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Bai 04 Cac Tap Hop Tren Do Thi 2346
Bai 04 Cac Tap Hop Tren Do Thi 2346
Bai 04 Cac Tap Hop Tren Do Thi 2346
Cc tp hp c bit trn th
Trong chng ny chng ta s nghin cu mt s tp hp c bit cc nh
trn th. l cc tp n nh trong, tp n nh ngoi v nhn ca mt th.
3.1. Tp n nh trong
Gi s G = (V, E) l mt th.
nh ngha 3.1:
Tp B V c gi l tp n nh trong ca th G nu:
x B : B F(x) = .
T nh ngha trn ta thy rng, trong mt tp n nh trong khng c hai
nh no k nhau. Hn na, nu tp B n nh trong th tp con B' B cng l tp
n nh trong. Khi nim n nh trong khng ph thuc vo hng cc cnh ca
th.
V d 3.2 (Gauss): - Bi ton tm qun hu.
Hy t 8 qun hu vo cc ca mt bn c vua sao cho chng khng n c
ln nhau.
gii quyt bi ton ny, ta xy dng th v hng biu din bn c vua
nh sau: 64 ca bn c l 64 nh ca th, hai nh x v y c cnh ni vi nhau
nu l hai m khi t hai qun hu vo, chng c th n ln nhau.
Cc cn tm t cc qun hu chnh l mt tp n nh trong gm 8 nh.
Bi ton trn c 92 nghim suy ra t 12 tp n nh trong khc nhau l:
{A7,B2,C6,D3,E1,F4,G8,H5}
{A6,B1,C5,D2,E8,F3,G7,H4}
{A5,B8,C4,D1,E7,F2,G6,H3}
{A3,B5,C8,D4,E1,F7,G2,H6}
{A4,B6,C1,D5,E2,F8,G3,H7}
{A5,B7,C2,D6,E3,F1,G4,H8}
{A1,B6,C8,D3,E7,F4,G2,H5}
{A5,B7,C2,D6,E3,F1,G8,H4}
{A4,B8,C1,D5,E7,F2,G6,H3}
{A5,B1,C4,D6,E8,F2,G7,H3}
{A4,B2,C7,D5,E1,F8,G6,H3}
{A3,B5,C2,D8,E1,F7,G4, H6}
n
.
r +1
Chng minh:
Gi s B l tp n nh trong ln nht vi u phn t. Vi mi nh y B c t
nht mt nh ca B k vi y. V nu ngc li th c th b sung y vo B, mu
thun vi tnh n nh trong cc i ca B. T suy ra s cnh i ra khi B
(khng k hng) V \ B = n - u.
Mt khc, s cnh r.u. Vy r.u n-u.
T suy ra:
n
r +1
T(a) = {a}
T(d) = {b, c, d}
T(b) = {a, b, c}
T(e) = {e}
T(c) = {a, c}
e l nh c lp phi gi li.