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Back Matter PDF
Back Matter PDF
Back Matter PDF
141
REFERENCES
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143
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D., 1987, Cementation exponents in Middle Eastern
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144
145
NELSON, P.H., AND GLENN, W.E., 1975, Influence of bound water on the neutron log
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146
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P*
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Greenhorn marine cycle (Upper Cretaceous) examined using natural gamma-ray
spectrometry: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Field Trip
Guidebook No. 4, p. 49-59.
147
APPENDICES
149
151
QI
0
0
miles 100
k m 160
OKLAHOMA
152
Age
Lithology
Selected Units
Ogallala
Pierre Shale
Niobrara Chalk
Cretaceous
Greenhorn Ls
Dakota Formation
Morrison
Blaine Formation
Cedar Hills Ss
Stone Corral
Hutchinson Salt
Permian
Chase Group
Virgilian
.
-.
Lansing &
Kansas City
Groups
Missourian
Cherokee Group
Desmoinesian
...............
...... -
Morrow
Mississ i ppi "Chat"
A A A A A
Mississippian
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
li3---zzZa
-- -
-I
Chattanooga Sh
/ /
/
"Hunton Group"
Maquoketa Sh
Viola Ls
---I
l
l
1
......................
..............
Simpson Group
f
Arbuckle Group
Precambrian
..-..*
.
Ab;..,:/A
-I
JHD. 1994
153
Example
intervals
Q
I
BIBLIOGRAPHY
In this bibliographic review, I will discuss material whose major emphasis is on the
interpretation of geology from wireline logs. Of course, all logs have geological
implications, but the older literature has tended to concentrate on the reservoir
engineering aspects of log analysis.
The classic book of "Geologic Well Log Analysis" by Pirson (1970 ) had no rival for
many years. Pirson was a petroleum engineering professor, but the diversity of his
interests is reflected in the variety of topics in this book. There are sections on the use of
the SP log as a redox potential indicator, the sedimentology of log curve shapes, the
structural and sedimentological interpretation of dipmeter logs, paleofacies
identification and mapping, and several chapters on hydrodynamics.
George Asquith has been a prolific author of papers and books that have explained
traditional log analysis techniques from a geological viewpoint. The emphasis
throughout has been on practical methods that can be used in the search for oil and gas
using real examples and a no-nonsense commentary. The book by Asquith and Gibson
(1982) was a huge publishing success and was a primer of log interpretation designed
specifically for a geological audience. In later volumes, Asquith expanded on the
techniques that were useful in the evaluation of carbonates (Asquith, 1985),and
summarized the complex log analysis methods used for shaly sandstones (Asquith,
1990).
In their book, Hearst and Nelson (1985) described the physical principles of logging
tools, formation properties, and a wide variety of applications that included, but
reached beyond, the evaluation of oil and gas.
The prolific and creative work of Oberto Serra and his coworkers finally led to a
monumental two-volume treatise (Serra, 1984,1986). Serra made extensive use of
dipmeter analyses, closely integrated with other logs and profiles of bedding and
textural properties. Collectively, these provide a valuable atlas in the interpretation of
sedimentary environments from logs (Serra, 1985).
Rider (1986, revised 1991) published a readable and popular book on the geological
interpretation of logs, drawn partly from his work with Serra's group, although he
pointedly declined to write on dipmeter interpretation.
In his book, Doveton (1986) emphasized the role of computer methods in the
transformation of logs to profiles of lithology and mineralogy within individual wells
and as maps of variation across regional areas.
155
The textbook by Ellis (1987)was inspired by his teaching experiences at Stanford. His
treatment is marked particularly by a readable and authoritative treatment of the
physics of the latest generation of tools and how they relate to rock properties.
The appearance of the monumental Bibliography of Well-Log Applications in "The
Log Analyst" (Prensky, 1987), followed by annual updates, has provided a valuable
reference source for geological applications. The Bibliography is also available on
computer discs (Prensky, 1992). Even a cursory glance through these references shows
the wide dispersal of the literature sources and the currently limited penetration of
mainstream geological journals.
