm (bn quyn ca
PRAYON th h MARK IV- Vng quc B).
- Nh my DAP [(NH4)2HPO4], cng sut 330.000 tn/nm, sn xut theo cng
ngh tin trung ha kt hp phn ng ng (bn quyn cng ngh ca INCRO-Ty Ban
Nha).
- Nh my nhit in s dng cng ngh l t than tng si, cng sut l hi
35 tn hi/gi, s dng than cm cht lng thp (than cm s 5) v Tuabin-my pht
in cng sut 12MW cp in s dng cho ton b cng ty. Kh thi c x l qua
h thng lc bi tnh in hiu sut cao, x l kh SO2 trong kh thi bng vi.
Ngoi sn phm chnh l phn bn DAP, nh my cn c cc sn phm trung gian
nh axit Sulfuric, axit Pht phoric, in sn xut v hi nc cc loi v v...
Ngy 11/4/2009, D n sn xut thnh cng m sn phm phn bn DAP. Ngy
22/4/2009, Th tng Chnh ph Nguyn Tn Dng n thm nh my v cng b
sn phm phn bn DAP u tin c sn xut ti Vit Nam. y l nh my sn
xut phn bn phc hp cht lng cao, bng cng ngh hin i, ln u c xy
dng ti Vit Nam. Nh my ang i vo hot ng n nh, iu ny gip cho ngnh
phn bn phc v trong nc ch ng hn, thay v hng nm phi nhp khu. Ngoi
ra sn phm phn bn DAP nh V c th trng mt s nc trong khu vc chp

nhn nh Hn Quc, Innxia, Philppin Bn cnh , Cng ty TNHH MTV DAPVinachem qun l vn hnh nh my xc tin vic m rng th trng tiu th, qung
b sn phm, chun b thay mu bao b mi, bo m sn xut v tiu th sn phm
n nh, c li nhun v ng gp ngy cng nhiu cho ngn sch nh nc.

PHN II: NI DUNG THC TP
Gm 3 nh my: nh my sn xut axit sunfuric, nh my sn xut axit phtphoric v
nh my sn xut diamoni phtpht
I. NH MY SN XUT AXIT SULFURIC:

1. Nng sut xng, c tnh sn phm:
I.1. Nng sut xng:
Nng sut thit k ca nh my l 1250 tn H 2SO4 98,5% trong mt ngy, nng
sut thit k hng nm l 414.000 tn/nm.
I.2.
I.3.
Thng s nguyn liu, sn phm:

a. Nguyn liu:
- Lu hunh rn
: 99,5 99,8% S
- m
: 2%
- Hm lng axit (H2SO4) : 0,04 0,05%
- Loi ht hoc bt.
- Ngun cung cp
: nhp khu v vn chuyn bng
ng bin.
b. Sn phm:
- Axit sulfuric
: 98,5% H2SO4
- Fe
: 0.01%
- Cht lng
: loi k thut (TCVN)
- Nhit axit sn phm ti a 400C.
Ngun gc v c tnh cng ngh:
Cng ngh MECS, tip xc kp, hp th kp, t lu hunh sn xut axit

sulfuric.
2. Thng s tiu hao nguyn-nhin liu ph tr:
Bng nh mc tiu hao nguyn vt liu vt t sn xut (tnh cho 1 tn H 2SO4
quy i v 100% H2SO4).
TT
Danh mc
tiu hao
1
Lu hunh rn
Thng s kn v
thut
tnh
Gi tr d
kin
Gi tr
bo
m
S99.5%
0,330
0,331
Vi
CaO85%
kg
0,04
0,040
Cht xc tc
Do n v bn
quyn
Kg
0,03
0,05
in
380V 50 HZ
kWh
15
18
Ghi
ch

TT
Danh mc
tiu hao
Thng s kn v
thut
tnh
Gi tr d
kin
Gi tr
bo
m
Nc lm lnh
t=100C
m3
45
50
Nc sn xut
0,5MPa
m3
0,25
0,3
Hi nc trung p
1,0MPa
0,12
0,13
Kh o lng
0,6MPa
Nm3
2,8
3,0
Nc kh khong
250C
m3
1,29
1,3
10
Cht ph gia lc
kg
0,65
0,80
11
Sn phm ph hi
nc thp p
-0,48
-0,46
12
Sn phm ph hi
nc cao p
-0,73
-0,72
0,40MPa
3,82MPa
4500C
Ghi
ch
3. Lu trnh cng ngh:

3.1. Chun b nguyn liu:
Khng kh ngoi mi trng c ly vo thng qua mt b lc khng kh v
a vo mt thp sy kh ti khng kh c sy kh bng cch cho tip xc trc
tip vi axit 98,5% ti tun hon qua lp m. Khng kh kh i qua li kh m
MECS c t trn nh thp loi b m axit cun theo . My nn chnh cung cp
ng lc ht khng kh i qua thp sy kh. Mt phn nhit ca axit trong thp sy
c truyn vo khng kh v kt hp vi nhit lng qu trnh nn do my nn sinh
ra khin nhit khng kh tng ln. Khng kh m i vo l t lu hunh kiu nm
ngang ti lu hunh lng c phun vo thng qua cc vi phun dng sng m.
Lu hunh rn t kho S c cu trc 1601A hoc1601B mc vo bunke
1602A/B v x xung bng ti nh lng 1603A hoc 1603B v 1605A/B, 1606
vo b nu chy lu hunh V0111, lu lng lu hunh vo nu chy c cn trn
bng ti v gim st khi lng qua WA-1502 v c b sung vi trung ho axt,
nng sut nu chy 17,06 tn/h v c iu chnh thng qua tc bng ti HIC1503, ti b nu chy lu hunh c cp nhit n nhit chy lng bng hi nc
p sut thp 0,6Mpa (ngun hi cung cp l 1,0 MPa, sau gim xung 600 kPa), kt
hp vi s khuy trn to bi my khuy A0111 lu hunh lng c chy trn xung
b lu hunh ln tp cht V0113, t b V0113 lu hunh c bm lu hunh bn
P0111 bm ln thit b lc lu hunh kiu lc l c hi gia nhit F0111A, B . Lu
hunh sch sau lc c tinh khit cao c a v b cha lu hunh sch V0118,

sau chy trng lc xung h lu hunh sch V0119 v c bm cp lu hunh
sch P0114 a i t vi xy khng kh kh trong l t lu hunh.
Ch tiu cng ngh :
Sy khng kh :
- Hm lng m
: 0,01 %V.
- Hm lng m axit (max)
: 100 mg/Nm3.
- Nhit axit ti thp sy
: 660C.
- Nhit khng kh ra
: 660C.
Nu chy lu hunh :
- Nhit b nu chy lu hunh : 140-1450C.
- Nhit cc b cha lu hunh : 130-1350C.
- p sut hi gia nhit
: 600 kPa.
- p sut hi bo n
: 340 kPa.
- Nng sut my lc
: 25 T/h.
- Nng sut nu chy lu hunh
: 17 T/h.
- Chnh p ph lt (min)
: 0,7 bar.
- gim p sut my lc (max) : 4,0 bar.

