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The Immature Insects Libro
The Immature Insects Libro
IMMATUR
.
F.
CHU
How To Know
THE IMMATURE
INSECTS
An
illustrated
families of
CO
key
many
suggestions
them.
of the
orders
and
and studying
=o
a
a
o
m
o
H. F.
CHU.
Ph.D.
M.
C.
COMPANY PUBLISHERS
BROWN Dubuque,
Iowa
'^Uttimd'KtH
Copyright
H. E.
^"^^^ilAtunc Sctiu
949 by
Jaques
Number A50-2933
How
To
Know The
AQUATIC PLANTS,
Prescott,
1969
ECONOMIC PLANTS,
Burch,
Jaques,
1962
1948,
1958
FRESHWATER ALGAE,
FRESHWATER FISHES,
Prescott,
1954, 1970
1968
1963
IMMATURE INSECTS, Chu, 1949
INSECTS, Jaques, 1947
LAND BIRDS, Jaques, 1947
LICHENS, Hale, 1969
GRASSES,
Pohl, 1953,
GRASSHOPPERS,
Heifer,
MAMMALS,
AND
Heifer,
1970
TAPEWORMS,
Schmidt,
TREMATODES,
Schell,
1970
1970
WATER
BIRDS, Jaques-Ollivier,
1960
WESTERN
INTRODUCTION
NSECTS
group
of the
animal kingdom.
year.
behavior and
From
the econo-
and others
know
injurious
human
to
beings.
The
better
we
our insect enemies and insect friends, the better are our chances
of anticipating protections or of
against them.
Insects are highly different in their
young and
For example, the butterflies fly in air and feed on nectar of flowers
chew
do not feed
do great damage
body
to
structures
know
between
ture insects.
From
and
either the
we know
ways
insect parents
it
and
to
of living
and also
of the
We
their children.
also necessary to
is
many moths
know
the
need
imma-
of the
is
still
far
away from complete. Much work must still be done in this interesting
and very important field. This book is compiled from the available
literature and designed to make it as easy as possible to acquire a
ready knowledge
illustrated
keys
of the
immature
insects.
It
contains a
principal families.
number of
and their
en.
In attempting this
The excellent
instruction of Dr.
v)ogy. University of
Illinois
HOW
when
the author
wishes
to
January
1,
1949
4^
We
much
kind help.
China
Peiping,
have found
and an
Dr.
Chu
-^^
/^
":>
not only
parative
new and
it
difficult field.
highly helpful.
We
CONTENTS
Page
Where
How
How
Immature Insects
Insects
to Collect
to Collect
to
of
Insects
Look Like
Immature Insects
Immature Insects
3
6
19
21
26
28
Pictured-Keys to FamiHes
54
Order Protura
54
Order Thysanura
55
Order Collembola
58
Order Plecoptera
59
Order Ephemeroptera
62
Order Odonata
67
Order Orthoptera
69
Order Coleoptera
72
Order Hemiptera
129
Order Homoptera
135
Order Neuroptera
140
Order Trichoptera
146
Order Lepidoptera
149
Order Diptera
189
Order Hymenoptera
Some
Important References
210
217
224
form one
This
is
INSECTS
When an egg
and
called
the
postembryonic development.
completed when the insect is fully grown and capable
of producing young.
The
life
cycle
is
METAMORPHOSIS.
the
nymph
a)
to the adult.
In many insect
species the
similar to
the adult externally, except for the
complete absence of wings. But
after a period of growth the wing
may appear, attached to the outside of the body as small wing
pads.
The more developed the
young insect becomes, the more
it resembles
its parents.
Such a
development is called a gradual
or
simple metamorphosis. The
young of such insects are called
nymphs. They commonly have
Fig. 1. The life stages of chinch bug,
Blissus leucopterus (Say)
a-e, 1st
the same habits as their parents
to 5th instar nymphs;
adult; g,
eggs. (U.S.D.A.)
and the nymphs and adults frequently feed together. An example is the aphids where both adult and
young are habitually found associated on the same plant. Grasshopper nymphs and adults both eat grasses and clovers and may be found
hopping about together in the pastures. The insects of gradual or
:
f,
and Hymenoptera.
1
HOW TO KNOW
Fig. 2. The life stages of Anomala konsano Hayes Cr McColloch: a, egg; b-d, 1st to 3rd instar larvae; e, pupa; f,
adult.
c)
No metamorphosis
or Ametabola.
3.
a,
Protura; b, Thysanura.
HOW TO KNOW
HOW
LIFE
Many
the aphids.
insects hi-
The nymph
stages.
of
the
periodical
cicada,
underground from
13 to 17
and
egg
stage.
flies
live
6.
Life
adult's
a few hours,
Fig.
its
weeks of its
While some May-
6 to 7
their
nymphal
believed to occupy
stage
is
three
years.
Many
insects
japonica
Newman.
When a survey
made, the nymphs are usually found
to take the same kind of food as their adults. Larvae on the other
hand, usually feed differently and consume much more than their
adults. Take the order Lepidoptera as a good example; the caterpillars
eat a large quantity of food while a good number of moths do not feed
of the feeding habits of insects is
at all.
for
HOW TO KNOW
INSECT CONTROL.
importance
of
WHAT IMMATURE
EGGS
Insects develop from eggs
different species.
As a
which
rule, insects
and shape
in
(a) Flat
and
scalelike (Fig.
7).
moth.
tal fruit
Fig. 7. Eggs of the codmoth, Corpocopso
ling
pomonella
(b)
L.
Spherical (Fig. 8). The eggs of many species, such as the swallow-tail butterfly, the
green June beetle and many other ScaraV
1.
-J
1
baeidae
are spherical.
Fig.
(c)
Conical
(Fig.
9.)
cabbage worm,
_
_.
foil
t,
..
Eggs of the
army//orm,
Fig. 9.
Lophygma
do
frugiper
(Smith
Abbott).
Cr
violet tip,
i
conical
m
.
The
Pieris
8.
Eggs of a
butterfly.
HOW
TO KNOW
(d)
THE>
Elongate
IMMATURE INSECTS
(Fig. 10).
Eggs
row
of this
tree-
crickets.
,^r10. Eggs:
a,
themselves readily
j
sugar-
sielia
Musca domestica
(e)
to
being
laid in compact
-a
r-
arOUPS
^
^
L.
'
'
m'
HOW
TO
KNOW
NUMBER OF EGGS.
The sheep-tick and the true female of many
aphids, for instance, produce but a few eggs (as few as 4). On the
other hand, the egg mass of the dobsonfly may contain 3,000 eggs,
and a parasitic fly, Pterodontia Uavipes (Cyrtidae) has been reported
as laying 3,977 eggs. The social insects lead the list. A termite queen
may lay 1,000,000 eggs during her Hfe. Queen ants and queen honey
bees likewise are highly prolific.
Fig.
14.
of
where
insects
HOW TO KNOW
lay their eggs
is
Insect eggs
interesting.
may
The
seems remarkable.
offspring often
its
Aquatic insects lay their eggs in or near the water. Parasites generally lay their
eggs
their
many
foliage or in the
Some
their host.
flower
flies
lay their
in clusters of
Some
special cases.
of their hosts.
upon
to
seek
their
or other debris
proach
of Spring, the
of
which feed upon herbaceous annual plants during the summer, seek
woody
Many
leaf-mining insects of
the
orders
when
winter approaches.
Lepidoptera,
Hymenoptera,
fruits and
young when they
The
Fruit Flies
which
insert their
of
The
eggs
direct-
tree crickets,
woody
plants for
eggs.
the
Some
In-
car-
by
tection.
ried
of the
subfamily Sphaeridiinae
hind
may
legs.
Certain Mayflies
carry two eggs adhering
to the posterior
-
until
end
opportunity
of the
is
body
found
to
drop
Fig.
15.
Oothecoe
mantid
of
Mantid;
ootheca
a,
b, cross-section
phosmid; d,
c,
German cockroach.
HOW TO KNOW
giant
pean
Fig.
b.
laciniata;
lomorpha
Western water bug, Abe-
dus
sp.
live in
as
guests
(called inquilines).
on slender threads
and are
(fig.
17)
Fig.
17.
lion.
NYMPHS
The term nymph
is
HOW
They have no resting stage (pupae) before the aduU is reached. The
body form and structures as well as the feeding habits are generally
similar to those of the adult.
Fig.
18.
Nymphs:
ter;
et,
a,
g,
even
instar.
in species that
Fig.
aphid.
second or third
b,
Anoplura;
f,
grasshopper;
(Redrawn from Conn. Agr. Expt. Stc. c, Western crickAnabrus simplex Haldeman; d, plant bug; e, AAallophaga;
19.
is
no indication
In Corrodentia,
develop wings.
In
the
of
nymphs
is
for
is
a considerable period
of
HOW TO KNOW
NAIADS
In mythology,
and give
life
and perpetuation
possess
immature
stages that are termed
naiads. These are the
Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera and Odonata. The
common.
All
(ex-
acters in
breathe
spiracles,
means
Fig.
20.
Naiads: damsel
(Plecoptera);
of
to
c,
of
gills,
by
and
(Odonata); b, stonefly
Mayfly (Ephemeroptera).
fly
of
parts of the body. In Plecoptera, they are usually located on the underside of the thorax, although some
species have gills on the head or on the abdomen. In
Ephemeroptera, the
gills
cheal
gill
chamber.
end
di the
abdomen.
Fig.
21.
Rectal
of
tracheae
dragonfly.
LARVAE
The term larva
11
HOW TO KNOW
shape and the appendages ordinarily are very different from those of
the aduh; while the body is often soft, thin skinned, or weakly sclerotized.
TYPES OF LARVAE
1.
Campodeiform
acteristics
of
(Fig.
22),
The
char-
a campodeiform larva
The larvae
of
most
of the
many
Neu-
of the
and
are campodeiform.
Fig. 22.
Pterostichus
Corydalus cornutus
(L.)
This
form
of
a modified
the campodeiform in which the
body
is
Carabiform
er.
(Fig. 23).
is
fila-
ments.
lid
Fig.
a, Caraboid instar of
larva;
saw-toothed
b,
beetle, Oryzaephilus suri-
23.
meloid
groin
namensis
12
(L.)
HOW TO KNOW
3.
Eruciform
legs
24).
(Fig.
This
type of larva
the
is
head
is well formed.
Fig.
4.
24.
Scarabaeiform
It
is
well
and Mecoptera.
(Fig. 25).
is
cylindrical
and
head
developed
and usually
spiracles
eight pairs of
This type
acles.
typical
It
^^
Fig. 25.
&
These
also
of
larva
is
Scarabaeidae.
represented
by
the
much
is
the
of
This type
is
the
well represented
by
the Elateri-
and
Eurypogonidae.
Fig.
26.
False
wireworm, Eleodes letcheri von-
dykei Blaidell.
13
HOW TO KNOW
Platyform
type
(Fig.
short,
is
extremely
flat.
27). This
broad and
The legs
of the
,< Redrawn
eBoving and Craighead) b, Sadd
Fig. 27. a,
Molamba
from
badk slug
Clemens.
7.
lonota
caterpillar,
l-ec.
Sobine
etc.
stimulea
'
Hypoderma
type.
lineatum
under host
Villiers)
(De
skin.
(U.S.D.A.)
8.
Hypermetctmorphosis
in
instar,
Neuroptera
(Mantispidae),
third instar.
Coleoptera
It is
represented in the
(Meloidae,
Carabidae,
Sta-
The larvae
of
this
The
and Mantispidae are called tiiungulins. They receive this
name because the legs have three claws. The fifth instar of Meloidae
type often have special names.
first
siptera
14
HOW TO KNOW
is
called
Platygaster,
Fig. 29.
and
is
called
a naupWiioxm
secondary parasite
mg a
of the fall
The
webworm,
larva.
first
is
instar of Perilampus,
called
a planidium, mean-
diminutive wanderer.
of
erm gzubs
Maggots indicate
and Caddiswoims the larvae of
|Trichoptera. A number of common names have been applied to the
larvae of certain families: the Geometridae are called inchworms or
jpeasuring worms; the LimacodMae are known as siug caterpillars; the
Psychidae are called bagworms; the Chrysopidae are named aphidfions; the Myrmeleonidae are known as an/-iions. The Elateridae are
called wireworms and the Sphingidae are known as hornworms.
me
is
HOW TO KNOW
cu
30. Larvae: a,
Fig.
sp.;
part
leaf rollers,
leaf
leaf
skeletonizers,
d,
Anopheles
sawfly larvae;
U.S.D.A.)
sp.; b, ground
e, aphid lion;
c, Protyphylox
Stenophylax sp. (In
beetle;
f,
frorr.
miners,
casebearers,
webworms,
tent
caterpillars,
tiers,
makers,
etc.
loopers,
Names
in-
co hornworm,
etc.
The part
used
in
the
common names
of
is
of
the
also
the
bag
pteryx
worth.
ephemeraeformis
Hay-
Common
etc.
(U.S.D.A.)
HOW TO KNOW
prepupa
er term
many
some
adult.
Anoth-
insects
which
This condition
to feed.
and
Coleoptera.
TYPES OF PUPAE.
The pupae
of insects
appendages.
1.
Obtect
(Fig. 32).
appressed
pupa.
in
to the
This
many
is
If
the
body,
it
is
of the Coleoptera,
Diptera.
Pupae of this type are covered with a tight-fitting, more r less transparent skin which holds all
the parts except the end of the abdomen practically
immovable.
pupae
of
Chrysalis
is
the Lepidoptera,
especially
of
'^
cl
to the
Fig. 32.
the butter-
ilS^ tos
pupae:
o'^'e
a,
e a'n*o
bSS:o'^^/ornworm'
q^emaVu\l*a**Ha
worth.
2.
Exarate
When
(Fig.
33).
appendages
the
to the
free,
it
is
said to be
roptera, Tricho
most
of the
and a few
doptera
pte
r a,
Coleoptera
of the Lepi-
(Tischeriidae)
33.
Pupae:
17
HOW TO KNOW
3.
Coarctate
at all
last
This type
found
is
in
its
pupal state
in
the
The length
of time in
is
which an
remains
insect
Much goes on
highly variable.
in
within
Many
insects
many
When
their
growth
is
a brood.
and lessening
scat-'^^y'^^g^'*'**'*'***
PROTECTION OF PUPAE.
down.
another
from
from
such
also
as excess
ed
of
variations
their
moisture,
of
and
enemies,
adverse
influences
sudden markshock
temperature,
made by
Many
the larva in
is
Pro-
usual-
and coleopterous
larvae burrow beneath the ground and
there construct earthen cells in which
to pupate. The larger number of insects,
lepidopterous
by means
stance.
braconid
a,
Rig. 35. Cocoons:
cocoon; b, empty braconid cocoon; c, cocoon of the cloverleaf weevil; d, cocoon of the
aphid lion. (U.S.D.A.)
utilize
of
ground
Many
Arctiid larvae
18
togeth-
that
sub-
in the
hairs
bound
threads of
use
their
body-
HOW TO KNOW
a warp
cocoons.
of silk
large
including
some
choptera,
many
and worked up
number of other
to
form
insects,
of the Neuroptera and TriLepidoptera and Hymenoptera and the Siphonaptera, utilize silk
alone in making their cocoons. Among
the Tenthredinidae, cocoons of a parchment-like or shell-like consistency are fre-
Fig.
36. Cases of the
bagworm, Thyridopteryx
ephemeraefor mis H a -
some cases the outer cocoon enan inner one of more delicate texture which may be called a double cocoon. The naked pupae of butterflies are suspended by silk on the cremaster at the caudal end of
In the Diptera (Cyclorrhapha), inthe abdomen.
stead of spinning a silken cocoon or constructing
quent: in
closes
worth.
a case of extraneous material, the larva practices an interesting economy by retaining about
one
itself
of
its
own
cast,
is
pupal
is
dry skins
to
form a
This next-to-the-last
lar-
Fig.
37.
butterfly pupa.
A.
CHARACTERIZED HABITATS:
Aquatic
Insects.
19
to
HOW TO KNOW
Lepidoptera.
and
on the
Coleoptera
Some Collembola
live
surface of water.
be sapiophagous.
Subterranean Insects.
the
soil.
in the soil, such as the grasshoppers, earwigs, beetles, flies, etc. Among
the Coleoptera, the Cicindelidae, Carabidae, Scarabaeidae, Meloidae
and Elateridae are outstanding examples. With the Diptera, the Tipu-
lidae,
B.
Damaged
Insect
feces.
Many
caterpillars
for
instance
eat
such
of
large
waste
can be
identified.
20
HOW TO KNOW
sponsible for these stunted conditions. The gall-insects and leaf miners are readily located within the galls and the mined leaves. Manyother insects can be found on malnutritive plants even though the insect pests are feeding underground.
Fig.
38.
Sweeping.
INSECTS
and forth on those plants in order to get those insects into the net.
This method of collecting can usually give large returns. The contents of the net should be examined often and the specimens removed before they are damaged by this vigorous treatment.
2.
Trapping.
Many
We
or places of shelter.
into the
ground
fruits
or meat.
the adults.
3.
Digging.
Many
in the earth.
square foot of
4.
Hand
a matter
You
soil
Picking.
of fact,
will
may
we
contain.
This
use
it
is
the simplest
frequently.
method
When we
to collect insects.
As
we can
it
is
advisable
to
5. Netting in Water.
For the aquatic insects, a water net can be
used for scraping the bottom or passing through vegetation in water.
Occasionally the aerial net is used in water, but it is quite poor
economy.
21
HOW TO KNOW
Sifting.
insects
Separating.
Field soils, debris and animal nests or discharges can
in a separator with a light on the top for heating. Some separators employ a stream of water to remove the insects from the debris.
A good number of unusual insects may be collected in the receptacle.
Those insects are usually small and active, or they feign death when
disturbed, and can not be collected readily by ordinary methods. If
heat is being used as in the Berlese trap, great care should be taken
that the material does not catch fire. Your specimens may not only
he damaged in this way but you could also have no place to work
the next morning.
7.
be put
COLLECTING APPARATUS
HOW TO KNOW
Many
of
a saw
of that.
2.
Water
Net.
cut
into
the
40.
strument
is
in-
dragged.
triangular dredge.
This dredge has a net of fairly close mesh, sturdy fabric. It may be
drawn behind a boat or the net may be rolled into a compact body and
thrown out to some distance from the shore then drawn back by its
long cord. In the absence of a dredge net, a garden rake can be used
to good advantage.
The debris at the bottom of the water course is
dragged out on the bank and examined for the insects that are hiding
within it. As the water runs out of the debris the insects try to get
back to the body of water also.
3.
Sifter.
Any
mesh bottom
size of the
upon
al
container with
meshes
in the screen
wire-
The
depends
be found
useful.
Figure 41 shows a
good
is
sift-
insects.
catch.
The
be damaged.
23
many
of the
specimens
HOW
Separator.
4.
lese funnel.
It
known as
the Ber-
which a
a recep-
This
is
also
placed.
sieve
is
tacle
until
fall
the
water or steam
often
is
is
is
Over
placed by
the receptacle.
Where a
funnel.
bulb
into
special container
light
into
employed
constant
support
to
source
of
fire
hot
may be
coils of
down
rack or
hollow
hazard.
Separator:
42.
Fig.
A, container; B, light;
C, funnel; D, screen;
E,
5.
preservative.
Aspirator.
This
is
also
known as a
Fig.
43.
6.
Its
construction
suction bottle.
It
is
conven-
Aspirator.
shovel or spade, note book, labels, etc., are all important in collecting
insects. It is preferable to have a collecting bag to store those tools
for fieldwork.
HOW TO
PRESERVE SPECIMENS
HOW TO KNOW
tant that the
insect
specimens be kept
body should
retain
its
in
correct
No one method
is
entirely sat-
Immature
80%
killed by putting it into boiling water for one to five minutes. The
length of time in boiUng water depends entirely upon the size of the
specimen. It will be sufficient when the specimen become swollen up.
This method of fixing is found even better than by injecting the preservative into the insect body.
For exhibition purposes, the larvae are often inflated and kept in
dry condition. However, that is not desirable for scientific study, for
be
inflation,
many
I
j
(h^^^^r~''i~^~y'Tfr^^^^^
^^""^"-^-'^-uKAz^^x^-^-'^'^^
changed.
Inflating
larvae is rather
simple; place the larva on a clean blotter or a piece of paper and press the
44.
An
infigted
mounted
and
larva.
IS
,.
distended to
its
normal
i.*?
man.
1.
Xylene
part.
part.
25
HOW TO KNOW
2.
X.A.A.D. mixture:
Xylene
Commercial refined isopropyl alcohol
6 parts.
5 parts.
4 parts.
Dioxan
Good
3.
4 parts.
and coleopterous
larvae.
K.A.A.D. mixture:
Kerosene
part.
95%
ethyl alcohol or
refined commercial isopryl alcohol
7-9 parts.
part.
Dioxan
part.
HOW TO
until
For studying the life history or identifying the adult stage, the immature insects are often reared in the laboratory. Rearing insects is
quite a technical job. The natural conditions under which the immature insects were found should be simulated as closely as possible.
The following is just a brief account of the more important aspects.
insects.
26
HOW TO KNOW
cause plant galls
tight container.
left in
Parasitic
be
may
and kept
emerge.
3.
Humidity.
If
the condition inside of the container is too dry the food material
becomes unsuitable
On
in rearing insects.
if
the humidity
much
4.
Insects that are being reared often die during the pupal
Pupation.
stage.
sects
make
silk or soil
out forming
any covering.
Soil
just
pupate in the
must be added
to the
Some
in-
soil with-
cage
to
meet
a successful fearing will not be obbe removed artificially from its enclos-
ed pupa
for
it
is
necessary
5.
in
may
condition.
and
Cold can
different stages
The over-wintering
the pupae and
emerge too early.
good
For
life
to
kill
need
different instars
6.
Recording.
Every change
morphological and
27
HOW TO KNOW
The following form
is
recommendated
HOW TO KNOW
lb.
SriE^NVM
Fig. 47.
pads present in some orders, when present the sides of the thoracic segments and sterna are usually divided into smaller scler*
ites; all appendages absent among some larvae and puparia.
Fig. 47
2a.
Antennae absent.
Fig. 48
Order
The members
er,
whitish, wingless
parts,
insects
head, nine-segmented
segmented abdomen
abdomen
in adult.
Fig. 48..
Microen-
tomon perposHlom.
29
PROTURA page
54
with
retracted
mouth
of pseudoculi, pointed
in
HOW TO KNOW
2b.
Antennae present
3a.
Antennae consisting of 10 or more segments; cerci usually multiarticulate, long and filiform, or specialized into forceplike structures;
abdomen usually 11-segmented, without a furcula or collophore;
They
known
as
silverfish
and
are
bristletails,
slickers.
cies
of
forest
floors,
Fig.
49. a,
pismo
3b.
sp.;
Compodeo
c,
frogilis
Meinert; b, L-
Jopyx minemus.
Antennae consisting
of not
more than
if
segments are
collophore
may be
visible; generally
abdomen
6-segment-
present; mesothorax
Order
mm.
in length,
and
under bark
of trees, etc.
on the surface of
and several are littoral
fresh water
Fig.
50.
Entomobryo comporafa.
or marine.
phagous
1,500 species
30
phytophagous.
About
have been described.
HOW TO KNOW
segments, rarely of
of
5,
and very
rarely
wanting.
Thorax with
exposed
and
form; pleural
ually distinct
segments
all
generally
different
and sternal
and never
in
sclerites us-
concealed;
may be
evident in
NYMPHS
external genitalia
later instars.
Fig.
Fig. 51
pidus
(Say);
dif f erentiolis
Melanoplus
b,
(
Thomas
a single
segment, or legs wanting, or segmentation of tarsi difficult to determine; more rarely tarsi of 2. 3, or 4
segments; thorax with all three segments similar in form and wing
pads wanting; or, wing pads pre-
either
distinct^
not
differentiated
Fig. 52.
17
NYMPHS
5a.
Mouth
parts adapted
for piercing
and suck-
ing,
or
and
rasping.
Fig.
53.
for
piercing
c^rpfos
.14
Fig.
53.
