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Case5 PDF
Case5 PDF
Case5 PDF
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The new welding machine whose connection is under study has the following
characteristics:
The power absorbed during the melting phase of the welding operation can reach
1800 kVA with a power factor of 0.85. The power absorbed during two welding periods
is negligible.
The dwell time is 1.5 s and the repetition time is 3 s; that is, welding periods last 1.5 s
and are followed by 1.5 s of no load. Therefore, 20 welding operations are performed
per minute, which mean 40 voltage changes per minute.
The duty cycle of both welders is around 30 minutes per hour. Therefore, this study will focus
on the analysis of short-term flicker severity, Pst , as it will be a stronger requirement than Plt .
The study is organized in the following steps:
1. Calculation of flicker severity caused at PCC2 by welding machine 1.
2. Calculation of the voltage change caused at PCC2 by the connection of the welding
machine under study (W2 ).
3. Estimation of the flicker severity caused at PCC2 by welding machine 2.
4. Summation of the Pst caused at PCC2 by the simultaneous operation of both machines.
5. Analysis of solutions.
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when the welder is not working, PstPCC2-without -W1 . Assuming that the disturbance created by
the welder and the disturbance introduced by the background level are unrelated disturbances,
a cubic summation law can be used to make this estimation:
3
3
3
3
3
Pst1 = 3 PstPCC2
(C5.1)
withW 1 PstPCC2withoutW 1 = 067 030 = 065
Pst1 is the flicker severity contribution of welder 1 to the global Pst level at the point of
connection PCC2 .
Un2
152
= 0375
=
Scc
600
(C5.2)
A ratio of 30 will be assumed between the reactive and the resistive part of the source
impedance. Therefore, the complex form of the source impedance is
Zs = 0012 + j0375
(C5.3)
Rcc Un2
08 152
=
= 0036
Sn 100
50 100
(C5.4)
XT 2 =
10 152
Xcc Un2
=
= 0450
Sn 100
50 100
(C5.5)
ZT = 0036 + j0450
(C5.6)
MV line impedance. The resistance of the underground MV cable is 0.125 /km and
the reactance is 0.104 /km. The length of the line is 2.5 km. Therefore, the complex
impedance of this line is
ZL = 0313 + j0260
(C5.7)
(C5.8)
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This value implies that a short-circuit power of approximately 200 MVA is available at
PCC2 . The analyzed additional welder causes power variations of 1800 kVA which represent
0.9 % of this short-circuit power. This is a value high enough to require a detailed evaluation
of the flicker emission levels introduced by this additional load.1
Active and reactive power variations (P and Q) caused by the additional welding
machine can be calculated by making use of its known characteristics, namely the apparent
power variation (1800 kVA) and the power factor (0.85). The voltage change produced by
welding machine 2 at PCC2 can be calculated by applying Equation (5.12) as follows:
d=
=
RPCC2 P + XPCC2 Q
100 %
UN2
0361 1800 103 085 + 1085 1800 103 053
15 103 2
(C5.9)
100 = 071 %
At this rate of voltage variations per minute, Technical Report IEC 61000-3-7 proposes a ratio of 0.2 % between
the power variation of the load and the short-circuit power for approving the connection of the load to an MV
system without any further analysis.
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Taking into account that short-term flicker severity is a linear parameter with respect to
the magnitude of the voltage change that causes it, the expected Pst2 caused by the individual
contribution of welder 2 for the voltage change calculated in (C5.9) is
Pst2 =
d
071
= 079
=
do
090
(C5.10)
The expected Pst can also be calculated by means of the analytical approach presented
in the publication IEC 61000-3-3 [1] that was discussed in Section 3.3. This method is
based on calculating the flicker time, tf , by means of the following expression:
tf = 23 d F 32
(C5.11)
In this case, since voltage changes are rectangular, factor F is one unit. Therefore
tf = 23 07132 = 0769 s
(C5.12)
Pst is determined by summing all the flicker times, tf , inside a 10 min time interval, Tp .
Considering that 40 voltage changes occur per minute, i.e.
1
1
3.2
tf
10 40 0769 3.2
Pst2 =
=
= 081
(C5.13)
Tp
600
the value of Pst2 calculated by means of this method is very close to the value obtained
by means of the flicker curve, although a slight difference appears between them. This
difference can be understood by bearing in mind that both approaches, although providing
reasonable estimates, are based on simplifications.
3
3
3
3
PstPCC1withoutW
1 + Pst1 + Pst2 =
3
(C5.14)
This value exceeds the utility planning level (Pst = 09) and, therefore, it is not tolerable.
The connection of the additional welder machine is unacceptable, unless mitigation methods
are provided.
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ZL
0313 + j0260
=
= 0157 + j0130
2
2
(C5.15)
(C5.16)
(C5.17)
This result implies that in this new situation, the Pst level caused by the individual contribution of each welder will be decreased by a ratio of 0.77. Assuming that consumer 2
connected at PCC2 is a non-disturber consumer, the background flicker level existing at
PCC2 is propagating from the upstream voltage level and, therefore, it is not modified by
the addition of the new line. Therefore, the new value of flicker severity is
3
3
3
3
Pst = 3 PstPCC1
+
P
+
P
=
033 + 065 0773 + 079 0773 = 072
st1
st2
-without-W 1
(C5.18)
The Pst level obtained by applying this solution is below the planning level, so this proposal
is acceptable. It is important to note that this analysis is made using the assumption that the
welders are the only fluctuating loads connected at the MV busbars.
An alternative approach for determining the individual emission limits of these welders
could be based on calculating the quotient between their rated power and the total power
of the loads directly supplied to the MV network. In such an analysis, the total flicker level
acceptable at PCC2 should be shared between all the connected loads in proportion to their
rated power.2 Nevertheless, in the situation analyzed in this case study, since consumer 1 and
consumer 2 are non-fluctuating loads, this kind of approach would give place to very strict
limits for the disturbing loads imposing flicker levels unnecessarily far below the planning
2
This evaluation criterion is known as Stage 2: Emission limits proportional to the agreed power of the consumer
in the context of Technical Report IEC 61000-3-7.
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levels. Therefore, under these circumstances, a more flexible method for assessment of
individual limits has been applied, although it is convenient to bear in mind that future
arrangements or changes in the flicker contributions of the connected customers should be
carefully analyzed.3
This evaluation criterion is known as Stage 3 in the context of Technical Report IEC 61000-3-7.
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Figure C5.4 Plt evolution (phase A) at the MV bus of the arc furnace installation (Courtesy of
Prof. Zbigniew Hanzelka)
Figure C5.5 Plt evolution (phase B) at the MV bus of the arc furnace installation (Courtesy of
Prof. Zbigniew Hanzelka)
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Figure C5.6 Plt evolution (phase C) at the MV bus of the arc furnace installation (Courtesy of
Prof. Zbigniew Hanzelka)
Table C5.1 Statistics of measured Plt values
Plt
Min.
Ave.
95 %
Max.
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
1901
3690
4212
12113
2080
3807
4383
12341
2064
3757
4340
12002
arc furnace with a ratio of 20 can be expected on the HV side with respect to the values
indicated in Table C5.1. This situation leads to acceptable flicker levels in the PCC.
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41
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