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Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation PDF
Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation PDF
According to quantum theory of light, radiation from any given source always travel
in the form of photons.
hc
The energy of photon is given by E h
iv.
The mass of the particle varies with velocity according to the relation
m0
. Where m0 is the rest mass of photon. As photon moves with the
m
1 c2 / v2
v.
vi.
velocity of light v=c, thus m0=0. Hence photon has zero rest mass.
h h
Momentum of photon is given by relation,
p mc
Photons are electrically neutral particle and they are not deflected by the either
electric or magnetic field.
vii.
viii.
1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J
Free electrons in metals: In metals, the electrons in the outermost shell of the atoms are
loosely bound. It is because of the small attractive force between the positive nucleus and
electrons in the outermost shell. These electrons can freely move in a metal like gas
molecules in a given volume of certain gas. But the electron cant leave the metal surface
because of the attractive force of other positive charges. There exists a potential barrier
which they must overcome before leaving the surface. To overcome that potential barrier
they require certain minimum amount of energy. This minimum energy required by an
electron just to escape from the metal surface so as to overcome the restraining forces is
called work function. Work function is generally denoted by 0.
Electron Emission: Electron emission is defined as the phenomenon of emission of free
electrons from the metal surface. The various modes for providing energy to the electrons
and making them free are
[a] Thermionic emission: It is phenomenon of emission of free electrons from the metal
surface when heated suitably. On heating the metal, the free electrons acquire sufficient
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1
1
2
2
or
V0 mvmax
mvmax
2
2
Thus, the stopping potential gives the estimate of the maximum kinetic energy of
photoelectrons.
eV0
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According to wave theory, the energy carried by waves depends upon the intensity
and increases with the increase in intensity. The light waves with larger intensity will
provide more energy to electrons of metal; consequently the energy of electrons will
increase.
But according to experimental observations, the kinetic energy of photoelectrons does
not depend on the intensity of incident light.
(ii)
According to wave theory the light of any frequency can emit electrons from metallic
surface provided the intensity of light be sufficient to provide necessary energy for
emission of electrons, but according to experimental observations the light of
frequency less than threshold frequency can not emit electrons; whatever the
intensity of incident light may be.
(iii)
According to wave theory the energy transferred by light waves will not go to a
particular electron, but it will be distributed uniformly to all electrons present in the
illuminated surface. Therefore electrons will take some time to collect the necessary
energy for their emission. But experimental observations show that the emission of
electrons take place instantaneously after the light is incident on the metal; whatever
the intensity of light may be.
h W
1
2
mvmax
2
or
1
2
mvmax
h W
2
Here, m is the mass of electron and v max is the maximum velocity of the photoelectrons. (In
fact, most of the electrons possess kinetic energy less than the maximum value as they
lose a part of their kinetic energy due to collisions in escaping from the metal).
If = 0, then K.E. =0.
0 h 0 W W h 0
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1
2
mvmax
h ( 0 ) (1)
2
1
2
mvmax
eV0
2
eV0 h ( 0 )
h
W
or V0
e
e
So
V0
V0
-V0
-W/e
So
Kmax
K max
Comparing with y mx C
o
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-W
ii.
The phenomenon like diffraction or polarization, which can be, explained only
using wave character.
iii.
De-Broglie Hypothesis {Matter Waves}De-Broglie stated that as light possesses dual character and universe consists of matter
and radiation only. As nature loves symmetry, thus matter should also possess dual nature
both particle as well as a wave. According to de-Broglie a wave is always associated with
the moving particle which controls the particle in every aspect. This wave is called deBroglie wave or matter wave.
For a particle of mass m moving with the velocity v the de-Broglie wavelength
associated with the particle is given by
h
mv
Proof: According to Planks quantum theory, the energy associated with a photon of
frequency is given by
E h
Also, according to relativistic mass formula for particle of rest mass m0 and momentum
p the energy is given by-
p 2 c 2 m02 c 4
h pc
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or
h h
or
c
h
p
h
mv
p mv
Thus, if the velocity of the particle is zero, its wavelength will be infinity and if velocity of
the particle is infinity then wavelength will be zero.
Note:
In daily life the mass of the particle very large. Thus the de-Broglie wavelength
comes out to be very small.
The de-Broglie wavelength of any particle is independent of the charge on the
particle.
It was found that velocity of De-Broglie waves is always more than the velocity with
which the particle moves.
De-Broglie wavelength of an accelerated electronIf an electron is made to accelerate through the potential difference of V volt, then electrical
potential energy of the electron gets converted into its kinetic energy i.e.
Kinetic Energy of electron, K eV
Also
p2
2m
or p 2mK
p 2meV
Or
6.63 10 34
2 9.1 10 31 1.6 10 19
or
12.27
3
k BT , Where kB is the Boltzmanns constant
2
de-Broglie wavelength
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1
mv 2
2
3
2 mK ) 2 m k BT 3mk BT
2
h
h
3mk BT
DAVISSON AND GERMERS EXPERIMENT (ELECTRON DIFFRACTION): Davisson and Germer gave the experimental demonstration of the de-Broglie wave
associated with the moving electron i.e. it establish the wave nature of matter.
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP: It consists of an electron
gun. A fine beam of electron accelerated to a known
energy strikes to a Ni- crystal.
Electron Gun
Detector
Scattered
Beam
Ni Crystal
I
54V
180
or
500
1
180
2
2d sin n
For 1st order diffraction, n = 1 and inter atomic separation for Ni- crystal, d = 0.91 A
= 2 0.91 sin65
or
= 1.65A
Now according to de-Broglie hypothesis- The wavelength of wave associated with electron
accelerated to 54 volt is given by-
12.27
V
12.27
54
1.66 A