Mouth
piercing
31
parts: a, piercing
and sucking.
and rasping;
b,
HOW
5b.
Mouth parts
chewing.
adapted
Fig. 54
for
Fig.
54.
Chewing mouth
larva;
6a.
b,
parts:
a,
carabid
grasshopper.
The damselflies
and dragonflies are
the members of this
order which includes
ed
species. The
are exten-
naiads
hidden
mud,
in
etc.
sand or
Without
6b.
change
Labium
pair; the
caudal
in the Zygoptera.
of
HOW TO KNOW
in
(plate,
feather,
usually occur on
some small
or
tassel
abdomen
Plecoptera); 2
or
Abdomen
without
or thorax without
segmented
long
The presence
of gills
easily determined
or preservative.
insect as to not
tracheal
abdo-
of
and
gills
filaments
tail-like
may
many
long,
3,
finger-
or thorax (none
exist
at
is
more
55
pjg.
/^
Mayfly
*^^
be readily apparent
in dry specimens.
The function
oxygen from the water. The gills
(in
on
lateral
mar-
2),
fringed with rather long setae, occur at caudal end; tarsi possess
1
Order
claw. Fig. 57
About
62
described.
and long
EPHEMEROPTERA page
Their
lived, in
naiads
some
are
aquatic
Heptogenia sp.
Hexagenia bilineata Say
57.
a,
They are
upon
feeding
tissues.
33
Certain
be
car-
HOW TO KNOW
tinct
tails
the caudal
Fig. 58
(cerci),
end
of the
The
stoneflies constitute
58.
Fig.
Topoperia
media (Walker).
9a.
MALLOPHAGA
Order
59
The
ectoparasites of birds
mals.
About
2,800
been described.
sists
dead
of
and mamhave
species
cuticular
substances.
Eggs
resemble
size.
59. a, Variable hen louse, Lipeurus
caponis (L.) (Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta.); b.
Large chicken louse, Goniocotes gigas
(Taschenberg) (Ohio Expt. Sta.).
Fig.
9b.
The
their
adults
except
in
hosts.
10
is
much
34
HOW TO KNOW
10b. Prothorax shorter than and smaller than mesothorax or metathorax; cerci wanting; tarsi 2 or 3-segmented; labial palp 1 -seg-
Fig. 60.
Order
CORRODENTIA
mem-
scribed species.
etable matter,
in houses,
nests, etc.
11a.
certain species.
head and mouth parts usually vertical; in one famthe mouth parts project caudal and in another
family (Phasmidae) ceptalo-ventrad; among the Phasmidae the
Long axis
of
ily (Blattidae)
prothorax
and
The number
of
recorded
species
is
and
leap-
ing.
or
in-
stars
passed
German cocka,
61.
germanica
Blattella
roach,
(L.); b, Melanoiflus differFig.
entialis
(Thomas).
35
in the
nymphal
stage.
HOW TO KNOW
lib.
head and mouth parts project cephalad or cepholoantennae usually located on the head capsule near
12
the mandibles; compound eyes may be absent
Long axis
oi
ventral; the
12a.
Head longer than broad; legs of moderate length and tarsi 4-segmented (frequently inconspicuous); color usually dirty white; exoskeleton frequently soft; ant-like in shape; live within sapwood
Order ISOPTERA
or dead wood. Fig. 62
The members of
known as termites
There are about
The
species.
this
order are
or white ants.
1,900
described
reproductive
the
castes
less forms.
diers.
Fig.
62. Termites: a,
b,
12b.
Head
young queen;
young worker.
distinctly
tarsi 2 or
3-segmented.
13
generally
ways
constructed.
These
When
disturbed in
these
re-
Eggs are
elongate-cylindrical
of
Fig.
63.
Embia major
Imms.
36
HOW TO KNOW
abdomen
is
often upraised
a threating
The eggs are deposited in the soil in
a group and the female rests over them. The
and
opened
in
manner.
nymphs resemble
their parents
They pass
more
or
except the
less
for-
styliform.
stage.
Fig.
64.
Forficula sp.
14a.
14b.
Mouth
stylets
sorial type.
Fig. 66
Order
ANOPLURA
Fig.
SECTIOH TU8
NIOUTH OPEWiA/*
neSTOMAL
TetTH
65.
Head
of thrips.
Of
these,
man
37
HOW TO KNOW
15a.
Mouth
margin
parts in form of
of the
that only
head and
and inconspicuous
labial palpi;
exists
may
which
tarsi
in
project
smalL
apparently
and pointed
Order
end. Fig. 67
They have
in
kinds
all
wood and
apex of
They are generally four
is of
of
fungi.
abdomen upwards.
genesis
caudal
have been
of thrips
at
THYSANOPTERA
the
frequent occurrence.
favorite feeding
ground
haemorrhoidolis
(Bouche).
15b.
and
Mandibles
within
Both
adults
maxillae
trough-like
usually
tubular
enclosed
labium
which
labium
may be
absent,
if
labiiun is cone-
--U.Aai'-'M
in-
Partheno-
Fig.
Fig. 68
16
parts.
38
68.
Piercing
HOW TO KNOW
IGa.
The mouth
parts, consisting of
Fig. 69
crops, but
69.
a,
Triphleps
i^b.
The mouth
&
(Redrawn
Green stink bug,
(White)
trietieolor
from U.S.D.A.); b
Acrosternum hilore
c,
ers
aquatic
or
semi-
aquatic.
(Say).
parts, consisting of
needle-like mandibles
caudal portion of the
Order
Fig. 70
Fig.
70
Aphid;
(L. );
a
d,
&
&
b, Idiocerus
Aleyrodes
g,
Two
provancheri
sp.,
e,
HOMOPTERA
Von
Magicicada
D.;
c.
septendecim
(U.S.D.A,
33
page 135
HOW TO KNOW
There are about 52,000 species when counting the Homoptera and
Practically all the members of Homoptera are
Hemiptera together.
phytophagous and mostly injurious to agriculture. Except for the cicadas, the Homoptera are mostly small insects. The aphids or plant
lice, the scale-insects, the spittle bugs or froghoppers, the treehoppers,
the leaf hoppers, the whiteflies, the jumping plant lice and the planthoppers are
17a.
The members
.LARVAE.
.18
Fig.
17b.
71.
a,
Hydropsyche
sp.;
b,
Plum
curcuho,
Conotrachelus
n e n u p h a r
(Herbst.); c, Pterostichus sp., d, Cerura vinulo L.
compound
eyes
are
eyeless;
a nonfeeding and
resting stage.
Fig. 72.
PUPAE. 45
40
HOW TO KNOW
LARVAE
legs absent or represented
by paired fleshy swellings on mesothorax and metathorax or on all thoracic segments
19
18a. Thoracic
18b.
ic legs.
Fig. 73
never present
Dendroetonus fron-
73.
Fig.
Zimm.
foils
20
22
and one
or
more pairs
of simple
eyes
segments (except Nepticulidae without crochets on prolegs of 2abdominal segments). Fig. 74. .Order LEFldDOPTERA page 149
7th
one
shape,
ing, color
ment.
sculptur-
and arrange-
Larvae
are
known as
caterpillars,
and have
segmented
thoracic
pairs
of
The abdominal
segments bear prolegs
legs.
74. A, Cephalic aspect of the head of Ceramlea picta (Horr.); B, Caudal aspect of
the labium of Cirphis unipuncta (Haw.);
C, The maple case-bearer, Paraclemensia
acerifoliella
(Fitch)
a,
larva;
b,
case.
The
head
.21
41
HOW
21a.
Fig.
Clover
75.
secd-cholcid,
Bruchophofus
funebris
How-
ard (U.S.D.A.)
21b.
This
is
about 40 percent of
7 ;
"
k^^y^
'^-
Fig.
Curcuiie
Fab.
nut weevil,
probotcidcus
insects.
(U.S.D.A.)
22a.
22b. Without
23a.
With
distinct sclerotized
partial sclerotiied
24b.
Mouth
29
24
head capsule
head capsule
head capsule
and antennae
25
distinct
30
Mouth
or-
It
species.
Fig.
77.
Spornopoiius fulvus
Wied.
saprophagous,
predacious
HOW TO KNOW
25a.
25b.
Head capsule
Head capsule
31
somewhat cephalo-ventrad.
one or more
al folds or depressions
lateral aspects of the
distinct
on the
26
cephala-coud-
lateral
and
ventro-
U-shaped.
Order
Fig. 78
Fig.
Hills
COLEOPTERA page
72
Black
78.
beetle,
Dendroctonus
ponderosoe
Hopk.
ventral aspects;
on
lateral
or
latero-
27
or
more
pairs of
present. Fig. 79
malifoliella
Clem.
27b. Not so
28
28a. Larvae
may be
and
mud or
may
bus (Boheman)
43
.Order
HYMENOPTERA page
210
HOW TO KNOW
28b. Lanrae usually long
and
aquatic species
may have
gills
much
is
larger:
DIPTERA
page
Fig.
81.
MyiotroM
<>'
more
or less pointed at
mid-region;
so),
reduced
a pair
to
oi
morium
mum
Men<
mouth parts
opposable
(or
nearly
Fig.
within
live
may be
189
-.
to
more fleshy
HYMENOPTERA page
210
lini.
(Bruckley)
(U.S.D.A.)
usually
bedded
or 2 hook-like structures
em-
mouth
may show
legs
Fig.
83.
a,
ftlifltli
b,
Sulata
(Loew);
phid lorva.
cinsyr-
Labrum a
4orial
"sf*^f^i^n
84. Q, Flat-headed
borer,
ClirvB^toHiri*
gills.
Fig. 63
90a.
Fig.
worts
may
occur on ab-
apple tree
Fig. 64.
fMrt
..Order
live
in
COLEOPTERA
page 72
44
HOW TO KNOW
30b.
/a
Y,
and
clypeus
x^^^^^^v^-*^^
^
-^^jrVX
ad
^'*^^^
M ~^^i
r^
Labrum
^
O
subdivided
85.
o.
Heed
of
CI.,;
b,
C-Lx
on the
lateral
portions;
head
deeply
retracted
within
^^^^ii
sp,
later-
groups
o^ setae or spines
aquatic.
Fig
sometimes
C- Jil'lJ^ iv
\C^~^^^}i/
'/
Fig.
85.
e.
31a.
Head capsule
^.-7p^|-^]^~J^~;;^^^
'^-.L:U:,;L4L:Xi^^
Fig.
31b.
86.
TMMto
ed type.
/f^ A
32a.
Fig. 86.
32
Mouth
parts opposable
ikiMnnis Say.
iibli*
not of
or depressed type
3.5/.^f.^J.5l^ ff^i^^r^
O^^^^^U^^tJZ^^^
87.
size,
iut Loew.
Fig.
shape and
7|-7~^?^~^-7^^
32b.
Chewing mouth
33a.
33
'
^
^
Fig.
floors of
88.
CrtMliyNM fMciafm
human
habitations
cylindrical,
noiiparasitic
v-^
Bosc.
of their hosts.
When
fully
grown, the larvae spin imall cocoons in which they transfer into the
pupae.
A^-^<su^^
33b.
^^hr'^fZ-^l'-^^
^*^^-^^^^*'''''^!b?5in*t^^
'*^%*i*<'^^^^'Svu>*^
'
*^^^
>di^^r-^^^!^Ni^ U-?
Order
:iZ':'.:'iW^-"*-'i.':z'
Fig.
Abdomen with 9 or 10
gBants; spiracles usually present on mesothorax
COLEOPTERA
P^KTe 72
45
HOW TO KNOW
on
on
1st to 8th
8th)
35
39
.,
35a.
Head
directed cephalad
41
35b.
Head
38
38a.
prothorax;
many
may
in
Fig. 90
(Clemens).
36b.
Head capsule
not deeply
embedded
in
adirontal areas
37
37a.
One
on thorax
(pro-
Fig.
Order
.
..^
Kirby.
Ve$p mocutoto
HYMENOPTERA page
*^ ^
210
38
may be present;
on mesothorax only;
body U-shaped.
Order
Fig. 92
Fig.
92.
72
Anomalo
Hayes
kansanot
Ct
COLEOPTERA page
McColloch.
and in a close cluster usually present; mesoand metathoracic legs distinctly larger and project more
thoracic
Order
MECOPTERA
This small order represents some 350 species. The larvae are mostfew feed upon vegetable matter. The larvae bear a
ly carnivorous,
48
HOW TO KNOW
^^^^^^T-^X^Y^^Y^^r^^^r^y^^
^^^^^'^\'U'f\*'fj'll*^^
'W^Y^^^^^^^
Fig.
39b.
93.
Panorpa rufescens
^'^^^-
Order
Fig. 93
10 simple eyes
MECOPTERA
wanting
40
Fig.
94.
Heliothis
armigera
Fig.
Order
HYMENOPTERA page
210
may
47
.44
HOW TO KNOW
and
mandibles
sickle-shaped
Family SISYRIDAE,
Order
NEUROPTERA page
of
rather
as spongilla
140
some 20 speknown
small insects
flies
since
the
larvae
Fig.
Smoky
alderfly,
Sialis
in-
fumota Newman.
and bryozoa.
is
in clusters
a few
Some
have larvae
of the families
of
many
man. Only
cocoon.
42b. Single claws with spur or spine about the base;
parts
chewing mouth
43
elbowed and
may
possess stout
may
may
possess abdominal
gills.
Order
Fig. 97
COLEOPTERA page
72
members of the
slender and not likely
other
97.
Pelto-
dytes sp.
48
family.
to
is
similar to
is
HOW TO KNOW
webs
may be
ol
Fig. 98
The
order
has
approximately
4,200
lar-
the
tom
to
tic
of
water or attached
and
plants
bot-
aqua-
water and are protected with gelatinous masses or strings. The larvae construct characteristic cases
or silken retreats. Their food hab-
its
c. Case of Astenophylos
Case of Trloenodes floviscensc Banks; e, Case of Hclieepsyeh* sp.; Larva of Hydropsyche sp.
us Walker;
sp.;
d.
to
known
some are
be carnivorous.
to
to the
dance
growth
of fish.
streams or attached
to
Naturally
in
abun-
Pupation usually takes place within the water, often within the
val case but sometimes outside
it
and within a
silken cocoon.
lar-
Some
The adult may emerge under water or bring the pupal case
surface of the water to effect
its
to
the
escape.
44a. Mandibles
cies the
be
may
may be
caudal segmentCs)
tube-like
or gills
99
Order
49
COLEOPTERA page
72
HOW
sickle-shaped, of mandibulo-
gills
the
of
order
structure
mode
of
they are
and
but
life,
all carniv-
orous; in a consider-
proportion
able
100.
parts.
visible,
45b.
Appendages
distinctly visible
and
free,
mummy;
in
exarate type.
46
Body
strongly
compressed;
mm.; wing
pads absent; antennae minute;
mandibles of piercing type;
length less than
compound eyes
Fig.
101.
Pupa
Ctenocephalides
46b.
Order SIPHONAPTERA
of dog flea,
canis
(Curtis).
HOW TO KNOW
FlAQELkUM"
Fig.
47b.
Mouth parts
positors
18a.
for
chewing only; no
distinct
present
12 or
not elytra-like
48b.
portion of mesothoracic
pect; legs
Fig. 103
some
of the
plant.
Certain Curculionidae
the
make cocoons
Malpighian
tubes,
Many
Cer-
103.
Colorado
of
by
51
HOW TO KNOW
49a.
Order
104
MECOPTERA
Westw.
49b.
Head normal
in shape;
mouth
50
abdomen
and
gills;
and
usually found in
may
mm.
but
they
are
non-
in length).
105
105. Pupa
of Hespcropkylax sp.
Fig.
52
HOW TO KNOW
and
The pupae
each
and with
all the
able
to
work
their
way
140
enclosed in a silken
each
NEUROPTERA page
most
abdomen near
tip of
Fig.
106. Pupa
of Corydalus
cornutus (L.).
51a. All
appendages
face smooth or
ly resembling
similar (blunt);
invisible
made up
on
51b.
chiefly
189
visible
., .
52a. Distinct
respiratory
52
projecting
chiefly
NEMATOCERA,
(U.S.D.A.)
53
HOW
52b. Distinct respiratory projecting organs absent on the dorsocephalic region; spiracles usually present on mesothorax and some of
the abdominal segments; functional mandibles absent (except
among Micropterygoidea); paired galeae of maxillae usually pre-
sa^iisCt
Pupa of the
European corn borer,
generally present.
Pyrausta nubilalis
(Hubner).
PICTURED-KEYS TO FAMILIES
ORDER PROTURA
la.
Practically
nothing
is
known concerning
the
life
soils.
Fig.
110.
Eosen-
tomen ribogai
Berlese.
lb. Spiracles
54
HOW TO KNOW
2a.
Family
Fig. Ill
ACERENTOMIDAE
mm.
in length.
The
They
Silvestri.
2b.
sutures.
Family
Fig. 112
PROTENTOMIDAE
middle and hind legs and hold the fore legs in front
and above
Pig.
112.
the head.
Micro-
entomon perposillom.
ORDER THYSANURA
la. 3
lb. 2
and
113
114)
118)
55
HOW TO KNOW
2a.
styli
Fig.
113
Compound eyes
Family
MACHILIDAE
names.
the
Pig.
lis
first
styli
are absent.
113. Machi-'
morithno
Leach.
2b.
Compound eyes small, widely separated; ocelli absent; styli absent on thoracic coxae, but present on abdominal segments 7-9 or
FamUy LEPISMIDAE
8-9. Fig. 114
About 200 species are known. They are commonly called the bristletails, fish-moths or slickThey are found in dry hot places, among
ers.
leaves, under stones, debris, caves, buildings and
the nests of ants and termites. They feed upon
dry vegetation or plant products. They are also
fond of paste, glue and rayon cloth. The silverand the fire brat,
L.
fish, Lepisma saccharina
Thermobia domestica (Packard) are common in
buildings.
Fig.
14.
Thermobia
domestica (Packard).
absent on
2a,, Styli
Fig.
115
1st
abdominal segment.
Family
CAMPODEIDAE
Pig.
is
115.
Campodeo
frogil-
Meinert.
56
in
damp
places.
HOW
on
segment
cbdominal
first
,
srY<<JS
Fig.
of
1 1
1st
6.
Ventral ospect
to 4th abdominal
segments
opening at apex.
Family PROJAPYGIDAE
Fig. 117
in the
Anajapyx
117
Fig.
vesiculosis
Silvestri.
opening at apex.
Family lAPYGIDAE
118
Fig.
118.
lapyx
minemus.
57
the eggs
and
HOW TO KNOW
ORDER COLLEMBOLA
la.
lb.
Body more or
segmented
Abdomen
and
less cylindrical
elongate;
abdomen
(Suborder Arthropleona)
plainly
2
granulated.
Fig.
Family
119
PODURIDAE
The
and are often white or colorless. The snowflea,
AchoTutes nivicolus Fitch is a widely
fleas including about 315 species.
young
Fig.
Achorutes ormotus
119.
i.
live
.,
on
120
Fig.
life
species which
the surface of snow.
distributed
Nicolet.
lated.
a secluded
a tergum;
Family
tx
often occurs
cuticle
not granu-
ENTOMOBRYIDAE
Fig.
Entomobrya laguna
120.
Bacon.
3a.
Antennae
Fig.
stout, not
Family NEELIDAE
121
THORAX
cies.
They are
globular
and
bristly
AA^re/^/^
Fig.
121.
Neelides
folsomi.
58
HOW TO KNOW
3b.
large.
The family
200
species.
is
composed
These
of
about
are
very active and often occur in im-
mense numbers
springtails
moist places on
in
The
and the antennae
on the back portion of the
head
is
inserted
vertical
122.
Sminthurides
lepus
Mills.
ORDER PLECOPTERA
key
present on
(This
la. Gills
Fig.
123
is
first
The naiads
They
Pteronarbadia Hagen.
123.
Fig.
cella
2
lb. Gills absent on first 2 or 3 abdominal segments
2a. Venter of thorax covered with large over-lapping shield-like plates.
Fig.
124
is
Ndm
59
HOW TO KNOW
plates
on thorax
absent on thorax
on the venter of prothorax.
3
4
5
4a. Gills
Fig. 125.
NEMOURIDAE
..Family
live
mostly in the
Ne125.
Fig.
moura sinuata
Wu.
4b
on
Gills
all
Family PERLIDAE
126
all
ored.
ning water.
This
It
is
furnishes in
its
immature as well as
Fig.
life in
fish,
for
its
adult
but at the
many
of
the
the water.
Togoperia
(Walker).
126.
media
5a. 1st
and 2nd
tarsal
3rd;
ium
2-lobed;
body
flattened
and
127
Fig.
brightly colored.
Family PERLIDAE
The eggs of stoneflies are very small but are produced in immense numbers, as many as 6000 for
one individual. They are laid directly into the
water.
Fig.
127.
Peria
vcrticalis Banks.
60
HOW TO KNOW
5b. 1st
very
4-lobed;
body more
long;
or at least
labium
or less cylindrical,
128
Fig.
128. Labium;
hostata Banks; b,
venoso Banks.
6a.
FamUy NEMOURIDAE
129
The members
widely distributed.
129. LeacFig.
Iro dcpta
Classen.
6b.
Hind wing pads wider than fore wing pads and not divergent outFamily CAPNIIDAE
ward from the body. Fig. 130
stoneflies
belong
to this
com-
water-courses.
blackish.
port.
61
HOW TO KNOW
ORDER EPHEMEROPTERA
la.
Family
Fig. 131
flat
and
disk-like.
The
short.
gills
in-
PROSOPISTOMATIDAE
They
gills
live in swift
It
are
Their three
running
belongs
to the
old world.
Fig.
131.
sopistoma
ceum
lb.
2a.
Profolia-
Fourcroy.
Thorax not
mose
gills
2b.
Mandibles
3a.
of
Fig. 132
plumose
plu-
The naiads
muddy
live
bottoms.
but short.
Potaman-
3b.
of
gills ex-
tending dorsally
62
HOW TO KNOW
4a. Front of
Fig.
genio
133. Hexobilineota
Say.
Not
4b.
so.
Abdomen
5a.
with 6 pairs of
Fig.
gills;
shorter than
Family PALINGENIIDAE
134
Fig.,
134.
genio
Polin-
sp.
5b.
Abdomen
with 7 pairs of
gills;
median caudal
FamUy POLYMITARCIDAE
Fig. 135
The naiads sometimes dig into mud. The mandand tusk-like. The caudal filaments
135.
Compsurus
sp.
63
HOW TO KNOW
6a.
6b.
Eyes
lateral;
distinctly flattened
body more or
less cylindrical
of 1st
136
1st
abdominal segment.
Family OLIGONEURIELLIDAE
Fig.
7b.
136. Ohgoneuria sp
Fig.
137.
Hepta-
genia sp.
8a.
Abdominal
gills
inserted dorsally
8b.
Abdominal
gills
inserted laterally.
64
10
HOW TO KNOW
The 2nd pair
9a.
ing pairs.
of
abdominal
gills
FamUy EPHEMERELLIDAE
Fig. 138
They often
strikingly colored.
some
In
disk.
waters.
Eph-
138.
Fig.
maralla sp.
The
9b.
1st
Fig.
large
pairs.
Family
139
The naiads
sand or
live in
mud
CAENIDAE
bottoms.
They ore
Fig.
139.
The members
of
this
family
size.
Tri-
corythus sp.
10a.
Claws
of
tibiae.
FomUy AMETROPODIDAE
Fig. 140
There
is
rather wide
to
their
many
Amathropus
sp.
65
times during
in the eastern
140.
May-
ently molt
Fig.
varia-
hemisphere
HOW TO KNOW
10b.
11
middle and hind legs shorter than the tibiae
caudal filaments with very short hairs, or with longer
hairs fringed on both sides.
Family LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE
Fig. 141
Claws
of the
11a. Lateral
leaf-like
or string-like gills.
Fig.
141.
lib. Lateral
12a. Latero-caudal
The naiads
live
in rapidly
running
142.
Fig.
tus Say.
Siphlonurus
12b. Latero-caudal
olterna-
margin
like projection.
Fig.
of the
143
The naiads are found in waterfalls, cataslow currents and open waters. They
racts,
may
still
pools.
scattered.