- Cht lng lu hunh sau lc
: 0,003%.
- Hm lng tro
: khng c.
- Hm lng axit
: khng c.
3.2. t lu hunh:
a. L t lu hunh (F0121):
L t lu hunh l mt hnh tr rng nm ngang, v bng thp cc bon, bn
trong c lt bng gch chu la. Chiu di 12.750mm, ng knh ngoi: 4.700mm;
ng knh trong: 3.310mm. Tng gch gm 4 lp: lp chu la dy 230mm; lp
chu nhit dy 115mm. Hai lp bn trong l lp cch nhit. gia c 2 vch ngn
bng gch chu la c tc dng tng thi gian lu, o trn hn hp kh lu hunh
chy hon ton v tng vng chc ca tng gch. pha ca trc ca l gm c
ba sng phun lu hunh c bc o hi loi p sut t ng vi cc u phun MECS
bng thp khng g 309. Thit k ny cho php phun lu hunh tha ra khi mt sng
ngng hot ng. Nhit lm vic cho php ti a: 1187 0C. V l t lu hunh lm

vic nhit cao nn bn trn l t c lp mi che trnh s chnh lch nhit khi
tri ma lm hng l t.
b. L t khi ng (F0122):
L t khi ng c thit k hot ng lin tc bng du nhin liu,
nhng ch trong qu trnh khi ng. L c thit k vi mc ti nhit l 11,5x 10 6
kcal/h. L t khi ng l mt khi c lp trn bnh trt vi bng iu khin
PLC cc b v kim sot an ton chy.
c. Nguyn l hot ng:

Lu hunh sch t cng on nu chy uc bm lu hunh P0114 bm cp
cho l t lu hunh F0121 c phun vo l qua h thng vi phun, h thng vi
phun lu hunh gm 03 vi phun v van iu chnh lu hunh vo l HV-1517. Lu
lng lu hunh lng c cp vo l t l 9,7 m3/h, p sut lu hunh phun vo l
khong t 1,0 ~ 1,2 MPa.
Khng kh sau thp sy kh c my nn tuabin thi vo l vi lu lng Q
bng 103.611 m3/h , nhit 1270C, trong l xy ra phn ng t chy lu hunh v
to nhit ln, nhit kh sau l ln n 1.1370C, nng SO2 sau l t 11,5%V.
Ti l t xy ra phn ng:
S + O2 = SO2
Ch tiu cng ngh:
L t lu hunh:
-
Nhit kh ra l t
Nng SO2 ra l t
: 1.1370C.
: 11,5 %V.
Ni hi nhit tha:
- p sut ni hi
: 4.232 kPa.
- Lu lng nc cp
: 68.469 kg/h.
- Lu lng hi ra
: 67.100 kg/h.
- Nhit kh vo
: 1.1370C.
- Nhit kh ra
: 3480C.
3.3. Chuyn ha SO2:
a. Cu to thp chuyn ha R0151:

Thit b chuyn ha l loi MECS, 3/2 ngn bng ng thp ng khng g c
ng knh trong ca v l 8.800mm. Cng sut ti cht xc tc l 250 lt xc tc
Vanadi v Cecium mi ngy trn mt tn axit sn phm ti 1250 MTPD:
Ngn th 1
20.000 lt
Loi XCS-120
35.200 lt
Loi XLP-220
Ngn th 2
68.800 lt
Loi XLP-110
Ngn th 3
82.800 lt
Loi XLP-110
Ngn th 4
53.600 lt
Loi SCX-2000
Ngn th 5
52.400 lt
Loi SCX-2000
Tt c cc lp xc tc u c cc lp dy 50 mm bao gm thch anh loi 1325mm trn nh v di y mi lp. Thit b chuyn ha c t kch thc sao
cho c th b sung thm xp x 10% cht xc tc.
Cc ngn chuyn ha c sp xp nh sau:
Lp trn cng
Ngn th 5
Lp th 4
Ngn th 4
Lp th 3
Ngn th 3
Lp th 2
Ngn th 2
Lp y
Ngn th 1
S sp xp ny c la chn nhm gim thiu di ng ng v to

iu kin thun li cho vic kim tra ngn xc tc u tin.
Ca ngi c ch to trn v di tt c cc ngn xc tc ra vo kim
tra. im o p sut cn c lp t trn v di mi ngn xc tc v c dn
ng ti mt im chung cao mt t theo th t dng. Cp nhit in c t
trn v di mi ngn xc tc (ch lp cp nhit in kp di ngn 1) cho vic
theo di lin tc tt c nhit ca thit b chuyn ha.
b. Nguyn l hot ng:
Trong thp chuyn ha xy ra phn ng:
SO2 + 1/2 O2
SO3
Ti lp xc tc th nht xy ra phn ng chuyn ha mt phn SO 2 thnh SO3 .

Nhit kh sau lp xc tc 1 tng ln 603 0C. gim nhit kh trc khi vo lp
xc tc 2, hn hp kh li c a qua thit b qu nhit cao 1B (E0151) trao i

nhit vi hi qu nhit sau thit b qu nhit thp 5A (E0155), sau khi ra thit b 1B
hn hp kh c nhit 4350C tip tc c a vo lp xc tc th 2. iu chnh
nhit vo lp xc tc 2 bng van TV-1142 (hi qu nhit i tt 1B).
Nhit kh sau lp xc tc th 2 ln ti 509 0C tip tc c a qua thit b
trao i nhit trung gian nng E0152, trao i nhit vi kh SO 2 lnh t hp th ln 1
quay v chuyn ho ln 2, ra khi thit b E0152 hn hp kh h nhit xung 435 0C
v c a vo lp 3 tip tc chuyn ho, nhit vo lp 3 c iu chnh bng
van TV-1143 (kh SO2 i tt E0152).
Ra khi lp xc tc 3, nhit hn hp kh tng ln n 456 0C v c a qua
thit b trao i nhit trung gian lnh E0153 gim nhit xung 288 0C v tip tc
qua thit b tn dng nhit 3B (E0157) h nhit xung 166 0C, sau c a vo
hp th ln 1 ti thp hp th trung gian T0142, hp th hon ton SO 3 to thnh sau
3 lp xc tc.
Sau khi c hp th ln 1 kh SO 2 cha chuyn ho ht c quay li chuyn
ho ln 2, kh s i qua ln lt thp trao i nhit trung gian lnh, trao i nhit trung
gian nng trao i nhit vi kh ra lp 3 v ra lp 2, kh SO 2 c nng nhit
ln 4000C v tip tc c a vo lp 4 chuyn ha tip. Nhit kh vo lp 4
c iu chnh bng van TV-1151(kh SO2 i tt E0153).
Trong lp 4 s dng c xc tc loi Vanadi v Cecium nhm nng cao hiu sut
chuyn ho, ra khi lp 4 hn hp kh c nhit 417 0C c a qua thit b tn
dng nhit 4D (E0154) v trao i nhit vi nc cp ni hi gim nhit xung
3900C, sau tip tc a vo lp 5 chuyn ho tip lng SO 2 cn li. Hn hp
kh ra khi lp 5 c nhit hu nh khng tng, v lng SO 2 vo phn ng cn rt t
nn nhit to ra do phn ng l nh, nhit hn hp kh ra lp 5 l 395 0C. Hn hp kh
c a qua thit b qu nhit thp 5A (E0155) v thit b tn dng nhit 5A/5C
(E0156) h nhit xung 135 0C v c a vo hp th ln 2 ti thp hp th
cui E0143. Sau khi hp th ln 2, kh thi s c a ra ngoi theo ng khi S0141.
Vic iu chnh nhit cc lp xc tc cho ng vi ch k thut quy nh
c thc hin bng cch iu chnh hp l gia nng kh SO 2 v s dng cc van
ng i tt ca cc thit b trao i nhit trong h thng.
Lp 1 - iu chnh nhit kh bng van i tt ni hi nhit tha E0121 (van
HV1116).
Lp 2 - iu chnh nhit kh bng van hi qu nhit i tt qu nhit nhit
cao 1B/E0151 (TV-1142).

Lp 3 - iu chnh nhit kh bng van kh SO 2 sau hp th ln 1 i tt TN
trung gian nng E0152 (van TV-1143).
Lp 4 - iu chnh nhit kh bng van kh SO 2 sau hp th ln 1 i tt TN
trung gian lnh E0153 (van TV-1151).
Lp 5 - iu chnh nhit kh bng van nc cp ni hi i tt qua tn dng
nhit 4D/E0154.
Hiu sut chuyn ho sau lp 3 t khong 96%.
Hiu sut chuyn ho sau lp 5 t 99,9%.
Hm lng kh SO2 trong kh thi t 140 ppm ~ 399 mg/m3.
Ch tiu cng ngh:
- Mc chuyn ha chung
: 99,9%.
- Nhit vo lp 1
: 3900C.
- Nhit vo lp 2
: 4350C.
- Nhit vo lp 3
: 4350C.
- Nhit vo lp 4
: 4000C.
- Nhit vo lp 5
: 3900C.
- Nhit ra lp 1
: 6030C.
- Nhit ra lp 2
: 5090C.
- Nhit ra lp 3
: 4560C.
- Nhit ra lp 4
: 4170C.
- Nhit ra lp 5
: 3950C.
3.4. Hp th to axit:
a. Nguyn l hp th to axit sulfuric:
u tin SO3 ho tan vo axit sunfuric, sau phn ng vi nc trong axit :
nSO3 + H2O = H2SO4 + ( n - 1)SO3
Tu theo t l gia lng SO3 v H2O m nng axit thu c s khc nhau :
Khi n>1
: sn phm l lum
Khi n=1
: sn phm l mn hydrat
Khi n<1
: sn phm l axit long
b. Cu to thp hp th trung gian T0142 v thp hp th cui T0143:

