SPSS

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2007-2006


spss
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Type of Data :


:
- 1 Qualitative or Categorical Data :
( )



:
() Nominal Scale


. 1 0
1
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: ( -)
( ) .
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() Ordinal Scale


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- 2 Quantitative or Numerical Data



.....
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- 2 :

.

.
Non-random sampling

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:
4

 .1 Accidental samples


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.2 : Quota sampling

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Random sampling


25
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=
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=
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22 220
=
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: Collecting Data :
:
Personal Interview
-1



.
- 2 Direct Observation




.
-3 Questionnaire


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SPSS
SPSS
" " " "Start " " Programs
" " SPSS for windows " " SPSS 11.0
(: )Data Editor

. ( )Case

....

10

 (
) . ( .)Cell

)Data View
(
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( ) ...
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( ) Data Editor :
Variable

11

open

Save

Print
Dialog Recall

Redo

Goto Chart

Goto Case

( )

Variable

Find

Insert Case

Insert Variable

Split File

Weight Cases

Select Cases

Value Labels

( ) ( )

Use Sets

Undo

spss

View
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Data Editor
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12

 New Toolbar :

barakat customize

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Categories Items

13

 Customizing Toolbar barakat

barakat :

:
:

10-5

1
2
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2
14

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15

 Numeric SPSS
Width 8 8 Decimal Places 2

Width Decimal

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16

 Scientific Notation
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Date

mm/ dd/ yy
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Dollar
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17

 $,505,487.14
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454.000 - : .

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18

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( )Value Labels Label Variable
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Values :
1 Value Value Label Add
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Change .
19

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SPSS
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20

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10 . SPSS

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10-5

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21

1
2
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22


1
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23

 .2
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q1, q2, q3

- Compute Transform :

24

 Target Variable sum1 .

Numeric Expression q1+q2+q3


Expression
- Type&Lable

Numeric

Label Continue Ok :

25

 :1

SUM

Functions

sum(q1,q2,q3) Numeric Expression ) sum(q1 to q3

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26

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Include if case satisfied condition:

27

 = 1 5
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Continue Compute Variable
If ... Ok ""

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28

 5 10
Compute Variable: if Cases :
= &1= 2 = and 1=2
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: 5
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29

Data Select Cases
:

30

 :
Select If condition is satisfied If
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= 1 Continue
Select Cases Unselected Cases
Are
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filter_$ ( 1 )Selected ( 0
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All Cases . Select
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.
31

 Filtered Ok :

32

 Deleted Unselected Cases :

Data Select Cases Select Cases Random sample of cases Select

Sample :

Approximately

60 %60
. Exactly

33

 6 Exactly
10 6 10.

.Exactly

Continue Ok

Select Cases Based

on time or case range :

34

 3 First Cases 7 Last Cases

.

Use Filter

Variable
Ok .

Templates

] ( )5 ( )4

( )3( )2 ( [)1
:
.1
. Variable View
.2 q3

. Copy
.3 q3
Edit Past Variable
:

35

 -4
Number of new variables

4
New variable

names q
4
(. 4 q4 Ok.

Saving Data

.1 Save As File
:

36

 .2 Save In " "

" "

File Name

SPSS*.sav Save as type .

.Save
.4 SPSS Exit SPSS . File

.1 File Open Data .

.2 : .Open

37

Delete

Edit Copy

Edit . Past

() Insert Variable

.1 .
.2 ( Insert Variable
) Var00001

( ) Insert Cases

.1 .
( Insert Case
) .

Go To Case

.1 Go To Case Data

Go To

Case

38

Finding Values

.1 (

)q3

.q1
.2 Edit Find :

.3 4 Find what

Exporting and Importing

SPSS

Excel Access( ) .

Excel ( Access ) .

Exporting Data

.1 SPSS Excel Save As

File :

39

 .2 Save as type Excel *.xls

Excel ""

File

.name .Save
.3 Excel

Open

"".

Importing Data

Excel

SPSS

:
.1 SPSS Open File
File of Type
SPSS Excel*.xls
.2 .Ok

40

Creating charts

.
.


.
:
" _ " " _
" Numeric :

.1
)(Summaries for groups of cases
: .
.1: Graphs Bar :
41

Simple .2
Summaries for groups of

42

Data in Chart Are .3

cases
: Define .4

 .5 Bars Represent Other summary function

.6 "_ "
Variable

Mean

Change Summary .

.7 " "
Category Axis .
.8 Titles :

43

Continue Ok

.4

44

 .9
Chart Window
:

.10 ) T (Text

Text Styles

Arabic Transparent 12
. Apply .

.11
Center :

45

 .12
.
.13 Close File :

46

 : .
.1: ( Clustered )
Simple Summaries of separate variables .

47

.3

Define :

.4 " _ " " _ "

Bars

Represent " " Category Axis .Ok

.5 .

48

600

500

Mean

400

300

:
: Bar Chart Simple Dada

in chart are Summaries of separate variable Define

:

49

 " _ " " _ Bars

Represent Ok :
540

529
520

500

Mean

480

460
452
440

50

)(Clustered Bar Charts

:
.
" "
) (category Variable
" "
:

.1

Graphs Bar :

51

 .2

Clustered

Data in Chart Are

Summaries for groups of cases Define

:

.3 " _ " Variable " "

Category Axis " "
Clustered by

Ok

) Carousel

Define
(Chart

Chart Window

52

600

Mean

500

507
493

400
400

385

01-5

350

01

300

:
:

10

.1 ) (Data Editor "

_ " " " " " " "
.

53

 .2 Graphs Bar :

.3 Simple

Data in Chart Are

Values of

individual cases Define :

54

 .4 : "
Gategory Lables

Bar Represent
Variable "

_ " Variable Ok
.5

Chart Carousel

Chart Windows .
Chart Windows . Chart Carousel

11

10

10

Value

5
4

: :

.1 Graph Pie :

55

 .3 Values of individual cases Define

:

.4 " " Slices Represent

Variable Slice Labels "
_ " Variable Ok

56

.5
Chart Window
:

57

 .6 ) (Value
Percents .
.7 Format :

.8 Position Outside
Continue Ok :

5.00 / 22.7%

10.00 / 45.5%

7.00 / 31.8%

58

:
.
:
.1

.2

Graph Scatter :

Simple Define :

59

.3

"_ "

Y Axis

_" X Axis Ok :
700

600

500

400

300
700

600

500

400

60

 .4 :
- Chart Options :

.5 Total File Options

:

61

 .6 Linear regression Continue OK

:

700

600

500

300
700

600

500

400

400

62

:
5
5 10

:
.1 Analyze Report OLAP Cubes
:

63

 .2 ) Summary Variable(s " _"

" _ " )Grouping Variable (s
" " " " .

.4 Statistics... :

Mean

Standard Deviation Minimum

64

 Maximum Sum Number of Cases

Cell Statistics Continue
. OLAPS Cubes
.5 Title :
Continue Ok

:
OLAP Cubes
Case Processing Summary

Total
N

Percent

Cases
Excluded
N
Percent

Included
N
Percent

100.0%

10

.0%

100.0%

10

100.0%

10

.0%

100.0%

10

*
*
*
*

65

OLAP Cubes
latoT :
latoT :
N
10
10

Sum
$4,520
$5,290

Maximum
$600
$650

Minimum
$350
$440

Mean
Std. Dev iation
$452.00
$75.836
$529.00
$66.072

$450
.6
$529 .

:

.7 " " :

$380.00

66

 .8

" 5 " :

" " "

5 "

. $385

Crosstabulations

( )
) ( Categorical Variables
.

) . (two-way crostabulation

)( multi-way crostabulation

.1

Analyze Descriptive Statistics

Crosstabs Crosstabs

67

68

 .2 " " ) Row(s " "

) Column(s

Display clustered

bar charts Cells :

69

 .3

Row Column

. Percentage Continue Ok :
Crosstabs
Case Processing Summary

Total
Percent
100.0%

N
10

Cases
Missing
N
Percent
0
.0%

Valid
Percent
100.0%

N
10

* noitalubatssorC

Total
4
100.0%
40.0%
6
100.0%
60.0%
10
100.0%
100.0%

01 01-5
1
1
25.0%
25.0%
25.0%
25.0%
3
3
50.0%
50.0%
75.0%
75.0%
4
4
40.0%
40.0%
100.0%
100.0%

5
2
50.0%
100.0%

2
20.0%
100.0%

Count
% within
% within
Count
% within
% within
Count
% within
% within

Total

70

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

5
01-5

1.0

01

.5

.4
" " " 5" 2
5

5
%50
%50 %100
5 %100
.
.5 .

