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GEORGIA ODYSSEAS BOUKOUVALAS MICHAEL

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GEORGIA ODYSSEAS BOUKOUVALAS MICHAEL :

1.
hun in ihcuc miquiyah in tlahtohqueh,
hun in ppiltin, quintolltiyah chlchihuitl;
auh in zan mchualtin, zan texoxoctli,
ahnozo itztli, quil mach nylloh mochhua 1

, .
, ,
.
, ,
,

.

.
, Teotihuacn

. ,
, Teotihuacn. ,
Nanahuatzin .
.
. . ',
. ,
. ,
, Nanahuatzin ,
. ,
, .
.
.
.2
,
, ,
.

And when kings and nobles die, they put a piece of jade in their mouths, and for
simple commoners, a green stone or a piece of obsidian; they say that this give them a heart.
SAHAGN. Florentine Codex, vol. III, Appendix - The Lord of the Land of the Dead.
2
HAMANN 2002; op. cit., p. 357.

GEORGIA ODYSSEAS BOUKOUVALAS MICHAEL :

, . tlamacehua,

.
, , .3

.
, , ,
. ,

3000 .
,


,
,
, .

2.

.
,
1521 ( ).
, 1821, , .
,

.
:

X
X #1
X #2

EVANS, 2004.

GEORGIA ODYSSEAS BOUKOUVALAS MICHAEL :

13.000 7.000 .. -
7.000 2.000 ..

2.500 .. 250
..

250 900 ..

900 1521 ..

-. Clovis.
Tehuacn.
. . .
.
Tehuacn. Oaxaca. Belize.
. .
(150/250 ..)
Mayas. Olmec. Teotihuacn.
(150/250 - 650) Teotihuacn.
(650/700) Teotihuacn.
Zapotec. Totonac. Mayas.
1200 Aztec

1200 1400 Aztec.

Toltec. Totonac. Huastec. Mixtec. Chichimec.
1428 Aztec.
1492 .
1521

#1

GEORGIA ODYSSEAS BOUKOUVALAS MICHAEL :

#2

3.

,
,
.4
, ,
. (
)
- -
, .
,

.
, itztli
5, .
tentli-itztli,
- .
4
5

SAUNDERS, 2001; op. cit., p. 223

Nahuatl

GEORGIA ODYSSEAS BOUKOUVALAS MICHAEL :

, .
, .6
Teotihuacn,
. Olmec,
.


16 ,
(), ,
7.

Tezcatlipoca ,
-alter ego .
, ( -)
.8

.
,
.
Teotihuacn . ,

, .

4.
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.
.
.
.

.

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SAUNDERS, 2001; op. cit., p. 224

SAUNDERS, 2001; op. cit., p. 224; Francisco Hernandez CLARK 1989, p. 315)
8
SAUNDERS, 2001; op. cit., p. 224
7

GEORGIA ODYSSEAS BOUKOUVALAS MICHAEL :

, ,
.

. ,
.

.
.
( #1)
, .
.
, .

.
,
.
,
,
.
, . (
#3)

Moon
Pyramid Teotihuacn: ,
1 90% 5%
.
2
80% , 15% 5%
. 3 , 53% , 42%
5% .
, 1 2.9

, , , , ,
(), , . ( #2, #4)

CARBALLO, 2007; op. cit., p. 176

GEORGIA ODYSSEAS BOUKOUVALAS MICHAEL :

#1. .
Museo Nacional de Arqueologa y Etnologa - Takalik Abaj, Retalhuleu, Guatemala

#2. , ,
, . Museo Nacional de Antropologia de Mexico.
7

GEORGIA ODYSSEAS BOUKOUVALAS MICHAEL :

#3. CARBALLO, 2007; p. 183.

GEORGIA ODYSSEAS BOUKOUVALAS MICHAEL :

#4. Mono . 1250-1521. Altiplano central,

Texcoco. Museo Nacional de Antropologia de Mexico.
9

GEORGIA ODYSSEAS BOUKOUVALAS MICHAEL :

5.