Thp hp th l loi ng thp ng, c lt bng gch chu axit, c y dng
a v kch thc ng knh trong l 5.091mm. Mi v tm li ca ng thp l loi
thp cacbon. Thp c vi mt lp m dy 2.440mm bng m gm 76mm
y v cui cng c vi mt lp dy 200mm bng m gm 38mm lm lp phn
10

phi. Lp m c bng cc thanh Aludur. Thp gm c mt b phn phi
UniFloTM vi mng ZeCor-Z vi h thng phn phi loi ng x chn su ZeCor-Z.
Mt lp lt bng gch chu axit c xy ln ti tm ng ca thit b kh m
vi lp Matit PecoraA-103 c trt gia lp v v gch chu axit.
Vi phun kh u vo 450 c bc bng gch. u ra axit c t y ca
u hnh a vi mt b lc / my o dng. Cc ca thng c lp vo b kh
sng m, b phn phi axit v y thp.
Cc b phn ca thit b kh sng m c t trn nh thp v trn mt tm
bng thp khng g loi 304L.
c. Nguyn l hot ng:
Kh ra khi lp xc tc th 3 sau khi qua TN E0153 tip tc qua thit b tn
dng nhit E0157 h nhit xung 166 0C, sau c a vo hp th ln 1 ti thp
hp th trung gian T0142, hp th hu nh hon ton SO 3 to thnh sau 3 lp xc
tc.
Sau khi c hp th ln 1 kh SO 2 cha chuyn ho ht c quay li chuyn
ho ln 2, kh s i qua ln lt thp trao i nhit trung gian lnh, trao i nhit trung
gian nng trao i nhit vi kh ra lp 3 v ra lp 2, kh SO 2 c nng nhit
ln 4000C v tip tc c a vo lp 4 chuyn ha tip.
Kh sau khi qua lp xc tc th 5 n thit b tn dng nhit 5A/5C (E0156)
h nhit xung 1350C v c a vo hp th ln 2 ti thp hp th cui T0143.
Sau khi hp th ln 2, kh thi s c a ra ngoi theo ng khi S0141.
Axt trong thng cha axt chung c nng 98,5% H 2SO4, nhit 1020C
c bm axit chung P0141 bm qua thit b lm lnh axit chung E0141. Mt nhnh
nh axit c a qua thit b tin gia nhit nc cp ni hi E0142, lu lng
khong 301 m3/h. Lng axit ny c phn phi ri a vo thp hp th trung gian
T0142, thp hp th cui T0143 v mt lng nh axit c lm lnh xung 66 0C i
qua b pha long axit vi nc cng nghip tr li thng cha. Lu lng axit vo
thp hp th trung gian l 812 m3/h, thp hp th cui l 369 m3/h, lu lng axit qua
b pha long axit tr li thng cha l 23 m 3/h. iu chnh nhit axit ti vo thp
trung gian l 820C, thp hp th cui l 660C. T thng cha axit chung, axit c
bm P0144 a qua thit b lm lnh axit cui v c a vo thp hp th cui
T0143, lu lng axit ti cho thp hp th cui l 300m 3/h, nhit 820C. Mt
nhnh nh axit c a qua thit b lm lnh axit sn phm ri a v kho SA, lu
lng khong 29m3/h.
11

Trong cc thp hp th c b phn phi axit vo thp v cc thit b kh m
axit t trn nh thp, phn gia cc thp c mt lp m s tng b mt tip
xc pha. Axit sau khi sy khng kh thp sy s tng nhit v gim nng , axit
sau khi hp th SO3 s tng nhit v nng , ton b lng axit ny s c tun
hon tr li thng cha axit chung. Mt lng nh kh SO 2 c hp th trong axit v
c gii hp trong thng cha axit chung, lng kh ny c thu hi qua thp sy v
tr li l t. Thng cha axit chung c cu to hai ngn thng nhau l ngn axit tun
hon thp hp th cui v ngn axit tun hon thp sy v hp th trung gian. Vic
iu chnh nng gia cc ngn v nng ca thng cha c thc hin bng
ng trao i axit cho gia axit tun hon thp sy qua van AV-1268 v ngn ca
axit tun hon thp hp th cui v ng nc cng nghip qua van AV-1258 b sung
vo thng ngn axit thp trung gian v thp sy hi lu.
Ch tiu cng ngh:
-
Mc hp th SO3
Nng axit
Nhit axit vo thp hp th
Lu lng axit v kho
: 99,99%.
: 98,5%.
: 820C.
: 29 m3/h.
12

II.
NH MY SN XUT AXIT PHOTPHORIC:
1. Nng sut xng, c tnh sn phm:

1.1. Nng sut xng:
Axit photphoric long
: 540 tn P2O5 mt ngy (22,5 gi).
Axit photphoric c
: 532 tn P2O5 mt ngy (90% cng sut h thng).
1.2.
Thng s nguyn liu, sn phm:

a. Nguyn liu c bn:
- Qung Apatit: xut x l qung apatit Lo Cai
Cc thng s
Phn tch c bn thit k (%) thnh phn
P2O5
32-33
CaO
42-44
MgO
0,98-1,1
Tng SiO2
12-14
Fe2O3
1,5-1,7
Al2O3
2,5-3
2,6-2,7
Cl
<100 ppm
Na2O
Khong 0,03
K2 O
Khong 0,35%
SO3
0,11
CO2
0,8-1,0
H2 O
15
T l CaO/P2O5
1,27-1,37
S lng yu cu
Khong 91 tn/h
Axit sulfuric:
Trng thi
Lng
Nng
H2SO4: 98,5% trng lng nh nht
Cn bng
Nc
T trng
1,815 kg/m3
13

Nhit
Nhit mi trng: Ln nht 450C
Tnh sn sng
Lin tc ph thuc xng SA
S lng thit k yu cu
Khong 33 m3/h
b. Sn phm:
- Axit photphoric long:
Thnh phn :
P2O5 : 25% theo trng lng nh nht.

SO3
Lu lng
: 2% theo trng lng ln nht.
khong 78 m3/h.
Cc thng s
Thnh phn axit ch th (Khng nhim bi)
P2O5
25%
CaO
0,3 %
SO3
2%
2,2%
Al2O3
1,4%
SiO2
1,5%
Cl
100 ppm
Fe2O3
1,3%
MgO
0,7%
Axit photphoric c:
Thnh phn :
P2O5 : 50 52% theo trng lng nh nht.

SO3
Lu lng
: 3,5% theo trng lng ln nht.
khong 28 m3/h trn ton h thng
(khong 14 m3/h trn mi n v dy chuyn).

Cc thng s
Thnh phn axit ch th (Khng nhim bi)
P2O5
50 52 %
CaO
0,1 %
SO3
3,5%
1,6%
14

Al2O3
2,5%
SiO2
1,4%
Cl
40 ppm
Fe2O3
2,5%
MgO
1,4%
1.3. Ngun gc v c tnh cng ngh:

p dng quy trnh x l Prayon Mark 4 Dihydrat trong nh my. H thng lc
v phn ng bao gm mt h thng phn ng , h thng lc theo thit k ca Prayon.
H thng c c v thu hi flo gm 2 h thng song song ging ht nhau.
2. Lu trnh cng ngh:
2.1. Giai on phn hy qung:
a. Cp pht pht:
Pht pht c d tr trong bunke V0241 trc khi c cp vo b phn ng.
Vic cp pht pht vo b phn ng c duy tr lin tc bi cn nh lng W0241.
Bunke c thit k cha v x l qung m. Lng pht pht ny vo b
V0243 to bn pht pht. Ti y chng c trn cng vi nc sn xut theo t l
nht nh to ra hn hp bn vi hm lng cht rn 65%. My khuy s gip cho
hn hp c trn u. T b ha bn, bn c chuyn vo b chuyn tip V0242 c
mt my khuy. Sau bn pht pht c chuyn n b phn ng nh bm bin
tn.
Ch tiu cng ngh:
-
Lng pht pht t V0243 sang V0242:
Lu lng
: 117.777 kg/h (pha lng: 40.045 kg/h; pha rn: 77.732 kg/h).
Nhit
: 340C.
Tc dng chy
: 1,5 m/s.
Lng pht pht t V0242 sang b phn ng:
Lu lng
Nhit
: 340C.
Tc dng chy
: 1,5 m/s.
b. Khu vc b phn ng:

B phn ng R0201 l mt b b tng lin khi c 4 ngn c mt my khuy ba
tng cnh A0201A-D, mi cnh c thit k vi chc nng ring. Tng cnh trn
cng (theo thit k PRAYON-GTA), ti b mt bn, l cnh li tm c thit k theo
15

kiu vy bn ph bt v to iu kin tng b mt tip xc. Tng cnh di dng
xon (theo thit k PRAYON) v c thit k hng bn di chuyn xung di
ngn khng cho lng v kt tinh di y b phn ng.
Nhng ca c thit k c bit c to ra trn cc vch ngn ca b phn
ng nhm gip cho s lu chuyn ca bn t bung ny ti c trung tm ca bung
bn cnh. Cc vch ngn c thit k sao cho 4 gc c thit k hp l. Cc gc
c coi l bc chn v gip vic khuy trn bn u hn gim vic lng ng thch
cao trong qu trnh khuy.
Tt c cc ngn ca b phn ng c thng nhau, trn b c gn vi mt
thit b thu hi kh v thit b ny c gn vi h thng ra kh phn ng. iu ny
gip duy tr p sut m trong b phn ng trnh tnh trng thot kh v phn no h
tr vic lm lnh bn.
Ty theo tnh trng ca khu vc cp pht pht, lu lng pht pht kh c
a vo b phn ng c duy tr lin tc v c kim sot bi b dn ng cn nh
lng. Vic iu chnh chnh xc vic cp qung pht pht (+0,5%) v vic cp axit
sulfuric (+0,5%) l rt cn thit kim sot nng axit sulfuric t do trong bn ca
b phn ng. duy tr iu kin mong mun th vic iu chnh lu lng cp axit
sunfuric c l thch hp hn vic iu chnh qung pht pht. H thng iu khin
axit sulfuric d iu chnh v khng lm bin i cng sut hot i vi vic sn xut
P2O5.
Nng sulfat trong ngn 4 c ly mu v phn tch bng tay thng c
duy tr gia 25 v 30g/l SO 3. Nng sulfat cn c th iu chnh thng qua t l gia
lng pht pht kh v ton b ion sulfat c a vo b phn ng v c th c
tnh t phn tch SO3 bng tay v vic o lu lng t bm axit P0212 cng vi lng
axit sulfuric c a trc tip vo b phn ng gi tr tng c kim sot bng cch
thay i lng axit sulfuric c a vo ngn 1 v ngn 2.
Trc khi a vo b phn ng R0201, axit sulfuric cp t xng SA c trn
vi axit tun hon t khu vc lc trong cc ng c thit k hnh ch T S0202A/B.
Axit tun hon c xem gm 3 thnh phn: cc ion sulfat, H 3PO4 v nc. nh
hng ca cc ion sulfat c cp trong tnh ton ton b lng sulfat a vo
b phn ng v kim sot lng sulfat ny. Nhng thng s ci t v lu lng t
trng axit khc nhau c th kim sot t l rn l 33-38 wt%, v hm lng nc,
n iu chnh nng axt sn phm trn 25 % P 2O5 . Lu lng ca axit tun hon
c iu chnh thng qua vic iu chnh lng axit yu tun hon tr li v t trng
ca nc ra b thch cao ln mt.
16

Vic kim sot dng axit tun hon v km theo P 2O5, v hm lng cht rn
trong h thng phn ng l rt quan trng. Hm lng P 2O5 cao s nh hng kt tinh
v nht iu ny c th gy hn ch i vi tc lc. Lng cht rn thp s c
th lm tng lng bt hnh thnh v tng kh nng bo ho ca bn. Lng cht rn
cao s khin cho vic khuy trn tr nn kh khn hn.
Cht kh bt trong thng cha c b sung vo b kh bt V0203. Lu lng
k c a vo nhm gip cho cc nhn vin vn hnh kim tra c mc cht lng
c duy tr trong b. Bm nh lng P0204 cp vo thit b lm lnh nhanh mc
thp V0201. H thng a cht kh bt vo nhm mc ch to s khc bit v thnh
phn qung rn pht pht.
Phn ng ho hc xy ra trong b phn ng R0201 l phn ng to nhit, km
theo nhit khi pha long axt thm vo trong b phn ng duy tr nhit phn ng
ti nhit mong mun 75-800C m bo s hnh thnh ca cc tinh th dihydrate;
bn phn ng phi c lm mt. Qu trnh lm ngui s c thc hin trong thit b
lm lnh nhanh mc thp- LLFC V0201. Thit b s c duy tr chn khng bi
bm chn khng LLFC C0201 v p sut c iu chnh bi dng kh qua van iu
chnh chn khng nhanh t trc bm chn khng
Bn phn ng c c tun hon qua thit b lm lnh nhanh mc thpLLFC
nh bm tun hon bn P0201 t ti phn m ca ngn 4 ca b phn ng R0201, ri
quay li ngn 1 ca b phn ng.
S thot kh trong bn s lm mt bn v cn ph thuc vo tc tun hon
bn, s thay i nhit bn qua thit b lm lnh nhanh ch c 2-3 0C do s qu
bo ho v lng cn s gim thiu trong thit b lm lnh. Ch s chnh lch nhit
trn DCS nh gi mc thot kh.
Tc tun hon bn cao quanh b phn ng qua thit b lm lnh nhanh nh
bm P0201 ng thi vi s cp axt vo ngn 1 ca b phn ng, ti y pht pht
cng c a vo. iu ny to iu kin thun li cho phn ng v hnh thnh tinh
th d lc.
Kh thot ra t LLFC qua thit b tin ngng t E0201, ti y nhit ca kh thi
c trao i nhit vi nc ra cp t h thng ra kh X0201A/B, nc sau ra
c s dng ra li lc.
Kh sau c a ti thit b ngng t E0202.Ti y qu trnh ngng kt
thc bi vic s dng nc lm lnh nhim axt c cp t h thng lm nc nhim
axt. Nc ra khi thit b ngng t c a v bnh kn ngng t V0202 v quay tr
li thp lm mt.
17

Ch tiu cng ngh:
-
Lng pht pht t khu vc ha bn sang b phn ng:
Lu lng
Nhit
: 340C.
Tc dng chy
: 1,5 m/s.
Axit H2SO4 cp t xng SA vo ngn 1 v 2 ca b phn ng:
Lu lng
: 59.812 kg/h.
Nhit
: 400C.
Tc dng chy
: 1,2 m/s.
Axit tun hon:
Lu lng
Nhit
: 680C.
Tc dng chy
: 1,3 m/s.
Lu lng
Bn bm t ngn 4 sang thit b lm lnh nhanh LLFC:

: 10.681.369kg/h
(pha lng: 6.942.890 kg/h; pha rn: 3.738.479 kg/h).
Nhit
: 760C.
Tc dng chy
: 1,5 m/s.
Lu lng
Bn t thit b lm lnh nhanh LLFC v ngn 1:

: 10.658.701 kg/h
(pha lng: 6.920.222 kg/h; pha rn: 3.738.479 kg/h).
Nhit
: 740C.
Tc dng chy
: 1,5 m/s.
Kh thot ra t thit b lm lnh nhanh LLFC:
Lu lng
: 22.667 kg/h.
Nhit
: 740C.
Tc dng kh
: 43,4 m/s.
c. B phn hy:
18