Fig.
tuons
(Walsh).
66
HOW TO KNOW
ORDER ODONATA
la.
Abdomen
stout,
usually
than
wider
head, with 3 short, triangular or spinelike appendages at tip (Suborder Anisoptera, dragonflies). Fig. 144
_ -tAref\Ai.AJ'/'fiJ>A9t
3
Dorsal
144.
Fig.
obdominol
dragonfly
lb.
Abdomen
gills at tip
of
(Sub2
be noted
will
of
It
aspect
segments
naiad.
and
One does
not
145.
Fig.
selfly
segment shorter
than the
Dorsal as-
abdominal
of
pect
segments of a dam-
remaining
naiad.
segments
to-
Family
146
The naiads
of this large
very abundant.
Fig.
nura
146.
sp.;
Isch-
a,
b,
caudal
lat-
gill.
67
prolific
family ore
eral
and
COENAGRIONIDAE
HOW TO KNOW
2b. 1st antennal
Tig.
sp.;
147.
b,
caudal
3a.
a,
and
is
much
sturdier.
Agrion
lateral
gill.
Labium
spoon-like.
Fig.
Family LIBELLULIDAE
148
This
is
point both of
species.
Fig.
148.
a.
Libellulo
b,
Burmeistet;
luctuosa
Lateral aspect of head;
labium.
c,
3b.
Labium not
spoon-like.
Family
Fig. 149
The members
of this family
AESCHNIDAE
average larger
much fewer
individuals
and
Fig. 149. a,
b.
Lateral
Aeschno
aspect
sp.;
of
head.
68
species.
may be
HOW
TO
KNOW
ORDER ORTHOPTERA
la.
Hind
lb.
segment or obsolete.
Subfamily Tridactylinae, GRYLLIDAE
150
Fig.
Fig.
with
tarsi
150.
Hind
Ellipes
tarsi
minuta Scudder.
segment
or
digging
for
adapted
lor
Fig.
151b
Fig.
a mole cricket.
normal
adopted
for digging.
Fig. 152
The subfamily
They
They
fore
live
tibiae
in'
mud
vegetable feeders.
Fig.
et,
152.
Mole
crick-
Scapteriscus dida.
etylus
Lotr.
and
their
along
burrowing habits.
HOW TO KNOW
adapted
MANTIDAE
if
pray-
prey.
153.
Fig.
Chinese
dera aridifolia
4a,
pairs,
adapted
for
jumping.
5
Hind legs
usual
of
size,
5a.
short-
gan when
base
of the
present,
near the
abdomen.
154
Fig.
6
Fig.
154. A grasshopper, showing
the auditory organ on abdomen.
5b.
6a. Fore
Fig.
3-segmented; prono-
tarsi
tip of
the
abdomen.
FamUy TETTIGIDAE
156
Fig.
156.
granulatum
Aerydium
(Kirby).
70
HOW
6b All
TO
KNOW
tarsi
size.
Family LOCUSTIDAE
The family contains about 8,000
known species. The common name
157
Fig.
cusia migTatoria
serious
(DeGeer), 3rd
L.
and
is
is
the
instar.
4-segmented
7a. Tarsi
most
distributed
Melanoplus femur-rubrum
157.
Fig.
pest
8
Fig.
Family GRYLLIDAE
158
Snowy
Fig.
158.
thus
niveus
tree-cricket,
(N. Y.
(DeGeer)
Agr.
and
Expt. Sta.).
grass.
Nymphs and
adults
Fig.
et,
Family TETTIGONIIDAE
159
59.
Mormon
crick-
Anabrus simplex
Haldeman.
8b. Auditory
Fig. 160
Fig.
spina
160.
Stenopelmatus
Brunner.
longi.
The subfamily includes about 300 described species. They are mostly carnivorous, living in caves, in holes, under stones and other concealments.
These camel crickets and related forms
are given their own family by some
systematists. The adults are wingless
and strongly resemble the nymphs.
71
HOW
i^ort^oifA^
leaf insects
dropped
Fig.
16
1.
ingstick,
at
random.
WalkD a i
f e
pheromero
morato (Say)
Family BLATTIDAE
Fig. 162
German
cockroach, Blai-
American cockroach, Periplaneta ameiicana (L.), and the Australian cockroach, Periplaneia australasiae (Fab.). They have
been distributed throughout the entire world and
are household pests. The females may often be
seen carrying their egg cases which are presently
tella
cSkr!>a?h,''"B7.T.
telle
germanica
germanica
left for
(L.),
the
hatching.
(L.).
ORDER COLEOPTERA
(The key
is
1942.)
72
v^
's^
\
f^'9
'63.
leg.
1931.
HOW
lb.
Legs consisting
oi
trochanter, femur
and
segments (coxa,
tibiotarsus)
and
^
Fig.
2a.
structure. Fig.
165
164.
leg.
The food habits of an insect possessing chewing mouth parts can usually be judged fairly accurately
by
the
size
and character
of
the
manFig.
dibles.
when
it
comes
to
"first
securing food.
It
line"
is
organs
165.
right
mandible.
mammals.
2b.
Fig.
166.
left
mandible.
3a. 9th
very
small
family
a wood
Aus-
Cupes
borer, as are
other
memThey
of the
are
medium
and
may
bark.
73
of
most
Fig.
167. a, Cupes eoncolor Westn.; b, a leg; c,
ventral aspect of 9th and
10th abdominal segments.
including
The larva
sized borers,
be found under
HOW
3b. 9th
which
the stern-
fully
Family
168
Fig.
It
MICROMALTHIDAE
consists of
American
a single North
species,
Miciomal-
The biology
of this insect is most remarkable. It combines in its life
thus debilis Lee.
*i^Ec rs OF
168.
Fig.
4a.
2 pairs of gills
on the
tip
of
9th
abdominal
Family GYRINIDAE
Fig. 169
or surface
laid
on objects
The
They pu-
in water.
Fig.
sp.;
169. a, Dineutes
Maxilla of a
b.
gyrinid
4b.
Cardo
larva.
of
normal moderate
size or small;
never have
/)
2 pairs of gills
Fig.
on the
tip of
9th
170
CMiAmia
abdominal segment.
5
Fig.
la
larva.
74
HOW TO KNOW
5a. Labial palpi latent; mentum and ligula fused into an unpaired anFamily RHYSODIDAE
teriorly bilobed piece. Fig. 171
/^-^Ifi'.V
..h,aoiA
j/v/v/.*'
species
have been
de-
scribed.
Nothing
ap-
be known about
metamorphoses.
The larvae are probably
Look for
predacious.
them under decaying
u^-u
DOrK.
pears
to
their
r
Fig.
Newn:;
b,
Ventrol
and segmented.
6
172
Fig.
6a. 9th
.^iuenijmm
Fig. 174)
Fig. 172.
Ventral
aspect of labium.
6b. 9th
(See Fig.
10
177)
7a. 10th
7b. 10th
Fig.
for
locomotory
8
173
distributed species.
freshy process
among
insects.
Larvae and
may
75
to
HOW TO KNOW
8a. 2 or 3 pairs of
ment.
Fig.
174
ol 5th
The family
consists of about
2,000 species
ing,
cylindrical
burrows often
foot or
abdominal segment.
fifth
They are predacious and found
along the sandy banks of rivers and bodies of water, in wet
meadows, and in damp partially shaded canyons.
the
Fig.
8b.
174.
Megacephola
No hooks on
Carolina
single or absent.
rig.
9b.
175.
(L.)
much
Terminal setae
bicuspidate.
shorter
Fig. 175
Harpalus viridiaeneus
ol
tarsus
Beauvois.
much
than
claws;
retinaculum
Family
CARABIDAE
retinaculum
FamUy OMOPHRONIDAE
Fig. 178
in the
Omophron;
Omophron; c,
of
76
HOW TO KNOW
10a.
Head
acle absent.
and simple;
This
all
HYGROBIIDAE
is
aquatic species.
in the Eastern
Fig.
Family
Fig. 179
Hemisphere.
(Redrawn
from
Boving
and
Craighead)
10b.
Head
porrect;
Mandible with
nor
Fig.
II
178
The members
Fig.
ter*
size.
CL
b,
On
mandible.
tiny
animol formS.
lib.
Mandible without distinct retinaculum, inner margin either sulcate or tubular; legs ambulatory or natatory.
(See Fig. 179)
12
1 2a.
Prothoracic presternum large and subquadrate; gtUa present, subquadrate or triangular; gular suture double or anteriorly biiui^
cate. Fig. 179
Family DYTISCIDAE
cies.
known as predacious
and dytiscids.
The larvae are predacious and feed upon
diving beetles, water beetles
many
are
sometimes
called
water
tigers.
Their
77
HOW TO KNOW
12b. Prothoracic
along
America and
a,
180.
Fig.
sp.; b. Ventral
the
Pacific
coast
of
N.
species in Tibet.
Amphizoa
aspect of
13a. 8th
Fig.
3/
10^
4j/%^%^
^
'f
Fig.
%S^'if
-*^,_/
^
181.
Paussus
kannegieteri
Wasm.
13b. 8th
movable
15
15a. (a)
28
14
palpifer;
if
and the
10th
ways with a
Fig. 182
al-
78
HOW TO KNOW
15b.
abdomen always
the mandible
if
1-segmented.
16
183
Fig.
16a.
Fig.
fe. ?r^^-'
'
17
184.
Fig.
16b.
molar
17a. 10th
Two
mandibles.
usually
part,
21
recurved hooks.
of
Fig. 185
C^cA
The members
of
small
this
sub-
on the Pacific
coast,
17b. 10th
8th
It
is
a small subfamily,
com-
ed
^<5;5'CA'\^
/T 1/^ ^^ILSk-^'
a.?\Sj^^\
/7^^:<X>f^^-^.lE
Fig.
186.
no
'
for
an aquatic
running
^^^
^""^
j^Q^
springs.
species
west.
balloon-like
mented
is
The
found
appendices;
life.
water,
one
in
They
oc-
including
American
our
antenna
South-
3-seg-
19
79
HOW TO KNOW
19a.
Apex
Fig.
of
1-segmented.
short,
Family PTILIIDAE
187
beetles
of these 'feath-
live
in
in
decaying
They
ant's nests.
known
19b.
Apex
of
mandible
20a.
Family LEPTINIDAE
188
This
its
is
are practically
unknown
Its
but
habthey
in the
Fig.
88. a, Leptinus testoceus
Mull; b, Mandible.
1
20b.
Mandible with
Fig.
189
distinct
They are found among damp herbage, in fungi, under bark, etc. They
are fairly abundant but their very
small
size
results
Prionochaeto
a,
189.
Fig.
Soy; b, Mandible with retinaculum;
c. Mandible with prostheca.
80
in
their
being
HOW TO KNOW
21a.
Mala
(lacinia
stipes fused.
22
Fig. 190
Fig.
21b.
Mala
This
is
one
including
MAJLA
190.
Maxilla
STAPHYLINIDAE
and
The adults
more than
20,000
species.
bidae.
22a.
191.
Maxilla.
Mandible with apex simple/ recurved and bent away from the
sagittal
Family PLATYPSYLLIDAE
Fig. 192
>i^f<:c//fvf^
Fig.
192. a, Mandible;
Plot/psylius castoris Rits.
22b.
23a.
b,
differently shaped,
23b.
never recurved,
.24
25
81
23
HOW
segment
of maxil-
Family SCAPHIDIIDAE
194
The members
or
occur in rotting
Less than
adults.
wood both as
100
species
larvae and
are
known
in
common.
Fig.
194.
Scaphi-
a,
Ventral
aspect, of
labium..
segment
Fig.
of maxillary
FamUy SILPHIDAE
195
The carrion
beetles,
members
adult
burying
beetles
common names
of this family
and
of the
which include
fungi.
Fig.
195. a,
b. Mandible;
25a. Ligula
Silpha
c.
sp.;
Labium.
either
deeply bilobed
anteriorly,
become
or
nasale.
26
196
Fig.
82
HOW TO KNOW
25b. Anterior
Fig.
margin
of ligula entire;
b,
a,
Dorsal aspect
Oligota oviformis
the
result
otten
resembling
er
.197.
in
linids
closely.
Fig.
movable.
most STAPHYLINIDAE
The
head;
Casey.
distinct, often
197
larva
each
and adults
other
widely in
rather
rath-
size.
of
Fig. 198
Fig.
198.
Stenus so.
ocelli
on each
side,
sometimes no
27
ocelli
83
HOW
TO
expanded
27a. Terga
KNOW
laterally;
oval;
Fig. 199
It
antenna club-shaped.
Family SCYDMAENIDAE
includes
insects.
bark or
pears
to
in ants' nests.
be known
of the
ily.
scydmaenid
Family PSELAPHIDAE
Fig. 200
and
the adult
Fig.
200.
Eup-
lectus confluens
Lee.
28a,
part;
Hypermetamorphosis
is
a condition
vestigial;
29
that prevails
and form or
between
and
the adult.
28b.
No hypermetamorphosis;
than in 28a
in
Fig.
tral
the full
201. VenQspecT of
head.
different
combination
of
characters
31
84
HOW TO KNOW
29a.
Gula well developed; maxillae inserted at a considerable distance in from anterior margin of presternum; labial palpi 2-segFamily MELOIDAE
mented. Fig. 202
This family comprises no
less than 2,500 species.
The
are
blister
called
Eggs are laid in
adults
beetles.
The
masses in the soil.
newly hatched larvae called
primary
or
triungulins
lar-
larvae;
b,
adult.
29b.
Gula
area
short;
maxillae
extending
presternum;
mented, reduced
sent.
Fig.
labial
palpi
margin
not
seg-
30
203
Pierce.
30a.
ocellus on
each
side
of
head.
OceUi^
Fig. 204.
Genus Tefraonyx,
MELOIDAE
The larvae
quadrimoculoto
of this
genus seem
other Meloids
that some systematists would errect a family (Tetraonycidae) for
F.
85
from
so
different
the
few members
of the genus.
HOW
ouaus
Fig.
Pierce.
Pupation
ectoparasite.
place
takes
in
31a.
Mandible
bearing
an
accessory
ventral
cri-
32
-^
C^ie/t,f:o/ifM S/>''!*<l.e
206. a,
mandible; b,
Fig.
illa;
c,
right
A max-
cribriform
spiracle.
40
32a.
32b.
plicate.
Fig. 207
34
Fig. 207.
leg.
ic
86
mesothorac-
HOW
maxil-
of
granulate or
striped
area
on
central
34a.
cate.
Fig. 208
Anus
longitudinal
end
of
pli-
"^f^lPu^AT,^*
35
between 2 large
Fig. 208.
ic leg.
^'^
mesothorac-
pads
at
Figc 209
Family
LUCANIDAE
The family consists of around 900 speThe adults are called stag beetles.
cies.
larvae
Their
live
largely
complete
their
in
decaying
lasts 4 to 6
development.
wood
Fig.
209.
indricum.
34b.
Anus
gnawed
large.
AMAt Pav'
v^A^rAAi AM4C
Some
fragments.
years
Pupation
loee
Sinodendron
transverse;
eyl'
end
of
body
legs.
Family PASSALIDAE
Fig. 210
It
into
a condition suitable
was
lar-
for
striated
Passalus sp.
87
HOW TO KNOW
35a. Lacinia
36
Fig. 211.
211. Maxilla.
Fig.
35b. Lacinia
and galea
About
Family
Fig. 212
fused.
SCARABAEIDAE
known
in
this
very-
larval
while
pests
the
Japanese
beetle,
June
beetle
Fig.
212.
kansanas
Anomala
Hayes
McColloch.
One
the
It
Fig. 213
is
Family
TROGIDAE
of three
ly live in dried
ter,
'
Fig. 213. o,
b. Antenna.
(L
Trox scobcr
L.;
HOW TO KNOW
SCARABAEIDAE
Family
Fig. 214
The larvae
of
many
Scara-
little
consequence ex-
Many
on the
growing plants and
others
roots of
scavengers.
as
cept to act
are highly
feed
destructive.
Fig.
37a. 8th
37b. 8th
ment
38a. 10th
39
minal prolongation;
soft, ter-
ocelli absent.
Family DASCILLIDAE
Fig. 215
pasture land.
Some
500
species
are known.
215.
Fig.
38b. 10th
Dascilius davidsoni
paired, 2-segmented
side.
Lee.
and
soft
terminal un-
on each
FamUy HETEROCERIDAE
Fig. 218
they excavate in
Fig.
216.
89
the
mud
HOW TO KNOW
39a. 3 terminal tufts of gills retractile into a pocket; antenna long and
multisegmented; one large ocellus and one small ocellus on each
side of head.
FamUy HELODIDAE
Fig. 217
It
is
small
family.
They
are
all
of
small
size.
Fig.
Subfamily Nosodendrinae,
Fig. 218
BYRRHIDAE
Fig.
is
available.
218. Noso-
dendron
oali-
fornicus Horn.
sent or absent;
dibles having
when
mola
or prostheca or ex-
90
pseudomola
118
HOW TO KNOW
articulating
41a. Maxillary
distinct;
when
Fig.
in-
indistinct,
and Lami-
^^'^-^^
42
220
220. Maxiilta.
Fig.
by
and cushioned; mandible without molar
mentum,
not
large
43
part
into
need
pill
beetles.
of study.
The adults
species.
Their
The larvae
life
of
histories are
Bynhus
and
Fig.
221.
fasciatus
pilula
The larvae
to
of
wild
cultivated plants.
a, Byrrhus
Forst.;
b.
Mandible.
42b.
Mala simple, or division either indicated by distal notch or present with lobe-like galea; mandibles with or without a molar part
66
but without a longitudinal series of hairs at the base
below the entire abdomen, or with movable 10th abdominal segment usually covering retractile gills at the end
of the body, or with mamillaeform appendices
from the 10th abdominal segment; mandibles
cleft. Fig.
222
44
Fig.
of
Movable
10th
223.
Tip
obdomen.
then
48
45
HOW TO KNOW
44b.
Movable
10th
Body
47
Fig. 223
46
222.
Fig.
45b.
gills
Family PSEPHENIDAE
Fig. 224
0,j^^s
tened and
merged and
Their
disc-like.
attach
streams,
swift-flowing
in
46a.
Tip
abdomen.
of
to
rapids,
le-
10th
Subfamily Ptilodactylinae,
Fig. 225
The
biology
needs
to
of
HELODIDAE
this
subfamily
of Ptilodactyla seTricollis
,
in the
few
damp
species
America.
that
this
soil of forests.
are
Some
systematists believe
subfamily
belongs
serri-
dominal segments.
92
else-
HOW TO KNOW
46b.
Antennae
short;
10th
Fig. 226
Some
500
known
rather
widely-
species are
distributed
are found in
damp
sized.
226.
a,
Eurypogon
47a. 8 pairs of
c,
niger Melsh; b.
9th and 10th ab-
of
They
places
The
and
biforous but of
Fig. 227
is
known
in
of this small
the
United
States.
Fig.
Family
Fig. 228
DRYOProAE
The larvae
Fig.
damp
segment operculafe,
vertical
Fig. 229
and
terminal.
Family RHIPICERIDAE
medium
life
Fig.
229.
93
and
known.
HOW TO KNOW
48b. 9th al)dominal
segment otherwise
49
Family BUPRESTIDAE
Fig.
forest trees.
50
^trs:
50a.
Labrum
present.
60
Fig. 231.
Fig.
50b.
Labnmi
fused.
Fig. 232
51
232. Dorsal aspect of head.
Fig.
Eucnemidae the
much
parts very
much reduced
52
and Lampyri56
or extremely
52b.
specializ-
53
ports
normal
slightly
reduced
or
entirely
54
94
HOW TO KNOW
Fig.
THROSCIDAE
Family
larvae.
Family
Fig. 234
EUCNEMIDAE
7smmrir>,
common.
and quadrate.
Fig. 235
55
gidar suture.
and
indistinct, or
represented only
by a median
Family ELATERIDAE
Fig. 236
known
Fig.
236.
pests
of
farm
and
wireworm.
decaying
vae.
95
HOW TO KNOW
and ventral prothoracic scleromes united into a solid cylinder; cervical membrane very large
and eversible forming a balloon-shaped sack below the head
Family CEBRIONIDAE
when raised. Fig. 237
~
CMKyCAK
I^CffOf^A'^t llPAMPtr>
Fig
ern.
Genus
Fig. 238
RHIPICERIDAE
^andaiivLs.
The information
available
very
limited.
It
this
is
re-
genus
reported
nymph
Fig.
of
veloped OS a porosite.
56a. 9th
one
species.
than a thousand
habitat
tively
is in
known
species.
small percentage
of
larvae
Fig.
vo Lee.
96
body
with-
57
HOW TO KNOW
The family
HAJLf^
is
scribed species.
composed
of
monly called
1,300 de-
soldier beetles.
in
The eggs
the
soil.
The newly hatched larvae of some species are feebly developed and are
called
"prolarvae".
The
larvae
are
primarily carnivorous
fine
Fig. 240. a, Contharis sp.;
aspect of head
b. Ventral
hairs.
Pupation
takes
place
in
(appendages omitted).
Fig. 241
58
Family
LAMPYRIDAE
known as
are
fireflies
Fig.
241.
Pho-
sp.
.59
97
HOW TO KNOW
59a.
Antenna 3-segmented with apical segment and a disk-shaped appendix; stipes and
mented. Fig. 242
mentum
Family
It
PHENGODIDAE
is
of
the larvae.
59b.
Antenna 1 or 2-segmented, distally covered with a large domeshaped appendix; stipes and mentiiin fused; cardo vestigial or
Family LYCIDAE
absent; galea 1-segmented. Fig. 243
243.
turn
F.
Calopteron
retieula-
j^^^^j^
known
for
America.
61
65
armed with
or
more
spurs.
FamUy DERMESTIDAE
244
HOW TO KNOW
Fiq.
HOW TO KNOW
J-^^A^rA
stored.
is
Fig.
Antenna with the sensory appendix shorter than the distal segFamily OSTOMIDAE
ment or absent. Fig. 249
The well-known cadelle, Tene-
64b.
broides mauiitanicus L., feeds primarily upon grain and grain products, but sometimes also preys
on other insects which live in the
same medium. They are whitish
Fig. 249. Airora cylindrico Serv.
grubs and noticably flattened.
65a. Antenna without sensory appendix; ventral mouth pQrts apparentFamily CUCUJIDAE
ly protracted. Fig. 250
This
family of
flat
bark
contains
less
than
beetles
1,000
known
65b.
Fig.
mouth
in our key.
ports; b, Scolidio
Antenna with dilated sensory appendix; ventral mouth parts reGroup Bothriderini, COLYDIIDAE
Fig. 251
tracted.
Some
phytophagous,
te
p^n^^^'l'^^^s
^^"'^
cious
of trees.
Deretophrus oregonensis
Horn; b, Antenna; c, Ventral aspect of
retracted
mouth
the
head, showing
Fig.
251.
a,
parts.
100
HOW TO KNOW
66a. Ventral
mouth parts
66b. Ventral
mouth parts
protracted.
Fig.
67
FamUy CERAMBYCIDAE
252
252.
Roundheaded
67a. (a)
distally,
fungi.
Pig. 253. a,
b. Mandible.
67b.
Cortodcre eottuloto
Reit.;
and
in ants' nests.
68a. Maxillary
galea.
mala with
Fig.
distinguishable
lacinia
distally,
and
69
254
Fig. 254.
Maxilla.
68b. Maxillary
mala
entire,
sometimes bilobed
anteriorly.
71
Fig. 255
101
68
HOW TO KNOW
69a.
^vrfA/A>A<
Some
very small.
commercial products.
pect
69b.
less,
as long as
70
small beetles.
a few
well known.
Fig.
spiracle.
on tubes;
cerci strong.
FamUy DERODONTIDAE
Fig. 258
The members
of
this
small
known as
Fig.
258.
Melsh; b,
a,
Derodontus moculofus
on tube.
fungus beetles.
spiracle
71a.
Mala
71b.
falciform.
Fig. 259.
Fig. 260.
Maxilla.
102
HOW TO KNOW
spiracles,
73
Fig. 261
The
..
