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04 Antenas Propagacion
04 Antenas Propagacion
Introduction
Radiation Patterns
Radiation pattern
Radiation Patterns
Reception pattern
Types of Antennas
Dipole antennas
Types of Antennas
Parabolic Reflective
Antenna
Terrestrial
microwave and
satellite application
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain
Effective area
Antenna Gain
G=
4Ae
4f Ae
=
c2
G = antenna gain
Ae = effective area
f = carrier frequency
c = speed of light ( 3 108 m/s)
= carrier wavelength
Effective area
Power gain
Isotropic
2/4
1.52/4
1.5
Half-wave dipole
1.642/4
1.64
0.81A
10A/ 2
0.56A
7A/ 2
turnstile
1.152/4
1.15
Propagation Modes
Ground-wave propagation
Sky-wave propagation
Line-of-sight propagation
AM radio
Amateur radio
CB radio
Line-of-Sight Propagation
Line-of-Sight Propagation
Line-of-Sight Equations
d = 3.57 h
d = 3.57 h
Line-of-Sight Equations
3.57 h1 + h2
Exercise
Attenuation
(
Pt (4d )
4fd )
=
=
2
2
Pr
c
Pt
4d
= 20 log
Pr
(
(
Pt (4 ) (d )
d )
cd )
=
=
=
2
2
Pr
Gr Gt
Ar At
f Ar At
2
Categories of Noise
Thermal Noise
Intermodulation noise
Crosstalk
Impulse Noise
Thermal Noise
Thermal Noise
N 0 = kT (W/Hz )
Thermal Noise
N = kTB
or, in decibel-watts
Noise Terminology
Expression Eb/N0
Eb S / R
S
=
=
N0
N0
kTR
Other Impairments
Multipath Propagation
Multipath Propagation
Types of Fading
Fast fading
Slow fading
Flat fading
Selective fading
Rayleigh fading
Rician fading
Adaptive Equalization
Diversity Techniques