The conventions of the SPWLA (Society of Professional Well Log Analysts) and its
sister societies have always provided forums for geological studies drawn from logs.
However, in 1988, a two-day meeting of the Geological Society of London was
convened to hear papers specifically on the geological applications of wireline logs. In
the ensuing book, Hurst and others (1990) asserted boldly in the introduction that they
believed this meeting to be the first of its kind. Its success was shown by the
organization of a second meeting on this theme in 1991 (GAWL 11) which was published
by Hurst and others (1992).
Doveton and Prensky (1992)wrote a review paper that attempted to summarize all the
developments in geological applications of log analysis in "The Log Analyst", the
bimonthly journal of the SPWLA (Society of Professional Well Log Analysts). The
Society also publishes the transactions of its annual symposia that cover a wide variety
of topics concerning both logging tool developments and logging applications.
Although the membership of the SPWLA is widely perceived to be dominated by
engineers, there has been a systematic increase in the number of geologists over the
years. Geologists now constitute the membership majority, so that the publications of
the SPWLA can be expected to reflect this demographic shift.
Doveton (1994) published a book on computer applications of log analysis to geology
whch summarized many of the new ways that logs can be presented and analyzed,
once they have made the (sometimes painful) transition from analog hard-copy traces to
digital data. Examples of applications that are made possible by the computer include
the compositional analysis of complex lithofacies and the extraction of systematic cyclic
patterns that may reflect climatic or other mechanisms that have controlled ancient
environments of sedimentation.
156
BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES
ASQUITH, G.B., 1985, Handbook of log evaluation techniques for carbonate reservoirs:
Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Methods in Exploration Series
No. 547 p.
ASQUITH, G.B., 1990, Log evaluation of shaly sandstones: Tulsa, American Association
of Petroleum Geologists Continuing Education Course Note Series No. 31,59 p.
ASQUITH, G.B., AND GIBSON, C.R., 1982, Basic well log analysis for geologists: Tulsa,
American Association of Petroleum Geologists Methods in Exploration Series No. 3,
216 p.
DOVETON, J.H., 1986, Log analysis of subsurface geology--Concepts and computer
methods: New York, John Wiley & Sons, 273 p.
DOVETON, J.H., 1994, Geological log analysis using computer methods: Tulsa, AAPG
Computer Applications in Geology, No. 2,167 p.
DOVETON, J.H., AND PRENSKY, S.E., 1992, Geological applications of wireline logs -a synopsis of developments and trends: The Log Analyst, v. 33, p. 286-303.
ELLIS, D.V., 1987, Well logging for Earth Scientists: New York, Elsevier, 532 pp.
HEARST, J.R., AND NELSON, P.H., 1985, Well logging for physical properties: New
York, McGraw-Hill, 569 p.
HURST, A., LOVELL, M.A., AND MORTON, A.C., editors, 1990, Geological
applications of wireline logs: London, The Geological Society Special Publication
No. 48,357 p.
HURST, A., GRIFFITHS, C.M., AND WORTHINGTON, P.F., editors, 1992, Geological
applications of wireline logs 11: London, The Geological Society Special Publication
No. 65,406 p.
PIRSON, S.J., 1970, Geologic well log analysis: Houston, Gulf Publishing, 370 p.
PRENSKY, S.E., 1987, Geological applications of well logs: A selected bibliography and
survey of the well logging literature, Parts A and B, The Log Analyst, vol. 28, p. 71107; Part C, vol. 28, p. 219- 248.
PRENSKY, S.E., 1992, Bibliography of Well-Log Applications, cumulative edition, to
September 30,1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 92-0390A and B,
623 p. OF 92-0390A, Macintosh version consisting of 3 text files on three 3-1/2 inch,
1.44M-b disks. Formatted in Microsoft Word,version 5.0. OF 92-0390B. IBM-PC, or
compatible, version, consisting of 3 text files on, three 3-1/2 inch 1.44 Mb disks.
Formatted in Wordperfect, version, 5.1.