Bn t ngn 4 ca b phn ng R0201 c chy trn nh trng lc sang b
phn hy R0202 bao gm hai ngn b tng nguyn khi.
Vic duy tr thm trong mi trng kh bo ho m bo vic kt tinh thch
cao v flosilixic c hon thin. Phi c thi gian duy tr kt thc qu trnh ln ln
ca cc tinh th ng thi gim s qu bo ho. Vic gim qu bo ha ng ngha vi
vic bn hon thin c a vo h thng lc thch cao, iu ny s gim s lng t
trong b cha axt tm thi, gip gim nh hng phn chia v gim lng t trong b
cha axit yu.
Cu to ca b phn ng v phn hy bo m khng bn pht pht cha
phn ng ti h thng lc.
Mi bung ca b phn hy R0202 c trang b vi my khuy A0202A/B,
cnh khuy kiu hng trc PRAYON 4-PHT hng cht lng xung di vi lu
lng ln tiu th in nng t khuy nh bn v ngn cn s lng t cc cht rn
trn sn b. Khng yu cu c bnh kh bt.
Khi cn thit c th b sung axit sulfuric vo ngn s 1 ca b phn hy R0202
nh ng ng np H2SO4 N12 c thc hin nhm gip kim sot c lp lng
sulfat trong nhng ngn phn ng v phn hy. B phn hy c hai l thng N10A/B,
dn kh ti h thng ra kh duy tr p sut m trong b phn hy v trnh thot kh.
Bn hon thin t ngn th hai c bm ti h thng lc Prayon M0211 bi
bi bm cp bn lc li tm thng ng P0202 c iu chnh tc . Vic lp bm trc
ng s gip t ng a bn trong ng trc tip vo thng b phn hy m khng cn
van.
Ch tiu cng ngh:
Mc bnh thng ca thng phn hu : 5,6 m.
Lng bn bm t ngn cui ca b phn hy sang my lc:
Lu lng
Nhit
: 760C.
Tc dng chy
: 1,2 m/s.
d. H thng ra kh:
B thu hi kh c lp t cho khu vc phn ng v lc. Phn chnh ca thit
b, ni kh thot ra c gi p sut m bi h thng lc v thng gi trn mi bung
ca b phn ng, b phn hy v np lc.
19

H thng ra kh bao gm hai thp ra X0201A/B vi 1 qut C0202 ht kh t
cc v tr trong khu vc phn ng v lc kh v c thi ra qua ng khi S0207. Kh
i vo h thng ra kh t di y cng. Chng c lm sch bng nc ra c
bm tun hon lin tc P0205A/B. Nc t h thng ra kh qua bm P0206 ti tin
ngng t ri tun hon tr li khu phn ng trnh thi dng cht lng. Qu trnh x
l s dng nc h thng v lm mt nhim axt.
Phn nh ca ng khi c gn thit b tch git.
2.2.
Giai on lc:
Bn c a vo my lc Prayon M0211, c gn mt hp chn khng v mt

tch git bn ngoi S0211. My lc dng bn xoay l thit k ca hng Prayon B,
c chia lm 24 khay vi din tch b mt lc l 140 m2.
Nhng git thu c t thit b tch git S0211 s c a ti thng cha axt
tun hon V0216. Kh thot ra t thit b tch git ti thit b ngng t, y kh c
ra bng nc lm lnh nhim axit. Nc t thit b ngng c a v b kn ngng
t lc V0217. Nc ny sau c chuyn ti thp lm mt nhim axit.
Mt bm chn khng lc C0213 thng p vi mi trng qua b phn gim m
ring bit. Thit b ny c cung cp nhm duy tr h thng p sut m v mt van
cp khng kh c s dng iu chnh chn khng. B phn lc c gn vi np
thu hi c thng vi h thng ra kh v h thng lc di lp gch axit.
Sau khi a bn vo my lc M0211, mt ngn nh phn u khng c chn
khng s gip cc tinh th thch cao ln to mt lp mng t nhin khng nhiu trn
mng lc ng thi gim nt lp lc ban u.
Ngn tip sau l ngn lc (pre-sector hoc Cloudy Port). Ti y, phn lc ban
u ca axit sn phm l nc vn c v c pha long nh bng nc trong cc
ngn v vi lc. Vic ny nhm mc ch ngn chn s nh hng ca dch bn ti
cht lng axit sn phm. Dch bn c tho ti thng axit tun hon thng qua
ng ht ti bm axit tun hon P0212. Axt sn phm qua bm P0211 ti b cha
axit tm thi V0231 qua thit b o lu lng. Mt phn axit sn phm ti thng cha
axit tun hon khng ch mc trong thng v kim sot hm lng cht rn trong
b phn ng nh bm P0212.
Sau khi tch sn phm, thch cao tri qua hai ln ra. Nc ra thch cao ln
th hai c ly t bnh ngng E0201 qua b kn nc nng V0213 bi bm ra vi
lc P0214.
20

Mc nc trong b kn nc nng V0213 c kim sot bi lng chy ca
nc qua thit b tin ngng t lm lnh nhanh E0201 v b cha nc ra li lc
V0214. Khi khi ng hoc khi LLFC khng hot ng, b sung mt lng hi nc
vo dng chy ca nc ra vi lc qua ejector E0212. Lu lng nc ra c iu
chnh bng tay da vo t trng ca dng axit tun hon iu chnh nng axit
sn phm.
Lng nc sau ra thch cao ln cui qua h thng phn phi ti u ht ca
bm ra P0213 i ra thch cao ln 1. Nc sau ra thch cao ln 1 ti h thng phn
phi vo u ht ca bm P0212. thu hi nhanh trnh hin tng ngp h thng lc
ta c th thao tc bng tay rt mt phn nc ra trc tip vo u ht ca bm axit
tun hon P0212.
Thch cao sau khi qua hai giai on ra c thi vo phu thi thch cao
V0211 v sau c bng chuyn L0281/L0822 a vo khu vc x l thch cao.
Nc thi t khu vc x l thch cao s c chuyn v nh my axit photphoric.
Sau khi thi b thch cao, vi lc s c ra sch bng nc m t b kn
nc nng V2013. Nc sau ra c v b ra b lc V0214.
Ch tiu cng ngh:
p sut vo ca bm chn khng
: 600 mmHg.
Nhit nc ra b lc
: 50 600C.
Nhit nc ra vi lc
: 650C.
T l ra b lc
: 99%.
Nng PA long
: 25 27%.
Nng PA thu hi
: 16 20%.
Nng cht ra s cp
: 4%.
Nng cht ra th cp
: 1 3%.
Hm lng P2O5 trong gypsum
: 0,4%.
Hm lng P2O5 trong gypsum
: 1,0%.
Hm lng m
: 30%.
-
Lng bn bm t ngn cui ca b phn hy sang my lc:
Lu lng
Nhit
: 760C.
21

Tc dng chy
-
: 1,2 m/s.
Axit sn phm em v kho cha:
Lu lng
: 98.189 kg/h (pha lng: 97.208 kg/h; pha rn: 982 kg/h).
Nhit
: 700C.
Tc dng chy
: 1,23 m/s.
Axit tun hon:
Lu lng
Nhit
: 680C.
Tc dng chy
: 1,27 m/s.
Kh thot ra t khu vc lc:
Lu lng
: 30.150 kg/h.
Nhit
: 700C.
Tc dng kh
: 28,98 m/s.
-
B thch cao a ra bi cha:
Lu lng
Nhit
: 620C.
Dng th tch
: 84 m3/h.
2.3.
Giai on c c:
H thng chn khng bao gm mt bnh ngng E0223A (c phun bng nc

lm mt loi b hi ngng t), nc sau ngng c a n b kn ngng t
V0223A, trong khi hi khng ngng t c kh bng mt ejector v thit b ngng t
C0221A. Nc t b kn ngng t V0223A c bm ti thp lm lnh nc nhim
axt. B kn ngng t ny l chung cho 2 dy chuyn . Kh i n bnh ngng cha
mt lng nh axit. trnh axit ny lm nhim bn nc thp lm lnh, cc git ny
c loi b trong b tch git S0222A.
Axit sn phm vi 50-52% P2O5 c chy trn qua ng duy tr mc trong
bung bc hi V0221A. Axit chy n ng ht ca bm sn phm P0222A, bm
ny bm vo b cha axit c V0601AB qua thit b o lu lng.
Axit c tun hon bng mt bm tun hon hng trc P0221A thng qua b
trao i nhit E0221A v quay tr li thit b bc hi V0221A. Tc tun hon c
tnh ton m bo mt delta T, u vo axit so vi u ra axit khong 2.50C.
22

Nhit u vo v u ra tng ng l 86 0C v 88,50C. B trao i nhit
E0221A c ch to cc ng graphit (649 ng) v v thp carbon vi phn thp hn
l thp khng g. N c t cao bn di mc cht lng trong bung bc
V0221A sao cho s si khng xy ra trong c cc ng graphit v ng ng. Vic s
dng cao ny v delta T nh m bo rng s ng cn c ti thiu.
Lu lng hi c duy tr n nh bng mt van iu khin lu lng trn
ng ng hi thp p dn n b trao i nhit E0221A v p sut hi cp vo thit
b trao i nhit.
Nhit ca hi c rt bt khi nc ngng c phun vo thit b gim p v
nhit E0222A, nc ngng d tha vo bnh cha nc ngng V0222A. Nhit
hi cn bng biu th trng thi ng cn ca cc ng v s bo ng nhit cao
lm sch thit b trao i nhit.
Nc ngng c t chy n b cha nc ngng V0222 da vo thit b o
mc b nc ngng bm P0224 bm nc ngng sang xng in.
Mt b trao i nhit c th s dng trong nhiu nm min l n khng phi
chy qu ti. Nhiu kha lin ng c lp t hn ch cc li c th xy ra. Trc
tin h thng DCS s c ci t mt ch khi ng ngn chn s tng nhit
nhanh (heating-up) v van hi s c ng di cc iu kin sau:
-
Nhit axit cao sau b trao i nhit.

