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57 PDF
57 PDF
JANUARY 2011
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Learning Objectives
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Derivation of simplified
expression for z
Figure 3: For the example below, (1) axial load variations; (2) actual and assumed column
cross-sectional areas.
where
L = height of the building
z = axial shortening at a height x
(also denoted as z), above the foundation level
At = column area at top
Ab = modified column area at bottom
equal to 0.9 times actual area of
column at bottom = 0.9 x AB (where AB
is actual column area at bottom.
Ax = area of column at height x (also
denoted as z) above foundation
level
= rate of change of area of column
Pt = axial load at top
Pb = axial load at bottom
Px = axial load at height x above foundation
= rate of change of axial load
E = modulus of elasticity of steel
In = natural logarithm
The derivation of the equation is
given in Wind and Earthquake Resistant
Buildings: Structural Analysis and Design
(Bungale S. Taranath, Ph.D., S.E., CRC
Press: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005)
and Structural Analysis and Design
of Tall Buildings: Steel and Composite
Construction (Bungale S. Taranath,
Ph.D., S.E., CRC Press: Taylor & Francis
Group, 2011). Definitions of the variables used in the equation are shown
schematically in Figure 2.
Example
Given: (See Figure 3)
Height of building: L = 682 feet =
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square inches (8,052 square mm)
Axial load at base: Pb = 2,770 kips (12.32 x 103 kN)
Actual column area at base: AB = 147 square inches
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Figure 4: Hypothetical framing plan: column C1 , designed for gravity loads only, shortens
more than C2 , designed for both gravity and lateral loads. Compensating for relative elevation difference between columns is of importance in tall buildings.
Conclusion
Axial displacement in tall steel building columns is likely to be a problem if
not given proper consideration during
design. Fortunately, clear and concise
formulas are available for calculating
axial shortening, as are methodologies
for mitigating the adverse effects of
relative axial displacements.
Bungale
S.
Taranath, Ph.D.,
S.E., is a corporate consultant to
DeSimone Consulting
Engineers, a consulting firm with offices
in New York; Miami;
San Francisco; New
Haven, Conn.; Las
Vegas; Hong Kong; and Abu Dhabi, and
has served as a principal or senior engineer for several firms. He is the author
of five books on tall building design, and
has conducted seminars on tall building design around the world. He can be
reached at staranath@hotmail.com.
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6. The P/A
between?
ratio
is
the
ratio
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Structural Design
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