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Carbon Chemistry, Functional Groups, & Buffers: Valence of 4
Carbon Chemistry, Functional Groups, & Buffers: Valence of 4
Carbon Chemistry, Functional Groups, & Buffers: Valence of 4
Carbon
First
shell
Second
shell
Third
shell
Macromolecules:
Helium
2He
Hydrogen
1H
Lithium
3Li
Beryllium
4Be
Boron
3B
Carbon
6C
Nitrogen
7N
Silicon
14Si
Phosphorus
15P
Oxygen
8O
Fluorine
9F
Neon
10Ne
Sulfur
16S
Chlorine
17Cl
Argon
18Ar
09/09/11
Carbohydrates
Valence of 4
Diversity and Stability
Name and
Comments
Molecular
Formula
Structural
Formula
Ball-and-Stick
Model
Space-Filling
Model
(a) Methane
CH4
(b) Ethane
or
branched chains
or
C 2H 6
rings
C H
(c) Ethene
(ethylene)
C 2H 4
H
C C
Hydrocarbons
contain only carbon and hydrogen
H3C
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
First
shell
Second
shell
Third
shell
Helium
2He
Hydrogen
1H
Lithium
3Li
Beryllium
4Be
Boron
3B
Carbon
6C
Nitrogen
7N
Silicon
14Si
Phosphorus
15P
Oxygen
8O
Fluorine
9F
Neon
10Ne
Sulfur
16S
Chlorine
17Cl
Argon
18Ar
Fig. 4-9
Estradiol!
Hydrophilic
Polar things
Straight-chain
hydrocarbons
Branched-chain
hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons with
double bonds
Hydrocarbon rings
Aromatic rings
Testosterone!
Alcohols
Sulfhydryls
Carbonyl (aldehydes,
ketones)
R-OH
R-SH
R-C=O
R-COOH
R-NH2
R-PO4
R-CH3
hydroxyl
sulfhydryl
carbonyl
carboxyl
amino
phosphate
methyl
pKa3 ~ 13
R-COOH
R-CH2N-H
H
Most
organic
Acids
3 to 5
R-COO-
H+
H
+
R-CH2N-H
pKa1 ~ 1
R-
Amine
pKa
hydroxyl
sulfhydryl
carbonyl
carboxyl
amino
phosphate
methyl
Each has a
balance point
R-OH
R-SH
R-C=O
R-COOH
R-NH2
R-PO4
R-CH3
HOH
pKb
Most
organic
Acids
pKa2 ~ 7.0
8 to 11
-OH
Structural
cadaverine
High pH
Little H+
NH2 molecular form
insoluble
Low pH
Lots of H+
NH3+, ionized
soluble
H
CO2H
(c) Enantiomers
CO2H
Enantiomers
Geometric
X
C
putrescine
C
NH2
NH2
CH3
CH3
Macromolecules
Carvone
Caroway
Spearmint
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Ibuprofen
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.2
1
Unlinked monomer
Dehydration
Synthesis
make by
taking water
away
Hydrolysis
Longer polymer
3
Unlinked monomer
Dehydration
Synthesis
make by
taking water
away
Longer polymer
Hydrolysis
Split by water
Split by water
1
Pentose sugars
(C5H10O5)
H
C
Aldoses
Hexose sugars
(C6H12O6)
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
Ribose
H
H
OH
OH
HO
OH
HO
OH
OH
Glucose
Galactose
H
H
C OH
C
H
H
C OH
C
C OH
C OH
HO
C OH
C OH
C OH
Dihydroxyacetone
Glyceraldehyde
Ketoses
C H
C OH
C OH
C OH
Ribulose
Figure 5.3
Fructose
CH2OH
H
Glucose + GlucoseHO
= Maltose
O
H
OH H
H
H
OH
HO
O
H
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
H
OHOH
H
HO
O
H
OH H
CH2OH
H
1 4
1 glycosidic
linkage
H
4
O
H
OH H
10 !m
OH
O
H
OH
Polysaccharides
OH
0.5 !m
OH
H 2O
Glucose
Glucose
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
HO
Glucose + Fructose
CH2OH
H
OH
HO
HO
CH2OH
OH
OH
Maltose
CH2OH
H
OH
O
H
HO
H
12
1 glycosidic
linkage
Glucose
Fructose
HO
CH2OH
OH H
OH
H 2O
= Sucrose
CH2OH
O
2
Sucrose
E.g. Cellulose
Figure 5.5
! Glucose
monomer!
Fig. 5-8
Fig. 5-7bc
Deoxyribose
missing one alcohol
Glycerol -
H H H
H-C-C-C-H
- OH
- OH
- OH