Membrane Filtration

Pore size
(micron)
Pressure
(bar)
Mol. Wt. cut off
(Dalton)
Flux
(LMH)

CF

MF

UF

NF

RO

> 10

10 to 0.1

0.1 to 0.01

0.001

<0.001

1 to 4

2 to 7

>10

>100,000

10,000 to
100,000

1000 to
100,000

16 to 67

16 to 34

8 to 34

13 to 21

Molecular weight cut off or MWCO refers to the molecular weight (in Dalton) of the molecule that is 90% retained by the molecule.
1 Da = 1 g/mol
Activated Sludge Treatment- Aeration Tank Sizing

conventional plug flow

complete mix
extended aeration

Sec Clarifier
Hyd Loading
m3/m2/day
15 to 50

kgBOD per day

F/M
per m3

HRT (hrs)

SRT (days)

MLSS

Qr/Qo %

0.3 to 0.7
0.3 to 1.6
0.1 to 0.3

4 to 8
3 to 5
20 to 30

3 to 15
3 to 15
20 to 40

1000 to 3000
1500 to 4000
2000 to 5000

25 to 75
25 to 100
50 to 150 8 to 35

0.2 to 0.4
0.2 to 0.6
0.04 to 0.1

Langlier Saturation Index: It reports the scaling / corrosion potential of low TDS brackish waterbased on level of saturation of CaCO3
-ve LSI indicates corrosive water, +ve LSI indiactes scaling water
Stiff Davis Saturation Index: It reports scaling or corrosion potential of high TDS sea water

*. Parts per million is mass to mass ratio

* Electroneutrality: Sum of positive ions must equal the sum of negative ions in solution
Cations and anions are positive and negative species expressed in equivalent weight per liter or milli equivalent weight per litre

*** equivalent weight

*** The SDI gives the percent drop per minute in the flow rate of the water through the filter, averaged over a period of time such as 15 minutes
spiral-wound reverse osmosis systems-SDI less than 5, and hollow fiber reverse osmosis systems-SDI less than 3.