^qpsA/ifiis
77
Fig. 262
73a. Spiracles at least some borne on tubes; cerci terminating abruptly with 2 or 3 conical processes. (See Fig. 263)
74
73b. Spiracles not at oil on tubes; cerci terminally pointed
or cerci absent. (See Fig. 265)
and simple,
75
263.
Hesperobaenus
..Family
MONOTOMIDAE
sp.
Famly RHIZOPHAGIDAE
Fig. 264
Fig.
75 a.
264.
Body
Rhizophagus grondis
cylindrical;
Fig. 265
Gyli.
(^m?333^333&
Fig.
265.
103
HOW
Bcdy
75b.
TO
fusiform;
KNOW
mandible with
76
2 apical teeth
edge
76a. Cutting
of
mandible be-
Fig
b,
Mandible.
76b. Cutting
edge
of
CRYPTOPHAGIDAE
Family
Cryptophagus
Sturm.
saginatus
Mandible.
Fig. 268.
some
very de-
fruit,
etc.
often permits
them
Family CUCUJIDAE
Fig. 269.
This
family consists
of
about
The development
1,000 species.
of
many
and
78a.
269.
sects
and also on
in-
termites.
Mentum
with only apex free, or small, or infusion with other areas (except in
Sphindidae, mentum free to base and distinct,
but appearing together with a mandible provided with retinaculum and a 9th abdominal
segment without cerci). Fig. 270
79
distinct
78b.
Mentum
by
developed and
distinct
104
to
Fig.
270.
Mentum
and maxilla.
HOW
79a.
Head swollen
thorax; cardo of
round and
Fig. 271
of cardo.
known
all, of
the 4 characters.
80
JLABIUM
^-^"xfw^^''
81
272.
105
82
HOW TO KNOW
Family
Fig. 274
These
beetles".
dant.
As
are
ORTHOPERIDAE
"fringe-winged
the
name
fungus
quite abun-
fungi.
Fig
ginicollis
82a. 8th
Lee.
abdominal segment
distinctly longer
than
7th.
Family CUCUIIDAE
Fig. 275
gnQ
TnnrTn['*T*T^
^^^''^^^^^'^^^'^^^''^*'^^^^
275. Laemophloeus
Fig.
tatus Say.
bigut-
83
abdominal segment about as long as seventh or shorter
a swollen abdomen, slightly sclerotized;
head and body white.
Genera Scalidia and Catogenus, CUCUIIDAE
Fig. 276
82b. 8th
in
Fig.
276. Seolidla
linearis
segment
ing posteriorly.
Lee.
known
to
America.
of labial
Fig.
Fig.
277. a,
sp.; b, Ventral
Phaiacrus
aspect of
a half head.
106
HOW TO KNOW
84b. Apical
lel.
segment
of labial
Fig. 278
Only two species of this interesting subfamily are known for North America. They
are southern in their range.
85a.
Family NITIDULIDAE
The family comprises some 2,500
species. The larvae are mostly saprophagous. They are found in fruit and
garbage dimips, in cereals, under
bark of dead trees, in galleries of
woodboring beetles and in ants' nests.
Several genera are predacious upon
aphids and scale-insects. Pupation
takes place in a cell in the soil.
Fig. 279
Fig.
lus
tral
Fig. 280
Fig.
Family SPHINDIDAE
mBMEUTUt^
86b.
Mentum
often
fused
with
87
Fig.
281.
Labium.
107
HOW TO KNOW
87a.
Mandible with
and subtriangular.
Fig.
proper
distinct
282
88
Fig.
282.
Mandible.
89
87b.
Mandible not so
88a.
Fig. 283
species ore
Fig.
ovolis
88b.
known
for
America.
283. Murmidius
Beck.
Body
FamUy ENDOMYCHIDAE
species.
Fig.
284.
ulkei
Cr.
Rhymbus
108
HOW TO KNOW
B9a.
structure; distinct
Fig. 285
The family
sisting
is
about
of
fairly large
3,000
one conThe
species.
pupa; b, larva,
a,
89b.
90a.
90b.
molar
91a. 3 ocelli
on each
structure;
hypopharyngeal
sclerome
setiierous dorsal
and
lateral processes.
92
family
fall in this
unite to destroy as
plants as possible.
Mexican
beetle,
and
Fig. 288
286.
larvae
90
bean
The
or absent
Fig.
pests.
may
tive fluid
(U.S.D.A.
Mandible without
weak
crop
of
adults
Epi-
vorivestris
iochaa
Mulsont.
109
of this otherwise
quite help-
many
HOW TO KNOW
91b. 5 ocelli
on each
Family EROTYLIDAE
Fig. 287
has about 2,600 described species. The larvae live in the soil,
in stems of plants and on fungi.
It
Some
Fig.
287.
Clover stem
mozardi
ggrio
borer,
Latr.
colored.
92a.
many
Lan-
distinct.
Fig. 288
The
larvae
have
been
92b.
Fig.
Lab-
b.
fused.
Family
289
They occur
I5
MELANDRYIDAE
in
dry
wood and
The
larvae
cylindrical
Fig.
b,
are
slender
and may
often
and
be
Labium.
93 a.
Body terminating
in
Fig. 290
^.
^^^
cies in America.
.
94
93b. Not so
94a.
Mandible with a
toil-like,
hairy appendix or a
of
mola.
95
291
Fig. 291.
mandibles.
94b.
Mcmdible not
Two
96
so.
110
HOW TO KNOW
95a. 3 large
of
and
2 or 3 small ocelli
on each side
ol
head; appendix
mandible tail-shaped.
Subfamily Byturinae,
Fig. 292
It
DERMESTIDAE
Fig.
95b.
292.
ocellus
berries.
on each side
head; appendix
of
Fig. 293
mandible lobe-like.
Family ANTHICIDAE
of
Well over
rather
Fig.
Abdominal
96a.
^^^^^
^^^
Family EURYSTETHIDAE
Fig. 294
cus
96b.
97a.
294. Eurystethus
Melsh.
caiiforni-
97
Abdominal spiracles not located in disk-like sclerites
Mandible without molar structure; larvae parasitic with swollen
Group Bothriderini, COLYDIIDAE
abdomen. Fig. 295
The larvae
of Bothrideres
of
several
species
to
be ectoparasites or predators of
other
Fig.
295.
Derataphrus
coleopterous larvae.
oregonensis
Horn.
97b.
structure.
98
Fig. 296
ill
HOW TO KNOW
Body elongate,
98a.
cylindrical or subcylindricaL or
98b.
iusiiorm..99
paral-
107
sides
lel
Cardo simple.
99a.
more
Fig.
100
297.
297.
Maxilla.
Fig.
Cardo divided
99b.
102
Fig.
298.
Maxilla.
100a.
Mandible symmetrical.
Family COLYDIIDAE
Fig. 299
Some
Fig.
299.
Aulonium tuberculatum
Lee.
100b.
101a.
species are
known
Mandible asymmetrical
Mola
of
101
Family MYCETOPHAGIDAE
The members of this family
Fig. 300. a,
b. Mandible.
to feed
chiefly
wood
or
upon
lac
live
in
rotting
and
in India.
101b.
Ill
Most
small to
103
Subfamily Oedemerinae,
OEDEMERIDAE
of the
wood.
112
HOW
1
or under bark.
It
104
104a. 9th
104b. 9th
302
points.
105
103
Fig.
and
302.
9th
dominal
ments.
105a.
sclerotized.
many
not
303.
o,
mily.
this
small
fa-
is
a small group
Phellopsis
obcordata
Kby.
of most-
species pictured
Fig. 305
or
for
fleshy.
Fig. 304
304.
species
known
western species.
Cephaloon
lepturides Newn.; b, LobFig.
Fig.
8th
abseg-
FamUy CEPHALOIDAE
303
-T,...^,
105b.
301.
side.
in
is
'
Fig.
wood
is
found in the
^<^^*-
MELANDRYIDAE
The one North American spegroup is here pictured. The adult is brown and of
medium size. Both adults and
larvae live under dead bark of
cies of this
Fig.
305.
Synchroo punctata
Nwn.
trees.
113
HOW TO KNOW
106b. Cerci with
a branch
....Family PEDILIDAE
is
of
ily
one pictured
306. a, Eurygenius companulotus
9th abdominal segment with cerci.
Fig.
107a. Venter of
9th
genus
Lee.
more
is
Members
ern.
Pedilus
westthe
of
are
frequent.
trans-
108
307.
Fig.
307.
Ven-
aspect of
tral
8th and 9th abdominal s e g ments.
This
CL
Fig.
L;
little
^^
b^UX^
b.
abdominal segment at least twice as long as 9th, cerci excluded; a pair of pits in margin between cerci.
109
(See Figs. 309 and 310)
108a. 8lh
108b. 8th
and
9th
excluded; a
cerci
and
110
312)
ous arch.
fs
*^<.nn
f^
j^^rn^
'jr\fv^'r' 7>i^7^\\
<]\
P^v^'l
^c/-.c,y
under
wood.
Adults
low
red
or
known as
Fig. 309. Neopyrochroa *emoralis Lee.;
b, Ventral aspect of 8th and 9th ob-
dominal segments.
114
have
hp^ptlps"
DSeties
and are
"fire-colored
HOW TO KNOW
109b. 9th
ties.
Genus
Fig. 310
Boios,
TENEBRIONIDAE
110a. 9th
for all
stages
of
beetles.
The species
these
small
pic-
\and
*"^
New
Eng-
5tntP<5
siaies.
110b. 9th
FamUy OTHNIIDAE
Fig. 312
Ilia.
Antenna contiguous
Fig.
to
specieS.
mouth frame.
313
112
111b.
Fig. 314
in
from mouth
113
Fig. 314. Dorsal
aspect of head.
115
HOW
112a.
.mmxf^
are
closely related
look
Copnochroo
Fig. 315. a,
b. Mandible.
112b.
Back
The
tenebrionids.
f uliginose
Melsh;
like
the
larvae
wireworms and
in rotten
live
to
wood
of
FamUy TENEBRIONIDAE
Fig. 316
One
Molar part
of
of
and 2-segmented.
Family NILIONIDAE
Fig. 317
The members
found in
South America.
Fig.
317.
chrodes
Mandible.
113b.
a,
sp.;
Leiob.
Molar part
of
mented, distal
Fig. 318
This
is
family of
a
Fig.
another
beetles.
b
b,
still
bark
Mandible.
116
HOW TO KNOW
114a. 9 complete
abdominal segments;
10 th small.
115
abdominal segments;
9tli
and
10th reduced.
116
Iv
hISS*
A \
y^
ai:<!aKfcsMaau^)-\u'-^*^>i^^
Fig.
Mars.; b,
consists of
This family
about 3,000 known species.
Many of the larvae are predacious upon coleopterous
and dipterous larvae and a
coxae large,
approxi-
mate.
Fig.
320.
Subfamily
Helophorinae,
HYDRO-
116a.
Head
from Boving
elevated; antenna
of the head than
321
margin
Fig.
Fig
PHILIDAE
inserted
from
farther
the
lateral
the mandible.
is
Family
HYDROPHILIDAE
This
family
c o
116b.
Head
margin
slightly
of the
inclined;
head than
antenna
is
inserted
the mandible
117
near
the
lateral
117
HOW TO KNOW
117a.
Abdominal segments soft, with short conical gills; last 3 abdominal segments attenuate, not forming a breathing pocket.
Fig. 322
Subfamily Spercheinae, HYDROPHILIDAE
and
habits.
The species
of
this
sub-
Fig.
322. Spercheus emorginatus
Schall.
(Redrawn
from Boving
117b.
&
Craighead)
Abdominal segments with well developed plates; last 3 abdominal segments forming a breathing pocket.
Fig. 323
Subfamily Hydrochinae, HYDROPHILIDAE
The members
of this
subfamily are
Fig.
overlooked.
known from
is
Hydrochus squamifer
323.
Lee.
118a.
118b.
119
Hypopharyngeal
mandible with a
ture.
sclerome
definite
present;
molar
struc-
Fig. 324
142
Fig. 324. a, Mandible; b.
Dorsal aspect of labium
119a. 9th
ed spine.
of cerci or
Family
Fig. 325
an unpair-
MORDELLIDAE
There are about 800 known speSome larvae are found in termite nests and the burrows of stem
and wood-boring insects. They are
possibly predacious, but that has
cies.
Fig.
325.
Tomoxlo bjdentota
been questioned.
Say.
118
HOW TO KNOW
119b. 9th
of cerci
and without an
unpaired spine
120
120a. 10th
of
and
120b. 10th
abdominal segment
in front of
by a
of soft/
125
Head
121b.
Head
retracted;
-.
121
longitudinal groove.
121a.
thorax.
330)
pushed forward
122
123
to the anterior
326
About 550 species have been describThe larvae are scarabaeoid form
and feed upon dead and dried animal
and vegetable matter. The storehouse
ed.
beetle,
ski),
is
stored
Several
species
are
326.
Niptus sp.
margin of prothorax.
Family ANOBIIDAE
There
are
around
species.
The
larvae
described
scarabaeoid
1,200
are
327.
Nevermonnia dor-
The
furniture
beetle,
Anobium
119
HOW TO KNOW
1
23a.
Mandible without a dorsal, molar-like process; epipharynx witha large sclerome; lacinia mandibulae absent.
Family BOSTRICHIDAE
Fig. 328
out
be injurious
The very
to
furniture
interesting
circuit beetle,
and building
materials.
or
short-
borer, Scobicia
livls (Lee.)
123b.
Mandible with a
like process,
sclerome
large
lacinia
dorsal,
in
molar-
against
grinding
epipharynx;
124
Fig.
329. a,
Epipharynx.
124a.
Mandible;
b,
in size.
Group
Pacini,
LYCTIDAE
124b. Last
known as
the
of 60 species
powder post
furniture.
330.
Fig.
others.
FamUy LYCTIDAE
Fig. 330
Lyctus
cavicoilis Lee.
120
HOW TO KNOW
125a.
Hypopharyngeal
bracon
absent;
usually
with
segmented
legs
126
HYPopHH.K.rtSeAi,
125b.
Hypopharyngeal
bracon
usually
present;
136
126a.
Mandible simple,
126b.
Mandible dentate,
teeth.
127a.
distally
with
from
Fig. 332
2 to 5
129
Prementum and mentum fused, bearing a common median escutcheon-like sclerome with a pair of light, circular areas anteriorly.
Family BRUCIDAE
Fig. 333
AID
U-Si/SMef^n/j^
333,
Fig.
(L);
127b.
b,
a.
Labium.
economic importance.
distinct,
ome
121
HOW
128a. Legs present
fully
Fig. 334
The members
most primitive
Fig.
334.
Sagra
of this small
fe-
morato Jac.
body
straight.
Subfamily Orsodacninae*,
Fig. 335
CHRYSOMELIDAE
129a. Spiracles
jecting like
Fig. 338
in
the
stems
of
cocoons attached
to
roots
of
aquatic
in
tough
the host
plants.
Fig.
it
up
into
122
HOW TO KNOW
1
30a.
Labrum smalL
or indistinct
front
and clypeus.
CHRYSOMELIDAE
Subfamily Clytrinae*,
Fig. 337
confined to the
is
It
is
represented in
337.
Fig.
o,
Clytro
quodri-
130b.
131
free.
laterally
minal.
placed;
Fig. 338
132
Q
Fig. 338.
Ma)^illa.
free hind
margin
135
mandible compressed,
CHRYSOMELIDAE
a large and important submembers are widely distributed and often highly economic.
This" is
family.
Fig.
339.
Chrysochtts
Its
ouratus
Fab.
132b. Tarsus of
pulvillus;
,r
mandible
to 5 distal teeth.
Fig. 340
133
Fig. 340.
b. Leg.
123
a,
Mandible;
HOW TO KNOW
133a.
133b.
head, usually 5 or 6
of
ocelli,
134
CHRYSOMELIDAE
Subfamily Galerucinae*,
Fig. 341
feed
openly
on
the
Larger
341.
beetle,
Monocesto
elm
leaf
many
parenchyma of
roots, and a numIt is a large and
x
x
i-x
-i
unportant subfamily.
eoryli
(Say).
134a. First 8
-segmented.
Subfamily Criocerinae*,
Fig. 342
CHRYSOMELIDAE
&342.
Fig.
asparagi
Asparagus beetle,
b. Labium.
Crioceris
(L. );
134b. Fiist 8
of the
sucking disk of
Subfamily Chrysomelinae*,
Fig. 343
CHRYSOMELIDAE
prising
species.
com-
on leaves,
roots,
or
live
343.
o,
Myochrous
denticolli Say;
Labium.
b,
insects
to
agricultural
HOW TO KNOW
135a. 8ih
^.
Fig.
135b.
Tergum
abdominal segment often provided with an upbearing the cast skins or the excrement of the larva;
of 8th
right fork
8th pair of
abdominal spiracles
vestigial.
Fig. 345
It
In
ed
in
odd-looking
Fig.
and are an
lot.
L.
Fig. 346
Fig.
legs.
137a.
Head capsule
sides.
and with
137
straight
Family PROTERHINIDAE
Fig. 347
Fig.
kins;
125
HOW TO KNOW
137b.
138a.
138b.
139a.
sides... 138
141
139
2 transverse
dorsal
139b.
140
Fig. 348
The Curculionidae
it
is
prob-
includes
seeds and
a hole
in the plant
tissue into
thrust.
126
HOW TO KNOW
More than
140a.
2 ocelli
Fig. 350
The larvae
of
nels formed of
rolled
leaves
constructed
by
the
HrFOfLiu(l.ui^
adults.
The larvae
R. bicoloi,
thus.
Rhyaeneus
350.
chites
Boh.
140b.
head
protracted.
Subfamily Apioninae,
Fig. 351
is
CURCULIONIDAE
cosmopolitan in
its distri-
bution.
and other
Fig.
plants.
Some
Podopion
weevil,
gollicolo Riley.
Subfamily Calendrinae,
Many
of
our most
CURCULIONIDAE
destructive
The larvae
"bill-bug"
of the larger
com and
Fig.
b. Maxilla.
127
and
grain.
HOW TO KNOW
laid in
make new
tunnels.
definite patterns
Fig.
PLATYPODIDAE
primary galleries
the
adults.
Often
the
The ambrosia
species.
wood and
Family
beetles
live
form
of the
in
dead
353. a, Platypus
Say;
b,
compositus
Maxilla.
segment small,
inal
in continuation of 9th.
Family
Fig. 354
Certain species of
PLATYSTOMIDAE
Brachyfarsus
Fig.
354.
142b. Legs
are
larvae
preof
wax
mormorius
The
Chev.
Euporius
Oliv.
tarsus;
body
segment
dominal
Fig.
355.
sericeum
Chestnut
timberworm,
Melittommo
(Harris)-
perate,
and placed
below
base
of
...Family
LYMEXYLIDAE
128
HOW TO KNOW
ORDER HEMIPTERA
la.
Aquatic or semi-aquatic
lb. Terrestrial
10
2a.
2b.
3a.
Bugs that
live within
3b.
Bugs that
live
4a.
4b.
5a.
water
on or near water
2 distinct
claws
tarsi
claws
distinct
with 2 claws.
Family
Fig. 356
The family
NOTONECTIDAE
composed of more
They are known
as back swimmers because they
swim on their back with oar-like
hind legs. They are common around
is
edges
of
fresh
CORIXIDAE
organic ooze.
Fig. 357. Aretoeorixa
Say, 5th mstar.
aiternoto
129
HOW
6a. Tarsi
flat.
FamUy BELOSTOMATIDAE
Fig. 358
short
and
The
raptorial; the
middle and
They
fiumineum
appendages
of
Fig. 359
359. Water
7a.
Body toad-shaped;
Family
Fig. 360
GELASTOCORIDAE
given
the
name
"toad
been described.
Cephalic view of a tood bug,
Geiastocoris oculatus (Fabr.)
Fig. 360.
130
HOW
7b.
fore legs
simUar
to
middle legs.
FomUy OCHTERIDAE
These are shore-inhabiting bugs. The family includes only a single
genus, Ochterus and only three species have been described in the
United States.
8a.
They are
Head as long as
predacious.
all
The members
Family
of
HYDROMETRIDAE
family
this
are
called
upon
tire
The body
Only
is
very
is
three
star.
8b.
9a.
Head
of
The
water-striders
skim
rapidly
over
remigis
few
131
live
on
salt
HOW TO KNOW
9b.
and the
They are
predacious and live on the water surface. About
20 species have been described in the United
the tarsi, at least of the fore leg is bifid
States.
Fig. 363. Mesovelia
mulsanti White.
10a.
Beak 3-segmented
11
10b.
Beak 4-segmented
13
11a.
flat,
Family CIMICIDAE
Fig. 364
Among
them,
humans: the bedbug, Cimex lectularius L. in temperate and subtropical regions; Cimex lotundatus Signoret in tropical Africa and Asia. The former
has a straight posterior margin of the pro2 species attack
lectularius
L.,
is
rounded.
Cimex
newly
hatched.
lib.
12
parasitic.
Family
Fig. 365
This family of
PHYMATIDAE
"ambush bugs"
of insects including
132
HOW
12b. Fore legs
somewhat thickened.
Fig. 366
Fconily
REDUVIIDAE
366.
a,
Wheel bug,
(From Glover);
b,
Arilus
cristatus
Fore leg.
cluding
man
roin-
are carriers of
trypanosomes.
14
14a.
16
Body broad and ovaL with more than 3 dorsal cd^dominal segments with scent glands.
Fanuly
Fig. 367
They
ore
shield bugs.
stink
bugs
or
^SCNT
called
About
PENTATOMIDAE
orchards
Fig.
o,
1st
14b.
instor;
b,
later
instar.
133
15
HOW
15a.
of
scribed.
crops:
structive to
the
chinch
and the
ius
are
spp.
Some
serious
pests.
on other injurious
Fig. 368.
15b.
insects.
to 5th
instars;
f,
of
About
scribed.
is
very injurious
to
pumpkins, melons,
16a.
369. a,
About 700 species of lace bugs have been described. They are plant feeders. The eggs are
laid in the plant tissues and the young are
spinous.
them.
134
of
leaves for
HOW TO KNOW
16b.
distinct.
Family MIRIDAE
Fig. 371
ers,
Ly gus
Pig.
(Say)
(Say).
oblineatus
and
Creonti-
ORDER HOMOPTERA
la.
Beak
head;
tarsi
372. Cephalic
aspect
(o)
and
lateral aspect (b)
legs.
and
of head
Fig.
lb.
Beak evidently
tarsi
onies.
arising
between
the
fore
legs;
6
Fig.
Beak (a)
between the
373.
arising
fore legs.
135
HOW TO KNOW
2a.
ed and adapted
nymph
Family CICADIDAE
hatching,
into
the ground
the
nymphs crawl
roots of plants
tendecim
17 years
nymph
Fig.
374.
Magicicada
o, nymph;
cicada,
Periodical
septendecim
b,
nymphal
(L.)
skin.
of
stage.
cycle
life
in
full
the
3a.
(L.)
live
its
life
on plants;
3
for digging
of the
Family
Fig. 375
A/VTIA//\JA
FULGORIDAE
This family
is
represent-
afro
375. a, Cranberry toad bug, Phylloscelis
Germar; b, Lateral aspect of head.
Fig
3b.
Antennae inserted
eyes.
in front of
secrete
species
quantities of wax.
large
Fig. 376
136
HOW TO KNOW
4a.
Family
MEMBRACIDAE
Eggs are
slits
in twigs of trees or
ferent
CI
laid in groups
from
arranged
absence
of the pronotal
developed on the
tergites.
377.
Fig.
Stie^
tocephala
sp.
a,
4th instar;
b, 5th instor.
Hind
tibiae with
spines at the
tip.
or 2 stout teeth,
short, stout
Family CERCOPIDAE
Fig. 378
froghoppers
on
Fig.
378.
marius
a,
(
("ist'intel^mVcro"
(L.)
^d
instars),
.he lined spi,tb'i,!%*lf..:.T..n':
last
eatus
5b.
Hind
(L)
tibiae with
a row
of spines.
Family CICADELLIDAE
Fig. 379
known
Fig.
stars.