" " :

71

( )Multi-way crosstabulation

.1 Descriptive statistics Analyze

Crosstabs :

.2 :
Crosstabs
Case Processing Summary

Total
Percent
100.0%

N
10

Cases
Missing
N
Percent
0
.0%

Valid
Percent
100.0%

N
10

* *

72

 * * noitalubatssorC

Total
1
100.0%
16.7%
5
100.0%
83.3%
6
100.0%
100.0%
3
100.0%
75.0%
1
100.0%
25.0%
4
100.0%
100.0%

01 01-5 5
1

100.0%
100.0%
3
2

60.0%
40.0%
100.0%
100.0%
1
3
2

16.7%
50.0%
33.3%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
1
1
1

33.3%
33.3%
33.3%
100.0%
100.0%
50.0%
1

100.0%
50.0%
1
1
2

25.0%
25.0%
50.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%

Count
% within
% within
Count
% within
% within
Count
% within
% within

Count
% within
% within
Count
% within
% within
Count
% within
% within

Total

Total

=
3.5

3.0

2.5

1.5

01-5

1.0

01

2.0

.5

73

 =
1.1

1.0

.9

.7

01-5

.6

01

.5

.8

.5

.1 )(Central Tendency
mean .
Median %50 .
Mode .

.2 Dispersion

Slandered Deviation
.
Variance
Range .
Minimum
Maximum
S.E.mean
.

.3 Distribution
74

 : Skew ness


.
.
.
: Kurtosis
.


.
Quartiles

) Percentile(s

:
Frequencies

.1 Analyze Descriptive Statistics

Frequencies :

75

 .2 Statistics :

.3 Continue
: Charts :

76

 .4 Histograms With normal carve

Continue Frequency Ok
:

77

Frequencies
Statistics

10
0
$452.00
$23.981
$455.00
$400
$75.836
$5,751.111
.567
.687
.113
1.334
$250
$350
$600
$4,520
$352.00
$376.00
$392.50
$400.00
$420.00
$455.00
$466.00
$491.00
$505.00
$516.00
$592.00

Valid
Missing

Mean
Std. Error of Mean
Median
Mode
Std. Dev iat ion
Variance
Skewness
Std. Error of Skewness
Kurt osis
Std. Error of Kurtosis
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Sum
Percentiles

10
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
75
80
90

10
0
$529.00
$20.894
$520.00
$500
$66.072
$4,365.556
.435
.687
-.351
1.334
$210
$440
$650
$5,290
$441.00
$458.00
$480.00
$493.00
$500.00
$520.00
$546.00
$564.00
$577.50
$594.00
$645.00

Frequency Table

Valid

78

$350
$370
$400
$450
$460
$470
$500
$520
$600
Total

Frequency
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
10

Percent
10.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
100.0

Valid Percent
10.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
100.0

Cumulat iv e
Percent
10.0
20.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0

Valid

$440
$450
$490
$500
$540
$550
$570
$600
$650
Total

Frequency
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
10

Percent
10.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
100.0

Valid Percent
10.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
100.0

Cumulat iv e
Percent
10.0
20.0
30.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0

Histogram

3.5

3.0

Frequency

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0
Std. Dev = 75.84

.5

Mean = 452.0
N = 10.00

0.0
350.0

400.0

450.0

500.0

79

550.0

600.0


3.5
3.0
2.5

Frequency

2.0
1.5
1.0
Std. Dev = 66.07

.5

Mean = 529.0
N = 10.00

0.0
650.0

600.0
625.0

550.0
575.0

500.0
525.0

450.0
475.0

Descriptive

.1 Analyze Descriptive Statistics
Descriptives :

80

 .2 " _" " _" )Variable(s

.

.3 Option :
.5 Continue
. Descriptives
.6 Save standardized values as variables
( ) Ok :
Descriptives

Descriptive Statistics
Skewness
Statistic
Std. Error
.567
.687
.435
.687

Std.
Deviation
Statistic
$75.836
$66.072

Mean
Statistic
$452.00
$529.00

N
Statistic
10
10
10

)Valid N (listwise

81

 .7

z x

x x

:

( Explore )

:
.1 Analyze Descriptive Statistics
Explore :

82

 .2 " _ " Dependent List

" " ( Factor List
Display Both Statistics Plots
)Both
Statistics :

.3 ( Descriptive ) ( M-Estimators
) Outliers
(

( Percentiles )

Continue .Explore
.4 Plots :

83

 .5 Factor level together Descriptive

Stem-and-leaf Histogram Continue
Explore Ok :
Explore

:
:
.

Case Processing Summary

Total
Percent
100.0%
100.0%

N
6
4

Cases
Missing
N
Percent
0
.0%
0
.0%

Valid
Percent
100.0%
100.0%

N
6
4

: .
95% Confidence interval for mean
%95
.
5% Trimmed Mean

.

%5 %5

Interquartile Range

.
.

84

Descriptives

Mean
95% Conf idence
Interv al f or Mean
5% Trimmed Mean
Median
Variance
St d. Dev iation
Minimum
Maximum
Range
Interquart ile Range
Skewness
Kurt osis
Mean
95% Conf idence
Interv al f or Mean

St at ist ic
$488.33
$416.11

Lower Bound
Upper Bound

St d. Error
$28.097

$560.56
$487.04
$480.00
4736.667
$68.823
$400
$600
$200
$102.50
.605
.620
$397.50
$313.93

Lower Bound
Upper Bound

.845
1.741
$26.260

$481.07

5% Trimmed Mean
Median
Variance
St d. Dev iation
Minimum
Maximum
Range
Interquart ile Range
Skewness
Kurt osis

$396.11
$385.00
2758.333
$52.520
$350
$470
$120
$97.50
1.165
1.085

1.014
2.619

:
.
M-Esti mators

Huber's
a
M-Estimator
$482.01
$385.00

Tukey 's
b
Biweight
$475.72
$380.06

Hampel's
c
M-Estimator
$481.85
$387.45

a. The weighting constant is 1.339.

b. The weighting constant is 4.685.
c. The weighting constants are 1.700, 3.400, and 8.500
d. The weighting constant is 1.340*pi.

85

Andrews'
d
Wav e
$475.63
$380.00

 :
Percentiles

95
.
.

90
.
.

75
$540.00
$452.50
$520.00
$435.00

Percentiles
50
$480.00
$385.00
$480.00
$385.00

25
$437.50
$355.00
$450.00
$360.00

10
$400.00
$350.00

5
$400.00
$350.00

Weighted
)Av erage(Def inition 1
Tukey's Hinges

:
Extreme Val uesa
Value
$600
$520
$500
$400
$450
$460
$470
$400
$350
$370

Case Number
10
9
5
1
6
7
8
4
2
3

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
2

Highest

Lowest

Highest
Lowest

a. The requested number of extreme v alues exceeds the number of

data points. A smaller number of extrem es is display ed.

:

Histogram
= For
2. 5

2. 0

1. 5

St d. Dev = 68. 82

1. 0

.5

Mean = 488.3
N = 6. 00

0. 0
600.0

550.0

500.0

450.0

400.0

86

Histogram
= For

1.2

1.0

.8

.6

.4
Std. Dev = 52.52

.2

Mean = 397.5
N = 4.00

0.0
475.0

450.0

425.0

400.0

375.0

350.0

Stem-and-Leaf Plots

Stem-and-Leaf Plot for

=
Leaf
056
02
0

& Stem
4 .
5 .
6 .

100
)1 case(s

Frequency
3.00
2.00
1.00
Stem width:
Each leaf:

87

 Stem-and-Leaf Plot for

=
Leaf
57
0
7

& Stem
.
.
.
.

3
3
4
4

100
)1 case(s

Frequency
.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
Stem width:
Each leaf:

:
stem Leaf
. Stem width
:
0 4
5 .9
.
= ( 0.1 + )
: 3 5 :
100 :
= (350 = 100 )5 0.1 + 3

88

 Box Plot

:

700
680
660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320
300

=N

.1 ( )
.2( 25 ) (
).
.3 ( 75 ) (
).
%50
.
.4

.5

.6

89

 ) :(extremes
( 3 )
( * )
) :(outliers
( 1.5 )
( .) o
:
:
.1 .
.2
.
.3
.