157
RIDER, M.H., 1986, The geological interpretation of well logs: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York, 175 p. ;Revised edn., 1991: Caithness, Whittles Publishing, 175 p.
SERRA, O., 1984, Fundamentals of well-log interpretation volume 1--The acquisition of
data: New York, Elsevier, Developments in Petroleum Science No. 15A, 423 p.
SERRA, O., 1985, Sedimentary environments from wireline logs: Houston,
Schlumberger, 211 p.
SERRA, O., 1986, Fundamentals of well-log interpretation volume 2--The interpretation
of logging data: Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers, Developments in
Petroleum Science No. 15B, 684 p.
158
USER'S GUIDE
AND
LISTING
KIWI is a program written to compute the proportions of n components based on
responses for (n-1) logs. This version of KIWI is a BASIC adaptation of the FORTRAN
version listed in Doveton (1986). Although written for an IBM PC or compatible, it will
also run on a Macintosh. First users of the program are urged to enter the data of the
example run on page 130. If their output matches the manual example output, this
verifies that their version is working correctly.
The user should define a stratigraphic interval for analysis, identify the major
compositional components, and select the appropriate number of logs (number of
components minus one). The program is limited to a maximum of six components. The
log values of the components should be tabulated, ready for entry into the program.
Some log response properties for common minerals are listed in this appendix ;a wider
selection is available in logging service company manuals and some log analysis texts.
Note that some of the responses are somewhat idealized (particularly in the case of clay
minerals) and subject to revision.
Remember to include water as a component if the interval contains porous lithologies.
If "shale" is a component, then its logging properties must be drawn from the section
itself. This is done by identifying shale intervals (generally by using the gamma-ray
log) and then deducing log responses that typify full-blooded shales.
The next step is to prepare a data file that consists of a listing of the input log data for
the section. Readings should be taken on "peak", "trough", or "shoulder" features that
are observed on the composite log traces. Each set of readings constitutes a "zone". A
zone is entered as a line of the input file and takes the form of an integer value for depth
(in feet, meters or any other units) followed by the log readings of the zone, separated
by spaces. When the input file is complete, a final line with the number of "-1" should
be added to signal the program that it has reached the end of the file. The input file can
be prepared on a standard word-processing program, but must be saved as a "text-only
file with line breaks".
The user should then activate the KIWI program and supply the necessary
information requested. A sequence of questions asks the name of the well, the name of
the section, and the number of logs. The program then asks the names of the logs and
159
the names of the components. The logs must be entered in the same order as they are
written for each zone in the data file. In all of these questions, the names are informal
and are simply used as text in dialog and for output.
KIWI then engages in a dialog in which it asks for the log response of each
component. The most important rule to remember here is CONSISTENCY. If, for
example, the neutron porosity has been entered as fractional units in the data file, then
fractional units should be given. If the data file entries are fractional and the user enters
percent, then the program will not fail, but its results will be nonsense. By the same
token density log values should either adopt bulk density or equivalent density porosity
values throughout.
Once the responses have been entered, the program asks for the name of the data file
that contains the zone listing of log responses. If the run is successful, the user will be
asked if the graphic log is to be scaled for a printer than can accommodate a line with
133 characters. If the answer is no, then the program will scale the output for 80
columns. The results of the run are stored as a temporary text file as
KrWIWORK.TMP. (The file should be resaved under another name, if the user does
not want it to be overwritten by successive KIM71 runs.)
The output consists of three parts. The first part repeats back to the user the
information supplied of names and log responses during the interactive dialog. The
second part lists the input section log data to the left, and the proportional solutions of
the components to the right. These proportions should be examined carefully for signs
of trouble. Ideally, all proportions should be positive, which signifies that the zone
responses are located within the composition space. In practice, small negative values
will commonly occur and are caused by minor tool error, non-linearities of tool
response, or the influence of other components not accounted for in the run. These
issues are discussed at length on pages 129-133.