( #5).
.
.

.10 ,
,
Teotihuacn
.


. ,

.

#5. . BRASWELL, 2007; p. 17

.

( 4000 ..). ,
10

SHEETS, 1990; op. cit., p. 144

10

GEORGIA ODYSSEAS BOUKOUVALAS MICHAEL :

.11
,

.

6.

. ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
,
.

,
Teotihuacn,
.
.

,
. ,

.12 ( #6)
Teotihuacn

.
, ,
.
.
,

.
( #7)

11
12

LEN, 2009.
CARBALLO, 2007; op. cit., p. 186

11

GEORGIA ODYSSEAS BOUKOUVALAS MICHAEL :

#6. :
14 Feathered Serpend Pyramid

Moon Pyramid. CARBALLO, 2007; p. 183-184

#7. ,
Techinantitla Teotihuacn. CARBALLO, 2007; p. 185.

. macuahuitl,
.

. ,
itz
iztli, .13
13

TAUBE, 1991; p. 62

12

GEORGIA ODYSSEAS BOUKOUVALAS MICHAEL :

7.

,
3000 . ,
, , ,


, . ,

.

:

13

GEORGIA ODYSSEAS BOUKOUVALAS MICHAEL :

8.
Braswell, Geoffrey E., Glascock. M. D. 2006. El intercambio de la obsidiana y el
desarrollo de las economas de tipo mercado en la regin Maya. 2007. XX Simposio
de Investigaciones Arqueolgicas en Guatemala.
Carballo, David. 2007. Implements of State Power - Weaponry and martially
themed obsidian production near the Moon Pyramid, Teotihuacan. Ancient
Mesoamerica 18, 173190.
Carballo David, De Leon Jason, Hirth Kenneth G. 2009. Exploring Formative Period
Obsidian Blade Trade: Three Distribution Models. Ancient Mesoamerica 20, 113128.
Carpio Rezzio, Edgar. 1989. El papel de la obsidiana en el desarrollo de las
economas en transicin al Clsico Temprano: El caso de Balberta. 1993. III
Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueolgicas en Guatemala.
Evans, Susan T. 2004. Ancient Mexico & Central America: Archaeology and Culture
History. London: Thames & Hudson.
Feinman, Gary. Golitko, Mark. 2014. Procurement and Distribution of Pre-Hispanic
Mesoamerican Obsidian 900 BCAD 1520: a Social Network Analysis. Springer
Science+Business Media New York.
Hamann, Byron. 2002. The Social Life of Pre-Sunrise Things. Current Anthropology
Vol. 43, No 3.
Saunders, Nicholas J. 2001. A Dark Light: Reflections on Obsidian in Mesoamerica.
World Archaeology, Vol. 33, No. 2, Archaeology and Aesthetics, pp. 220-236.
Sidrys, Raymond V. 1976. Classic Maya Obsidian Trade. American Antiquity, Vol.
41, No. 4, pp. 449-464.
Spence, Michael W. 1967. The Obsidian Industry of Teotihuacan. American
Antiquity, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 507-514.
Taube, Karl. 1991. Obsidian Polyhedral Cores and Prismatic Blades in the Writing
and Art of Ancient Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 2, p. 61-70.
Willey, R. Gordon, P. Phillips. 1958. Method and Theory in American Archaeology.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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GEORGIA ODYSSEAS BOUKOUVALAS MICHAEL :

Wurster, Wolfgang W. 2000. El Sitio Maya de Topoxt Investigaciones en una isla

del lago Yaxh, Petn, Guatemala. Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archologie
57, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein, p. 208-221.
Museo Nacional de Antropologia de Mexico. http://www.mna.inah.gob.mx/
Museo
Nacional
de
http://www.munae.gob.gt/

Arqueologa

Etnologa

Teotihuacan,
City
of
Gods

Documentary.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gHfWMwHouA

History

Guatemala

Channel.

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