.1 470$
.2 350$
.3 355%
.4 ( ) 385$
.5 452$
.6 .
.7 .

90

Correlation

...
r
1 . 1
1
1-
.
.

.
:
.1 ) :(Pearson

.2 ) : (Spearman

(
) ( 8 5
8 5)
.
.3 ) : (Kandell,s tau
.
.4 ) : (Phi
( ) ( ).
.5 ) : (Cramers
(
) ( )

91


_ :

Utilities File Info
:
:

File Information
List of variables on the working file
Name

Position

92

Measurement Level: Nominal

Column Width: 8 Alignment: Center
Print Format: F8
Write Format: F8
Value
1
2

Label

2
Measurement Level: Nominal
Column Width: 8 Alignment: Center
Print Format: F8
Write Format: F8
Value

Label

1
2

3
Measurement Level: Scale
Column Width: 8 Alignment: Center
Print Format: F8
Write Format: F8

4
Measurement Level: Scale
Column Width: 8 Alignment: Center
Print Format: F8
Write Format: F8

5
Measurement Level: Scale
Column Width: 8 Alignment: Center
Print Format: F8
Write Format: F8

6
Measurement Level: Scale
Column Width: 8 Alignment: Center
Print Format: F8
93

Write Format: F8

7
Measurement Level: Scale
Column Width: 8 Alignment: Center
Print Format: F8
Write Format: F8

"

:
.1 Analyze
Correlate
Bivariate
:
:

94

 .2 " " " " Variables

.3

Flag significant correlations
""
.
.4 Ok :
Correlations
Correlati ons

**.959
.000
10
1
.
10

1
.
10
**.959
.000
10

Pearson Correlation
)Sig. (2-tailed
N
Pearson Correlation
)Sig. (2-tailed
N

**. Correlation is signif icant at the 0.01 lev el

(2-tailed).

.5
2.tailed Significance = 0.000 .05
r 0.959

.

95



Variables Bivariate Correlations :

Ok :

96

Correlations

Correlati ons

**.833
.003
10
**.811
.004
10
**.890
.001
10
1
.
10

**.780
.008
10
*.746
.013
10
1
.
10
**.890
.001
10

**.959
.000
10
1
.
10
*.746
.013
10
**.811
.004
10

1
.
10
**.959
.000
10
**.780
.008
10
**.833
.003
10

Pearson Correlation
)Sig. (2-tailed
N
Pearson Correlation
)Sig. (2-tailed
N
Pearson Correlation
)Sig. (2-tailed
N
Pearson Correlation
)Sig. (2-tailed
N

**. Correlation is signif icant at the 0.01 lev el (2-tailed).

*. Correlation is signif icant at the 0.05 lev el (2-tailed).

0.01 0.05
Scatter Plot
:
.1 Graphs Scatter Scatterplot
:

.2

Mtrix Define Mtrix :

97

 .3 Matrix Variables Ok
:

98

: :
"

"

Analyze Correlate

Partial :
" " " " Variables "
" . Controlling for: Ok
:

99

Partial Correlation
_

C O E F F I C

C O R R E L A T I O N
I E N T S - -

P A R T I A L

- - -

Controlling for..

1.0000

0.9588

P= .
0.9588
p=.

P= .000
1.0000
p=0.000

)(Coefficient / (D.F.) / 2-tailed Significance

" . " is printed if a coefficient cannot be computed

2- tailed significance = 0.000 0.05
.
:
:
- Graph Scatter Scatterplot :

Simple Define : " " Y Axis " " X Axis " " Set Markers by Ok
:
100

100

90

80

70

60
100

90

80

70

60

101

:
Y = a x + bz + cw+.. . +d +
Y x, z, w, .. .
a,b,c,..,d .


.
: :
:
:
.1 Analyze Regression Linear
:

102

 .2 " " ) Independent (s "

" . Dependent Statistics
:

.4 Estimates, Model fit, Descriptives

Continue . Linear Regression
Scatterplot
.5 Plots
Residuals Predicted values
Linear Regression: Plots:
.6 ZRESID Y ZPRED X

103

 Continue Ok
:
:
.
Regression

Descriptive Statistics
N
10
10

St d. Dev iation
2.014
9.443

Mean
4.50
78.50

0.949
.
Enter

Variabl es Entered/Removedb

Correlations

.949
1.000
.000
.
10
10

Variables
Variables

Entered
Remov
ed
Method
a

. Enter
1.000

.949
.
.000
10
10

Model
1
Correlation

Pearson

a. All
requested v ariables entered.

b. Dependent
Variable:

)Sig. (1-tailed
N

R R2 0.902
.

104

Model Summaryb
St d. Error of
the Estimate
.670

Adjusted
R Square
.889

R Square
.902

R
.949a

Model
1

a. Predictors: (Con stant ),

b. Dependent Variable:

Sig. = 0.000 0.05

ANOVAb

Sig.
.000a

F
73.224

Mean Square
32.905
.449

df
1
8
9

Sum of
Squares
32.905
3.595
36.500

Regression
Residual
Total

Model
1

a. Predictors: (C onst ant),

b. Dependent Variable:

:
. B .Std.Error Standardization Beta
t
Beta Sig. Beta 0.05
.
:
= 0.202 11.396
Coeffi ci entsa

Sig.
.000
.000

t
-6.095
8.557

St andardized
Coef f icients
Beta
.949

Unstandardized
Coef f icients
B
St d. Error
-11.396
1.870
.202
.024

)(Constant

Model
1

a. Dependent Variable:

105

Predicted values
( ) Residual values


.
Charts

Scatterplot
Dependent Variable:

2.0
1.5
1.0
.5
0.0
-.5
-1.0
-1.5
2.0

1.5

1.0

.5

0.0

-.5

-1.0

-1.5

Regression Standardized Predicted Value

multiple Linear Regression

:
: "
" " " " " " "
" :
:
106

 .1 Analyze Regression
Linear :

:" Dependent " "

" " " " " " ) Independent(s
Statistics :

107

 .2 Estimates Model fit R squared change

Descriptive Continue Linear Regression
.4
Method :
: Enter

.
:Stepwise

(
)


( )


.
108

 : Remove
Block
.
: Backward

( )
/
.
: Forward

( )






.
.3

Enter Ok :

Regression

:
Descriptive Statistics
N
10
10
10
10
10

St d. Dev iation
2.014
9.443
7.412
14.491
13.683

Mean
4.50
78.50
82.60
79.00
79.90

.
109

Correlati ons

.845
.833
.811
.890
1.000
.001
.001
.002
.000
.
10
10
10
10
10

.819
.780
.746
1.000
.890
.002
.004
.007
.
.000
10
10
10
10
10

.923
.959
1.000
.746
.811
.000
.000
.
.007
.002
10
10
10
10
10

.949
1.000
.959
.780
.833
.000
.
.000
.004
.001
10
10
10
10
10

1.000
.949
.923
.819
.845
.
.000
.000
.002
.001
10
10
10
10
10

Pearson Correlation

)Sig. (1-tailed

R

R2 0.919
F .14.25
Model Summaryb

Change Statistics
Sig. F Change
.006

df 2
5

df 1
4

F Change
14.250

R Square
Change
.919

Std. Error of
the Estimate
.767

Adjusted
R Square
.855

R
R Square
.959a
.919

Model
1

, , , a. Predictors: (Constant),
b. Dependent Variable:

R2
Sig. = 0.006 0.05

Sig. 0.05

.