Large negative values of proportions are diagnostic of problems that range from the
sublime to the ridiculous. Sublime problems are caused when the components tend to
be colinear with respect to the logs used. If plotted in log space, the system would show
a highly obtuse triangle in two-log space or a flattened tetrahedron in three-log space.
Relatively small displacements in log responses can then translate into large negative
values of proportions, if the zone is located below the base of the shortened axis. If
the system is perfectly colinear, then there is no unique solution and the program
signals its displeasure by blowing up, usually with a cascade of exponential
overflow error messages.
160
161
llOREM K I W I :
120 REM COMPUTATION OF MINERAL AND FLUID COMPONENTS PROPORTIONS
121 REM BASED ON LOG RESPONSES.
122 REM
123 REM MICROSOFT BASIC; IBM IMPLEMENTATION (MACINTOSH COMPATIBLE)
124 REM
125 REM JOHN H. DOVETON; KANSAS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY; 1981
126 REM (BASIC ADAPTATION: RICHARD BROWNRIGG; K.G.S.; 1985)
127 REM
128 REM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
130 OPTION BASE 1
140 DIM L$(5), C$(6)
150 DIM V(6,6), V2(6, 6)
151 LET MAX = 200
160 DIM D3(200), R1(6), R2(6), R4(200,6)
161 OPEN "O",#1, "KWIWORK.TMP"
170 PRINT "*** K I W I PROGRAM
180 PRINT "NAME OF WELL
190 LINE INPUT
N$
200 PRINT "NAME OF SECTION ";
210 LINE INPUT
S$
21 1 GOSUB 2000
220 PRINT
230 PRINT "NUMBER OF LOGS ";
240 INPUT N
250 IF N > 5 THEN PRINT "***NO MORE THAN 5 CAN BE ACCEPTED!": LET N = 5
260FORI=lTON
270 PRINT "NAME OF LOG I;
280 INPUTL$(I)
290 NEXT I
291 GOSUB 2080
300LETM=N+l
310 PRINT
320FORI=lTOM
330 PRINT "NAME OF COMPONENT ";I;
340 INPUT C$(I)
350 NEXT I
351 GOSUB 2190
360 PRINT
370 FOR I = 1 TO N
380 F O R J = l T O M
390 PRINT I.$@);
VALUE FOR C$(J);
400 INPUTVU, J)
410 NEXT J
420 PRINT
430 NEXT I
440 FOR J = 1 TO M
450 LET V(M, J) = 1
460 NEXT J
461 GOSUB 2280
480REM******************************
490 REM INVERT MATRIX OF LOG COEFFICIENTS:
500 REM V = MATRIX OF VALUES; V2 = INVERTED MATRIX
510 REM D = DETERMINATE
D2 = DIVISOR
520 REM R = RATIO
O OR EM******************************
540 FOR I = 1 TO M
550 LETV2(I,I)= 1
560 NEXT I
570 LET D = 1
580FORI=lTOM
590 LET D2 = V(I, I)
***'I
'I;
'I? 'I;
'I? 'I;
'I;
'I;
162
600 L E T D = D * D 2
610 F O R J = l T O M
620 LET V(1, J) = V(1, J) / D2
630 LET V2(I, J) = V2(I, J) / D2
640 NEXTJ
650 F O R J = l T O M
660 IF (I- J) = 0 THEN GOTO 720
670 LET R = V(J, I)
680 F O R K = l T O M
690
LET V(J, K) = V(J, K) - R * V(I, K)
700
LET V2(J, K) = V2(J, K) - R * V2(I, K)
710 NEXTK
720 NEXTJ
730 NEXT I
740~~~*******************************************
750 REM NOW READ AND PROCESS LOG RESPONSES:
Rl(..) = TMP.VR.,CALC. OF PROP.
