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Rayoptics
Rayoptics
Rayoptics
Physics
Subject :Ray optics: Optical
Instruments
PHYSICS
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Acknowledgement
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Certificate
KendriyaVidyalayaMhow
I certify that Mas.Akshay Kumarof class XII Aworked on the
project Ray Optics:OpticalInstuments under my super vision. He
has completed his work successfully during the session 2012-13.
This project is considered as fulfillments of the AISSCE
Examination conducted by CBSE, New Delhi.
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Certificate
(Page No. Certification)
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Content
1. Acknowledgement
2.
Certificate
3.
Declaration
4. Introduction to Ray Optics
5. Content
6. Ray Optics
a. the human eye
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h. Chandra X-Ray Telescope
i. Breaking News (Latest information)
7.Biplography
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Optical Instruments
Optical instruments are the devices which help human eye
i)
ii)
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TheHuman Eye
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ight entering the eye passes through a transparent structure called the cornea,
behind which are a clear liquid (the aqueous humor), a variable aperture (the pupil,
which is an opening in the iris), and the crystalline lens. Most of the refraction
occurs at the outer surface of the eye, where the cornea is covered with a film of
tears. Relatively little refraction occurs in the crystalline lens because the aqueous
humor in contact with the lens has an average index of refraction close to that of
the lens. The iris, which is the colored portion of the eye, is a muscular diaphragm
that controls pupil size. The iris regulates the amount of light entering the eye by
dilating the pupil in low-light conditions and contracting the pupil in high-light
conditions.The f-number range of the eye is from about f/2.8 to f/16.
The cornealens system focuses light onto the back surface of the eye, the retina,
which consists of millions of sensitive receptors called rods and cones. When
stimulated by light, these receptors send impulses via the optic nerve to the
brain,where an image is perceived. By this process, a distinct image of an object is
observed when the image falls on the retina.
Defects Of Vision
Inspite of all precautions and proactive action,our eyes may
develop some defects due to various reasons. Three of the
common optical defects of eye are
Myopia or short sightedness or near sightedness,
Hypermetropiaor long sightedness or farsightedness
Presbyopia or old sightedness
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In normal vision, light rays from an object entering the eye are
focused by the lens (transparent tissue that changes shape to help
focus incoming light) on the retina (the membrane at the back of
the eye that transmits images of external objects to the optic
nerve). In people with farsightedness, the distance between the lens
and the retina is too short. As a result, light rays from near
objects strike the retina before they are in focus, which causes
blurred vision. Distant objects appear clearly because light rays
from them focus correctly on the retina.
Farsightedness is corrected with a converging lens.
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TheCamera
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The Microscope
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Compound microscope
Acompound microscope is an optical instrument used for
observing highly magnified images of tiny objects.
Construction:
Two convex lenses form a compound microscope. The object lens is
positioned close to the object to be viewed. It forms an upside-down
and magnified image called a real image because the light rays
actually pass through the place where the image lies. The ocular
lens, or eyepiece lens, acts as a magnifying glass for this real
image. The ocular lens makes the light rays spread more, so that
they appear to come from a large inverted image beyond the object
lens. Because light rays do not actually pass through this
location, the image is called a virtual image.
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A compound microscope
TheTelescope
Telescope is an instrumentused to see distant objects which
cannot be seen by naked eyes.Two types:
Refracting type telescope:Telescope in which the objective is convex lens
which use phenomenon of refraction.Eg. Astronomical telescope,
terrestrial telescope, galileo telescope, etc.
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Galileo Galilei born Feb. 15, 1564, Pisa [Italy] -died Jan. 8, 1642
Galileo's career took a dramatic turn. In the spring of 1609 he heard that in the Netherlands an
instrument had been invented that showed distant things as though they were nearby. By trial and
error, he quickly figured out the secret of the invention and made his own three-powered spyglass from
lenses for sale in spectacle makers' shops. Others had done the same; what set Galileo apart was that he
quickly figured out how to improve the instrument, taught himself the art of lens grinding, and
produced increasingly powerful telescopes. In August of that year he presented an eight-powered
instrument to the Venetian Senate (Padua was in the Venetian Republic). He was rewarded with life
tenure and a doubling of his salary. Galileo was now one of the highest-paid professors at the university.
In the fall of 1609 Galileo began observing the heavens with instruments that magnified up to 20 times.
In December he drew the Moon's phases as seen through the telescope, showing that the Moon's
surface is not smooth, as had been thought, but is rough and uneven. In January 1610 he discovered
four moons revolving around Jupiter. He also found that the telescope showed many more stars than
are visible with the naked eye. These discoveries were earthshaking, and Galileo quickly produced a
little book, SidereusNuncius (The Sidereal Messenger), in which he described them. He dedicated the
book to Cosimo II de Medici (15901621), the grand duke of his native Tuscany, whom he had tutored in
mathematics for several summers, and he named the moons of Jupiter after the Medici family: the
SideraMedicea, or Medicean Stars. Galileo was rewarded with an appointment as mathematician and
philosopher of the grand duke of Tuscany, and in the fall of 1610 he returned in triumph to his native
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land.
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NewtonianReflectingtelescope
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Early Telescopes
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Hubble Space Telescope(HST):
rd Discovery space
onboa
shuttle
The most sophisticated optical observatory ever placed into orbit around Earth.
Earth's atmosphere obscures ground-based astronomers' view of celestial objects by
absorbing or distorting light rays from them. A telescope stationed in outer space
is entirely above the atmosphere, however, and receives images of much greater
brightness, clarity, and detail than do ground-based telescopes with comparable
optics.
The HST is a large reflecting telescope whose mirror optics gather light from
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celestial objects and direct it into two cameras and two spectrographs. The HST has
a 2.4-metre (94-inch) primary mirror, a smaller secondary mirror, and various
recording instruments that can detect visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. The
most important of these instruments, the wide-field planetary camera, can take
either wide-field or high-resolution images of the planets and of galactic and
extragalactic objects.
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U.S. satellite, one of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) fleet of Great Observatories satellites, which is designed to make
high-resolution images of celestial X-ray sources. In operation since 1999 .
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The Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) located on Mount Hopkins near Tucson, Ariz., combines the light
collected by its six computer-controlled mirrors into a single image.
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The National Radio Astronomy Observatory's Green Bank Telescope, Green Bank, W.Va
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