110

ANOVAb

Sig.
.006a

Mean Square
8.389
.589

F
14.250

df
4
5
9

Sum of
Squares
33.556
2.944
36.500

Regression
Residual
Total

Model
1

a. Predictors: (C onst ant),

, ,
,
b. Dependent Variable:

B

= 0.135 2-104.26+
2-10 2.594 + 3-10 46-3.35 +
.4 Stepwise :
.
Regression
Descriptive Statistics
N
10
10
10
10
10

St d. Dev iation
2.014
9.443
7.412
14.491
13.683

Mean
4.50
78.50
82.60
79.00
79.90

111

Correlations

Pearson Correlation

Sig. (1-tailed)

1.000
.949
.923
.819
.845
.
.000
.000
.002
.001
10
10
10
10
10

.949
1.000
.959
.780
.833
.000
.
.000
.004
.001
10
10
10
10
10

.923
.959
1.000
.746
.811
.000
.000
.
.007
.002
10
10
10
10
10

.819
.780
.746
1.000
.890
.002
.004
.007
.
.000
10
10
10
10
10

.845
.833
.811
.890
1.000
.001
.001
.002
.000
.
10
10
10
10
10

Model Summaryb

Change Statistics
Model
1

R
R Square
.949a
.902

Adjusted
R Square
.889

Std. Error of
the Estimate
.670

R Square
Change
.902

F Change
73.224

df 1

df 2
1

Sig. F Change
.000

a. Predictors: (C onstant),
b. Dependent Variable:

ANOVAb

Model
1

Regression
Residual
Total

Sum of
Squares
32.905
3.595
36.500

df
1
8
9

Mean Square
32.905
.449

F
73.224

Sig.
.000a

a. Predictors: (Constant),
b. Dependent Variable:

0.202 + 11.396- =

112

Coefficientsa

Model
1

(Constant)

Unstandardized
Coeff icients
B
Std. Error
-11.396
1.870
.202
.024

Standardized
Coeff icients
Beta

t
-6.095
8.557

.949

Sig.
.000
.000

a. Dependent Variable:

. Sig B
Excluded Variablesb

Model
1

Beta In
.157a
.200a
.176a

t
.379
1.152
.865

Sig.
.716
.287
.416

Partial
Correlation
.142
.399
.311

Collinearity
Statistics
Tolerance
8.050E-02
.392
.306

a. Predictors in the Model: (Constant),

b. Dependen t Variable:

: Remove .5
Regression
Descriptive Statistics

113

Mean
4.50
78.50
82.60
79.00
79.90

St d. Dev iation
2.014
9.443
7.412
14.491
13.683

N
10
10
10
10
10

Correlations

Pearson Correlation

Sig. (1-tailed)

1.000
.949
.923
.819
.845
.
.000
.000
.002
.001
10
10
10
10
10

.949
1.000
.959
.780
.833
.000
.
.000
.004
.001
10
10
10
10
10

.923
.959
1.000
.746
.811
.000
.000
.
.007
.002
10
10
10
10
10

.819
.780
.746
1.000
.890
.002
.004
.007
.
.000
10
10
10
10
10

.845
.833
.811
.890
1.000
.001
.001
.002
.000
.
10
10
10
10
10

Variabl es Entered/Removedc

Model
1

Variables
Entered
,
, ,
a

2
.

Variables
Remov ed
.
,
,b ,

Method
Enter

Remov e

a. All requested v ariables entered.

b. All requested v ariables remov ed.
c. Dependent Variable:
Model Summary

Change Statistics
Model
1
2

R
R Square
.959a
.919
b
.000
.000

Adjusted
R Square
.855
.000

Std. Error of
the Estimate
.767
2.014

a. Predictors: (Constant), , , ,
b. Predictor: (constant)

114

R Square
Change
.919
-.919

F Change
14.250
14.250

df 1

df 2
4
4

5
13

Sig. F Change
.006
.006

ANOVAc

Model
1

Regression
Residual
Total
Regression
Residual
Total

Sum of
Squares
33.556
2.944
36.500
.000
36.500
36.500

df
4
5
9
0
9
9

Mean Square
8.389
.589

F
14.250

Sig.
.006a

.000
4.056

.b

a. Predictors: (C onstant),
, , ,
b. Predictor: (constant)
c. Dependent Variable:

Coefficientsa

Model
1

(Constant)

(Constant)

Unstandardized
Coeff icients
B
Std. Error
-11.961
3.651
.135
.102
4.260E-02
.123
2.594E-02
.039
3.346E-03
.047
4.500
.637

Standardized
Coeff icients
Beta
.635
.157
.187
.023

t
-3.276
1.323
.348
.658
.071
7.066

Sig.
.022
.243
.742
.539
.946
.000

a. Dependent Variable:

Excluded Variablesb

Model
2

Beta In
.949a
.923a
.819a
.845a

t
8.557
6.788
4.031
4.465

a. Predictor: (constant)
b. Dependent Variable:

115

Sig.
.000
.000
.004
.002

Partial
Correlation
.949
.923
.819
.845

Collinearity
Statistics
Tolerance
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000

 .6 Backward :
Regression
Descriptive Statistics
N
10
10
10
10
10

St d. Dev iation
2.014
9.443
7.412
14.491
13.683

Mean
4.50
78.50
82.60
79.00
79.90

Correlations

.845
.833
.811
.890
1.000
.001
.001
.002
.000
.
10
10
10
10
10

.819
.780
.746
1.000
.890
.002
.004
.007
.
.000
10
10
10
10
10

.923
.959
1.000
.746
.811
.000
.000
.
.007
.002
10
10
10
10
10

.949
1.000
.959
.780
.833
.000
.
.000
.004
.001
10
10
10
10
10

1.000
.949
.923
.819
.845
.
.000
.000
.002
.001
10
10
10
10
10

Pearson Correlation

)Sig. (1-tailed

116

b
Var iabl es Enter ed/Remo ved

Model
1

Variables
Entered
,
, ,
a

Variables
Remov ed

Method

Enter

Backward
(criterion:
Probabilit
y of
F-to-remo
v e >=
.100).
Backward
(criterion:
Probabilit
y of
F-to-remo
v e >=
.100).
Backward
(criterion:
Probabilit
y of
F-to-remo
v e >=
.100).

a. All requested v ariables entered.

b. Dependent Variable:

Model Summary

Change Statistics
Model
1
2
3
4

R
R Square
.959a
.919
b
.959
.919
c
.958
.917
d
.949
.902

Adjusted Std. Error of R Square

R Square the Estimate Change F Change
.855
.767
.919
14.250
.879
.701
.000
.005
.894
.657
-.002
.154
.889
.670
-.016
1.326

a. Predictors: (Constant) , , , ,
b. Predictors: (Constant) , , ,
c. Predictors: (Constant) , ,
d. Predictors: (Constant) ,

117

df 1

df 2
4
1
1
1

5
7
8
9

Sig. F Change
.006
.946
.708
.287

ANOVAe

Model
1

Regression
Residual
Total
Regression
Residual
Total
Regression
Residual
Total
Regression
Residual
Total

Sum of
Squares
33.556
2.944
36.500
33.553
2.947
36.500
33.478
3.022
36.500
32.905
3.595
36.500

df
4
5
9
3
6
9
2
7
9
1
8
9

Mean Square
8.389
.589

F
14.250

Sig.
.006a

11.184
.491

22.775

.001b

16.739
.432

38.768

.000c

32.905
.449

73.224

.000d

a. Predictors: (C onst ant),

, , ,
b. Predictors: (C onst ant), , ,
c. Predictors: (C onst ant),
,
d. Predictors: (C onst ant),
e. Dependent Variable:

Coeffi ci entsa

Model
1

(Constant)

(Constant)

(Constant)

(Constant)

Unstandardized
Coef f icients
B
St d. Error
-11.961
3.651
.135
.102
4.260E-02
.123
2.594E-02
.039
3.346E-03
.047
-12.007
3.282
.136
.093
4.366E-02
.111
2.788E-02
.026
-10.981
1.868
.169
.037
2.779E-02
.024
-11.396
1.870
.202
.024

a. Dependent Variable:

118

St andardized
Coef f icients
Beta
.635
.157
.187
.023
.639
.161
.201
.794
.200
.949

t
-3.276
1.323
.348
.658
.071
-3.658
1.470
.393
1.083
-5.880
4.571
1.152
-6.095
8.557

Sig.
.022
.243
.742
.539
.946
.011
.192
.708
.320
.001
.003
.287
.000
.000

Excluded Variablesd

Model
2
3
4

Beta In
.023a
.036b
.161b
.176c
.157c
.200c

t
.071
.123
.393
.865
.379
1.152

Sig.
.946
.906
.708
.416
.716
.287

Part ial
Correlation
.032
.050
.158
.311
.142
.399

Collinearity
Stat istics
Tolerance
.156
.158
8.050E-02
.306
8.050E-02
.392

a. Predictors in t he Model: (Constant), , ,

b. Predictors in t he Model: (Constant),
,
c. Predictors in t he Model: (Constant),
d. Dependen t Variable:

: Forward .7
Regression
Descriptive Statistics

119

Mean
4.50
78.50
82.60
79.00
79.90

St d. Dev iation
2.014
9.443
7.412
14.491
13.683

N
10
10
10
10
10

Correlations

Pearson Correlation

Sig. (1-tailed)

1.000
.949
.923
.819
.845
.
.000
.000
.002
.001
10
10
10
10
10

.949
1.000
.959
.780
.833
.000
.
.000
.004
.001
10
10
10
10
10

.923
.959
1.000
.746
.811
.000
.000
.
.007
.002
10
10
10
10
10

.819
.780
.746
1.000
.890
.002
.004
.007
.
.000
10
10
10
10
10

.845
.833
.811
.890
1.000
.001
.001
.002
.000
.
10
10
10
10
10

Variabl es Entered/Removeda

Model
1

Variables
Entered

Variables
Remov ed

Method
Forward
(Criterion:
Probabilit
y -of -F-to-e
nter <=
.050)

a. Dependent Variable:
Model Summary

Change Statistics
Model
1

Adjusted Std. Error of R Square

R
R Square R Square the Estim ate Change F Change
.949a
.902
.889
.670
.902
73.224

a. Predictors: (Constant) ,

120

df 1

df 2
1

Sig. F Change
8
.000

ANOVAb

Model
1

Regression
Residual
Total

Sum of
Squares
32.905
3.595
36.500

df
1
8
9

Mean Square
32.905
.449

F
73.224

Sig.
.000a

t
-6.095
8.557

Sig.
.000
.000

a. Predictors: (C onstant),
b. Dependent Variable:

Coefficientsa

Model
1

(Constant)

Unstandardized
Coeff icients
B
Std. Error
-11.396
1.870
.202
.024

Standardized
Coeff icients
Beta
.949

a. Dependent Variable:

Excluded Variablesb

Model
1

Beta In
.157a
.200a
.176a

t
.379
1.152
.865

Sig.
.716
.287
.416

Partial
Correlation
.142
.399
.311

Collinearity
Statistics
Tolerance
8.050E-02
.392
.306

a. Predictors in the Model: (Constant),

b. Dependen t Variable:

:
.
:

121

 .1 Analyze Regression
Curve Estimation :

) Dependent(s "
.2 " "
" Variable
" " . Ok :
Curve Fit
MOD_2.

MODEL:

Independent:

Upper
b3

b2

.0028
-.0013 1.9E-05

b1

b0

-4.4868
.1138
-29.430 7.7965
11.2259 -511.64
9.5323 -.2880
2.9925
.4092 1.0295
.0006 2.0273
3.1829 -135.09
-.8935
.0291
.4092
.0291
2.4437
.9713

bound

Sigf

d.f.

Rsq

.004
.006
.010
.010
.009
.001
.001
.002
.001
.001
.001

16.25
13.57
11.11
9.69
9.81
28.85
25.11
20.83
28.85
28.85
28.85

8
8
8
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8

.670
.629
.581
.735
.737
.783
.758
.723
.783
.783
.783

Dependent Mth
LIN
LOG
INV
QUA
CUB
COM
POW
S
GRO
EXP
LGS

Notes:
9 Tolerance limits reached; some dependent variables were not entered.

122

Observed

Linear

9
Logarit hmic
8
Inverse
7

Quadratic

Cubic

Compound
Power

Growth

Exponential

Logistic

0
100

90

80

70

60

50

40

.3
Exponential Y = LN(b0) + b1 t

= ) 0.0291 + ln(0.4092

Exponential Curve Estimation Ok
:

123


9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
100

90

80

70

60

50

40

124


:
:Hypothesis :
. (
. Ha

) HO

: (Null Hypothesis) HO


.
Nul
( ).

): Alternative Hypothesis (Ha

%90 %95 %99

Significance Levels

1- ) %95
) %5

.
:

.
( ):
125


.
Employee
:
data SPSS
:

126

 Utilities Variables
:

. (variable information)
Utilities File Info
:
File Information
List of variables on the working file

Name
Position
ID

Employee Code
Measurement Level: Scale
Column Width: 5 Alignment: Right
Print Format: F4
Write Format: F4

GENDER

Gender
Measurement Level: Nominal
Column Width: 1 Alignment: Left

127

Print Format: A1
Write Format: A1
Value

Label

f
m

Female
Male

BDATE

Date of Birth
Measurement Level: Scale
Column Width: 8 Alignment: Right
Print Format: ADATE8
Write Format: ADATE8

EDUC

Educational Level (years)

Measurement Level: Ordinal
Column Width: 6 Alignment: Right
Print Format: F2
Write Format: F2
Missing Values: 0

JOBCAT

Employment Category
Measurement Level: Ordinal
Column Width: 8 Alignment: Right
Print Format: F1
Write Format: F1
Missing Values: 0
Value
1
2
3

Label
Clerical
Custodial
Manager

SALARY

Current Salary
Measurement Level: Scale
Column Width: 8 Alignment: Right
Print Format: DOLLAR8
Write Format: DOLLAR8
Missing Values: 0

SALBEGIN

Beginning Salary
Measurement Level: Scale

128

Column Width: 8 Alignment: Right

Print Format: DOLLAR8
Write Format: DOLLAR8
Missing Values: 0
JOBTIME

Months since Hire

Measurement Level: Scale
Column Width: 6 Alignment: Right
Print Format: F2
Write Format: F2
Missing Values: 0

PREVEXP

Previous Experience (months)

Measurement Level: Scale
Column Width: 6 Alignment: Right
Print Format: F6
Write Format: F6

MINORITY

Minority Classification
Measurement Level: Ordinal
Column Width: 8 Alignment: Right
Print Format: F1
Write Format: F1
Missing Values: 9
Value
0
1

10

Label
No
Yes

) ( Gender ) ( Id
(f=female, m=

Educ
Bdate male)
Jobcat

(1 Clerical, 2 Custodial, 3 Manager)
Salbegin Salary
Prevexp Jobtime
( 0 Minority
. No, 1 Yes)
129

)( Comparing Mean

: .
.1 Analyze Compare Means
Means :

:
.2 Salary Dependent List Gender
. Independent List:

130

 .3 Options :

.4 Statistics Cell
Statistics Anova table and eta
Continue
.5 :
Means

Case Processing Summary

Total
Percent
100.0%

N
474

Cases
Excluded
N
Percent
0
.0%

Included
N
Percent
474
100.0%

Current Salary * Gender

131




Report
Current Salary
Skewness
1.863
1.639
2.125

Std. Dev iation

$7,558.021
$19,499.214
$17,075.661

N
216
258
474

Mean
$26,031.92
$41,441.78
$34,419.57

Gender
Female
Male
Total

0.05 Sig. = 0
.
ANOVA Table

Sig.
.000

Mean
Square
F
2.792E+10 119.798
233046531

df
1
472
473

Sum of
Squares
2.79E+10
1.10E+11
1.38E+11

)(Combined

Current Salary * Gender Between Groups

Within Groups
Total

Measures of Association
Eta Squared
.202

Eta
.450

Current Salary * Gender

( Jobcat )

Next Independent List :

132

 Ok :

Report
Current Salary
Skewness
1.421
-.019
1.863
2.346
-.368
1.193
1.639
1.905
-.368
1.181
2.125

St d. Dev iation
$5,812.838
$8,501.253
$7,558.021
$7,997.978
$2,114.616
$18,051.570
$19,499.214
$7,567.995
$2,114.616
$18,244.776
$17,075.661

N
206
10
216
157
27
74
258
363
27
84
474

Mean
$25,003.69
$47,213.50
$26,031.92
$31,558.15
$30,938.89
$66,243.24
$41,441.78
$27,838.54
$30,938.89
$63,977.80
$34,419.57

Employ ment Category

Clerical
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total

Gender
Female

Male

Total

.
- Kolmogrove-Smirov

133

 " : :
. "0.05
1-

:
Nonparametric Tests Analyze .1
: Sample K-S

Test Variable List salbegin salary .2

." " Normal
: Ok .3
NPar Tests
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

N
Normal Parameters a,b
Most Extreme
Dif f erences

Mean
St d. Dev iation
Absolute
Positiv e
Negativ e

Kolmogorov -Smirnov Z
Asy mp. Sig. (2-tailed)
a. Test distribution is Normal.
b. Calculated f rom data.