780 REM D3(..) = DEPTHS
790 REM R2(..) = INPUT LOG VALUES R3 = TMP.VR.
800 REM R4(..) = COMPONENTS PROPORTIONS, INDEXED BY DEPTH
801REM*******************************************
830 LET Z = 0
840 LET R2(M) = 1
850 PRINT
851 PRINT "***ENTER FILENAME OF LOG-DATA***"
852 PRINT "IT'S FORMAT SHOULD BE: ";
860 REM****PRINT "ENTER LOG READINGS FOR EACH ZONE, AS:"
870 REM****PRINT
880 PRINT "DEPTH";
881 GOSUB 2470
890FORI=lTON
900 PRINT ",";L$(I);
910 NEXT I
920 PRINT
930 PRINT
940 REM****PRINT "...ONE ZONE PER LINE. ENTER -1 FOR DEPTH TO QUIT."
941 LINE INPUT "Filename?"; F$
942 OPEN F$ FOR INPUT AS #2
943 LET L = 0
944 WHILE NOT EOF(2)
950 REM****FOR L = 1 TO 200
960 REM****LTNE INPUT
A$
961 LINE INPUT #2, A$
962 L = L + 1
963 IF L > MAX THEN GOTO 9000
970 LET A = 0
980 GOSUB 1270
981 REM****IF X <= 0 GOTO 9000
990 LET D3(L) = X
lo00 FOR I = 1 T O N
1010 GOSUB 1270
1020 LET R2(I) = X
1030 NEXT I
1070 L E T 2 = Z + 1
1080 FORI= 1 TOM
1090 LET Rl(I) = 0
1100 F O R J = l T O M
1110
LET Rl(I) = Rl(I) + V2(I, J) * R2(J)
1120 NEXTJ
1130 NEXT1
1131 GOSUB 2610
1140 LETR3=O
1150 F O R I = l T O M
1160 IF Rl(1) < 0 THEN LET Rl(1) = 0
'I? 'I;
163
*It
"
'I;
'I;
"
"
\'I;
"
"
164
1'
'I
I'
"
I'
"
'I;
"
"
'I;
I'
'I;
I'
"####.##'I;
"
"
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'I*"
"
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165
'I#####/#";
'I
"
"
"
9500 END
166
The values listed overleaf are the bulk densities, sidewall neutron porosity (SNP),
compensated neutron porosity (CNL), acoustic transit time, and photoelectric factor
(Pe) properties of common sedimentary minerals reported in the Schlumberger Chart
Book of 1991. The neutron porosity units are referenced to an apparent limestone
matrix. Additional log properties are listed in Schlumberger and other service
companies chart books.
The values represent ideal minerals so that there is some variability of properties in
real minerals (especially in the case of clay minerals). Also, the numbers exhibit some
variation between the tabulations of different logging service companies and log
analysis textbooks, as well as changes between editions of the same manual. A simple
example in this manual listing (Schlumberger, 1991) is given by the log bulk density of
quartz, which is now cited as 2.64 gm/cc, after a long and distinguished career at 2.65
gm/cc. Further revisions can be anticipated in future editions.
167
@SNP
gm/cc
P-U
$cm
At
p.u.
ps/ ft
Pe
barns / elect
SILICATES
Quartz
Opal (3.5% H20)
Garnet
Hornblende
Tourmaline
Zircon
2.64
2.13
4.31
3.20
3.02
4.50
-1.
4.
3.
4.
16.
-1.
-2.
2.
7.
8.
22.
-3.
CARBONATES
Calcite
Dolomite
Ankerite
Siderite
2.71
2.85
2.86
3.89
0
2.
0
5.
-0
1.
1.
12.
49.0
44.0
OXIDATES
Hematite
Magnetite
Goethite
Limonite
Gibbsite
5.18
5.08
4.34
3.59
2.49
4.
3.
50+
50+
50+
11.
9.
60+
60+
60+
42.9
73.
PHOSPHATES
Hydroxyapatite
Chlorapatite
Fluor apatite
Carbonapatite
3.17
3.18
3.21
3.13
5.
-1.
-1.
5.
8.
-1.
-2.
8.
42.
42.
42.
5.81
6.06
5.82
5.58
FELDSPARSOrthoclase
Anor thoclase
Microcline
Albite
Anorthite
2.52
2.59
2.53
2.59
2.74
-2.