137
HOW TO KNOW
6a. Tarsi with but
claw and
segment.
FamUy COCCIDAE
Fig. 380
The members
this
of
insects,
mealy-bugs
They
and
others.
live
on the stems,
leaves,
roots
and
shellac
is pre-
lac-
380.
b,
newly
Packard:
a,
nymph;
c,
hatched
Walkeriana
scale,
ca Kerr in India.
The wax is produced by Eiicerus pe-la
Chavannes in China; and the cochineal is composed of
dried bodies of Coc-
cus cacfi
7a.
Hind legs
and 2-segmented
L.
Family
CHERMIDAE
waxy
Fig.
ia.
381.
Psyda
Pear
secretion.
psyl-
pyricola
Foerst.
138
HOW TO KNOW
7b.
leaping
fitted for
waxy
with
antennae inconspicuous.
Family
Fig. 382
ALEYRODIDAE
of
The
greenhouse
vapoiaiioTum
cosmopolitan and a
honeydew.
whitefly,
Trialeurodes
(Westwood)
is
8b. Not as
general feeder.
8a
Family APHIDIDAE
About 2,000 species have been deThe aphids have a complicated life history which is characterized by an alternation of parthenogenetic generation with a sexual generation. Moreover, they have alternations of winged and wingless
forms.
The host plants are also
changed in different seasons.
scribed.
COf{^ICJLt-
Fig.
383.
Green
Myzus persicoe
instar;
b,
9b. Cornicles
peach
(Sulzer)
aphid,
:
a,
2nd
3rd instar.
always wanting.
Fig.
384
Family PHYLLOXERIDAE
This family
is
aphids.
known
Fig. 384. Phylloxera spp., rootinhabiting form.
139
species.
HOW TO KNOW
ORDER NEUOPTERA
la.
Mouth
lb.
type.
4
Fig. 386
2a.
Abdomen
Fig.
386.
suctorial
ports.
2b.
Abdomen
Fig.
Mandibulotype
mouth
FomUy RAPHIDIIDAE
387
and
12 species in Europe.
known
in Japan.
140
HOW TO KNOW
3a. Tip of
of
of
body with
7 pairs
Family SIALIDAE
Fig. 388
The larvae
streams adher-
Fig.
Smoky
Sialis
alderfly,
infumoto
New-
man.
3b. Tip of
abdomen
pairs of
legs.
Fig. 389
flies
stoneflies
and Mayflies.
PILAMENJ
bait
ing a
|iet
stones
in
stones are
mites
Fig.
389.
larva; b,
Corydolus cornutus
pupa.
L.
a.
141
They are
by holddown stream below
in
fishing.
swim
the net.
rapids.
moved
or are
When
the
the
helgra-
washed
into
HOW TO KNOW
4b. Terrestrial
5a.
slightly
Family
OSMYLIDAE
been found
in North
stones or about
moss
either in
or
near the
water.
5b.
gills;
Family SISYRIDAE
Fig. 391
Eggs are
laid in
in
or
by a
Fig.
391.
silken
web.
Sisyro
umbrata Ndm.
142
HOW TO KNOW
Abdomen more
6a.
Family MANTISPIDAE
The family
known
two
species.
different
forms:
the
first
in-
squar-
second and later inbecome robust and eruciform with a small head and weak
last
Fig. 392.
o, newly
fully fed;
Montispo styrioco
Podo:
hatched;
instar
c,
last
1st
b,
instar
wasps.
6b.
Not OS 6a.
7a. Pro-
into
Fig. 393
neck.
NEMOPTERIDAE
debris.
Fig.
393.
storeyi,
7b. Pro-
They belong
to the eastern
hemisphere.
Ptcrocroce
Withycombe.
143
HOW
8a.
TO
KNOW
Antennae with long hairs; labial palps long and clavate, extended
head; mandibles and maxillae hid underneath the labrum (if long, straight and needle-like).
Family CONIOPTERYGIDAE
Fig. 394
in front oi
like cphids.
known
species.
The structures
of
and
they
scale-insects
When
in
full-grown
which pupation
takes place.
]
394.
Fig.
Parosemi-
8b.
Not as 8a
9a.
Empodium trumpet-shaped.
Fig. 395
Family
CHRYSOPIDAE
MFOPlUM
In
some species
395. Golden-eye
lacewing, Chrysopo
oculota Say.
Fig.
9b.
Empodium
10a. Tarsi
and
10
not trumpet-shaped.
tibia of
144
HOW
Not as 10a.
10b.
Fig. 396
are
smooth without
Only the 1st instar larvae possess trumpet-shaped empodia which becomes pad-like and
greatly reduced in the later instars. They are predacious and feed on aphids, scale-insects, mealybugs, whiteflies, psyllids, etc. The eggs are devoid
tubercles.
of pedicels.
396.
Hemerobius pacificus
Fig.
Banks,
1st
11a. Sides
instar.
of
thorax and
abdomen with
projecting
Family
filaments;
head
ASCALAPHIDAE
have a
finger-like
segment.
They
live in
lodes
397. Uluhyalina
Latr.
Family
Fig. 398
MYRMELEONTIDAE
650
described
larvae are
They make
The
ant-lions.
sand to
and other wing-
pitfalls in
species.
known as
small animals.
some species do
not
However,
make
pits
145
HOW TO KNOW
ORDER TRICHOPTERA
(Larval key to
some important
families,
ore-
la. Either
\^^^'^'^)
separated
plates
or
mem-
u.x
^^^^
>
thorax.
lb.
2a.
Abdomen
with
gills.
Fig. 400
fanuly
HYDROPSYCHIDAE
The larvae are campodeiform, often living greand about trash, logs, stones, etc.
or in running water. They spin loose silken nets.
Their food habits are both carnivorous and herbivgariously under
Fig. 400.
Hydropsyche sp.
2b.
Abdomen
without
gills. Fig.
Fanuly HYDROPTILIDAE
401
The
larvae
construct
cases
401.
Hydroptila
woubesiona
Betten. (Redrawn from Ross)
Fig.
3a.
active
life
4
Fig.
of
146
402. Apex
abdomen.
HOW TO KNOW
3b.
sclerites oi 10th
MiAi^ le^
Fig.
403.
Apex of
obdomen.
Dorsum
4a.
of 9th
Fig. 404
The larvae
of the
subfamily Glossosomatinae
are
the
saddle-case
makers.
of present-day cad-
disflies.
tracheal
gills.
Fig.
Redrawn
from Ross)
Ross.
4b.
Dorsum
of 9th
Fig. 405
The larvae are campodeiform and Hve gregariousmoimtain streams where they construct
net-like cases in the form of either cyUndrical tubes
or broad sacks. Prior to pupating, the larva builds a
rough shelter of stone and encloses itself in a cocoon.
ly in swift
Fig.
405. Philo-
potamus sp.
( Redrawn from
Ross)
147
HOW
5a.
Claws
hind legs
of
much
Family
Fig. 406
Larvae
of
MOLANNIDAE
live
cylindrical
chamber flanked
5b.
6a.
Claws
of
Antennae
Family LEPTOCERIDAE
Fig. 407
.A^7-'/VA'A
make
variety of materials
cases using a
and
wide
variety
of
constructing
They
streams,
inhabit
ponds,
swim
Lateral
Trianodes
Antennae
6b.
aspect of
flavescense
short,
Mesonotum with
7a.
Fig.
sclerotized plates.
Family LIMNEPHILIDAE
408
cies
in
swift
148
HOW TO KNOW
7b.
sclerites. Fig.
409
8
Fig.
409.
aspect of
Dorsal
meso-
thorax.
8a.
Mesonotum with a
Family LEPTOCERIDAE
Fig. 410
is a large family of wide distribuThe cases are cylindrical or tapering and may be either straight or curved.
They frequent both running streams and
quiet water and are good swimmers.
This
tion.
M?;
,V^;
(Woker).
Leptocello
olbido
(Redrawn from
Ross)
8b.
Mesonotum without a
FamUy PHRYGANEIDAE
Fig. 411
Most
built in
spiral.
They
ly running water.
some
species
are
live in
still
and
or slowr
their
taken
in
abodes, but
rivers
and
sureams.
A, Agrypnia ves(Walker)
larval
a,
411.
Fig.
tita
case;
B,
larva.
Key
to the
ORDER LEPIPOPTERA
LARVAE of the more important
tomilies
la.
lb.
2a.
Body with
side.
Fig.
Fig. 412
149
tijica
OCCUr
among
liverworts.
HOW
2b.
by rudimentary
crochets.
12
Fig. 413
Fig. 413.
Crochets.
upwards
to vertex;
small species.
Family
414
COLEOPHORIDAE
414.
moiivorello
Coleophora
Riley,
ious plants.
Some
group a subfamily
systematists
of the
make
this
TINEIDAE.
415
5a.
150
HOW TO KNOW
5b.
6a. Setae iv
and v
distant
Fig. 417
setae
and strong
incisures..
.6
About 300 species have been described. The caterpilAdelinae are case^beorers and are known as
lars of the
used here
this includes
McDunnough's superfamily
As
IN-
CURVAROIDEA.
417. Setal
map Of on abdominal s e g ment.
Fig.
6b. Setae iv
Fig.
418
'^
7a.
y,
few GELECHIIDAE
HOW
7b.
Body
8b.
somewhat
if
upwards to vertex
ocellus on each side, or none
ocelli on each side
cylindrical or flattened;
front extends
8a.
Head with
Head with
spindle-shaped,
the
8
9
11
Family ERIOCRANIIDAE
Fig. 420
The
leaves.
toothed
Fig.
420.
mine in
pupae possess
mandibles. They are
caterpillars
The
MICRO-
pxERYGIDAE
10
quadrangular; ocellus lateral
widest at posterior end; body usually flattened; prolegs
when present, on 3rd to 5th abdominal segments.
Family GRACILARIIDAE
Fig. 421
9b. Front
10a. Front
of
fruits.
The full-grown
They mine,
or
Japan
to the
United States
is
a pest
in green house.
Clemens
oJelio
(round form larva).
10b. Front widest at anterior end; body cylindrical; prolegs on 2nd
FamUy NEPTICULIDAE
to 7th abdominal segments. Fig. 422
Plum
422.
leof-miner, Nepslingerf ic u I o
londella Kft.
Fig.
152
in
a cocoon
in the soil.
HOW TO KNOW
Abdomen
11a.
Fanuly TISCHERIIDAE
The
caterpillars
moke
423.
Fig.
erio
makes trumpet
mines on apple.
Tiseh-
malifoliella
Clemens.
lib.
Abdomen
segment
Family
GRACHARIIDAE
6-rti
12a.
Body with
tufted
41
Fig.
map
424. Setal
of 6th ab
dominal segment.
12b.
O///
Fig. 425
0'"
13
Fig.
425.
Setal
13a.
HOW TO KNOW
13b.
14a. Crochets
ranged
in
prologs
of
circle
(sometimes
lipse
plete),
or
bands.
Fig. 426
in
or
14
arel-
incom-
transverse
15
Fig. 426. Crochets:
o,
bands; b, in incomplete
complete circle.
14b. Crochets
in
transverse
circle;
c,
in
37
427
Fig. 427.
in single
Crochets
band.
FamUy PYRALIDIDAE
Fig. 428
This family
is
the sec-
The
caterpillars of
the subfamily
Schoenobiinae are borers in water
while Nymphula
nymphaeta (L.) and N.
stagnate! Donovan
are
plants,
Fig.
laris
sticticolis
Fig. 429
Fig.
map
429.
of
thorax.
154
Setal
pro-
HOW
430
Fig.
17
^^'
430.
in
chets
bands.
Fig.
circle
or
ellipse,
Cro-
two
arranged in
sometimes
broadly interrupted.
431
Fig.
22
Fig.
431.
plete
Crochets: a, in comincomplete
in
b,
circle;
circle.
a single series
bands formed of several
of crochets, or
series
of
with
alternate
crochets.
Family INCURVARIIDAE
Fig. 432
Fig.
432.
chets
in
Cro-
a single
series.
433
18
Fig. 433. Crochets
in two series.
18a.
Abdominal setae
iv
and v remote.
Fig. 434.
(BucculatTix)
435)
in
Fig.
434,
culatrix is ribbed
ments.
155
HOW
Abdominal setae
18b.
iv
and v adjacent.
Fig. 435
19
Fig.
435.
map
Setoi
of an abdominal segment.
arranged in 2 groups.
FamUy GELECHIIDAE
Fig. 436
The larvae pictured here is scattered very widely and does heavy
damage
Fig.
moschcmo opcrcuUllo
(Zeller).
one
to
single series
third
way
to vertex.
(Cossula) Family
Fig. 437
COSSIDAE
deciduous
trees
and large
Cossus liquiperdo.
in
trees
two
thirds
way
to vertex
The
and limbs
herbaceous
of shrubs
plants.
and
Aegeria
trees
and
apiiormis
is
fests poplars
Fig.
abdominal seg-
Family AEGERIIDAE
438
trunks
Mclittia
21
Hub-
ner.
156
HOW TO KNOW
21b. Spiracles circular, very small; the last pair about in line with
22a.
COLEOPHORIDAE
Family
others
in
a
23
Fig.
439.
Setal
^'
-\
22b.
Abdominal setae
common
tubercle.
iv
and v adjacent,
often
on a
Fig. 440
27
Fig.
map
440. Setal
of an ab-
dominal segment.
a single com24
441. Croin a single
complete ellipse.
Fig.
chets
23b. Prolegs with crochets arranged in a broken ellipse, or with additional rudimentary series at
the base of normal ones. Fig. 442
26
Fig.
442. Crochets in broken ellipse.
157
HOW TO KNOW
its
spiracle
Family LYONETIIDAE
Fig. 443
map
from
its
each
spiracle as from
other.
25
444
Fig.
i
PF,0TH0KAK
Fig.
map
444. Setol
of prothor-
ax.
25a.
Abdominal setae
Fig.
Family TINEIDAE
445
,11
(T
SPIKACIS
case; b, larva;
c,
map
setal
of on
abdominal segment.
25b.
Abdominal setae
Fig.
ii.
mal
and other
ani-
matter.
ii.
Family HELIODINIDAE
446
^*^.
The
JP/KACLE
dacious.
mine
They feed on
in fruits.
Some
fruits
446.
Setal
They are
HOW TO KNOW
26a. Meso-
and metathorax with seta ia in front of ib and well sepabove level of spiracle.
Family HEPIALIDAE
Fig. 447
The
plant
borers
in-
and
trees.
often
Some
somewhat wrinkled.
and
Rather numerous
AODO/^INAK JFV7
447. a, Hepialus
to
swifts.
dominal
26b. Meso-
segment.
abdominal seta
Fig. 448
'lib
ia
and
ib
closely associated;
Family
YPONOMENTIDAE
spiracle.
HOW
27a. Last pair of
gether on middle
'^v
fruit-borers.
One
species bores
HOW TO KNOW
30a. Setae
ii
of 9th
same
31
Fig. 452
JefMe^r
Fig.
map
452. Setal
of 9th ab-
dominal segment.
30b. Setae
ii
of 9th
abdominal segment as
on other segments.
for apart as
32
Fig. 453
Fig.
453.
Setal
zontally placed.
The
seeds.
iv
and v
hori-
FamUy PHALONllDAE
They and
454. <i,
Setol
of an abdominb, uniordinal crochet?
Fig.
map
al
abdominal setae
Fig. 454
segment;
161
their adult
HOW TO KNOW
in
a diagonal or
abdominal setae
iv
and
vertical line.
Family TORTRICIDAE
Fig. 455
The
are destructive to
many
kinds of trees and other plants.
The larvae vrhen disturbed wriggle
violently and may escape backwards from the nests of rolled
leaves. The spruce budworm, Archips fumiferana (Clemens) ana
the fruit tree leaf roller, Azchips
argyiospila (Walker) are impor-
^They
32a.
Abdominal setae
and
Fig. 456
ii
tant pests.
close together.
fSchreclrensteinia;
Family HELIODINIDAE
t&ii
The members
feeders.
of this
genus
of
a
Fig.
456.
map
of
on scale
insects.
Seta!
an abdominal segment.
0-SfVMX:
32b.
Abdominal setae
Fig.
and
ii
widely separated.
33
457
V/}
Fig.
457.
Setal
162
HOW TO KNOW
Fig.
dinal
The
way
FamUy COSSIDAE
458
L.;
b,
trior-
crochets.
woody
plants.
way
more or
to the vertex,
less
two
and end-
Fig. 459
34
Fig.
459.
ordinal;
Crochets:
b,
a,
uni
biordinal.
35
Fig.
460.
Bior-
dinal crochets.
36
Fig.
461.
Uni-
ordinal crochets.
163
HOW TO KNOW
The
webs
is
Fig. 462.
OECOPHORIDAE
usually
or rolled leaves.
live
One
in
species
destructive to parsnips.
Depressorio herocliono Oe
Geer.
Family GELECHIIDAE
-..,-_...,,
Fig. 463. Pink bollworm,
gossypiella
36a. ^etae
and
(Saunders).
iii
its
country
cotton.
It
appearance
first
m
.
made
in
our
,^ri
1917.
just
above
Fig. 464
B *.
u
Pectinophoro
Fanuly GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE
HOW TO KNOW
Fig. 466
YPONOMEUTIDAE
'PROTHol\A\
Fig.
map
466. Setal
of prothor-
ox.
.38
,39
FamUy NOCTUIDAE
Fig. 467
map
of mesothorax;
Fig. 467. o, Setal
b, Tomato fruitworm, or corn earworm,
pest.
head usually
Family THYATIRIDAE
The larvae
spanworms
of
this
traveling like
the
geome-
Fig.
39b. Setae
to the adults.
The naked caterpillars
sometimes live gregariously in webs.
They pupate in a cocoon.
ercles
40a. Tubercle
iii
of
abdomen with
Fig. 469
2 setae.
The
165
caterpillars feed
upon
lichens.
HOW
40b. Tubercle
iii
of
seta.
(Utethesia) Family
Fig. 470
Fia
(U.S.D.A.)
ARCTIIDAE
The caterpillars of this family are covered with dense tufted hairs often reddishbrown and black. When disturbed they
often curl into a compact mass and are
called woolly bears or hedge hog caterpillars. The cocoon are made of silk and
the no-longer-needed body hairs.
They
feed upon a wide variety of plants. The
fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury)
lives gregariously in webs.
abdominal prolegs; sometimes anal prolegs
Family GEOMETRIDAE
Fig.
41b. 4 pairs of
42
472
Fig.
472.
Uni-
ordinol crochets.
42b. Crochets
triordinal.
on prolegs biordinal or
Fig. 473
52
Fig.
triordinal
43a.
crochets.
and
hairs.
44
distinct; r^econd-
49
HOW TO KNOW
44a.
large.
About 60 described species are rein North America. The caterpillars chiefly live on grasses and cereals.
The rice butterfly, Melanitis leda (L.), is
a pest of rice, barley, bamboo and sugar
cane in Asia.
corded
Fig.
44b.
Anal plate simple; head smoother; 3rd ocellus rarely much enlarged
45
Fig.
475.
46a.
or less stem-like,
PTEROPHORIDAE
more
Family
periscelidactylus
46
setae.
Fig. 476
'/'':4^.
,47
"^/^A^rjerM
476. A body
segment showing
Fig.
46b.
or
absent
above
prolegs;
with
48
HOW TO KNOW
47a. Notch of lobrum deep, with parallel sides; anal prolegs as large
as others; with warts, more or less overshadowed by the second-
few
NOCTUIDAE
Fig. 477.
a, Corn earworm Heliioarmigera (Hbn.); b, cutworm,
Euxoa ouxiliaris Grote. (U.S.D.A.)
this
47b. Notch of
FamUy NOTODONTIDAE
Fig. 478
by
Fig
terpillar,
Dotono
ministrc
trees.
(Drury).
and
8th.
same
level
on abdominal segments
6th,
FamUy LYMANTRIIDAE
(Doa)
Fig. 479
many
destruc-
Fig.
Hemerocampa
vetusto
Bdv.
oc-
areas of trees.
The
caterpillar
here
pictured
The
is
fail to attract
backward
projecting
on the leaves
Fig.
480.
Ceruro vinula
(L.)
168
of the
willow family.
HOW TO KNOW
49a.
Fig. 481
The
caterpillars
of
this
compara-
Tus'dA)^^'^^'''
49b.
No
antique
L.
trees.
Family
normal
50
PTEROPHORIDAE
51
in size
HOW
and spines
54
plate,
55
a dorsal horn, or
plate,
58
55a.
55b.
Body with
56a.
at
most 2 pairs
of
tubercles. ... 56
57
Fig.
tiopa.
Head rounded;
crochets biordinal.
....Family
Fig 485
The
Fig.
L.;
b,
a proleg with
crochets.
57a.
Segments with
SATURNIIDAE
caterpillars chiefly
Family SPHINGIDAE
Fig. 486
the 8th
Fig.
486
Tobacco
porce sexto
hornworm,
(Johanssen).
Pro to-
170
HOW TO KNOW
57b.
Segments with
Fig. 487
The
Chinese
487.
byx mori
Bom-
silkworm,
L.
58a.
Head
elevated, triangular
58b.
Head
not so
silkworm,
Bombyx
L. is
SPHINGIDAE
(Lapara) Family
59
rupted.
Chinese
Fig.
BOMBYCIDAE
Family
on
ellipse, at
Fig. 488
Fig.
in
one band,
occasionally
interrupted.
or
,60
LYCAENIDAE
Family
Fig. 489
The
phytophagous and
Some
of-
are predaci-
nymphs.
short
and broad,
slug-like
The body is
and the head is smaller
489. Lycoe-
nid
larva.
band
a fleshy lobe
61
171
HOW TO KNOW
Dorsum
61a.
When
of
the gland
retracted
is
a transverse groove
revealed:
is
FamUy PAPILIONIDAE
490
is
usually en-
490.
Fig.
cresphontes Cramer.
Papilio
sent
and
is
terpillar
is
ejected
when
disturbed.
the ca-
The adults
62a.
,62
63
filaments
62b.
Body with
63a.
Anal plate
63b.
entire,
65
34
rounded
at tip, bearing 2 distinct processes.
Family SATYRIDAE
64a.
Head apparently
64b.
Family
NYMPHALIDAE
Family PIERIDAE
ous crops. The cabbage butterPieiis rapae (L.) is a cosmopolitan species and the rape
butterfly, Pier is napi (L.) is also
common to both Europe and
North America.
fly,
FlQ.
rpM
(L.
172
HOW TO KNOW
65a.
filaments.
The
caterpillars chiefly
feed on milkweeds.
monarch
Fig.
butterly,
The
Dan-
L.
yellow.
The chrysalis
is
65b.
Key
to the
PUPAE
of
Family
NYMPHALIDAE
LEPIDOPTERA
la.
Families
Fig. 493
in front of head.
^MAfiPiBl^
493. Mnemonico
Hricyna WIshm.
Fig.
lb.
2a. 4th
2b. 4th
to 3rd;
appendages fused
to
each
19
other.
173
HOW TO KNOW
scxiLpTuf^Ep
y^^px
n(oTMoKA<lc
3a. Maxillary
palpi
present,
separated
^'*
-A^BsoThOitACi
- -A/^re/v/vA
Fig. 494
MFTATHofiMJK.
Fig.
4a.
Dorsum
in
4b.
of
11
arranged
rows
of spines,
a band along
posterior
margin
of
margin of eyes.
.....A few GRACILARIIDAE
adult
is
When
in
Many
Fig.
495. a, Lithocolietis hamadryadella Clemens; b, Lithoargentinotelcolletis
lo Clemens 9
174
of
HOW TO KNOW
cocoon
at
the
Fig.
doxus
496. Proquinque-
punctellus
Cham.
497
When
larva
the
is
full-grown
it
soil.
Fig. 497.
Nepticula piqtonello
.:
a, dorsal aspect;
b, ventral aspect.
Clemens
7a.
7b.
8a.
by a
row
of spines
of spines
a comparatively small
pictured Hves on Hiac and ash.
Fig.
is
498. Podo-
is
made
the larva.
This
scsio syrlngoe
(Harr.)
.
10
tuft of
by
^^
175
family.