Nhit hi u vo b trao i nhit cao.
Mc bnh cha nc ngng (2 b phn nh c lp) cao.
Bm tun hon hng trc khng hot ng.
Mc cao trong b gim p v nhit E0222A.
Nhit cao u ra b gim p v nhit E0222A.
Nhit axit cao u ra bung bc hi.
Mc cao bung bc hi.
Nc ngng nhim axit.
p sut cao trn phn hi ca b trao i nhit.
Nu s h hng ng ng thc s xy ra th sau axit s c pht hin

trong nc ngng, khi van hi s ng, nc ngng c vo rnh thot.
Hi c thot ra thit b tch git qua b phn thu hi flo h thng to chn
khng c m t trn.
CH : to ra axit c 48% P2O5, ta c c khong 90% lng axit long
n 50-52% P2O5 ti thiu ha s lng ng silica pha trn ca thit b bay hi v
trong b tch P2O5. Cng nh vy, vic c c axt n 50-52% P 2O5 s thu c axit
flosilisic sch. iu ny s khng t c nu nng b gii hn n 48% P 2O5.
23

Vic trn axit long v axit c trong nh my DAP s tng ng vi mt loi axit
c nng 48% P2O5.
Ch tiu cng ngh:
-
Axit long 25% vo thit b TN:
Lu lng
: 44.670 kg/h (pha lng: 44.400 kg/h; pha rn: 268kg/h).
Nhit
: 550C.
Tc dng chy
: 1,26 m/s.
Hi p sut thp vo thit b TN:
Lu lng
: 27.240 kg/h.
Nhit
: 1260C.
p sut
: 0,25 MPa.
-
Lu lng
Dng axit tun hon trong thit b c c nh bm tun hon:

: 12.018.627 kg/h
(pha lng: 11.778.254 kg/h; pha rn: 240.372 kg/h).
Nhit
: 860C.
Tc dng chy
: 1,39 m/s.
Lu lng
Dng axit tun hon trong thit b TN chy sang bung bc:
: 12.018.627 kg/h
(pha lng: 11.778.254 kg/h; pha rn: 240.372 kg/h).
Nhit
: 88,30C.
Tc dng chy
: 1,39 m/s.
Axit c 52% i b cha:
Lu lng
: 21.739 kg/h (pha lng: 21.305 kg/h; pha rn: 434 kg/h).
Nhit
: 860C.
Tc dng chy
: 0,77 m/s.
Hi bc t bung bc:
Lu lng
: 22.930 kg/h.
Nhit
: 860C.
p sut
: 13,07 kPa.
24

Tc dng kh
III.
: 45,74 m/s.
NH MY SN XUT DAP:
1. Nng sut xng v c tch sn phm:

1.1. Nng sut xng:
Nng sut thit k ca nh my l 1.000 tn DAP/ngy, nng sut thit k hng
nm l 330.000 tn/nm.
1.2.
Thng s nguyn liu v sn phm:

a. Nguyn liu:
Axit photphoric
P2O5 min
CaO
MgO
SiO2
Fe2O3
Al2O3
F
SO3
-
c %
52
0,35
0,92
1,0
1,5
1,5
1,0
2,5
Long %
25
0,18
0,46
1,0
0,91
1,0
1,0
2,0
Amoniac khan lng:
Hm lng ti thiu : 99,8%.

m ti a
: 0,5%.
p sut
: 1,2 MPa.
Nhit
: -330C.
Ha cht b sung v vt liu ph:
Cht kh bt.
Du ph, du mazt.
Nc cng nghip.
Kh o lng, kh nn CN v hi LP/MP.
b. Sn phm:
Cht lng sn phm cng b trn th trng ca phn bn DAP l:
Hm lng N2
: 16%.
25

- Hm lng P2O5
- Lng m ti a
- Kch thc phn t (-4;+2)
2. Lu trnh cng ngh:
2.1. M t lu trnh:
: 45%.
: 2,5%.
: 95,0 mm.
Axit photphoric nng 50 - 52% P2O5 s c bm t cc thng kho cha

ti nhiu v tr khc nhau trong phn xng nh thng cha ca phn ng ng V0302,
thng cha ra kh s b V0312, thng cha ra kh V0306 v thit b phn ng tin
trung ha R0301. Trn 10% trong tng s lng P 2O5 c th c cung cp bng axit
photphoric 25% P2O5 vo thng ra kh V0306.
Amoniac lng s c bm ti thit b phn ly V0301v ti thit b t nng
amoniac E0301, lm nng amoniac lng theo tiu chun qui nh ca ng phn ng
R0302 v h thng amoniac K0301.
Axit sunphuric thng c dng nh nguyn liu th duy nht iu chnh.
Axit sunphuric c bm t thng cha axit sunphuric V0304 v thng thng s
c a vo thit b phn ng tin trung ha R0301, v thng ng sn phm ca
thit b phn ng tin trung ha V0312 v thit b lc kh thi X0304.
Sn phm c np ti phu cha du trn V0313 nm pha trn nh ca
bng ti L0309. N c vn chuyn t L0309 ti thang my gu nng L0311 v tip
tc c np ti phu tip liu V0311. Cng sut np tip liu l 20 m3/h, v c
trang b bng b kch hot phu tip nhin liu trnh sn phm b phnh n v tch
t bn trong. im kh bi c t trn u ca phu tip liu trnh bi thi ra
ngoi. Mc cha pha bn trong ca phu tip liu c iu khin bng cn cell
v s chuyn cc ch s trng lc sang mc phn trm.
Thit b cn ca phu tip liu (c o bng cm bin ti trng) s c
chuyn thnh s o mc, vi ch s bo ng cao hoc thp. Ch s bo ng cao,
c bo hiu cc b, s khuyn nh vn hnh khng np thm na. Ngoi cng tc c
mc bo ng cao LAH3100 c ci t, kch hot kho lin ng ca phn
nguyn liu th, dng bng ti tip liu L0309.
Di thng cn c mt bng ti tip liu W0304 kim sot tc iu chnh
vic tip liu trong qui trnh ny, gm c mt cn t ng in t c th t ng o v
iu chnh lng np t h thng DCS ca phng iu khin. Khi phu tip liu
c cp trn loading cells, chng s cung cp cc ch s ph v lng tip liu thc
cn np vo h thng ht tun hon.
Nhng nguyn liu rn t b phn cung cp nguyn liu s c gom li bng
ti tun hon L0301, ti y chng s gom nhng nguyn liu rn c ti ch,
26

c thi ra t mt s im ca phn xng, ri sau s chuyn chng ti sng ht
M0301 thng qua mt gu nng L0306.
2.2.
Qu trnh trung ha:

a. Nguyn l chung:
Da trn phn ng trung ho gia amoniac vi axit photphoric v lng nh

axit sulfuric:
H2SO4 + 2NH3(l) (NH4)2SO4 (AMS) + 1500 kcal/kg
(1)
H2SO4 + 2NH3(g) (NH4)2SO4 (AMS) + 1800 kcal/kg
(2)
H3PO4 + NH3(l) NH4H2PO4 (MAP) + 1200 kcal/kg ; N/P = 1
(3)
H3PO4 + NH3(g) NH4H2PO4 (MAP) + 1500 kcal/kg ; N/P = 1
(4)
NH4H2PO4 + NH3(l) (NH4)2HPO4 (DAP) + 900 kcal/kg; N/P = 2
(5)
NH4H2PO4 + NH3(g) (NH4)2HPO4 (DAP) + 1200 kcal/kg; N/P = 2 (6)