-2.
-2.
-1.
-1.
-3.
-2.
-3.
-2.
-2.
69.
2.86
2.86
2.86
1.68
3.13
2.82
-2.54
-2.99
12.
-23.
-11.
20.
-38.
-21
MICAS
Muscovite
Glauconite
Biotite
Phlogopite
168
56.0
58.
43.8
47.
56.9
49.
45.
49
50.8
50.
1.81
1.75
11.09
5.99
2.14
69.10
5.08
3.14
9.32
14.69
21.48
22.24
19.02
13.00
1.10
2.40
6.37
6.27
piog
gdcc
$SNP
P-U
@cm
At
p.u.
ps/ ft
CLAYS
Kaolinite
Chlorite
Illite
Montmorillonite
2.41
2.76
2.52
2.12
34.
37.
20.
40.
37.
52.
30.
44.
EVAPORITES
Halite
Anhy drite
Gypsum
Trona
Tachy drite
Sylvite
Carnalite
Langbenite
Polyhalite
Kainite
Kieserite
Epsomite
Bischofite
Barite
Celestite
2.04
2.98
2.35
2.08
1.66
1.86
1.57
2.82
2.79
2.12
2.59
1.71
1.54
4.09
3.79
-2.
-1.
50+
24.
50+
-2.
41.
-1.
14.
40.
38.
50+
50+
-1.
-1.
-3.
-2.
60+
35.
60+
-3.
60+
-2.
25.
60+
43.
60+
60+
-2.
-1.
67.0
50.
52.
65.
92.
SULFIDES
Pyrite
Marcasite
Pyrrhotite
Sphalerite
Chalopyrite
Galena
Sulfur
4.99
4.87
4.53
3.85
4.07
6.39
2.02
-2.
-2.
-2.
-3.
-2.
-3.
-2.
-3.
-3.
-3.
-3.
-3.
-3.
-3.
39.2
COALS
Anthracite
Bituminous
Lignite
1.47
1.24
1.19
37.
50+
47.
38.
60+
52.
105.
120.
160.
169
Pe
barns /elect
1.83
6.30
3.45
2.04
100.
122.
4.65
5.05
3.99
0.71
3.84
8.51
4.09
3.56
4.32
3.50
1.83
1.15
2.59
266.82
55.19
16.97
16.97
20.55
35.93
26.72
1631.37
5.43
0.16
0.17
0.20
INTRODUCTION
Ten years have passed since the publication of "Geological Log Interpretation" as
Short Course Notes #29 (Doveton, 1994). The reissue of these notes as a pdf file on this
CD reflects widespread changes in the production of scientific text by technical societies
where a digital medium provides an alternative publication outlet that is both efficient
and economic. Readers can view the Short Course Notes on their computer monitor or
print a hard copy so as to read the text in the conventional manner.
However, the properties of the CD extend beyond storage and delivery of scanned
texts, so that digital files in a wide variety of formats can be included. In this reissue,
supplementary files have been added that are keyed to examples and methods
described in the original text. The first of these files is the text that you are reading,
which describes the content and application of these additional files. In the narrative of
this file, references to passages and figures in the Short Course Notes #29 will be
indicated by 'SCN29' and the page number of the relevant text. The other new files on
this CD are a set of digital log LAS files and an EXCEL workbook. The fourteen LAS
files are digital log records of examples used in SCN29, while the EXCEL spreadsheets
are software that demonstrate methods described in the Short Course Notes.
p. 35, 79.
p. 39,117.
p. 47.
p. 51
p. 83
p. 87
p. 89
p. 95
p. 99
p. 101
p. 103
p. 114
The ASCII format of the LAS file corresponds to the 'Text Only" text-save option of
any word-processing program. This equivalence means that anyone can also create or
modify an LAS file on their computer. Certification software can be downloaded from
the CWLS website ( www.cwls.org ) to verify conformity with the LAS standard, while
the website provides much additional information on this log format standard. The
main features are summarized below.
