Department of

Mechatronics Engg

Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Week 2 Systems of IC Engines
Fuel System
Gasoline Fuel System
Diesel Fuel System
Ignition System
Spark Ignition System
Compression Ignition System
Lubrication System
Cooling System
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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Gasoline Fuel System
Parts of Conventional Gasoline Fuel Sys
Fuel Tank
Fuel Pump
Carburettor
Inlet Manifold
Parts of Modern Gasoline Fuel Sys
Fuel Tank
Fuel Pump
Fuel Injectors
Inlet Manifold
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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Conventional Gasoline Fuel System
Carburettor Circuits
Idle and Low Speed Circuit
High Speed Circuit
Accelerator Pump Circuit
Choke Circuit

Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Conventional Gasoline Fuel System
Carburettor Circuits
Idle and Low Speed Circuit

Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Conventional Gasoline Fuel System
Carburettor Circuits
High Speed Circuit

Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Conventional Gasoline Fuel System
Carburettor Circuits
Accelerator Pump Circuit

Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Conventional Gasoline Fuel System
Carburettor Circuits
Choke Circuit

Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Modern Gasoline Fuel System
Why Modern Fuel system was adopted?
To meet the emission control requirements
How the emission control requirements were met?
The Oxygen sensor monitors the amount of Oxygen
in exhaust
The Engine Control Unit (ECU) used this
information to control the air fuel ratio in real time
This is called the closed loop system
When you step on the gas pedal the throttle is opened
and lets more air to come inside the inlet manifold
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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Modern Gasoline Fuel System
How the emission control requirements were met?
The ECU senses the opening of the throttle and
increases the amount of fuel in anticipation
The ECU monitors the amount of air entering into
the inlet manifold and also monitors the amount of
air going into the exhaust manifold
This information is collected with the help of sensors
Basing on this information the ECU fine tunes the
fuel delivery and the air fuel ratio is adjusted

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Modern Gasoline Fuel System
The gasoline injection system has two types
Single poit injection system
Multi-point or sequential injection system

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Engine Sensors

In order to provide the correct amount

of fuel for every operating condition,
ECU has to monitor a huge number of
input sensors.
- Mass Airflow - Tells the ECU the
mass of air entering the engine
- Oxygen - Monitors the amount of
oxygen in the exhaust so the ECU
can determine how rich or lean the
fuel mixture
- Throttle Position - Monitors the
throttle valve position so the ECU
can respond quickly to changes,
increasing or decreasing the fuel
rate as necessary

Coolant Temperature - Allows the ECU

to determine when the engine has
reached operating temperature
Voltage - Monitors the system voltage
in the car so the ECU can raise the idle
speed if voltage is dropping
Manifold Absolute Pressure Monitors
pressure of the air in the intake
manifold. Which is an indication of how
much power it is producing..
Engine speed sensor - Monitors engine
speed, which is one of the factors used
to calculate the pulse width

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Engine Controls

The three elemental ingredients for combustion are fuel, air and ignition.
However, complete combustion can only occur if the air and fuel is present in
the exact stoichiometric ratio, which allows all the carbon and hydrogen from
the fuel to combine with all the oxygen in the air, with no undesirable
polluting leftovers.
Oxygen sensors monitor the amount of oxygen in the exhaust, and the ECU
uses this information to adjust the air-to-fuel ratio in real-time.
To achieve stoichiometry, the air mass flow into the engine is measured and
multiplied by the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio 14.64:1 (by weight) for gasoline.
The required fuel mass that must be injected into the engine is then
translated to the required pulse width for the fuel injector.
The stoichiometric ratio changes as a function of the fuel; diesel, gasoline,
ethanol, methanol, propane, methane (natural gas), or hydrogen.
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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Engine Controls

Pulse width is inversely related to pressure difference across the injector inlet and
outlet.
If the fuel line pressure increases (injector inlet), or the manifold pressure
decreases (injector outlet), a smaller pulse width will admit the same fuel.
Fuel injectors are available in various sizes and spray characteristics as well.
Compensation for these and many other factors are programmed into the ECU's
software.
Pulse Width from Lookup Tables
- The engine control unit uses a formula and a large number of lookup tables to
determine the pulse width for given operating conditions.
Pulse width = (Base pulse width) x (Factor A) x (Factor B)
- In order to calculate the pulse width, the ECU first looks up the base pulse
width in a lookup table. Base pulse width is a function of engine speed (RPM)
and load (which can be calculated from manifold absolute pressure).
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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Engine Controls

Let's say the engine speed is 2,000 RPM and load is 4.