The species
HOW TO KNOW
8b.
rise
9a. Last
9b. Last
Fig.
with spines
of
angular nodules.
Family PHALONIIDAE
499
Some
spin cocoons
in debris.
Notum
iOa.
of
Fig. 500
The information
of the
pupae
of this family is
very
limited.
Fig.
500.
thopilo
Clerk.
Art-
pariono
Notum
10b.
of
into
a long
lobe.
Family TINEIDAE
Fig. 501
Fig.
501. Tineo
pellionello (L.)3t
176
HOW TO KNOW
abdominal segment
12a. 4th
15
abdominal segment
12b. 4th
rigidly
14
Fig. 502
FamUy TISCHERIIDAE
Pupation takes
Fig.
502. Tiseh-
eria malifoliella
Clemens.
Family LYONETIIDAE
Fig. 503
^\^
fiq
503.
silk
threads to a bent
leaf.
Family GRACILARIIDAE
14b.
Not so
15a.
Cremaster with a
15b.
I6a. 1st
distinct stem.
abdominal spiracles
rows
its
(Peronea)
hooks attached
to
TORTRICIDAE
body
16
arranged
17
in transverse
177
HOW TO KNOW
16b. 1st
abdominal spiracles
Fig.
504
Fteiily
which
Fig. 504.
chloris.
17a.
is
LIMACODIDAE
Euclea
metathorax;
.
maxillae
Family HEPIALIDAE
/fKONT
LABIAL pAtrus
PKOTHOl^ACK
vm/kbMr
The pupa
larval
is
rudimentary,
fitting
the
mandibles
are
slender,
burrow.
Its
but
sharply
defined.
pupa leaves
CU
Fig.
a, ventral aspect;
17b.
maxillae
18
longitudinal
18a. 3rd
is
of its
506. Thyrl-
worth.
178
is
attach-
the
The
HOW TO KNOW
18b. 3rd
made by
This,
in the
the larva.
infests
many
was introduced
species of trees.
/ig.
19a.
Labium with
Fig.
{f\S^~t^~^^'^^^'^A
20
508
i \\Wn '^^^''5'W
508. Anterior
part of pupa.
Fig.
19b.
Labrum simple
28
21
22
male
iAUeYa)
YPONOMEUTIDAE
The
nubilalis
(Hubner)
179
of the water.
co-
HOW TO KNOW
22a.
With a deep dorsal groove between 9th and 10th abdominal segSubfamily Epipaschiinae, PYRALIDIDAE
ments
23
22b. Not so
23a. Prothoracic
Fig. 510
They are
their
tail
plant.
often spiny.
wings.
Fig.
tylus Fitch.
24
tip of
Family HESPERIIDAE
Fig. 511
in
girth
of
Fig.
podes
511.
Col-
ethlius
Cr.
tip
25
HOW
25 a.
cocoon;
mesothoracic
Family
legs
NYMPHALIDAE
Clemens.
-^
25b.
26
26a.
tip of
Family
Fig. 513
The body
girded.
It
butterflies
is
of
pupa
short,
is
LYCAENIDAE
rounded and
closely
Our
smallest
belong
wings.
to this family.
26b.
27a. Anterior
end
of
pupa with
tip of
wings.
27
2 points.
Fig. 514
FamUy PAPILIONIDAE
terior end.
Most
1
Fig.
of the
members
in this stage.
\^
514. Popilto
Cra-
181
of the family
HOW TO KNOW
27b. Anterior
end
pupa with
of
point.
Family PIERIDAE
Fig. 515
The shape
spine and
is
of
pupa
is
Many
girded loosely.
species go through
very
short.
28a. Tip of fore wings far beyond the posterior edge of the 4th ab29
dominal segment; prothoracic femur exposed
28b. Tip of fore wings not beyond the posterior edge of the 4th ab31
dominal segment; prothoracic femur concealed
29a. Maxillary
and
29b. Maxillary
ments
and
labial
30
dominal segments
Caudal end
30a.
abdomen with
of
Family
COLEOPHORIDAE
30b.
Caudal end
of
abdomen without
lateral
projections;
Family
Fig.
thris
sis
517.
Sey-
eboraeen-
ZeMer.
182
in
its
maxillary
YPONOMEUTIDAE
larval web.
is spindle-
HOW TO KNOW
3 1 a. Fore
wings not extending beyond 4th abdominal segment; if beyond, then the maxillary palpi never present; first 4 abdominal
segments rarely longer than the remainder; epicranial suture
31b. Fore
rarely visible
35
32a.
fore wings,
palpi distinct
32b.
YPONOMEUTIDAE
33a.
33b.
apex
at
34
35
mouth
parts.
Fig.
Fig. 518
(Etbmia)
ETHMIIDAE
De Geer.
mouth
parts.
.A few GELECHIIDAE
GELECHIIDAE
The family
species
ga cerealelia 01 iv.
(U.S.D.A.)
183
grains.
HOW TO KNOW
Famay OECOPHORIDAE
520
in
cello
Clemens.
37
37a.
a small area
Family
Fig. 521
41
arranged around
LASIOCAMPIDAE
Fig.
in
521. Molp-
cosoma
disstria.
Hubner.
37b.
only,
warts
with
setae
around
larval
38
38b. Prothorac.
or
exposed
39
femur concealed
40
39a. Tip of
184
HOW TO KNOW
39b. Tip of
or
make
for
ways: some
in various
pupation,
NOCTUIDAE
Family
some
debris on the
The scars
is
hkely
to turn
up some
of larval
Family
40b.
The scars
group.
of
of the
Any
their
pupae.
40a.
trip
fall in this
arranged in
circles.
NOCTUIDAE
circles.
Family LYMANTRIIDAE
Fig. 523
is
cocoon
which
523.
Hem-
rocompo leucos-
Ngma S. & A.
185
HOW TO KNOW
41a.
of
abdomen with a
crest;
Fig.
524.
moth,
tough cocoon.
Wax
Golleria
melonello (L)(5^
42
42b.
43a.
43b.
44a.
44b.
Antennae reaching
so,
if
cremaster present
in circles
46
wings
45
half of fore
few LYMANTRIIDAE
and
43
44
in circles
45b. Cremaster
NYMPHALIDAE
present, then
plates.
Family ARCTIIDAE
Fig. 525
The
*^^^
cocoon
body
is
usually formed
hairs.
The pupa shown here comes from the very combrick-red and black "banded woolly bear" cater-
mon
pillar
Fig.
525.
isobllo
S.
so
much
Isia
&. A.
186
HOW TO KNOW
Family
46a.
46b.
47a.
Fig.
526.
byx mori
of
48
white
or
BOMBYCIDAE
yellow
thick
raw
mil-
silk annually.
BomL.
Body with
47b.
pounds
47
fine, soft
Fig. 527
The pupa
en
cell.
is
often
earth-
frequently contains
some
of the debris in
which
it
is
placed.
CJ^e^Asrei^
48a.
Antennae not pectinate; spiraculor furrows often present; frontoclypeol suture distinct at ends
49
48b.
rarely
present;
fronto-
Family SATURNIIDAE
-V PKote^ SCAK
man.
Fig.
187
silk
by
HOW TO KNOW
49a.
Antennae usually
ii
greater,
Fig.
529. Tobacco
sexto
Protoparce
homworm,
(Johans-
sen).
49b.
silk.
soil
with or without a
silken cocoon.
Fig.
530.
many
of
some
2,000 spe-
Bre-
phos infans
Moesch.
50b. Maxillae
posterior
188
HOW TO KNOW
ORDER DIPTERA
Key
to the
LARVAE
of the
la.
ii
and abdomen
Suborder
series
ORTHORRHAPHA,
NEMATOCERA
F.g. 531.
Head
of
Cuiex sp.
lb.
Mandibles moving
head incomplete,
vertically;
.-S
Fig. 532
2a.
distinct; mandibles
antennae well developed on
normally
sickle-like;
Suborder
ORTHORRHAPHA,
series BRACHYCERA
when
absent,
a few
a membranous
Suborder
Fig. 534
533. Doraspect of
head.
Fig.
sal
16
larvae:
or
surface.
developed
CYCLORRHAPHA^
rv
Fig.
534. a, Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Calif. Exp. Sta.); b, Hessian fly, Phytophaga destructor (Soy)
(U.S.D.A.); c, Eristalis bastard! Macq.; d, Toxomerus politus Soy; e, Leucopis
Sriseora Fall (U.S.D.A.); f, Common cattle grub, Hypoderma
lineotum De Vill) in host sk\n (U.S.D.A.); g; Mediterranean
fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) with an anterior respiratory organ (Calif. Exp. Sta.).
^Key to families
is
not available.
189
HOW
3a.
consisting of 13
CECIDOMYIDAE
Fig.
555.
Retinodiplosis
inops O.
S.
place.
3b.
4a.
Not so
Head and
thorax and
1st
fused;
ventral
Family
Fig. 536
BLEPHAROCERATIDAE
The adults are called net-winged midges. The larlive in swift-flowing streams and feed on algae
and diatoms. They may be found clinging to the
vae
rocks.
Fig.
536. Bibio-
cephala
4b.
sp.
Head
free, or
if
5a.
HOW TO KNOW
5b.
Head incomplete
slits (2
on dorsum and
sclerotized
and
on
deep wedge-shaped
very poorly
Family TIPULIDAE
cies
ly
They
Fig.
fungi,
moss,
many
plant:*.
and
roots
few are
of
leaf
miners.
Sa. Thoracic
dilated, forming
a complex mass.
Family
Fig. 538
CUUCIDAE
water
and even
in
of fresh
brackish
and
sible
for
cany
6b. Thoracic
7a.
segments
distinct.
spir-
acles
7b.
of
11
HOW TO KNOW
8a.
articulated process
of buffalo gnats or
black
are described.
disease carriers.
Simulium
Hagen; b, S.
venusfum Say; c, S.
sp.
(Utah Agr. Exp.
pictipes
Sta.)
Larvae with
8b.
distinct
mouth without
restrial
fan-like
species
9a.
conspicuous bristles or
10
hairs
9b.
10a.
Anal spiracles
ses.
at the apices of
a pair
of
Family SCATOPSIDAE
Fig. 541
541.
Rhegmoclema atrata
as dung midges,
black scavengers.
Say.
192
HOW TO KNOW
10b.
wart-like elevations.
Fig.
543.
Fig. 543
Dixo
sp.
ends
of the
portion
lib. Dorsal surface of 1st
is
vated processes
some
ele-
12
segments with narrow^ sclerotized straplike transverse bands; or the apical segment In the form of a
short sclerotized tube; rarely the ventral abdominal segments bear
12a. All or
of the dorsal
.Family
Fig. 544
PSYCHODIDAE
human
Fig.
544.
diseases.
Flebatomus
argentipes Annandale
netti,
F.
&
Brun-
major Annandale,
F.
Dorsum without narrow, sclerotized, strap-like bands; apical segment not in the form of a short sclerotized tube; ventral abdominal
13a.
13
of
iorly,
MYCETOPHILIDAE
HOW TO KNOW
13b.
of
14a.
14b.
widely posteriorly
14
15
of
transverse con-
Family TIPULIDAE
15a. (a) Aquatic larvae very slender, tapering towards both ends;
without thoracic or anal pseudopods or surface hairs (except about
8 at apex of abdomen), (b) Terrestrial larvae sioUt, with well-defined segments which are armed with strong bristles, some of
which are lanceolate; pseudopods present.
Fig. 545
Family CERATOPOGONIDAE
strictions
The members
\^
'
\\/\\/C\\^\i}\)/
oV^Si^/l^SiJC^
^^'u^l (IaI
mJ^"^^^?^^^
AI
\I
4)F1^
**
\^-^
Fig.
545.
of filaria worms.
Larvae rarely very slender, generally of an almost xmiform thickness, rarely with the thoracic segments appreciable swollen but
not fused; abdominal and thoracic segments frequently with
rather noticeable soft hairs, the last segment almost invariably
with a conspicuous tuft of hairs on dorsum near apex; pseudopods almost always present, sometimes (very rare) only the
thoracic one distingmshable in terrestrial forms.
Fig. 546
Family CHIRONOMIDAE
546.
Comptoeiadius byssiniu.
colored larvae.
The terrestrial
species live in dung, fungi, mosses and decaying vegetation.
194
HOW TO KNOW
subterminal
cleft
pupae enclosed
in larval skin.
Fig. 547
Family
About
STRATIOMYIDAE
Some
described.
have been
animals.
caudal end.
rotting
Some
live in
mud,
in fruit, in
dung or
wood.
Fig.
17b.
Head
retractile;
body
longitudinally striated;
abdomen
fissure vertical;
pupae
free.
Family
Fig. 548
Around
TABANIDAE
have been
The larvae are spindle-shaped, living in
water or damp places. The flies ore blood-sucking
insects and biting on warm-blooded animals including man. Some of them are disease carriers.
2,500 spedies of the horse flies
described.
F-ig.
548.
Tabo-
195
HOW TO KNOW
19
segment
23
of rotten trees.
insects.
The members
r^'ss
Fig.
better
known
soldier flies
and
to the horseflies.
549. Xylolugens
phagus
Loew.
20a. Apical
in 2 long processes
which are
and
FamUy RHAGIONIDAE
Fig. 550
Some
wood
mals.
Fig.
make
ant-trapping pits in
dust or sand similar to those
of the ant-lions. The adults
are known as snipe flies.
196
HOW TO KNOW
20b. Apical
on a horizontal plane
Family
RHAGIONIDAE
21b. Apical
of
22a. Apical
first
of the
humpbacked
flies
long
anal
are
form
bristles.
22b. Apical
vegetable matter.
Fig. 552
family
DOLICHOPIDAE
Fig.
552.
Dolichopus sp.
small animals.
Dolichopidae: About 2,000 species of the long-legged flies have
been described. The larvae are
mostly aquatic and feed on other
insects. Some are found in plant
stems or under tree bark.
197
HOW
T^n^r^rnTTTTsr-^^
=i^^^4^^'?4^<^^-'-^^^
553.
Fig.
Psilocepholo
hoemorrhoidolis
Macquart.
Soft-bodied insectS OI
organic
matter.
adults are known as
decaying
The
stilleto flies.
About 50 species
have
been
described.
The
and
One
species
is
to
be predacious.
carpet beetles.
Fig. 554. Ventral
aspect of head of
Scenopinus fenes-
tralis
L.
25a. Penultimate
Fig.
555.
Mydos clovotus
Drury.
198
HOW TO KNOW
abdominal segment shorter than ultimate, or if longthen without a deep transverse depression; apical segment
not as above, the hairs not closely approximated
26
25b. Penultimate
er,
26a. Thoracic segments each with 2 long hairs, one on each side on
ventro-lateral margin; apical segment with 6 or 8 long hairs;
head well developed, forwardly protruded, and more or less coneshaped when viewed from above, appearing flattened when viewed from side; penultimate segment usually shorter than ultimate
or not much longer; body straight in life.
Fig. 556
Family ASILIDAE
Around 4,000 species of the
robber flies have been described.
The larvae inhabit soil
with decaying
Fig.
556.
organic
matter
26b. Thoracic
downward, not cone-shaped, with a dorsal protuberance when viewed from side; penultimate segment distinctly
longer than ultimate; body usually curved in a half circle in life.
Fig. 557
FamUy BOMBYLIIDAE
protruded, directed
About
flies
Fig.
from
ichneumonid
Key
to the
PUPAE
of the
of
cocoons.
they
that
DIPTERA
Pupa not enclosed within the larval skin, if so, the head is distinct
as in the larva, or the puparium is slightly flattened dorso-ventrally, its texture
and the
anterior respiratory
rec-
HOW TO KNOW
lb.
sclerotized portion
ium
Suborder
Fig. 558
Fig.
558.
CYCLORRHAPHA*
d,
(U.S.D.A
2a.
2b.
dominal spiracles
3a.
BRACHYCERA
21
Head with
line;
and
pupae
dif-
Fig.
*Key
COOnS.
to families
is
not available.
200
HOW TO KNOW
3b.
Head without
strong thorns, or
if
at
base
of
protuberance, thus not sharp; pupae not living in galls, but usually free
in larval skin,
if
organs
abdomen
sessil;
organs stalked, or
if
the
sessile
abdomen
against base of
of thorax, or the
coxae do not
is
almost
5a.
Legs
short, apices of
of wings;
antennae
hind
short,
beyond apices
Family BIBIONIDAE
Fig. 560
cell
in
the
ground.
This family, numbering
some 500
species, contains
mon
one.
All of the
members
of the family
seem
to
be vegetable feeders.
5b.
a considerable
dis-
beyond base
of
wings
201
HOW TO KNOW
6a.
its
anterior profile
Family MYCETOPHILIDAE
silk
from the
sur-
561. Leia
oblectobiNt
Loew.
Fig.
6b.
downward
7a.
Some pupae
float
at
are
active
and
Fig.
7b.
^^^
,
562. Tanypus
illinoensis
of
,.
Mall.
a simple
^
tube.
8a. Thoracic
straight,
202
abdomen usually
9
HOW TO KNOW
9a.
coon which
is
made by
the larva.
The
res-
Simuvenustum
pupa and
563.
lium
Say,
cocoon.
Pupa free, or if enclosed or partly so the cocoon is not pocketand respiratory organs do not consist of tube-like filaments.. 10
10a. Pupa when seen from above oval in outline; the abdominal base
9b.
like
not conspicuously narrower than thorax, so that the lateral outline is continuous; dorsal surface with strong integument
11
10b. Pupa with abdomen well differenciated from thorax; the dorsum
membranous, or if strong and almost sclerotized, then surface
with well developed spines
12
11a. Thoracic respiratory organs lamelliform, consisting of 4 flat
plates, the broad sides of which are contiguous.
Fig.
Family
564
BLEPHAROCERATIDAE
of
organs simple,
tube-like.
Family
Fig. 565
numbers
PSYCHODIDAE
Fig.
the larvae.
uviae at
caudal end.
its
565.
choda
Psysuperbo
Banks.
203
ex-
HOW TO KNOW
12a. Apical
12b. Apical
filaments
Family
15b. Thoracic respiratory
margin
of
CHIRONOMIDAE
middle of thoracic
16
dorsum
16a. Apical
to
15
like plates.
Family CULICIDAE
Fig. 566
Fig. 566.
Culex
sp.
204
HOW TO KNOW
16b. Apical
in
long
subcorneal
cesses
pro17
armed with
and on middle
Family CULICIDAE
margin
unarmed.
Family DIXIDAE
Fig. 567
and
in
appear
ance.
Fig.
18a.
19
18b.
20
19a. Apical
Fig. 568
The information
of
pupae
of
this
family
is
very
limited.
Fig.
568.
pomyio
Pal-
sp.
19b. Apical
segment
of
abdomen ending
in 2
FamUy PSYCHODIDAE
thorns
205
HOW TO KNOW
20a. Thoracic respiratory organs long, bifid; apical abdominal segment rounded, without processes; abdominal spiracles pedunculate.
Fig. 569
Family SCATOPSIDAE
The biology
of the
pupae
of
this
family
is
not
known.
569. Rheg-
Fig.
moclema atrato
Say.
FamUy TIPULIDAE
Fig. 570
21a.
larval skin.
Family STRATIOMYIIDAE
Fig. 571
soil or
under debris
live.
gaster
nine.
571. Neopoehymaculicornis
22
206
HOW TO KNOW
22a. Prothorax with
spiracle.
of
Fig. 572
TABANIDAE
572.
23
acles
23b.
strong thorns, or if absent, the abdominal arstronger on basal of 2nd segment than it is on apical,
or there are less than 7 pairs of abdominal spiracles; apices of
26
hind tarsi usually distinctly beyond apices of wings
mature
is
RHAGIONIDAE
Family
Fig. 573
The
information
the biology of
this
Fig.
family
is
the
concerning
pupae of
quite limited.
25
Fig. 574
Fig.
574.
207
very limited.
HOW TO KNOW
26a.
Head
of spiracles
Fig.
some
died.
Loew.
26b.
strong thorns, at least with elevated ridgeantennal sheath and several small carinated elevations; ab27
domen with 7 pairs of spiracles and spinose armature
like
27a.
Head
27b.
28a.
with 2 thorns.
free
in the soil.
The adults of this small family are known as stilThe larvae are apparently predacious.
leto flies.
Fig.
576. Psilo-
cephala
haemMac-
orrhoidalis
quart.
Family
ment; wings without thorns at base
Little is known about the biology of the pupae.
208
SCENOPINIDAE
HOW TO KNOW
29a.
The
r
jPI
is
Fig.
577.
available
information
very limited.
29b.
30a.
30b.
31a.
ly appearing as
if
attached
to,
Family BOMBYLIIDAE
Fig. 578
When
the
parasite
fully
is
578.
Spogostylum
olbofasciotum
Macquart.
31b.
Lower median portion of face without thorns; abdomen with transverse armature consisting of alternating long and short thorns.
Family ASILIDAE
Fig. 579
Pupation takes place in
soil.
579.
209
gence
of the adult.
emer-
HOW TO KNOW
Family EMPIDAE
580
Pupation takes
Fig.
580.
place
cocoon which
is
ed with wood
particles.
in
densely coat-
Family DOLICHOPIDAE
ORDER HYMENOPTERA
(From H. Yuasa, 1923)
la.
if
is
caterpillar-like;
antennae
al-
Suborder
210
CHALASTOGASTRA
HOW TO KNOW
lb.
Body maggot-like,
soft,
legless;
sclerotized;
antennae
living
adult,
Fig. 582
Fig
Suborder
CLISTOGASTRA*
Some parasitic larvae with hypermetamorphosis; g, AphHold Aphelinidae; h, Chelonus sp. (Braconidae) ;
Euplectrus plathypenae How. (Eulophidae) ; j, Vespa macutoto Kirby (Vespidae); k .Monomorium minimum Buckley
(Formicidae)
582. a-f,-
elinus moli
i,
normal
conical,
head
3
conical,
distinctly seg-
if
distinctly
depressed
if
17
583
Around
583.
^'Key to families
Pamphilium
is
100 species
The larvae
have been
de-
leaves or
spin webs usually live gregariously
together. A few ore serious orchard
scribed.
Fig.
sp.
not available.
211
roll
HOW TO KNOW
4a. 10 pairs of prologs present
or 7-segmented.
6-
Fig. 584
/^IfRTra?i?R'^/5T}7?r^
isil?fl^?^!i?%/. s)?if::jDl!(H///^
'
Mogaxyelo
Fig.
584,
Cresson.
^"-^^
ry^
mojor
daws always
5b. Thoracic
normal
in form,
5-segmented;
legs
fleshy,
indistinctly
4-
tarsal
6
^^ff^'''y'''|p%^ J//'/
modified,
if
|i
i
|
i||i
in
^^kJM'di-^^ -^^^^
^v^^i^^^^^^^^-^^^^'s^^s^^^^'*^^^
TENTHREDINIDAE
^.
Fig.
on abdominal segments
^^^
^
cerosi
585. Caliroo
2-8
,.
and
10;
antennae
ments
2-7
on abdominal segments
only or
2-6
and
2-7
and
rarely on seg-
10,
10
L.
11
normal
in
form
FamUy TENTREDINIDAE
Fig. 586
xriTmmjTi
(r^;,JlJ^i^^
C^
^^^.^-^
.Wi
b
li'i JL(k|[)>ll332fN
fi^^naisi'^^^*^*^^'^^^^^
^
Fig. 586. a, Emphytus sp. (Emphytinae);
Phlebotrophie
b,
mofhesoni MQcGiiilvray.
8a. 3rd
^P^^ webs.
^
,i,. j^..,^*:,,^
destruotive.
seriously
6 annulets
on dorsum.
9
8b. 3rd
212
less
than
annulets
on
10
HOW TO KNOW
conical, 5-segmented.
Antennae
9a.
FamUy TENTREDINIDAE
Fig. 587
Tomosthethus bor(Blennocampinae); b,
Norton (Doler>
Fig.
587.. a,
dus
Say
Dolerus
inae)
food plants.
similis
9b.
Fig. 588
scribed.
Fig. 588.
Fitch.
10a.
Neodiprion
Antennae
lecontei
conical, 5-segmented;
tudinal sutures.
