MIEKE BAL

TEXT (Words)
Narrator implied author (real)
author (Booth)

GRARD GENETTE
Narrating -Narrative VOICE
Narrator implied author (real)
author (Booth)

narrator focalizor

narrator focalizor

narrator person
Categorization:
external narrator;
character-bound narrator.
Non-narrative comments - functions:
argumentative;
descriptive;
ideological.

narrator person
Categorization:
heterodiegetic narrator;
homodiegetic narrator.
Narrators functions:
directing function;
the function of
communication;
the testimonial
function/function of
attestation;
ideological function.

motivation

via looking
via speaking
via acting

TEXT (Words)
Levels of narration
personal language situations;
impersonal language
situations.
direct speech/discourse;
indirect discourse
text
free indirect discourse
interference
narrators text
primary texts + embedded
texts
primary fabula embedded
text
primary fabula embedded
fabula
non-narrative embedded
texts
STORY (Aspects)
Sequential Ordering
Anachronies (chronological
deviations)
direction:
o retroversion;
o anticipation.
distance:
o external
retroversion/anticipation;

Levels of narration
Narrating-Narrative VOICE
extradiegetic;
(intra)diegetic;
metadiegetic.
Story-Narrative MOOD
Narrative distance:
reported speech;
transposed speech in indirect
style;
narrated/narratised speech.

Story-Narrative TENSE
Order
Anachronies

analepsis;
prolepsis.

external analepsis/ prolepsis;

internal analepsis/prolepsis;

internal
retroversion/anticipation;
o mixed retroversion;
o iterative anticipation.
span:
o incomplete anachronies;
o complete anachronies.
o punctual anachronies;
o durative anachronies.

STORY (Aspects)
Rhythm/Narrative speed
ellipsis;
summary;
scene;
slow-down;
pause.
STORY (Aspects)
Frequency
singular presentation;
repetitive presentation;
iterative presentation.
STORY (Aspects)
Characters
predictability and frames of
reference;
names as limitations;
construction of a character:
o repetition;
o piling up of data;
o relations to other
characters/oneself;
o changes/transformations
undergone.
methods of analysis:
o selection of relevant
semantic axes (pairs of
contrary meanings);
o examination of the
connections between various
characteristics.
sources of information:
o explicit qualification;
o implicit qualification.
STORY (Aspects)
Space
the space-character relation(s)
(symbolic function);

mixed analepsis.

homodiegetic
analepsis/prolepsis;
heterodiegetic
analepsis/prolepsis.
Story-Narrative TENSE
Duration/Narrative speed
ellipsis;
summary;
scene;
pause.
Story-Narrative TENSE
Frequency
singulative narrative;
repeating narrative;
iterative narrative.
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semantic aspects of space

construction;
classifications:
o space as frame;
o thematized space.
o steady space;
o dynamically functioning
space.
STORY (Aspects)
Focalization
the subject of focalization the
focalizor
the object of focalization the
focalized
types of focalization:
o internal focalization
(character-bound focalizor);
o external (non characterbound) focalization.
the focalized:
o perceptible;
o non-perceptible.
levels of focalization;
double focalization.
focalization and suspense.
FABULA (Elements)
events (defined by change,
choice and confrontation
subject predicate direct
object) grouped in elementary
series (Brmond):
o the possibility (or virtuality),
the event (or realization),
and the result (or conclusion)
of the process;
o processes of improvement
and
processes
of
deterioration.
actants (Greimas):
o subject/anti-subject object;
o power (instead of sender)
receiver;
o helpers opponents.
time span of the fabula
location

Story-Narrative MOOD
Perspective/Focalization

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internal focalization;
external focalization;
zero focalization (?).