We find the number at the intersection of 2,000 and 4,
which is 8 milliseconds.
Suppose there are two parameters A and B that come
from sensors. Let's say that A is coolant temperature
and B is oxygen level. If coolant temperature equals
100 and oxygen level equals 3, the lookup tables tell
us that Factor A = 0.8 and Factor B = 1.0
So, since we know that base pulse width is a function
of load and RPM,
pulse width =
(base pulse width) x (factor A) x (factor B)
the overall pulse width in our example equals:
8 x 0.8 x 1.0 = 6.4 milliseconds
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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Diesel Fuel System

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Diesel Fuel System

Diesel Engine s versus Gasoline Engines:

- One big difference between a diesel and a gasoline engine is in the
injection process.
Gasoline engines use port injection or a carburetor. In both cases fuel
is loaded into the cylinder during the intake stroke and then
compressed.
The compression of the fuel/air mixture limits the compression ratio
of the engine - if it compresses the air too much, the fuel/air mixture
spontaneously ignites and causes knocking.
- Diesel engines use direct fuel injection - the diesel fuel is injected
directly into the cylinder.

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Diesel Fuel System

When diesel engine is cold, a glow plug (an electrically

heated wire) is used to heat the combustion chambers
and raise the air temperature so that the engine can
start
However, in modern engines all functions are controlled
by the Engine Control Unit (ECU) communicating with
an elaborate set of sensors measuring everything from
R.P.M. to engine coolant and oil temperatures and even
engine position (i.e. T.D.C.).
ECU senses ambient air temperature and retards the
timing of the engine in cold weather so the injector
sprays the fuel at a later time. The air in the cylinder is
compressed more, creating more heat, which aids in
starting.
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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Gasoline Ignition System

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Lubrication System

Lubrication system in an automotive

engine supplies a constant supply of oil to
all moving parts
How oil Lubricates: Every part is designed to have
clearance between it and its bearing.
Oil makes a thin film between them
As the part rotate oil acts as series of
rollers
Oil covers the clearance between parts
and do not allow them to come in
contact with each other
The clearance between parts should
not be large as the oil will be squeezed
out and result in failure of parts

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Lubrication System

The Purpose of Lubrication System is: Lubricate

Reduces Friction by creating a thin
film(Clearance) between moving parts
(Bearings and journals)

Seal
The oil helps form a gastight seal between
piston rings and cylinder walls (Reduces
Blow-By)

Clean
As it circulates through the engine, the oil
picks up metal particles and carbon, and
brings them back down to the pan

Cool
Picks up heat when moving through the
engine and then drops into the cooler oil
pan, giving up some of this heat.

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System

Inside car's engine, fuel is constantly

burning. A lot of the heat from this
combustion goes right out the exhaust
system, but some of it soaks into the engine,
heating it up. The engine runs best when its
coolant is about 200 degrees Fahrenheit (93
degrees Celsius)
At this temperature: The combustion chamber is hot enough to
completely vaporize the fuel, providing better
combustion and reducing emissions.
The oil used to lubricate the engine has a lower
viscosity (it is thinner), so the engine parts
move more freely and the engine wastes less
power moving its own components around.
Metal parts wear less.

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System
Liquid Cooling
The cooling system on liquid-cooled cars circulates a
fluid through pipes and passageways in the engine.
As this liquid passes through the hot engine it
absorbs heat, cooling the engine. After the fluid
leaves the engine, it passes through a heat
exchanger, or radiator, which transfers the heat
from the fluid to the air blowing through the
exchanger.
Air Cooling
Some older cars, and very few modern cars, are aircooled. Instead of circulating fluid through the
engine, the engine block is covered in aluminum
fins that conduct the heat away from the cylinder. A
powerful fan forces air over these fins, which cools
the engine by transferring the heat to the air.
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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System (Parts)
Pump
Engine Block
Cylinder Head

Thermostat
Radiator

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System (Parts)
Pump
Engine Block
Cylinder Head

Thermostat
Radiator

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System (Parts)
Pump
Engine Block
Cylinder Head

Thermostat
Radiator

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System (Parts)
Pump
Engine Block
Cylinder Head

Thermostat
Radiator

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Cooling System (Parts)
Pump
Engine Block
Cylinder Head

Thermostat
Radiator

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Internal Combustion (IC) Engines

Assignment
What are the functions of Pressure cap of the radiator

What is a force feed lubrication system

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