Phn ng u tin lun xy ra trong ng phn ng R0302, trong khi phn
ng th hai xy ra trong h thng ra kh v thit b phn ng tin trung ha R0301.
Phn ng (3) thng xy ra trong ng phn ng R0302. Khi amoniac trng
thi hi, phn ng (4) s xy ra trong h thng ra kh v thit b phn ng tin trung
ha R0301.
Phn ng (5) xy ra trong ng phn ng v thng to ht. Phn ng (6), phn
ng cui cng ch xy ra thit b phn ng tin trung ha.
Phn ng (1) v (2) mnh hn cc phn ng cn li, v amoniac c xu hng
nh sau: u tin n s phn ng vi axit sulfuric, ri khi phn ng trung ho gia
hydro ca axit sulfuric u tin kt thc th phn ng tip theo mi xy ra.
Ngoi cc phn ng chnh nu trn, nhng phn ng ph khc cng xy ra, gia
amoniac, axit photphoric v mt s tp cht. Hn 100 sn phm c to ra t nhng
phn ng khc nhau, hm lng t mc ppm n 1% axit photphoric.
b. Thit b phn ng tin trung ha R0301:
Phn ng gia amoniac v axit photphoric xy ra trong thit b phn ng tin
trung ha R0301. Thng phn ng ny c trang b cnh khuy A0301 loi b lng
bt v ci thin vic hp th amoniac, ng nht nhit v duy tr hm lng rn
trong khi dng.
Hai my bm ca thit b phn ng tin trung ha vi ng ng c v bc hi
v h thng o lng c lp s c cung cp to ra mt s lng bn ca
amoniphotphat n nh t thit b phn ng tin trung ha ti thng to ht M0301.
27

Ngoi ra cn c mt ng dn hi lu chung ca c hai bm P0301A/B l loi my
bm c cng sut thay i, c iu khin bng b iu khin bin tn, do vy c th
khng cn phi s dng van iu khin.
Thit b bc hi thp p vi cng dng lm lm sch thit b phn ng tin
trung ha, my bm bn v ng ng ca n. Thit b ny s c ni vi tt c cc
ng phun amoniac v ng ng ca my bm bn t my bm P0301A/B n thng
to ht. Bm ny vn hnh theo yu cu, khi cn s dng amoniac lng thay cho
hi nc. Thit b phn ng tin trung ha ny nu cn thit c th vn hnh bng NH 3
lng thay cho NH3 kh.
Ch tiu cng ngh:
Nhit
: 110 -1200C.
T l phn t N/P : 1,4 -1,55.
Axit photphoric : 42 45% P2O5.
Hm lng P2O5 trong khong 40 43%.
Hm lng rn khng ln hn 87%.
T l N/P ca bn amoniphotphat trong thng khng ln
hn 1,55.
- Nhit thng phn ng trong khong 100 1250C.
c. Thit b phn ng ng:
-
Phn ng gia amoniac lng v axit photphoric din ra trong ng phn ng

R0302, gm c mt u trn v ng phn phi nc, phn cui s c ni trc tip
vi pha bn trong phn quay ca thng to ht.
Axit c np vo trong ng phn ng s c to thnh bng hn hp trn
axit photphoric th cp thng vo thng phn ng V0302 (trc khng c s
dng trong qu trnh ra kh) cng vi t l hn hp axit photphoric v sulfuric trong
h thng ra kh.
ng phn ng c trang b vi b iu chnh lu lng amoniac v axit; axit
c np vo nh cc bm ca ng phn ng vi tc c iu chnh bng my
bin tn P0304A/B (mt my d tr), do vy c th s dng hoc khng cn van iu
khin ng dn axit.
H thng lm sch t ng lin ng s c cp phun tia nc cho ng
phn ng vi hi trung p 1MPa, s dng trong trng hp b ngt in t ngt hoc
phun nc ra nh k. Trong trng hp cui, hot ng phun nc ch ko di
khng qu mt pht, ri sau s t ng hot ng tr li m khng cn dng phn
cui ca thit b. Ngoi ra cn b tr thm mt thit b chuyn mch ca kho lin
ng c th t ba v tr m c th t ng tt ngt ngun cung cp axit v amoniac
bt k c np hi hay khng.
28

Ch tiu cng ngh:
2.3.
- Nhit lm vic: 135 1450C.

- T l phn t N/P: 1,4 1,65.
- Axit photphoric: 42 45% P2O5.
- Nhit b bn: 120 1500C.
- m ca bn: 5% hoc 10%.
Qu trnh sy:
a. Nguyn l sy:
Sy l qu trnh cp nhit lm bay hi m ra khi vt liu. Qu trnh sy l

qu trnh khng n nh do tt c cc thng s ph thuc vo thi gian v tnh ton
thit k cng rt phc tp. Ban u a vt liu vo v t nng n nhit sy, khi
m t do trong vt liu bay hi ht s chuyn sang bay hi m lin kt. t ti
im ht m (im chuyn t m t do sang m lin kt) cn mt thi gian tng i
ln. Sau im ht m tc sy gim, m lin kt bc hi t b mt ca vt liu v
trn b mt ca vt liu c vng b kh. Ty theo yu cu m ta sy vt liu n
mt m nht nh no .
C nhiu phng thc sy khc nhau nhng phng thc sy i lu vi hai
cht ti nhit l khng kh nng v khi l c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip v
i sng. Trong nh my DAP, tc nhn sy c s dng l khi l c to ra bng
cch t du FO bi khng kh. S dng khi l lm tc nhn sy c u im l nhit
lm vic cao, gi thnh r hn so vi khng kh nng nhng nhc im l c hi
v tc n mn thit b rt ln. Mt im phi ch khi sy bng khi l l do nhit
cao nn trc khi a khi l vo phng sy bt buc phi h nhit bng cch
trn n vi khng kh ngui theo mt t l nht nh ty theo nhit cn sy.
b. Cu to thng sy M0302:
Thng sy M0302 gm mt thng quay hnh tr t nghing gc 30 50, cc gi
v nh v thng quay bng cch iu chnh nghing. Trong lng thng
quay c gn thm thanh thp dc theo chiu di ca thng vi mc ch l o trn vt
liu nhm tng mc ng u ca qu trnh sy. Ngoi ra, cn lp thm g ca ra
khng ch lng vt liu a vo thng sy khng c ln hn 20% th tch ca
thng.
c. Vn hnh:
29

Trong thng sy M0302, cc cht rn s c nng ln v chng ln nhau qua
dng kh nng t bung t F0301. My sy kh c thit k t c hiu sut
sy kh ti a v hn ch ti thiu vic dnh bt nguyn liu.
Bung t c t chy bng du FO. Khng kh s dng trong bung t s
c cung cp nh qut CO308. Qut gi C0307 s c s dng gim nhit ca
kh ga t chy theo t l yu cu dng t chy nguyn liu t. Kh pha long
c a vo thng qua vic cp cc kh nng c tun hon t xyclon ca thit b
lm mt tng si, nh cch s dng qut tun hon FBC C0306 t c nhit
theo yu cu khi mun sy DAP. Trnh nhit cao qu mc quy nh s lm phn
hu sn phm, tht thot amoniac v s hnh thnh ca khi.
Cn c mt thit b nghin cc pha cui ca thng sy kh. Nhng nguyn
liu qu c cng, khng th nghin nh c trong qui trnh ny s c nng ln
bng mt khay nng ln ch tip liu cho my nghin nh dng roto n B0302, s
gip ph hu cc khi v nh c trng lc chuyn chng ti bng ti sy kh L0303,
v nhp vi s nguyn liu qua my sng.
Kh ga thi t thng sy kh c cha bi v c loi b trong b thu bi kiu
xyclon D0301. Bi s c thu li trong phu tip liu xyclon v c gi li ti
ch. Xyclon c gn km thit b xch lm sch v b rung/b g ca phu tip liu.
Bng ti ca my sy kh c trang b bng mt b tch t S0305, c ci
t tch ri phn kim loi c th lm hi n my nghin nh. T bng ti , nh
c trng lc cc cht rn s c chuyn ti bng ti v ti gu nng sng s b
L0305.
Ch tiu cng ngh:
2.4.
- Nhit kh sau khi t du FO