Fig. 589
WWWWWIM
Here
included
is
belandriinae,
Many
thredininae.
subfamilies:
b,
10b.
1-segmented;
Fig. 590
Fig.
590.
the leaves of different kinds of deciduous trees and shrubs. Pupation takes
al
segment
2-7, either
in
213
HOW TO KNOW
4-segmented and
and
10,
very small.
Family
Fig. 591
and
10/
or
ARGIDAE
591.
Hylotomo
scattered.
sp.
on the
abdominal segment.
last
FamUy TENTHREDINIDAE
Fig. 592
"ji
liliTpK
L,/:J.\iLb^
^ies
which
fall here.
13a.
13b.
K^I^'T^^^XiUi^^
^^^^^''^'^^^^^^^
Fig.
14
here.
Forbes.
14a.
Q^^ffl^^^^E^^
^^^
^^IY?^
Fig.
14b.
594.
of
Antennae
4-,
caudal tuberances
214
HOW TO KNOW
15a.
An
1-7;
Fig. 595
595.
15b.
16a.
FamUy TENTHREDINIDAE
596
The
Fig.
cray
16b.
596. Cladius
(Cladinae).
pectinicornis
Four-
subfamilies
Hoplocom-
some
of these species.
-Aw^-'Fig.
597.
ACORDULECERIDAE
Around 100 species have been deThe larvae are free feeders
and gregarious on plant leaves.
''
Acordulecero
Family
scribed.
sp.
lost
abdominal
segment
process.
with
suranol
18
process.
Oryssus occidental-
Cresson.
hark
i-'wv.a..
215
is
HOW TO KNOW
18a.
sent;
^t^AMj^l, /^feetss^
noceii
Fig.
larval
burrow
within
thin
cocoon.
18b Subanal appendages wanting; ocelli wanting
19a.
19
iimctionless,
very much
FamUy XIPHYDRIIDAE
Xiphydrio
19b.
sp.
trees.
be attacked
to
Birches
and
in our
country.
Around 50 species of the hornare known. The larvae are Sshaped and deeply segmented with
a horny abdominal process. They
bore in the stems of pines and other
tails
Fig.
601.
Tremex columbo L
cocoon within
the larvae.
216
the
burrows
of
HOW TO KNOW
entomophagous
Key
1917.
E. P.
American
to
Mus.
200:1-310.
Frost, S-
Hayes,
W.
Wm.
1942.
The present
P. 1932.
Imms, A. D. 1930.
Acad.
111.
imma-
Sci. 24:
2.
viii+703 pp.
Dutton, N. Y.
Karny, H. H. 1934.
Wien.
Muesebeck, C.
F.
W.
Common names
1946.
American Association
of
1-311.
Wagner,
of insects
approved by the
Economic Entomologists.
39(4):427-448.
Needham,
W.
and
G., S.
Frost,
&
PROTURA
Order
Ewing, H.
E. 1940.
The Protura
of
33:495-551.
Womersley, H.
1927.
Mag.
13:140-154.
Order
MacGillivray, A.
D.
1893.
THYSANURA
Cand.
Ent.
25:173-174, 218-220.
Order
Bacon, G. A.
1912-14.
COLLEMBOLA
College,
1934.
Mon.
monograph
of the
3:1-143.
217
CoUembola
HOW TO KNOW
Order PLECOPTERA
Claassen, P. W. 1931. Plecoptera nymphs of America (North of Mexico).
pp. 1-195. Thomas Say Foundation, Thomas, Springfield, 111.
Fall
Prison, T. H. 1929.
and winter
Bull.
111.
EPHEMEROPTERA
Order
contribution to
the
biology
of
Mayflies.
6:371-426.
Needham,
Smith,
Howe,
R. H. 1918.
Jr.
Order ODONATA
key to Zygoptera nymphs. Psche
Pictorial
25:106-
110.
and
1922
1925.
Pictorial
Supplement Oct.-Dec;
Hayes,
Wm.
P. 1941.
immature
insects. Pt.
32,
93-98.
1917.
Needham,
J.
G. 1903. The
In Aquatic insects of
histories of
life
New
York
199-517.
Needham,
Needham,
J.
Amer.
nymphs
of N.
American
libel-
Order
Blatchley,
W.
S.
1920.
ORTHOPTERA
HOW TO KNOW
Tuck,
COLEOPTERA
Order
Chu, H.
Ent.
F.
1945.
Amer.
The larvae
of
25(l):l-70.
Cotton, R. T. 1924.
Craighead,
of
1923.
Gage,
J.
new
111.
Biol.
Mon.
6:1-62.
Hamilton, C. C. 1925. Studies on the morphology, taxonomy, and ecology of the larvae of holarctic tiger beetles (Cicindellidae). Proc.
U. S. Nat.
Mus.
65:1-87.
Hayes, Wm. P. and H. F. Chu. 1946. The larvae of the genus Nosodendron Latr. (Nosodendridae). Ann, Ent. Soc. Amer. 39(l):69-79.
wireworms
of
Glen, Robert. 1944. Contribution to the knowledge of the larval Elateridae. no. 3. Agriotes Esch. and Dalopius Esch. Cand. Ent. 76:73-87.
McGillivray, A. D. 1903. Aquatic Chrysomelida and table of families
of coleopterous larvae. Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 68:288-327.
219
HOW TO KNOW
Muraycana, Jozo.
onomic study
1931.
and
tax-
Fracker, S. B.
Mon. 2 (1)
of larvae of certain
The
1915.
111.
Biol.
169.
1 -
1940.
Bull.
Sta. 401:71-157.
1944.
and keys
1945.
Satterthwait, A. F. 1931.
143-172.
St.
Van Emden,
257-273; 76:7-13.
1941.
Larvae
of British beetles
II.
key
to the British
LameUicomia
Larvae
of
British
79:209-223; 259-270.
1942.
Order HEMIPTERA
Butler, E. A.
1923.
682 pp. H. F.
&
Ann.
Ent. Soc.
Amer.
Hemiptera-Heteroptera.
39(4):667-691.
220
HOW TO KNOW
W.
Funkhouser,
D. 1917.
Cayuga
to nearctic
111.
of
Order
NEUROPTERA
111.
Order TRICHOPTERA
Winston A.
Elkins,
Trichoptera.
Lloyd,
no.
Lloyd
some Minnesota
of
Ent. Soc.
Lib. Bot.
pp. 1-24.
1,
Margey
Milne,
Ann
1921.
T.
J.
Bull.
1936.
J.
1939.
46:9-19.
Buckler,
Vols.
Cook,
W.
1886-1901.
Ray
I-IX.
W.
C.
1894.
News.
butterflies
Bull.
111.
and moths.
Society, London.
Cutworms
Dyar, H. G. 1893.
Ent.
Order LEPIDOPTERA
The larvae of the British
Illinois.
On
4:320-321.
Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 8:194-232.
29:1066-1072.
221
HOW TO KNOW
1905.
Forbes, W. T. M. 1911. Field key to sphingid caterpillars of the Eastern United States. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 4:261-262.
1923. The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. Cornell
Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 68:1-729.
Jones, F.
M. and H.
B. Parks. 1928.
The bagwonns
of Texas. Bull.
Texas
Mosher, Edna. 1914. The classification of the pupae of the Ceratocampidae and Hemileucidae. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 7:277-300.
The
1916.
classification of
the
pupae
of
Saturnidae.
the
Ibid.
9(2):136-156.
1916.
Bull.
Pupae
1917.
classification of Lepidoptera
pupa.
111.
of
St.
some
Order DIPTERA
Banks, N. 1912. The structure of certain dipterous larvae with particular reference to those in human foods. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent.
Tech. Ser. 22:1-44.
1925.
Felt. E. P.
W.
Key
to gall
midges.
Bull. N. Y. St.
Mus.
257:1-239.
study of the leaf -mining Diptera of North America. Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 78:1-228.
Frost, S.
1923.
Greene, C.
1929.
Hayes,
of
Wm.
P.
hnmature
1938-39.
insects. Pt.
fruit
flies.
Diptera. Ent.
News
49(9):246-251; 50(1):
5-10, 76-82.
1944.
55(6):
141-145, 184-189.
Heiss, E.
M.
Syrphidae
1938.
and puparia
of the
1935.
222
HOW TO KNOW
1937.
Pt.
I.
Bull.
III.
St.
Lab.
Nat.
Hist.
12:161-409.
Phillips,
Venia
Tarris. 1946.
larvae (Trypetidae).
Thomsen,
L.
C. 1937.
Mem. Amer.
Aquatic Diptera.
Mem.
Pt.
identification of trypetid
12:1-161.
V. Ceratopoginidae. Cornell
210:57-80.
Order
Bischoff, H. 1927.
Ent. Soc.
HYMENOPTERA
Duncan, C. D. 1939. A contribution to the biology of the North American vespine wasps. Stanford Univ. Pub. Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 8(ll):l-272.
Yuasa, H. 1923.
111.
Biol.
Mon.
7:1-172.
>^^^^^'
-^
'--^S.,^
223
Anistominae 80
ANNULATIQN:
Abedus 9
Abia inflato 213
ACCESSOR\
secondary.
Acerentom'dae 55
Acerentomon doderol 55
Achorutes armatus 58
Achorutes nivicolus 58
Acordulecera 215
Acorduleceridae 215
Acrosternum hilare 39
Acrydium granulatum 70
ANNULIFORM:
Fig.
ring-like.
ering apicolly.
Atteva 179
Auditory organ 70, 71
Aulonium tuberculatum 112
Australian cockroach 72
Azalea leaf miner 152
603
Adelinae 151
Adelp'nocoris
rapidus
ADFRONTAL AREA:
31
''
area
and
602
Figui c
jiidae
603
Bogworm
astyonox
170
BEAK: the
ANTENNA:
Bosilorchio
119
jointed rostrum
of the front of head.
Fig.
605
antennae)
604
fifM-
Figure 602
ADULT:
AMBULATORIAL:
Bean thrips 10
Figure 604
Bean weevil 121
Bedbug 132
ANTEPE 'JLTIMATE: the Belostomo flumineum 130
seconc before the last.
Belostomotidae
30
Anthicidoo
Bee flies 199
Anthicus heroicus
Beet webworm 154
Anthophila pariano 164, 176 Berginus maindroni 112
1
Antipus 123
145
Aphelinidoe 211
116 Aphelinus mali 211
Aphididae 139
fitted
for
collective
insects with-
out metamorphosis.
Ant-lions
walking.
AMET030LA:
name for the
Ametropodidoe 65
Ametropus 65
Amphicyrta dentipes 91
Aphid lion 9,
Aphids 139
16,
18,
Bibiocephala 190
Bibionidae 193, 201
BICUSPIDATE: two-pointed.
144
APODOUS: footless.
APPENDIX: on additional
port.
AMPHINEUSTIC: having
the
first
lost or
Anajopyx
vesiculosis
ANAL
57
Anasa
is
tristis
134
Andricus seminator 21
AnisopTra 67
like.
Argidae 214
Armyworms 165
Arthropleona 58
Ascalaphidae 145
Asiiidoe 199, 209
Asopinae 133
Asparagus beetle
ASPERATE:
7,
124
roughened.
r y^^
INDEX
Black Hills beetle 43
Blastobasidae 164
Blasturus cupidus 66
Blatella germanica 35, 72
Biattidae 72
00
Boll-weevil porasite 7
Bombycidae 171, 187
Bombyliidoe 199, 209
Bombyx mori 171, 187
Boros unlcolor 1 1
Bostrichidae 120
Bothrideres 1 1
Bothriderini 100, 111
Carpenterworm 1 56
Carpet beetle 98
Carpocapsa pomonella 5
60
Carposinidae
Carrion beetles 82
Cartodere costulata 101
1
50
moth
clothes
CATERPILLAR:
Brucidae 121
Bucculatrix 155
Buffalo-gnat 14, 192
Buprestidae 94
Burying beetles 82
Byrrhidae 90, 91
Byrrhus fasciatus 91
Byrrhus pilula 91
Byturinae 1 1
Byturus unicolor 1 1
Catogenus 106
Cattle grub 189
Cebrio antennatus 96
Cebrionidae 96
Cecidomyidae 190, 200, 202
Cedar beetles 93
Cephaloidae 113
Cephaloon lepturides
Cephidae 216
Cerambycidae 51, 101
Cerambycobius cyaniceps 7
Ceramico picta 41
Ceratitis capitate 189
Ceratopogonidae 194, 205
Ceratophyllus fasciatus 45
Ceraturgus cruciata 209
two appendages of
CERCI
the 10th abdominal segment, usually clender and
1
filamentous.
Cercopidae
37
Ceroplastes f loridensis
Cerura vinulo 40, 47
Chaetartrio seminulum
Chalastogastra 210
Chalepus ater 125
Checkered beetles 99
Chelonariidae 93
38
117
Chelonarium 93
Chelonus 211
18 Chermidae 138
Chestnut timberworm 128
Chestnut weevil 42
Chewing and lapping mouth
Caenidae 65
Calendrinae 127
parts
51
CHEWING MOUTH
Fig.
607
fragilis
Cimicidoe 132
Cirphis unipuncta 41
pectinicornis 215
Cladoxeninae 104
CLAW: a hollow sharp organ at distal end of leg.
Cleridae 99
Clinidium sculptile 75
Clistogastra 21
Clover leaf weevil 13, 18
Clover-seed caterpillar 162
Cliver seed-chalcid 42, 43
CLYPEUS: a part of the
head, below the front, to
which the labrum is at-
tached
anteriorly.
elytra quadripunctata
Clytrinae 123
23
COARCTATE: a type of
pupa with the appendages
obscured with the larval
skin.
138
Coccidae
109
Cocoecia rosaceana 17
Coccus cacti 138
Cockroach 8, 72
COCOON a covering composed of silk or other materials and made by larva
Coccinellidae
51,
Coenagrionidae 67
Coleophora malivorella 150,
182
Coleophoridae 150, 157,
182
Coleoptera 72
PARTS: Collecting apparatus 22
Collembola 58
COLLOPHORE: the ventral
tube of Collembola.
Colorado potato beetle 17,
98
Colydiidae
100,
Comb-clawed
111, 112
beetles
bark
116
cricket 71
Campodea
Cladius
of
larva
119
thin
CILIA (sing., cilium)
and scattered hairs.
Cimbicidae 213
Cimex lectularis 132
Cimex rotundatus 132
Cigarette beetle
Cisidae 100
Cladinae 215
125
Lepidoptera.
water-
Calopodinae 113
Colopteron reticulatum
Calopus angustus 113
Calpodes ethlius 180
on Cicadidae 136
Cicindelidae 76
feeding
animals,
158
Cassida nebulosa
Cassidinae 125
^o
Broadwinged damselflies 68
Brown lacewings 145
Brown-tail moth 168
Bruchophagus funebris 42
Bruchophagus gibbus 43
Bruchus pisorum 121
137
Cicadellidae
maxilla.
CARNIVOROUS:
Case bearers
Case-making
30
Broad-shouldered
striders 132
Camel
type
Brachycentrus 49
Brachycera 189, 200
Brachypsecti 96
Brochypsectra fulva 96
Brcchytarsus 128
Braconidae 21
Brenthia pavonace'la 181
Brentidae 125
Brephos infans 188
Bristletails
CARABIFORM:
Blennocampinae 213
Bookworm
Chrysobothris femorata 44
of Chrysochus auratus 1 23
Carabidae 76
30, 56
Campodeidae 56
CAMPODEIFORM:
a type of
with flattened
larvae
body, long legs and caudal filaments. 12
Compsurus 63
Camptocladius byssinus
194
Cantharidae 97
Cantharis 97
Capnia vernalis 61
Capniidae 61
Capnochroa fuliginosa
45,
Figure 607
Chicken louse 34
Chinch bug 1, 134
Chinese mantis 70
Chinese silkworm 171
Chironomidae 194, 202, 204
Lepidoptera.
225
COMPLEX
METAMORPHOS-
same as complete
IS:
metamorphosis.
COMPOUND EYES: a group
of separate visual organs
known as ommatidia on
each side of the head.
INDEX
ELATERIFORM:
CONDYLE:
a type of
larvae with elongated cyl-
ulating
110
Damselflies
like.
32,
67
indrical
body and thick,
tough body wall.
light bugs 130
Electric
Danaidae 173
Eleodes letcheri 13
flour beetle 116
Danaus plexippus 173
Ellipes minuta 69
Coniopterygldae 144
Dance
flies
197
elytron)
ELYTRA
(sing.,
Conotrachelus nenuphar 40
Dascillidae 89, 93, 96, 102
the leathery fore wings of
Coreidae 1 34
Dascillus davidsoni 89
beetles.
Corixidae 129
EMARGINATION: a cut-out
Corn earworm 13, 47, 165, Datana ministra 168
place in the margin.
DECLIVOUS: sloping grad168
ually downward.
Embia major 36
CORNICLES (sing., corniculus)
a pair of dorso-lat- DEHISCENCE: the splitting Embioptera 36
of the pupal integument EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT:
eral tubules on the posin the emergence of the
the period of the develterior part of the abdomadult.
opment of an insect bewaxy
secrete
a
which
en
and
fertilization
Dendroctonus frontalis 41
tween
Fig. 608
liquid.
Dendrictonus ponderosae 43
the hatching of the egg.
Depressaria heracliano 164, EMERGENCE: the escape of
183
a winged insect from its
Derataphrus oregonensis 100,
nymph or pupal case.
Confused
111
Dermaptera 37
Dermestidae 98, 111
Derodontidae
02
Derodontus maculatus 1 02
Development
Diamond-back moth 159
Diapheromera femorata 72
Diatraea 184
Dineutes 74
Diprionidae 213
Diptera 189
DISCOIDAL: shaped like a
1
CORN FORM:
I
the
like
of an ox.
Corrodentia 35
Corydalinae 141
Corydalus cornutus
50,
53,
12,
141
horn
round plate.
Dixa 193, 205
Dixidae 193, 205
Doa 168
40, Dobsonfly 12, 141
Doierinae 213
Corylophodes marginicallls
106
Corythucha drcuata 1 34
Cossidae 156, 163, 179
Cossus cossus 1 56
Cossus liquidperda 156
COXA (pi., coxae) the basal segment of the leg. See
:
Donacia 122
Donaciinae 122
Emphytus 212
Empidae 197, 210
Empoasca fabae 137
EMPODIUM (pi., empodia)
the single pad-like or
fill-
other
animals.
Ennearthron
100
Entomobrya comparata 30
Entomobrya laguna 58
Entomobryidae 58
Eosentomen ribogai 54
Eosentomidae 54
Epargyreus tityrus 171
Ephemerella 65
Ephemerellidae 65
Ephemeridae 63
Ephemeroptera 62
Ephilachninae 109
Epicauta vittata
DORSUM: the dorsal surface. EPICRANIAL SUTURE: (epicranial stem) the suture
DOUBLE COCOON: some co-
coons contain an
inner
one within an outer one.
Dragonflies 32, 67
Drapetis nigra 210
Dredge 23
Drosophila ampelophila 189
Drugstore beetle 119
Dryocora
05
CRIBRIFORM: with perfor- Dryophanta gall 21
like
those of a Dryophanta lanata 21
ations
sieve.
Dryopidae 93
Criocerinae 124
Dryops 93
Crioceris asparagi 7, 124
Dytiscidoe 77
CROCHETS: the hooks on Dytiscus 77
the proiegs of caterpillars. Dung midges 192
154
Dustlice 35
Cryptolechia quercicella 184
Cryptophagidae 104
Cryptophagus saginatus 104
Ctenocephalides canis 50
Cucujidae 100, 104-106
ECDYSIS: shedding the larCucumber beetle 6
val skin between instars;
Cuiex 45, 189, 191, 204
moulting. 3
Culex pungens 7
Ecdyuriidae 64
Culicidae 191, 204, 205
Cupes concolor 73
Ectoedemia 152
Cupesidae 73
ECTOPARASITE: one which
Curculio proboscideus 42
lives and feeds on other
Curculionidae 51, 126, 127
animals from the outside.
Cutworms 165, 168
Egg 3
Cyciorrhapha 53, 189, 200
Egg types 5
Cyrtidae 197, 208
Efoteridae 95
leg.
36
Cranberry toad bug
Crane flies 191
CREMASTER: the terminal
spine of the abdomen of
pupa.
Creontiades pallidus 135
Fig.
609.
226
Figure 609
Epilachna 109
Epilachna varivestis 6, 109
Epipaschiinae 180
EPIPHARYNX: the inner
surface of the labrum.
Ericerus pe-la 138
Eriocraniidae 152, 173
bastard! 189
Erotylidae 103, 104, 110
ERUCIFORM: a type of larEristalis
and
proiegs.
INDEX
FURCULA:
Eucinetinae 102
Eucinetus 102
Euclea chloris 178
Eucnemidae 95
Euiophidae 21
Eumolpinae 123
Euparius marmorius 128
Euplectrus platypenae 21
Euplectus confluens 84
Eupsalis
minuta 125
Eurymus eurytheme
Eurypogon niger 93
Eurystethidae 1
Eurystethuu californicus 1 1
Eurytoma tylodermatis 7
Euxoa auxiliaris 47, 168
EXARATE: o type of pupa
with appendages free.
EXCAVATE: with a depression that is not a circle
1
or a
Figure 61
Gypsy moth
Gyrinidae 74
segment.
Galerucinae
plant
caused
tissue,
by
form of a
Fall
Fall
Garden webworm
54
Gelastocoridae
30
sickle.
armyworm 5
webworm 166
168
124
FALCATE: sickle-shaped.
FALCIFORM: having the
7,
Figure 610
HABITATION
(or
habitat)
Helgramites 141
Helieopsyche 49
Heliodinidae 158, 162
183
GENITALIA: all of the geni- Heliothis armigera 13, 47,
80
FEMUR (pi., femora): a segtal structures; the repro165, 168
haemorrhoidalis
Heliothrips
ment of the leg, between
ductive organs.
38
trochanter and leg.
See Geocoris 1 34
Helmis aeneus 93
leg.
Geometridae 166, 188
Helochares 1 1
Fenusinae 214
Geosargus viridas 195
FILIFORM: slender and more German cockroach 8, 35, 72 Helodidae 90, 92
Helophorinae 117
or less of equal diameter. Gerridae 131
Helophorus aquaticus 117
Firebrat 28, 56
Gerris remigis 131
Fire-colored beetles
Hemerobiidae 145
Giant water bugs 1 30
1 1
Fireflies 97
Hemerobius pacificus 145
Gibbium psylloides 119
FISSURE: a slit.
GILL: a special, variously Hemerocampa leucostigma
FLAGELLATE: whip-like.
formed respiratory organ
185
Hemerocampa vetusta 13,
in aquatic
insects.
Flat-headed apple tree
borer 44
Glischrpchilus obtusus 107
168
Hemipenthes 199
Glossosomatinae 147
Flat-headed borers 94
Hemiptera 129
Flebatomus argentipes 193
Glowworms 97
Giyphipterygidae 164, 176
Henichroa dyari 214
Flebatomous chinensis 193
Flebatomus major 193
Gnorimoschema operculelle
Hen louse 34
Florida wax scale 138
Hepialidae 159, 178
156
FORCEPS: hook or pincer- Goat moth 156
Hepialus humuli 159
iike
processes
on
the Golden-eye lacewing 50, 144 Heptagenia 33, 64
caudal end of the abdo- Goldenrod ball gall 21
HERBIVOROUS: feeding on
men.
Goniocotes gigas 34
plants,
Forcipomyia specularis 194
Hercothrips fasciatus 10
Gracilaria azaleella 152
Forficula 37
Gracilariidae 152, 153, 174, Hesperiidae 171, 180
Formicidae 211
177
Hesperobaenus 103
FOSSA (pi., fossae) a pit. GRADUAL METAMORPHOS- Hesperophylax 17, 40, 52
FOSSORIAL: fitted for digIS: the growth of insects Hessian fly 189, 190
ging or burrowing.
from tre egg through the Heteroceridae 89
Fringe-winged fungus
nymph to the adult.
