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Proses Thermal UP
Proses Thermal UP
PROSES THERMAL
2014
Depending on their intensity, thermal preservation processes are classified into two
categories:
1) Pasteurization : heat processing at relatively mild temperature (say 70
100C). Pasteurization destroys vegetative cells of microorganisms but has
almost no effect on spores.
2) Sterilization : heat processing at high temperature (above 100C) with the
objective of destroying all forms of microorganisms, including spores.
Sterilization alone provides long-term preservation of foods, on the condition that
recontamination is prevented by proper packaging.
Pasteurization, on the other hand, provides only short-term stability or requires
additional preserving factors (hurdles) such as refrigeration or low pH for longterm effectiveness.
Commercial Sterilization
When foods are industrially canned, they are
sterilized in a process called commercial
sterilization.
Commercial sterilization is carried out in a large
retort which works the same way as an autoclave.
Commercial sterilization is used to kill C. botulinum
If C. botulinum is destroyed, any other significant
spoilage/pathogenic bacteria will be destroyed.
2014
Retort
= kN
dt
dimana,
N= jumlah mikroba hidup
k = konstanta laju reaksi (konstanta laju pemusnahan m.o.)
dN
= kdt
N
dN
= k dt
N
N
ln = kt
N
N
N0
Ln N
Kemiringan
=-k
Ln N = ln No - kt
t
2014
Ingat !
Ln X = 2.303 log X
N
ln = kt
N
N
2.303 log = kt
N
log N = log N 0
k
t
2.303
t
D
atau
N t
log =
N0 D
10,000
1,000
100
D-value
10
D-value
2014
Contoh 1
Anggap suatu makanan dalam kaleng.
Jika jumlah mo awal sebesar 106 mikroba pembusuk A/kaleng.
Nilai D pada suhu 121,1oC = 15 detik.
Berapa jumlah mo setelah pemanasan selama 1 menit pada 121,1 oC
Berapa jumlah mo setelah pemanasan selama 2 menit pada 121,1 oC
Jawab :
t
Ingat ...........> log N = log N0 D
Untuk t = 1 menit :
60 detik
log N = log 10 6 15 det ik
log N = 6 4 = 2
Untuk t = 2 menit :
120 detik
15 det ik
log N = 6 8 = - 2
log N = log 10 6
N = 10 = 0,01
-2
N = 10 = 100
2
Peluang kebusukan!!
D1
D1
T2>T1
2014
Secara empiris:
log
D
121 ,1 - T
=
D0
Z
121,1 - T
D = D 0 10
DA=DB
DA<DB
10000
Apa artinya?
1000
80.1
90.1
101.1
111.1
121.1
131.1
141.1
151.1
161.1
5000
500
50
5
0.5
0.05
0.005
0.0005
0.00005
DB (Menit)
100
10
Nilai D
(menit)
100
Suhu (C) DA (menit)
10
1
0.1
0.01
1
0.1
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
0.01
50
100
150
200
Suhu (oC)
2014
JENIS M.O.
NILAI D250
(menit)
NILAI Z (C)
4,0
7,0
B.substilis
0,48-0,76
7,4-13,0
B.cereus
0,0065
9,7
0,04
8,8
B.stearothermophillus
B.megaliticum
C.perfringens
C.sporogenes
C.sporogenes (PA 3679)
C.botulinum
C.thermosaccharolyticum
10,0
0,15
13,0
0,48-1,4
10,6
0,21
9,9
3,0-4,0
8,9-12,2
2014
Contoh soal:
Suatu suspensi pangan mempunyai kandungan mikroba
pembusuk A dan B. Mikroba A sebanyak 3 x 105 dan mikroba
B sebanyak 8 x 106. Pada suhu 121.1oC, nilai D untuk mikroba
A dan mikroba B adalah 1.5 dan 0.8 menit. Jika suspensi tsb
dipanaskan pada suhu konstan 121.1oC, berapa lama untuk
memperoleh peluang kebusukan sebesar 10-3.
2014
Jawab :
log N = log N0 -
t
D
10
t = 1.5 (8.477) = 12.72 menit
No
t = D log
N
-3
Untuk mikroba B :
8 x 10
t = 0.8 log
10
t = 0.8 (9.903) = 7.92 menit
6
-3
Jadi, untuk
mendapatkan peluang
kebusukan sebesar 10-3,
maka pemanasan
121.1oC harus dilakukan
selama 12.72 menit.
2014
10
2014
Consider a thermal process during which the temperature T of the product varies
according to a known timetemperature profile, T=f(t). A certain log reduction ratio
log(N0/N) is achieved. We would like to calculate the duration in minutes (the F
value) of an equivalent process at a given constant temperature (reference
temperature R) that would result in the same reduction ratio. The calculation requires
specification of the reference temperature R and knowledge of the z value of the
microorganism considered.
Letalitas / lethal rate (L) adalah ekuivalen menit pada suhu 250F (121C) dengan
pemanasan 1 menit pada suhu tertentu.
10
Untuk evaluasi dan penetapan proses termal, maka harus diidentifikasi mikroorganisme
atau enzim yang menjadi target. Kinetika destruksi mikroorganisme yang menjadi
target (nilai D, nilai z, dan lethal rate) harus diketahui. Kemudian harus diperoleh data
profil suhu pada kondisi proses. Letalitas proses dihitung dengan cara integrasi lethal
rate terhadap waktu, dalam persamaan dapat ditulis:
atau
11
2014
Example
For the flash sterilization of milk, a thermal treatment of 2 seconds at
131C is recommended. Calculate the F0 value of the process.
Example
The following data represent the temperature at the slowest heating point in a canned
food processed at a retort temperature of 250 F. Calculate the F0 value for this process.
Z value = 18 F.
12
2014
300
Temperature
(F)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Time (min)
0.8
lethal rate
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
time
13
2014
14