- Nhit kh sau khi iu chnh vo sy
- Nhit kh sau sy
- m DAP sau sy
Qu trnh v vin v to ht:
a. Cu to thng to ht M0301:
: 9000C.
: 150 2500C.
: 90 1500C.
: 1,5 2%.
Thng to ht s c t nghing hng v pha cui c th d dng x l

s lng tun hon ln. Cn c mt vnh ai gi mt chiu mt pha x ca my,
gm mt s cng vo c th iu chnh c mc su ca lp nguyn liu ph
hp vi gi tr ti u, cng nh x ht t thng to ht gip c th bo dng v v
sinh my.
Thng to ht s c lp cc tm panen cao su c th un cong v c mt
thanh dm chnh c lp mi chp trnh vic hnh thnh bm dnh ca sn phm
30

vo thng to ht. Tuy nhin, nu bt k khi no c hnh thnh, thng to ht c
trang b ba p tng trnh duy tr cc tng bn trong thng nh hng s phn b
dng cht rn n thit b sy. Cc ba a cc tng ti vng Grizzly, ti n s b
p v bi s quay ca vng ny.
b. Vn hnh:
Sn phm tun hon t b gu nn to ht L0306 s c chuyn trc tip nh
trng lc ti thng to ht M0301, nh qu trnh to ht s din ra.
ng tc quay trong thng to ht gip s phn phi bn trn b mt lp ht
ng u hn, to ra nhng ht c phn lp, cng u v trn. Nhng lp bn mng
s d kh hn sau khi c quay trn, ri sau chng s phn ng vi amoniac.
Cc cht bn amoniphotphat s c phun vo lp ht nguyn liu cng vi
cht n (nu c), kt hp nguyn liu ti ch (bi, mnh vn, ht qu c c nghin
nh v mt phn ca sn phm quay li thng to ht).
Bc u tin trong phn ng trung ha axit photphoric s xy ra trong thit b
phn ng tin trung ha R0301 v trong ng phn ng R0302. ng phn ng s c
lp bn trong thng do vy bn amoniphotphat trong thit b phn ng tin trung ha
c bm vo nh bm P0301A/B v c kt hp vi cc lp bn ca thng to ht
thng qua ng phn phi. Trong trng hp ch s dng ng phn ng, thit b phn
ng tin trung ha dng v bn amoniphotphat c sn xut bi ng phn ng.
Cng sut vn chuyn ca xng b gii hn bi t l tun hon. Lng tun
hon s thp khi hm m ca bn t ng phn ng v t thit b phn ng tin trung
ha thp. Thng thng, h s tun hon s mc t 3,8 n 4,5 ph thuc vo cht
lng axit photphoric v iu kin vn hnh. Chu trnh ny bao gm: mnh vn, cc
ht qu c c nghin nh v mt phn ca sn phm thng mi c chuyn li
n thng to ht gi cn bng mc nc v nhit.
Thng thng, mt lng nc t cc ng ng dn nc, s c dn trc
tip vo thng to ht tm thi iu chnh lng cp phi nc, tuy nhin phng
php ny khng ph bin v tin dng.
Cht rn trong thng to ht vi hm lng m thng thng t 2,5-3% trng
lng c a vo my sy kh t c mc m cui cng l 1,5-2%.
Cn c bit ch n thit k ca mng trt gia thng to ht v my sy
trnh s tch t ht m ln thnh mng. Mng ny c mt rng, c dc cao (gn
650), khng thay i v hng, lp t mt s lp lt cao su lng hoc nha polyme.
31

Kh thot ra t thng to ht v thit b phn ng tin trung ha s c ha ln
v ht vo thp ra s b X03011/2 thu hi li hu ht lng bi v NH3 thot ra.
Ch tiu cng ngh:
-
H s tun hon vt cht : 3,8 4,5.

m
: 2,5 3%.
32
KT LUN
Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM tuy mi i vo hot ng nhng

chim mt v th quan trng trong ngnh cng nghip ha cht Vit Nam.
Th mnh c bit ca sn xut DAP l s dng rt hiu qu ti nguyn. Thng
thng s dng qung apatit sn xut super ln hoc ln nung chy ch phn hy
c 50% P2O5 c trong qung, tc l nu qung apatit c hm lng P 2O5 l 32,43%
th thu c 16,41% trong phn bn cy trng hp th, phn cn li b lng ph ti
nguyn. Ngc li s dng apatit sn xut DAP th thu hi c P 2O5 ti 95%. Nh
vy hiu qu s dng ti nguyn l r rt.
Cng tc bo v mi trng c Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM
c bit quan tm v c nhiu gii php thc hin. Cng ty k hp ng thu cc
n v chuyn ngnh v mi trng, lm cng tc quan trc mi trng nh k. Tuy
nhin lng b thi thch cao l rt ln, hin Cng ty c phn thch cao nh V ang
c xy dng nhm gii quyt lng b thi ny.
Cng ngh sn xut DAP m Cng ty s dng l hin i. Vic thc hin D n
ci to m rng nhm nng gp i cng sut sn xut DAP l bc i chin lc
p ng mc tiu pht trin bn vng hin ti v tng lai.
33
LI CM N
Em xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti:

Vin k thut ha hc.
Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM.
cho php v to iu kin gip em c thc tp ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP
VINACHEM t ngy 05/01/2013 n 18/01/2013.
Em cng xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti ThS.Nguyn Nguyn Ngc v
ThS.Quch Th Phng (Vin k thut ha hc), cng cc anh/ch cn b, k thut
vin cc nh my SA, PA, DAP (Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP-VINACHEM) trc
tip hng dn em hon thnh t thc tp ny.
H Ni, ngy 31/ 01/ 2013

Sinh vin:
34
PH LC
S DY CHUYN BA NH MY SA, PA, DAP
35

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Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

SVTH : Nguyn Tng Anh

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

PHN I: TNG QUAN V CNG TY TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

SVTH : Nguyn Tng Anh

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

I. NH MY SN XUT AXIT SULFURIC:

Thng s nguyn liu, sn phm:

Cng ngh MECS, tip xc kp, hp th kp, t lu hunh sn xut axit

SVTH : Nguyn Tng Anh

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

3. Lu trnh cng ngh:

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

- Hm lng m axit (max)

- Nhit axit ti thp sy

- Nng sut nu chy lu hunh

- gim p sut my lc (max) : 4,0 bar.

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

c. Nguyn l hot ng:

SVTH : Nguyn Tng Anh

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

S sp xp ny c la chn nhm gim thiu di ng ng v to

Ti lp xc tc th nht xy ra phn ng chuyn ha mt phn SO 2 thnh SO3 .

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

SVTH : Nguyn Tng Anh

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

: sn phm l axit long

b. Cu to thp hp th trung gian T0142 v thp hp th cui T0143:

SVTH : Nguyn Tng Anh

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

SVTH : Nguyn Tng Anh

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

SVTH : Nguyn Tng Anh

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

NH MY SN XUT AXIT PHOTPHORIC:

1. Nng sut xng, c tnh sn phm:

: 540 tn P2O5 mt ngy (22,5 gi).

: 532 tn P2O5 mt ngy (90% cng sut h thng).

Thng s nguyn liu, sn phm:

Phn tch c bn thit k (%) thnh phn

H2SO4: 98,5% trng lng nh nht

SVTH : Nguyn Tng Anh

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

Nhit mi trng: Ln nht 450C

Lin tc ph thuc xng SA

P2O5 : 25% theo trng lng nh nht.

: 2% theo trng lng ln nht.

Thnh phn axit ch th (Khng nhim bi)

P2O5 : 50 52% theo trng lng nh nht.

: 3,5% theo trng lng ln nht.

khong 28 m3/h trn ton h thng

(khong 14 m3/h trn mi n v dy chuyn).

Thnh phn axit ch th (Khng nhim bi)

SVTH : Nguyn Tng Anh

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

1.3. Ngun gc v c tnh cng ngh:

Lng pht pht t V0243 sang V0242:

Lng pht pht t V0242 sang b phn ng:

b. Khu vc b phn ng:

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM

SVTH : Nguyn Tng Anh

Bo co thc tp k thut ti Cng ty TNHH MTV DAP VINACHEM