Heterocerus ventral is 89
beetles 106
Granary weevil 127
HETEROMETABOLA: a colFrit fly 40
Grape phylloxera 139
lective name for the inFroghoppers 1 37
Grape-vine plume 167
sects with gradual or inFRONTAL SUTURE: the arms Grasshopper 7, 10, 70
complete metamorphosis.
of the epicranial suture.
Greenhouse thrips 38
Hexagenia bilineata 33, 63
Fruit tree leaf roller 162
Greenhouse whitefly 139
HIBERNATION: a period of
Fuigoridae 136
Green lacewings 144
lethargy or suspended aniFUNGI VOROUS: feeding on Green peach aphid 139
mation in animals occurfungi.
ing during seasonal low
Green stink bug 39
Fungus gnats 192
temperatures.
Ground beetle 12
Gelastocoris
Gelechiidae
oculatus 1 30
151, 156, 164,
227
INDEX
Hippodamia convergens 109 Ischnura 67
Hispinae 125
Histeridae 117
Isia
Hog
Isotoma palustris 58
186
Isabella
Isoptera 36
louse 37
meta-
complete
having
morphosis.
Homoptera 135
Honey dew 20
Hoplocampinae 214
Hornworms 170
Humpbacked
Figure
197
flies
Hydrobio tarda 77
Hydrochinae 118
Hydrochus squamifer
Hydrometra martini
Hydrometridae 131
riydrophilidoe
Leiachrodes
mixture 26
Koliofenuso ulmi 214
Katydid 1. 71
K. A. A. D.
118
131
Hylemya brassicae
Hylotoma 214
Hymenoptera 210
Hypantria cunea
Hypera punctata
14,
146
18
63
49
Lepisma 30
Lepisma saccharine 56
Lepismidae 56
Leptinidoe 80
Leptinotorso decemlineata
Lepidoptera
LABIAL PALPI:
HYPERMETAMORPHOSIS:
Libellulidae 68
metamorphosis
of
kind
with several different larsucceeding
stages,
val
each
other.
7,
14,
189
Hypophyaryngeal bracon 121
HYPOPHARYNX:
HYPOPLEURON:
see tongue.
the lower
166
Hypoderma lineatum
614
Leopard moth
Hydropsyche
Hydropsychidae 146
Hydroptila waubesiona
Hydroptilidae 146
Hydroscaphinae 79
Hvgrobiidae 77
612
dividual.
Life history
Figure 613
LABRUM:
the
upper
the
of
lip
insect.
138
Laccifer lacca
28
LACINIA
the
(pi., lociniae)
inner lobe of the maxilla.
see maxilla.
Lac-insects 1 38
Ladybird beetles 109
Figure 612
Lomellicornia
Lithacolletis
51
LAMELLIFORM: shaped
HYPOSTOMA:
like
leaves.
Lopara 171
Laphygma frugiperda 5
Large chestnut weevil 42
lopygidae 57
Large chicken louse 34
lopyx minemus 30, 57
Larger elm leaf beetle 124
Idiocerus provoncheri 39
IMAGO: another name for LARVA (pi., larvae): the
adult.
Imported currantworm 47
impressed
INCISURE:
the
line marking the junction
of two segments.
Incurvariidae 151, 155, 175
Inflated larvae 25
INQUILINE: an insect guest
of other insects.
INSTAR: the stage of an
insect between two moults.
young
insects
with
of
metamorphosis,
preceding the pupal stage
and after the egg stage.
complete
3,
11
interestinctono
162, 176
Lathridiidoe
Laxostege
Laxostege
101,
102
154
154
similoris
sticticalis
228
orgentinotello
174
Lithacolletis
hamodryodella
152, 174
Lithosiinoe 165
Locusta migratoria 71
Locustidae 71
Long-horned grasshopper 71
Long-legged flies 197
Lygaeidae 134
Lygus ibiineatus 135
Lymantriidae 168, 169, 185,
186
Lymexylidae 128
Lyonetia speculella 155, 177
Lyonetiidae
182
155,
158,
177,
INDEX
MAXILLAE
maxiilo)
of jaws.
pair
Mnemonica ouricyanea
52,
the grindMOLA
ing surface of the manFig.
619.
dibles.
(or molar)
martirna 56
:.rhilis
^,o(axyela major 21?
MAGGOT:
135
Miridae
173
618
Fig.
56
AAachilidae
(sing.,
the second
larvae of certain
Diptero.
Magicicada
39, 136
septendecim
4,
a lobe; sometimes
applied to the galea and
MALA:
when
lacinia
Fig.
fused.
Figure 618
615
MAXILLARY PALPI
(sing.,
a pair of
appendages carried by the
palpus or palp)
See
maxilla.
Figure 619
maxilla.
Mayfly 6, 33
54
Meal moth
1
Mealworm
Molamba
16
Mealy-bugs 138
Measuring worms 166
Mecoptera 46, 47, 52
Figure 615
Mediterranean fruit fly 189
Megacephala Carolina 76
Melalopha 168
Meiandryidae 113
Malacosoma americana 169 Melandrya striata 110
Meiandryidae 110
Molacosoma disstria 184
Melanitis leda 167
Mailophaga 34
differentalis 31
MALPIGHIAN TUBES: the Melanoplus
femur-rubrum 71
excretory organs of the Melanoplus
rufipennis
95
Meiasis
insect, emptying into the
Melittia satyriniformis 156
hinc' intestine.
MANDIBLE: the first pair of Me!^ttomma sericeum 128
Meloidae 85
jaws. 73 Fig. 616
Melyridae 99
Membracidac 37
1
METAPNEUSTIC: having
only
of abdominopen.
the last
"-air
sp
al
MENTU;/,: the
ite
lab
sclerite
the
of
the lateral
mesothor-
ax.
MESOTHORAX:
or middle
thorax.
MANDIBULO-SUCTORIAL:
type
of
Fig.
617
mouth
parts.
See
-..
MESOPlEURON:
Figure 61
scler-
distal
labium.
the
of
the
Molar structure 73
Mole cricket 69
Mollanidae 148
minimum
Monomorium
Metaecus paradoxus 86
214
Metallus rubi
changes
50 METAMORPHOSIS:
insects as they
44,
211
Mormon
118
71
cricket
191
Mosquitoes
Moth
193
flies
MOULT
iodical
MOUTH
segment of the
of form of
pass from
another.
lonata 14
MolGr.na uniophila 148
with
MULTIORDINAL CROCHETS:
the hooks on the prolegs
when they are of many
different lengths but all
arranged in a single row.
Murmidiidae 108
Murmidius ovalis 108
Musca domestica 6
METAPLEURON: the
sclerite of the metathor- Mycetophagidae 112
Mycetophagus punctatus 1 1
ax.
METATHORAX: the last or Mycetophilidae 192, 193,
202
third thoracic segment.
one
stage
to
lateral
Metcalf, Z. P. 3
Mesovelia mulsanti 132
Mexican bean beetle 6
Microentomon perposillom
Figure 617
Mantid 8, 69
Mantidae 70
Mantispa styriaca 143
Mantispidae 143
Maple case-bearer 41, 151
March
Marsh
flies
plant
Minute
193
springtail
29, 55
Micromalthidae 74
Micromalthus debilis 45, 74
Micropterygidae 149, 173
Micropteryx 149
Midges 194
Migratory locust 71
MINES: galleries made by
larvae between the upper
and lower covering of a
58
MYRMECOPHILOUS:
that
live
in
insects
ant nests.
Myrmeleon 145
Myremeleontidae
145
Myzus
21
leaf.
brown
beetles
scavenger
NAIAD:
any
nymph
aquatic habits.
102
229
with
INDEX
NASALE: labrum
fused with
the head. Fig. 620
a type o pupa
appendages
the
having
oppressed to its body.
OCELLUS (pi., ocelli): the
simple eye.
Ochthebius mipressus 79
Ochteridae 131
Ochterus 131
Odonata 67
Panorpa rufescens 47
Papaipema nebris 185
Oecanthus niveus 7
Oecophoridae
64, 1 84
Oedemeridae 112, 113
Oeneis 186
Parasemidolis
OBTECT:
Figure
620
167
Oeneis macounii
stage
in
Crustaceae.
Nemoura sinuate
61
60,
Nemouridae 60, 61
Neodiprion 213
METAMORPHOSIS
NO
(a-
with but
metamorphosis)
no change of
or
form during development.
Nosodendrinae 90
Nosodendron californicus 90
Nosodermini 113
Nossidium americanum 80
Noterinae 77
Noterus 77
Notodontidae 168, 187, 188
Notolophus antique 169
29
Notonecta undulata
Notonectidae 129
:
slight
NOTUM:
sects
of
bent horizontally.
NYMPH:
sects
186
134
Phasmid 8
Phasmidae 72
Phellopsis obcordata
ferruginea 206
PAEDOGENESIS reproduction
larval
the
in
occuring
Pochyrrhina
stage.
Poieacrita vernoto
Palingenio 63
Polingeniidoe 63
PALMATE:
like
166
the palm of
fingerwith
the
hand;
like
processes.
small
PALPIGER: a small
tirely
absent;
indistinct.
Phryganeidoe 149
Phryganidia colifornica
populiiella
laciniato
Phyllomorpha
Phylloscelis
sclerite
230
136
212
Phylloxera 139
Phylloxeridae 139
Phymoto eroso fosciata
Phymotidae
187
21
atro
Phyllotominae
pus.
113
Phengodes 98
Phengodidae 98
Phyllocnistus
sclerite
en-
repro-
PALPIFER: a
OBLITERATE: indistinct.
OBSOLETE: almost or
151
41,
dots
raised
acerifoliella
protuberances.
fleshy
(sing., ootheca)
the cose of an egg moss Pedilidae 114
PEDUNCULATE: set on a
of certain Orthoptera. 8
stalk or peduncle.
OPERCULATE: having the
form of a lid or oper- Peltodytes 48, 75
culum.
Peltoperla orcuata 59
Orsodacninae 122
Peltoperlinae 59
Orthoperidoe 106
Pentatomidoe 133
Orthoptera 69
Penthe pimelia 110
Orthorrhapha 189, 199
PENULTIMATE: next to the
last.
Orussidoe 215
Oryssus occidentalis 215
PERFORATE: a part dilated
Oryzaephiius surinamensis
or flattened and the remaining port cylindrical.
12, 104
Peridroma margoritosa 165
Oscinella frit 40
osmeter(pi.,
Peridroma
soucia 6
OSMETERIUM
eversible PERINEUSTIC:
in
spiracles
tubular
io)
being
a row on each side of
gland, capable of
the body.
projected through a slit
in
the prothorocic seg- Periodica! cicada 4, 136
ment of certain Papilionid Periplaneta omericana 72
172
Perpilaneta australosiae 72
caterpillars.
Peripsocus phacopterus 35
Osmylidae 142
Perkinsielia saccharicida 6
Osmylus chrysops 142
Peria hastota 61
Ostomidae 100
Peria verticalis 60
Othniidae 115
Perlidae 59, 60
umbrosus
115
Othnius
OVIPOSITOR: the tubular or Petronarcella badia 59
means
Phaiacridae 106
valved structure by
of which the eggs are laid. Phalacrus 106
Phaloniidae 161, 176
Oxyptilus pericelidactylus
Pharoxonatho kirshi 104
167
in-
3.
NUTANT:
tip
species
Paraclemensia
by direct growth
egg without fertilization by the sperm,
Oligoneuria 64
Paussidae 78
Oligoneuriellidae 64
Poussus kannegieteri 78
Oligota oviformis 83
weevil 121
OMNIVOROUS: feeding on Pea
Pear psylla 10, 138
and plant Pectinophora gossypiella 164
both animal
food.
PEDAL LOBES: legs that have
Omophron 76
been modified to become
Omophronidoe 76
a segment.
of
with
papillae.
duction
of the
Number
or
PARTHENOGENESIS:
OOTHECAE
covered
flaviceps 144
living on or in
get
to
animals
other
the
from
nourishment
host. 27
for
fitted
superficially
PAPILLOSE:
PARASITE:
NATATORY:
132
132
INDEX
^hytophaga
190, 200
destructor
PHYTOPHAGOUS:
upon
189,
MOUTH
feeding
AND SUCKING
PARTS:
621
Fig.
gans
plants.
PIERCING
PSEUDOCULI: a
Potomanthus 62
Praying mantid 70
num.
PRIMARY LARVA:
ly
the new-
in-
hypermetamortriungulin. 85
the setae
SETAE:
PRIMARY
Figure 621
borne on setiferous tubernumber
definite
in
cules,
Pieridae 172, 182
and position.
Pieris napi 172
opaca
80
Prionochaeta
Pieris rapoe 172
Prionocyphon discoideus 90
Pigmy crickets 69
robiniae
156
Prionoxystus
PILIFERS: the caudo-lateral
projections of the labrum. PROBOSCIS: an extended
structure.
mouth
Fig. 622
sects with
phosis. See
pair of or-
nature
the
abdomen
of
caterpil-
(in
Coleop-
lars.
PSEUDCPUPA
the
larva
in
a
quiescent coarctate condition which
is
followed
by the true pupa.
Psilocephala
haemorrhoidclis
198, 208
Psocids 35
Psychidae 160, 178
Psychoda superba 193, 203
Psychodidae 193, 203, 205
tera)
215
PROMINENCE:
PLANIDiUM: the
hatched
larva
Prosopistoma foliaceum
Prosopistomatidae 62
62
the ventral
newly PROSTERNUM:
the prothorax,
some
of
chalcids.
PLANTA:
elevated part.
PRONOTUM:
Figure 622
legs of caterpillars.
Plant bug 10, 135
face of
PROSTHECA: a mandibular
sclerite set with hairs, articulated to the basalis.
80 Fig. 623
PLATYFORM: a
PLUMOSE: feathered
be-
structures
PUPA: the
stage
inactive
resting,
holometabolous
between the larva
of
insects,
PUPARIUM:
the-last
the
larval
next-towith-
skin
PUPATION: the
Pygmy locust 70
PYGOPODS: the appendages
Figure 623
of
the
abdominal
tenth
segment taken
Plum curculio 40
Plum leaf-miner 152
Plume moths 167
pulvilli):
(pi.,
pad-like
in
Plotypsyllidae 81
Platypsyllus castoris 81
PULVILLUS
collective-
ly-
105
mandibularis
Protentomidae 55
Proterhinidae 125Prostomis
Proterhinus
Pyralididae 154,
184. 186
179,
farinalis 154
Pyrausta nubilalis 54,
180,
Pyralis
179
PROTHORAX:
like
plume.
maculipennis 159
Ppdapion gallicola 127
Podisus maculiventris 6
Podosesia syringae 175
Poduridae 58
Polymitarcidae 63
Popillia japonica 4
Plutella
PORRECT:
projecting.
Porthetria dispar 7, 168
anterior
thorax.
Protoparce
Ranatra fusca
Protoparce
1
quinquemaculata
17
sexto
13,
170,
88
130
Range caterpillar 7
Rape butterfly 172
PROTRACTED: extended.
Raphidia hermandi 140
PROTUBERANCE: any ele- Raphidia oblita 140
vation above the surface.
Protura 54
Proxodoxinae 151
Psoini
RAPTORIAL:
ing
Pseiaphidae 84
Psephenidae 92
Psephenus 93
Psephenus lecontei 92
Pseudo click beetles 95
231
and holding
RASPING
120
140
Raphidiidae
with
Rearing
MOUTH
file-like
insects
PARTS:
structure.
26
Rectal
tracea 1
Recurvaria piceailla
Reduviidae 133
183
INDEX
RETINACULUM:
of
process
tooth-like
the
mandible.
out prolegs.
Scatopsidae 192,
206
SCAVENGER:
a feeder on
decaying or waste matter.
Scenopinidae 198
Scenopinus fenestralis 198
Schoenobiinae 154
Schreckensteinia 162
Schymaenidae 84
SCLERITE: any piece of the
insect body wall bounded
by sutures.
Figure 624
SCLEROTIZATION: the hardening of the body wall
Retinodiplosis inops 190
by the deposit of chitinRETRACTED: drawn back or
ous substances in the exointo another part.
cuticula.
Rhachicerinae 207
Rhagionidae 196, 197, 207 Scobicia declivis 120
Scolytidae 126
Rhagoletis cingulata 44
Scolytus rugulosus 126
Rhagoletis pomonella 200
Rhegmoclema atrata 192, Scraptia sericea 110
Scraptini 110
206
Scythris 183
Rhinosimus ruficoliis 114
eboracensis 182
Scythris
96
Rhipiceridae 93,
624
Fig.
Rhipiphoridae 86
Rhipiphorus solidaginis
86
Rhizophagidae 103
Rhizophagus grandis
SECONDARY
85,
constant position.
Selandriinae 213
103
Rhodites bicolor 21
Rhyacophilidae 147
SEMIAQUAIIC:
reclosely
lated to water or partialaquatic.
SENSORIA: the circular openings covered by a memly
ulkei 108
Rhynchites aeneus 127
Rhynchites bicolor 127
Rhynchitinae 127
Rhysodidae 75
Rice butterfly 167
Rhymbus
on
brane,
or
the
antennae
borers
Rove beetles 81
101
hair-like
appendages,
hollow
structure.
in
SETAL: of or pertaining to
Sabatinca 149
,^ ., .-^
Sabine stimulea 14, 46, 150 Shining flower beetles 106
Saddlebacked slug caterpil- Shot-hole borer 126
lar
14,
46,
Sialidae
150
aiderfly
141
141
195
Soldier flies
Spanworms
Sparnopolius
65, 1 66
fuivus 42,
199
broad
and
rounded at tb; tip, more
slender at the base; spoon-
SPATULATE:
shaped.
Spercheinae 118
Spercheus 1 1
Spercheus emarginatus 118
Sphaeridiinae 117
Sphindidae 107
Sphindus americanus 107
Sohingidae 170, 171, 188
Sphinx caterpillar 170
Sphinx moth 170
SPINE: a large setae arising
from a calyx or a cup by
which it is articulated to
the cuticula.
SPINNERET: the opening of
silk
glands.
set
with
small
spines.
SPIRACULAR
FURROW:
furrow situated
cephalic
margin
on
the
the
movable abdominal segments
of
lepidopterous
pupae
Sheep louse 7
Shield bugs 133
Smoky
Snakeflies 140
Snipe flies 196
Snowflea 58
SPINULOSE:
legs.
Separator 24
Serpentine miners 152
SETA (pi., setae): slender
setae.
f^ound-headed
Smicripinae 107
Smicrips palmicola 107
Sminthuridae 59
Sminthurides lepus 59
and
of
cephalad
of
the spiracle.
It
is
frequently extended almost
to the meson on both the
dorsal and ventral aspects.
SPIRACLE: the opening of
the respiratory
Spittle-bugs 137
Spogostylum
organ.
albofasciatum
209
Spongilia-flies 142
Spring rose gall 21
Springtail 58
Sialis
SAPROZOIC:
linearis
SCANSORIAL:
100, 106
tibia.
SINUOUS: curving
in
and
out.
Siphlonuridae 66
Siphlonurus alternatus 66
Siphonaptera 45, 50
56
STADIUM:
similar to stage.
Stag beetles 87
STAGE: the interval between
moults.
Staphylinidae 51, 81, 83
Stegobium paniceum
119
Steninae 83
climbing on
Stenopelmatinae 71
Siricidae 216
Stenopelmatus longispina 71
SCAPE: the first or basal
segment of the antenna. Sisyra umbrata 142
Stenophylax 16, 148
Scaphidiidae 82
Sisyridae 48, 142
Stunus 83
Scaphisoma convexum 82
Sitophilus granarius 127
STERNUM: the underside of
Scorobaeidae 88, 89
Sitotroga cerealella 151, 183
the thorax, between the
SCARABAEIFORM: a type Skippers 171
coxal cavities.
of larva with U-shaped, Slickers 30
Sthenopis thule 178
cylindrical body and with- Slug-caterpillars
150
Stictocephala 39, 137
fitted
hairs.
for
232
INDEX
flies
Stilleto
SUBTERRANEAN:
208
198,
beneath
Stink
basal
stalk
the
the
linear
illa.
34
existing
surface
soil.
owl-shaped;
max- SUBULATE:
the
of
the
at
153
attenuate Tischeriidae
base,
177
153,
at
Storehouse beetle 1
Stratiomyidae 195,
tip.
Sucking lice 37
Sugarcane ieafhopper
ment.
Swallow bug
132
172
Swallowtail butterflies
Sweeping net 22
Sychroini 1 1
Symphypleona 58
Synchroa punctata 1
Syrian silkworm 169
TARSI
annulosus
213
STYLET: a small style or
Strongylogaster
STYLI
(sing.,
stylus)
tarsus)
labium.
see
leg.
Tegeticula 151
Tenebrio molitor 116
Tenebrionidae 113, 115, 116
Tenebroides
mouritanicus
the
100
the
process.
stiff
(sing.,
face of the
Figure 625
TRACHEA
(pi.,
tracheae)
ringed tubes belonging to
respiratory
the
system.
:
TRACHEAL
629
appendages on
side of the abdo- Tenodera aridifolia sinensis
70
men in Thysanura.
Tent caterpillars 169
Fig. 626
Tenthredinidoe 212-215
Tenthredo 213
TERGITE: dorsal sclerite of
small
under
a semgent.
the dorsal part of
a segment.
Tetraonyx 85
TERGUM:
Figure 629
blondeli 94
Tettigidae 70
Tree-cricket 71
Tettigonidae 71
Treehoppers 137
Therevidoe 198, 208
Thermobio domestica 28, 56 Tremex columba 216
Trioleurodes vapororiorum
Thorn skeletonizer 164
139
Thrips 38
Trioenodes flovescense 49,
Throscidae 95
148
Throscus 95
Tribolium confusum 116
Thyatira derosa 165
Trichoptera 52, 146
Thyatiridoe 165
Tricorythodes allectus 6
Thyrididoe 160
Tricorythus 65
ephemerThyridoptei-yx
Tridactyiinoe 69
aeformis 16, 19, 160,
Triodopteryx ephemerae178
Trachykele
Figure
626
STYLIFORM: ending
long
slender
in
point.
SUBANAL APPENDAGE:
the
beneath
the
segment.
SUBIMAGO: a winged stage
in
after
Mayflies
just
emergence from the pupa
appendage
anal
last moult.
SUBMENTUM:
a sclerite of Thysanoptera 38
labium next to the Thysanura 55
mentum. See labium.
TIBIA (pi., tibae)
cal segments of"
Fig. 627
TIBIOTARSUS: the
of the tibia and
sus when fused
form is
Fig.
160
TRIORDINAL CROCHETS:
the
segments
the tartogether.
628
row.
Triphleps tricticolor 39
TRIUNGULIN: the first instar of Meloidae, Montispidae and
Strepsiptera.
85
TROCHANTER:
a segment
the leg, between the
coxa and femur.
of
Fig.
630
Figure 628
SUBPRIMARY
rimory
later
the
setae
instors
first.
SETAE:
found
but not
233
176
Figure
630
INDEX
WART:
Trogidae 88
Trox scaber 88
with
tubercules.
enlarged
the
mon base
TUBERCULATE: covered
Tussock moth 1
Tychius picirostris
Water-striders
Water-measurers
131
131
fruit;
X. A. A. D. mixture 26
X. A. mixture 25
in
Vanessa
70
186
Water tigers 77
WEEVIL: a larva boring
126
77
small solid
structure.
pimple-like
45
eluta
Tupula
TUBERCULE: a
com- Wireworms 95
of a group of
setae.
Water beetles
undeveloped
nymphs. Fig.
wings of
631
Xiphydria 216
Xiphyriidae 216
Xyelidae 212
Xyelid sawflies 212
XYLOPHAGOUS:
wooden
feeding
on
tissues.
Yellow-necked
168
caterpillar
Young 3
Yponomeutidae 159, 165,
179,
182,
183
surface.
VERMIFORM: worm-like
lar-
vae.
Vermileo 196
^ ^^
Vespa maculata 31, 40, 46,
51, 211
Vespidae 21
Zanosemata electa 53
Zenoa picea 93
Zeugophora scutellaris
122
Zeuzera pyrina 163, 179
Zygoptera 32, 67
w
Walkeriana
ovilla
Walkingstick 72
138
Figure 631
W^
234
THE
IMMATURE