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Chemical Equilibria: Concept of Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibria: Concept of Equilibrium
Concept of Equilibrium
Chemical Reactions generally do not reach completion but instead stop at some intermediate stage of
equilibrium. In this equilibrium state, unreacted reactants are present along with products but no
further net change occurs.
Equilibrium Constant
Ex 1
2 H2(g) + O2(g)
(b)
2 C 6H6(g)
15 O2(g)
2 H2O(g)
12 CO2(g) +
6 H2O(g)
Ex 2
Kc
Reactants
Reactants
Reactants
Ex 3
Products
Products
Products
Heterogeneous Equilibria
Ex 4
4 H2O(g)
Fe3O4(s)
+ 4 H2(g)
An experiment is run at 425C to determine the equilibrium constant for the reaction
H2(g)
I2(g)
2 HI(g)
at that temperature. H2(g) and I2(g), both at the same initial partial pressure of
5.73 atm, are mixed. When the reaction comes to equilibrium, the partial pressure of
HI is measured to be 9.00 atm. Compute the equilibrium constant, assuming that no
side reactions occur.
Ex 6
Br2(g)
2 NOBr(g)
Ex 7
(a)
PNO = 0.188;
PBr2 = 0.300;
PNOBr = 1.203
(b)
PNO = 0.300;
PBr2 = 0.188;
PNOBr = 1.203
Br2(g)
2 HBr(g)
can be monitored visually by following changes in the color of the reaction mixture
(Br2 is reddish brown, and H2 and HBr are colorless). A gas mixture is prepared at
700 K, in which 0.40 atm is the initial partial pressure of both H2 and Br2 and
0.90 atm is the initial partial pressure of HBr. The color of this mixture fades as the
reaction progresses toward equilibrium. What condition must K satisfy (for example,
it must be greater than or smaller than a given number)?
Ex 8
Br2(g)
Cl 2(g)
K = 32 @ 500K
Le Chateliers Principle
When left to itself, a system at equilibrium remains constant and unchanging. However, if that
system is put under some external stress (e.g. changing V, changing T, or adding or removing
products or reactants) it will react in a way that will counteract (but not cancel) the stress.
Change in Reactant or Product Concentrations
Ex 9
2 SO 2(g)
O2(g)
2 SO 3(g)
Which direction will the equilibrium shift when the following changes are made?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
2 NH3(g)
3 H2(g) + N2(g)
1/2 Fe3O4(s)
2 H 2(g)
is 3.51 at 527C. 5.42 g of Fe and 7.88 g of H2O are placed in a closed, 5.0-L container and
allowed to reach equilibrium. Calculate the pressure of H2(g) at equilibrium.
3. Find the equilibrium partial pressure of N2O4(g) and NO2(g) in the reaction
N2O4(g)
2 NO2(g)
K = 0.98 @ 298K
if a flask is charged with enough N2O4 to exert an initial partial pressure of 0.050 atm.
4. For the reaction
SO2Cl2 (g)
(a)
SO2(g)
Cl 2(g)
K = 2.40 @ 100C
Initial partial pressure of SO2Cl2 in a tank with rigid walls is 1.398 atm, no other species are
present. Calculate the Q. Does total pressure increase or decrease as the rxn equilibrium?
(b) Calculate the partial pressures of SO2Cl2, SO2, and Cl 2 after equilibrium is reached.
5. 0.500 atm of H2 and 0.500 atm of I 2 are placed in a container. The reaction between the two to
form HI is allowed to come to equilibrium. What are the equilibrium partial pressures of all
compounds?
H2(g) + I2(g)
2 HI(g)
K = 54 @ 700K
6. Given the following data:
N2(g)
3 H2(g)
N2(g)
O2(g)
2 NH 3(g)
K@25C = 3.5 10
2 NO (g)
K@25C = 1.7 10
2 NO 2(g)
N2O4(g)
K@25C = 1.7 10
Arrange the following reactions in order from most reactant-favored to most product-favored.
2
(1)
2 NH 3(g)
(2)
2 NO (g)
(3)
2 NO 2(g)
N2(g)
N2(g)
N2O4(g)
+
+
3 H2(g)
O2(g)