134

Current Salary
474
$34,419.57
$17,075.662
.208
.208
-.143
4.525
.000

Beginning
Salary
474
$17,016.09
$7,870.638
.252
.252
-.170
5.484
.000

 Sig. = 0.0 0.05

.

(T-Test) T

T )(One Sample T-Test

:
.1
30.
.2

: " 14"
:
Analyzes Compare Mean
One Sample T Test :

135

 .2 Educ ) Test Variable(s Test Value

14 Ok :
T-Test

13.49
-0.51
One-Sample Statistics
Std. Error
Mean
.133

Std. Dev iat ion

2.885

Mean
13.49

N
474

)Educational Lev el (y ears

One-Sample Test Sig. = 0.00 0.05

14

14
t = -3.837
14.
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 14
95% Confidence
Interv al of the
Diff erence
Lower
Upper
-.77
-.25

Mean
Diff erence
-.51

)Sig. (2-tailed
.000

df
473

t
-3.837

)Educational Level (years

( SIGN TEST )

Sign Test

:
.1 Analyze Parametric Tests
Binomial :

136

 .2 educ Test Variable List 14

Cut point Define Dichotomy Ok
:
NPar Tests
Binomial Test
Asy mp. Sig.
)(2-tailed
.291a

Test Prop.
.50

Observed
Prop.
.53
.47
1.00

N
249
225
474

Category
<= 14
> 14

Educational Level (y ears) Group 1

Group 2
Total
a. Based on Z Approximation.

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.291

0.05
14.


.

137

T Paired Sample T-Test

.
:
:

H 0 : 1 2

H a : 1 2

1 2
:
.1
30.
.2
.

: " :
"
:
.1 Analyzes Compare Mean
Paired Sample T Test :

138

Paired

salbegin salary,
.3
: Ok Variables

T-Test

Paired Sampl es Statistics

Pair
1

Current Salary
Beginning Salary

Mean
$34,419.57
$17,016.09

St d. Error
Mean
$784.311
$361.510

St d. Dev iation
$17,075.661
$7,870.638

474
474

0.88

Paired Samples Correl ations

N
Pair
1

Current Salary &

Beginning Salary

Correlation
474

Sig.

.880

.000

0.05 Sig. (2- tailed) = 0.00

.

Paired Samples Test

Mean
Pair
1

139

Current Salary Beginning Salary

$17,403.48

Paired Diff erences

95% Confidence Interv al
of the Dif ference
Std.
Std. Error
Deviation
Mean
Lower
Upper
$10814.62

$496.732

$16,427.41

$18,379.56

df

35.036

473

Sig.
(2-tailed)
.000


2 Related Samples


:
.1 Analyze Nonparametric tests
2 related samples :

.2 salary salbegin )Test Pair(s

List Wilcoxon Sign . Ok

140

NPar Tests
Ranks
N
Beginning Salary
- Current Salary

Negativ e Ranks
Positiv e Ranks
Ties
Total

474a
0b
0c
474

Mean Rank
237.50
.00

Sum of Ranks
112575.00
.00

a. Beginning Salary < Current Salary

b. Beginning Salary > Current Salary
c. Current Salary = Beginning Salary

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

Test Statisticsb
Beginning
Salary Current Salary
Z
-18.865a
Asy mp. Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
a. Based on positiv e ranks.
b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

Sig. = 0.0
.

Sign Test
Frequencies
N
Beginning Salary
- Current Salary

a
Negativ e Dif f erences
b
Positiv e Dif f erences
Ties c
Total

a. Beginning Salary < Current Salary

b. Beginning Salary > Current Salary
c. Current Salary = Beginning Salary

141

474
0
0
474

Test Statisticsa
Beginning
SalaryCurrent Salary
Z
-21.726
)Asy mp. Sig. (2-tailed
.000
a. Sign Test

Sign Test Sig.= 0.0

T Independent sample T test

.

) (Grouping Variable or Factor

(Test
.
) Variable
( )
( ) .

T :
.1
.2
T
T .
.3
.
: "

"

:
.1 Analyze Compare Means
Independent Sample T Test :
142

 Test Variable(s)
Salary .2
Define Grouping Variable gender
: Groups

. Group 2 m Group 1 f .3
. Continue
: Ok .4
Group Statistics

Current Salary

143

Gender
Female
Male

N
216
258

Mean
$26,031.92
$41,441.78

Std. Dev iation

$7,558.021
$19,499.214

Std. Error
Mean
$514.258
$1,213.968

T-Test

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test f or
Equality of Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

95% Confidence Interv al of
the Diff erence
Lower
Upper

Std. Error
Dif f erence

Mean
Dif f erence

df

)Sig. (2-tailed

-$15,409.86 $1,407.906 -$18176.40 -$12643.32

.000

472

-10.945

-$15,409.86 $1,318.400 -$18003.00 -$12816.73

.000

344.262

-11.688

Sig.
.000

F
119.669

Current Salary Equal variances

assumed
Equal variances
not assumed

.5 ) (Leven,s test F= 9.669

Sig = 0.0 T
t= 1.688
Sig=0.0
.

-) Mann-Whitney test (U- Test

.

: " "
:
.1 Analyze Nonparametric tests
2 independent samples :

144

 .2 Salary Test Variable List

Jobcat Grouping Variable
.3 Define Groups 1
Group 1 " " 2 Group 2
:

.4 Continue Ok
:

145

NPar Tests
Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks
Sum of Ranks
68715.50
7529.50

Mean Rank
189.30
278.87

N
363
27
390

Employment Category
Clerical
Custodial
Total

Current Salary

Test Statisticsa
Current Salary
Mann-Whitney U
2649.500
Wilcoxon W
68715.500
Z
-3.984
)Asy mp. Sig. (2-tailed
.000
a. Grouping Variable: Employ ment Category

Sig. = 0.0
0.05

One Way ANOVA

Factor

Independent Variable Nominal
Ordinal
.
Dependent Variable
.

Factor



Post Hoc

146



.

)(Between Group


)(Within Group

Residuals . Error
:
( )
( ) F
F
F

F ( ) Sig

) ( 0.05 Sig
Sig.
0.05
0.05 .

: "
"0.05
:
.1 Analyze Compare Means
One-Way ANOVA :

147

 salary
.2
Jobcat . Factor
.3 Post Hoc :

List

Dependent

.4 Bonferroni Dunnetts c
. . Continue
Options :
.5
Homogeneity of variance test Continue
:
148

 .6 Ok :

Oneway

= ,59.733 Sig. = 0.0

Test of Homogeneity of Variances
Current Salary
Sig.
.000

df 2
471

df 1
2

Lev ene
St at ist ic
59.733

F=434.481 Sig.= 0.0

0.05

149

ANOVA
Current Salary

Between Groups
Within Groups
Total

Sum of
Squares
8.94E+10
4.85E+10
1.38E+11

df
2
471
473

Mean Square
4.472E+10
102925714.5

F
434.481

Sig.
.000

0.05
Post Hoc Tests .6
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: Current Salary

Bonf erroni

Dunnett C

Mean
Dif f erence
(I) Employment Category (J) Employment Category
(I-J)
Clerical
Custodial
-$3,100.35
Manager
-$36,139.26*
Custodial
Clerical
$3,100.35
Manager
-$33,038.91*
Manager
Clerical
$36,139.26*
Custodial
$33,038.91*
Clerical
Custodial
-$3,100.35*
Manager
-$36,139.26*
Custodial
Clerical
$3,100.35*
Manager
-$33,038.91*
Manager
Clerical
$36,139.26*
Custodial
$33,038.91*

Std. Error
$2,023.760
$1,228.352
$2,023.760
$2,244.409
$1,228.352
$2,244.409
$568.679
$2,029.912
$568.679
$2,031.840
$2,029.912
$2,031.840

Sig.
.379
.000
.379
.000
.000
.000

95% Confidence Interv al

Lower Bound Upper Bound
-$7,962.56
$1,761.86
-$39,090.45
-$33,188.07
-$1,761.86
$7,962.56
-$38,431.24
-$27,646.58
$33,188.07
$39,090.45
$27,646.58
$38,431.24
-$4,476.97
-$1,723.73
-$40,981.02
-$31,297.50
$1,723.73
$4,476.97
-$37,895.87
-$28,181.95
$31,297.50
$40,981.02
$28,181.95
$37,895.87

*. The mean diff erence is signif icant at the .05 lev el.

