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Ch04 Section15 Pressure Vessel Design PDF
Ch04 Section15 Pressure Vessel Design PDF
Ch04 Section15 Pressure Vessel Design PDF
Thick-wall theory is developed from the Theory of Elasticity which yields the state of
stress as a continuous function of radius over the pressure vessel wall. The state of
stress is defined relative to a convenient cylindrical coordinate system:
1. t Tangential Stress
2. r Radial Stress
3. l Longitudinal Stress
Stresses in a cylindrical pressure vessel depend upon the ratio of the inner radius to
the outer radius ( ro / ri ) rather than the size of the cylinder.
Principal Stresses ( 1 , 2 , 3 )
1. Determined without computation of Mohrs Circle;
2. Equivalent to cylindrical stresses ( t , r , l )
ri
t
l
r
pi
ro
po
FIGURE T4-15-1
Text Eq. refers to Mechanical Engineering Design, 7th edition text by Joseph Edward Shigley, Charles
R. Mischke and Richard G. Budynas; equations and figures with the prefix T refer to the present tutorial.
The cylinder geometry is defined by the inside radius, ri , the outside radius, ro , and the
cylinder length, l. In general, the stresses in the cylindrical pressure vessel ( t , r , l )
can be computed at any radial coordinate value, r, within the wall thickness bounded by
ri and ro , and will be characterized by the ratio of radii, = ro / ri . These cylindrical
stresses represent the principal stresses and can be computed directly using Eq. 4-50 and
4-52. Thus we do not need to use Mohrs circle to assess the principal stresses.
Tangential Stress:
t =
for ri r ro
for ri r ro
Radial Stress:
r =
Longitudinal Stress:
Applicable to cases where the cylinder carries the longitudinal load, such as
capped ends.
Only valid far away from end caps where bending, nonlinearities and stress
concentrations are not significant.
pi ri2 po ro2
l =
for ri r ro
ro2 ri2
t (r = ri ) = t ,max
ro2 + ri2
2 +1
= pi 2 2 = pi 2
= pi Cti
1
ro ri
(T-1)
2/10
2 + 1 ro2 + ri 2
=
is a function of cylinder geometry only.
where Cti = 2
1 ro2 ri 2
r (r = ri ) = r ,max = pi
(T-2)
pi Cli
Capped Ends
(T-3a)
Uncapped Ends
(T-3b)
l =
0
where Cli =
1
.
1
2
r (r = ri ) = 0
t (r = ri ) = t ,max = po
where, Cto =
r = ro
2ro2
2 2
=
= poCto
p
o
2 1
ro2 ri2
(T-4a)
(T-4b)
2ro2
2 2
=
.
2 1 ro2 ri 2
t (r = ro ) = po
ro2 + ri2
2 +1
=
p
= poCti
o
2 1
ro2 ri2
(T-5b)
Capped Ends
(T-6a)
Uncapped Ends
(T-6b)
l =
0
3/10
where Clo =
2
.
2 1
Solution Methodology:
OD 50 mm
=
= 25 mm ;
2
2
ri =
ID 25 mm
=
= 12.5 mm
2
2
ro
25 mm
=
= 2.0
ri 12.5 mm
4/10
Then,
2
(2) 2
=
= 1.3333 mm 2
2
2
1 (2) 1
2
= poClo = (150MPa)(1.3333 mm 2 )
l (r = ri ) = l (r = ro ) = po 2
1
l = 200 MPa
Clo =
2 + 1 (2)2 + 1
=
= 1.6667
2 1 (2) 2 1
t (r = ro ) = t ,min = po
ro2 + ri 2
= poCti = (150 MPa)(1.6667)
ro2 ri 2
Outer Radius (r = ro )
1 = r = 0 MPa
2 = l = 200 MPa
3 = t = 400 MPa
1 = r = 150 MPa
2 = l = 200 MPa
3 = t = 250 MPa
1 3 0 (400)
=
= 200 MPa
2
2
5/10
1 3 (150) (250)
=
= 50 MPa
2
2
5. Mohrs Circles:
Inner Radius (r = ri )
FIGURE T4-15-2
max = 200 MPa
1 = 0 MPa
3 = -400 MPa
2 = -200 MPa
Outer Radius (r = ro )
FIGURE T4-15-3
3 = -250 MPa
1 = 150 MPa
max = 50 MPa
2 = -200 MPa
Critical Section
6/10
THIN-WALL THEORY
Thin-wall theory is developed from a Strength of Materials solution which yields the
state of stress as an average over the pressure vessel wall.
Use restricted by wall thickness-to-radius ratio:
t
1
According to theory, Thin-wall Theory is justified for
r 20
t 1
In practice, typically use a less conservative rule,
r 10
State of Stress Definition:
1. Hoop Stress, t , assumed to be uniform across wall thickness.
2. Radial Stress is insignificant compared to tangential stress, thus, r 0.
3. Longitudinal Stress, l
S Exists for cylinders with capped ends;
S Assumed to be uniformly distributed across wall thickness;
S This approximation for the longitudinal stress is only valid far away
from the end-caps.
FIGURE T4-15-4
di
t
FV
FHoop
FHoop
Pressure Acting over
Projected Vertical Area
7/10
The internal pressure exerts a vertical force, FV, on the cylinder wall which is
balanced by the tangential hoop stress, FHoop.
FV = pA proj = p{( d i )(1)} = pd i
FHoop = t Astressed = t {(t )(1)} = t t
Fy = 0 = FV 2 FHoop = pd i 2 t t
Solving for the tangential stress,
t =
pd i
2t
Hoop Stress
Comparison of state of stress for cylinder under internal pressure verses external
pressure:
Internal Pressure Only
pdi
2t
r = 0
t =
l =
pdi t
=
4t
2
Hoop Stress
By Definition
Capped Case
(Text Eq.4-55)
t =
l =
pd o t
=
4t
2
Hoop Stress
By Definition
Capped Case
8/10
Solution Methodology:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Solution:
t 12.5 mm 1
=
=
r
25 mm
2
1
20
or
1
10
l = o o = t = 150 MPa
4t
2
3. Identify Principal Stresses in terms of Average Stresses:
1 = r = 0 MPa
2 = l = 150 MPa
3 = t = 300 MPa
4. Maximum Shear Stress Calculation:
max =
1 3 0 (300 MPa )
=
= +150 MPa
2
2
9/10
% Difference =
=
max,Thin max,Thick
100%
max,Thick
(+150) (+200)
(100%) = 25%
(+200)
10/10