Wallis Kruskal (H-Test) -

" :
" 0.05
:
150

 .1 Analyze Nonparametric Tests K

Independent Samples :

.2 Salary Test Variable List Jobcat

. Grouping Variable
.3 Define Variable :

.4 1 Minimum 3 Maximum
Continue .
.5 Krouskal-Wallis H Ok :

151

NPar Tests
Ranks
Mean Rank
190.37
278.98
427.85

N
363
27
84
474

Employ ment Category

Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total

Current Salary

Kruskal-Wallis Test

207.68
Sig. = 0.0 0.05
0.05
2

Friedman test

.
: " "
"

"0.05

:
.1 Analyze Nonparametric Tests
K Related Samples :

152

 .2 " " " " " " " "

Test Variables Friedman
Ok :
Friedman Test

Ranks
Mean Rank
1.95
2.95
2.60
2.50

Test Statisticsa,b
Current Salary
207.680
2
.000

Chi-Square
df
Asy mp. Sig.

a. Kruskal Wallis Test

b. Grouping Variable: Employ ment Category

Asymp. Sig = 0.0

0.05

153

 Crosstabs Test
Crosstabs
:

"

: Employee data
" .
:

.1 Analyze Descriptive Statistics

Crosstabs :

Row Jobcat

.2 Gender
). Column(s
.3 Statistics :

154

 .4 Chi-square Contingency coefficient

. Gamma

Nominal Data
Ordinal Data Continue
.
.5 . Ok :
Crosstabs
Case Processing Summary

Total
Percent
100.0%

N
474

Cases
Missing
N
Percent
.0%

Valid
Percent
100.0%

N
474

Gender * Employ ment

Category

155

Gender * Employment Category Crosstabul ation

Count

Gender

Female
Male

Total

Employ ment Category

Clerical
Custodial
Manager
206
10
157
27
74
363
27
84

Total
216
258
474

Chi-Square Tests

Value
79.277a
95.463
474

Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
N of Valid Cases

df
2
2

Asy mp. Sig.

(2-sided)
.000
.000

a. 0 cells (.0%) hav e expect ed count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is 12.30.

Symmetric Measures

Nominal by Nominal
Ordinal by Ordinal
N of Valid Cases

Contingency Coef f icient

Gamma

Value
.379
.837
474

Asy mp.
a
b
Std. Error Approx. T Approx. Sig.
.000
.051
9.999
.000

a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

Sig. = 0.0

.

156

Two Way Analysis of Variance

( )
.



.
Two Way ANOVA
( )
( ).
:
) ( main effect
.
) (main effect
.
) (Interaction .

.1

9 .

15 ()
.
.2

.
.

157

 .3 .

.

: " Employee data

" 0.05


" "
" "
" "
:
.1 Analyze General Linear Model
Univariate :

.2 Salary Dependent Variable

Gender Jobcat ). Fixed Factor(s
158

.3 Model :

.4 Custom Main effects ) Build Term (s

Gender Jobcat Model
Gender ,
Interaction Build Term
Jobcat Model Continue
.
Descriptive
.5 Options
atatistics Homogeneity tests Continue
.

159

 .6 Post Hoc :

160

 Scheffe .7
. Equal Variance Assumed
Dunnett,s C .8
Equal Variance Not Assumed
Post Hoc Tests For Jobcat .9
Gender
.
. Continue .10
Univariate Analysis of Variance

.
Between-Subjects Factors

Gender
Employ ment
Category

f
m
1
2
3

Value Label
Female
Male
Clerical
Custodial

Manager

216
258
363
27
84

Descriptive Statistics
Dependent Variable: Current Salary
Gender
Female

Male

Total

161

Employ ment Category

Clerical
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total

Mean
$25,003.69
$47,213.50
$26,031.92
$31,558.15
$30,938.89
$66,243.24
$41,441.78
$27,838.54
$30,938.89
$63,977.80
$34,419.57

St d. Dev iation
$5,812.838
$8,501.253
$7,558.021
$7,997.978
$2,114.616
$18,051.570
$19,499.214
$7,567.995
$2,114.616
$18,244.776
$17,075.661

N
206
10
216
157
27
74
258
363
27
84
474


Sig. =0.0 Variances
. 0.05

Test of Homogeneity of

a
Levene's Test of Equali ty of Error Variances

Dependent Variable: Current Salary

F
33.383

df 1

df 2
469

Sig.
.000

Tests the null hy pothesis that the error v ariance of t he

dependent v ariable is equal across groups.
a. Design: Intercept+GENDER+JOBCAT+GENDER
* JOBCAT

Gender
. 0.05 Sig. = 0.0
Jobcat
. 0.05 Sig. = 0.0
Sig. = 0.0
0.05
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: Current Salary
Source
Corrected Model
Intercept
GENDER
JOBCAT
GENDER * JOBCAT
Error
Total
Corrected Total

Ty pe I II Sum
of Squares
9.646E+10a
1.773E+11
5247440732
3.232E+10
1247682867
4.146E+10
6.995E+11
1.379E+11

df
4
1
1
2
1
469
474
473

Mean Square
2.411E+10
1.773E+11
5247440732
1.616E+10
1247682867
88401147.44

F
272.780
2005.313
59.359
182.782
14.114

Sig.
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

a. R Squared = .699 (Adjusted R Squared = .697)

Jobcat

162

Post Hoc Tests

Employment Category
Multi ple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: Current Salary

Schef f e

(I) Employ ment Category

Clerical
Custodial
Manager

Dunnet t C

Clerical
Custodial
Manager

Mean
Dif f erence
(J) Employ ment Category
(I-J)
Custodial
-$3,100.35
Manager
-$36,139.26*
Clerical
$3,100.35
Manager
-$33,038.91*
Clerical
$36,139.26*
Custodial
$33,038.91*
Custodial
-$3,100.35*
Manager
-$36,139.26*
Clerical
$3,100.35*
Manager
-$33,038.91*
Clerical
$36,139.26*
Custodial
$33,038.91*

Std. Error
$1,875.539
$1,138.387
$1,875.539
$2,080.027
$1,138.387
$2,080.027
$568.679
$2,029.912
$568.679
$2,031.840
$2,029.912
$2,031.840

Sig.
.256
.000
.256
.000
.000
.000

Based on observ ed means.

*. The mean dif f erence is signif icant at the .05 lev el.

Three Way ANOVA

.

:
: Employee data :

"
" 0.05

163

 :
.1 Analyze General Linear Model
Univariate :

.2 Salary Dependent Variable

Gender id Jobcat ). Fixed Factor(s
.3 Model :

164

.4 Custom Main effects ) Build Term (s

Gender Jobcat id Model
Interaction Build Term
Continue
Model
.
Descriptive
.5 Options
atatistics Homogeneity tests
Display Means for Continue
.

165

.6 Post Hoc :

166

.7 Scheffe
. Equal Variance Assumed
.8 Dunnett,s C
Equal Variance Not Assumed
.9 Jobcat Post Hoc Tests For


.
.10 Continue . Ok :

Univariate Analysis of Variance
Between-Subjects Factors
N
370
104
216
258
363
27
84

Value Label
No
Y es
Female
Male
Clerical
Custodial
Manager

0
1
f
m
1
2
3

Minority Classif ication

Gender
Employ ment
Category

167

Descriptive Statistics
Dependent Variable: Current Salary
Minority Classif ication
No

Gender
Female

Male

Total

Y es

Female
Male

Total

Total

Female

Male

Total

Employ ment Cat egory

Clerical
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Clerical
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Clerical
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total

Mean
$25,471.45
$47,213.50
$26,706.79
$32,671.64
$31,178.57
$65,683.57
$44,475.41
$28,341.09
$31,178.57
$63,374.81
$36,023.31
$23,062.50
$23,062.50
$28,952.13
$30,680.77
$76,037.50
$32,246.09
$26,244.25
$30,680.77
$76,037.50
$28,713.94
$25,003.69
$47,213.50
$26,031.92
$31,558.15
$30,938.89
$66,243.24
$41,441.78
$27,838.54
$30,938.89
$63,977.80
$34,419.57

a
Levene's Test of Equali ty of Error Variances

Dependent Variable: Current Salary

F
17.696

df 1
8

df 2
465

Sig.
.000

Tests the null hy pothesis that the error v ariance of the

dependent v ariable is equal across groups.
a. Design:
Intercept+MINORI TY+GENDER+JOBCAT+MINORITY *
GENDER+GENDER * JOBCAT+MINORITY *
JOBCAT+MINORITY * GENDER * JOBCAT

168

Std. Dev iat ion

$6,092.372
$8,501.253
$8,011.894
$8,578.999
$1,658.743
$18,029.451
$20,330.662
$7,994.659
$1,658.743
$18,164.043
$18,044.096
$3,972.369
$3,972.369
$5,712.419
$2,562.920
$17,821.961
$13,059.881
$5,772.874
$2,562.920
$17,821.961
$11,421.638
$5,812.838
$8,501.253
$7,558.021
$7,997.978
$2,114.616
$18,051.570
$19,499.214
$7,567.995
$2,114.616
$18,244.776
$17,075.661

N
166
10
176
110
14
70
194
276
14
80
370
40
40
47
13
4
64
87
13
4
104
206
10
216
157
27
74
258
363
27
84
474

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable: Current Salary
Source
Corrected Model
Intercept
MINORITY
GENDER
JOBCAT
MINORITY * GENDER
GENDER * JOBCAT
MINORITY * JOBCAT
MINORITY * GENDER
* JOBCAT
Error
Total
Corrected Total

Ty pe I II Sum
of Squares
9.751E+10a
1.444E+11
61989119.7
4756876310
2.006E+10
27977363.9
981526336
690053398

df
8
1
1
1
2
1
1
2

Mean Square
1.219E+10
1.444E+11
61989119.66
4756876310
1.003E+10
27977363.93
981526335.9
345026699.0

F
140.251
1661.526
.713
54.737
115.420
.322
11.294
3.970

Sig.
.000
.000
.399
.000
.000
.571
.001
.020

.000

4.041E+10
6.995E+11
1.379E+11

465
474
473

86903667.84

a. R Squared = . 707 (Adjusted R Squared = .702)

Estimated Marginal Means

1. Minori ty Classification
Dependent Variable: Current Salary
Minorit y Classif icat ion
Mean
St d. Error
No
40443.745a
835.531
Yes
39683.224a 1423.737

95% Conf idence Interv al

Lower Bound
Upper Bound
38801.861
42085.629
36885.469
42480.979

a. Based on modif ied population marginal mean.

2. Employment Category
Dependent Variable: Current Salary
Employ ment Cat egory
Mean
Clerical
27539.427
Custodial
30929.670a
Manager
62978.190a

Std. Error
577.449
1795.293
1875.508

a. Based on modif ied population marginal mean.

169

95% Conf idence Interv al

Lower Bound
Upper Bound
26404.695
28674.160
27401.779
34457.562
59292.670
66663.711

Post Hoc Tests

Employment Category
Multi ple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: Current Salary

Schef f e

(I) Employ ment Category

Clerical
Custodial
Manager

Dunnett C

Clerical
Custodial
Manager

Mean
Dif f erence
(J) Employ ment Category
(I-J)
Custodial
-$3,100.35
Manager
-$36,139.26*
Clerical
$3,100.35
Manager
-$33,038.91*
Clerical
$36,139.26*
Custodial
$33,038.91*
Custodial
-$3,100.35*
Manager
-$36,139.26*
Clerical
$3,100.35*
Manager
-$33,038.91*
Clerical
$36,139.26*
Custodial
$33,038.91*

Based on observ ed means.

*. The mean dif f erence is signif icant at the .05 lev el.

170

St d. Error
$1,859.586
$1,128.703
$1,859.586
$2,062.334
$1,128.703
$2,062.334
$568.679
$2,029.912
$568.679
$2,031.840
$2,029.912
$2,031.840

Sig.
.250
.000
.250
.000
.000
.000

Reliability Coefficient

:
:



.
:

) r
(

:
2r
Reliability Coefficient = 1 r
.7

SPSS



.
:


.
.

.
.

171


/


/

:
/ :
...

( )
(
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/


.

172

()5

()3( )4

()2

()1

:
.1
.2
.3

:
.1

.2
.3

.
.

: ( )
.1
.2
.3

.
.
.

: ( )
.1
.2
.3

.
.
.

7 3 :
)1 SPSS
" " .
)2
)3
:

a1, a2, a3 ( ) b1, b2, b3

( ) c1, c2, c3 ( ) d1, d2,d3
( ) :

173

 av_ a, av_b, av_c, av_d av_total

" " av_odd " . av_even
:

av_even , av_odd :

Correlati ons
AV_TOTAL AV_ODD
1
**.835
.
.003
10
10
**.835
1
.003
.
10
10

Pearson Correlation
)Sig. (2-tailed
N
Pearson Correlation
)Sig. (2-tailed
N

AV_TOTAL

AV_ODD

**. Correlation is signif icant at the 0.01 lev el (2-t ailed).

174

 0.835

2 0.835

1 0.835
.

0.91

: :

Analyze Scale
Analysis :

Reliability

Items
12 (. ) d3a1,a2,
Model

. Alpha
Statistics :

175

 Scale if item deleted

.
Continue .
Ok :

176

Reliability
****** Method 1 (space saver) will be used for this analysis ******
R E L I A B I L I T Y

A N A L Y S I S

S C A L E

Item-total Statistics

A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
D1
D2
D3

Scale
Mean
if Item
Deleted

Scale
Variance
if Item
Deleted

40.6000
39.9000
40.6000
40.4000
40.3000
40.7000
40.6000
41.5000
40.9000
41.1000
41.1000
40.7000

53.1556
62.1000
53.1556
45.1556
67.1222
59.3444
54.2667
50.7222
50.7667
47.8778
43.6556
49.1222

Corrected
ItemTotal
Correlation
.4322
-.0936
.3496
.7099
-.3996
.0226
.3614
.3424
.4296
.5555
.7480
.6850

Alpha
if Item
Deleted
.7036
.7428
.7128
.6561
.7812
.7542
.7117
.7166
.7016
.6816
.6467
.6723

Reliability Coefficients
N of Cases =
Alpha =

10.0

N of Items = 12

.7288

0.7288 Alpha

( Corrected item- total Correlation)

0.19

a2, b2, b3

0.8198

177

Reliability
****** Method 1 (space saver) will be used for this analysis ******
R E L I A B I L I T Y

A N A L Y S I S

S C A L E

(A L P H A)

Item-total Statistics

A1
A3
B1
C1
C2
C3
D1
D2
D3

Scale
Mean
if Item
Deleted

Scale
Variance
if Item
Deleted

28.3000
28.3000
28.1000
28.3000
29.2000
28.6000
28.8000
28.8000
28.4000

56.4556
55.5667
49.2111
55.1222
53.9556
50.4889
48.8444
45.2889
51.1556

Corrected
ItemTotal
Correlation

Alpha
if Item
Deleted

.3725
.3464
.6056
.4561
.3019
.5672
.6234
.7755
.6994

.8169
.8209
.7906
.8091
.8331
.7958
.7882
.7660
.7844

Reliability Coefficients
N of Cases =
Alpha =

10.0

N of Items =

.8198

178

Correlations
Correlati ons
AV_A
AV_A

AV_B

AV_C

AV_D

AV_TOTAL

Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N

1
.
10
.442
.201
10
.137
.706
10
.350
.322
10
.603
.065
10

AV_B
.442
.201
10
1
.
10
.023
.949
10
.259
.470
10
.526
.118
10

AV_C
.137
.706
10
.023
.949
10
1
.
10
.658*
.039
10
.735*
.015
10

AV_D
AV_TOTAL
.350
.603
.322
.065
10
10
.259
.526
.470
.118
10
10
.658*
.735*
.039
.015
10
10
1
.882**
.
.001
10
10
.882**
1
.001
.
10
10

*. Correlation is signif icant at the 0.05 lev el (2-t ailed).

**. Correlation is signif icant at the 0.01 lev el (2-t ailed).

.

.

179