~W
~C
contains information about the log curves that state the curve mnemonic, units
information),etc.
(3) The third kind of record is the information that is listed in the header sections. Each
of these records is generally divided into three parts, with a period (.) between the first
and second, and a colon (:) between the second and third.
The Log Data section contains the digital log values. The first record begins with ~A
and lists the mnemonics for the log curves in the order that they appear. The ~A record
is followed by the ASCII log data.
The tilde symbol markers and their associated letters are the keys for specialized
logging software to automatically extract data in the preparation of computational files
for log analysis. In reading LAS files with word processors or standard spreadsheet
software, the tilde and pound signs convey no special meaning. As an example, we can
read the contents of well28.las with a word processor and the initial page should
correspond to the text shown below.
~VERSION INFORMATION
VERS .
2.0 :
CWLS log ASCII Standard -VERSION 2.0
WRAP.
NO :
One line per depth step
~WELL INFORMATION
#---------------------------------------------------------# Well #28 Viola Limestone (Middle Ordovician) SEPM SC#29 p.114
#---------------------------------------------------------STRT.F
3400.0000
:START DEPTH
STOP.F
3570.0000
:STOP DEPTH
STEP.F
0.5000
:STEP
NULL.
-999.0000
:NULL VALUE
COMP.
PETRO-LEWIS CORPORATION
:COMPANY
WELL.
RICHARDS FUND #1-7
:WELL
FLD .
MCCLAIN
:FIELD
LOC .
C-NW-SE 7-4S-14E
:LOCATION
COUN.
NEMAHA
:COUNTY
STAT.
KANSAS
:STATE
SRVC.
SCHLUMBERGER
:SERVICE COMPANY
DATE .
11-OCT-82
:LOG DATE
UWI .
15-131-20037
:UNIQUE WELL ID (API)
~CURVE INFORMATION
#MNEM.UNIT
API CODES
CURVE DESCRIPTION
#------------------------------------------DEPT .F
: DEPTH
CALI .IN
: CALIPER
SGR .GAPI
: TOTAL GAMMA-RAY
NPHI .V/V
: NEUTRON POROSITY (LS EQUIV.)
DPHI .V/V
: DENSITY POROSITY (LS EQUIV.)
PEF .B/E
: PHOTO-ELECTRIC FACTOR
# CURVE DATA
~A DEPT
CALI
SGR
NPHI
DPHI
PEF
3400.0000
9.8020
105.4134
0.1749
0.0600
2.5492
3400.5000
9.8020
113.0739
0.1801
0.0583
2.6841
3401.0000
9.8020
117.7847
0.1856
0.0568
2.7216
3401.5000
9.8020
121.7085
0.1888
0.0553
2.6386
3402.0000
9.8020
123.0724
0.1928
0.0536
2.5806
RHOmaaUmaa Worksheet
The first worksheet, RHOmaaUmaa implements the equations described in pp. 110-111,
SCN29 to compute values of RHOmaa (apparent matrix density) and Umaa (apparent
volumetric matrix photoelectric absorption) from photoelectric index, neutron and
density porosity logs. A spreadsheet graphic implements the RHOmaa-Umaa crossplot
shown as Fig. 51, p.113, SCN29. The spreadsheet uses logs from well28.las to generate a
RHOmaa-Umaa crossplot of the Viola Limestone, equivalent to that shown in Fig. 53
and discussed in pp. 114-115, SCN29. The RHOmaa-Umaa spreadsheet can be used as a
template for RHOmaa-Umaa crossplots generated for other LAS files on this CD or LAS
files from other sources.
COMP Worksheet
The second spreadsheet in kiwi.xls is labeled COMP and emulates the KIWI program
described in the Short Course Notes. The User's Guide and BASIC code for KIWI are
listed in SCN29 pp. 159-166. An example of input and output are shown in SCN29 pp.
130-131 for the Viola Limestone section in Well #28. Both the computations and graphic
output are set up easily within EXCEL, without having to resort to the use of macros.
The computational core of the procedure is the inversion of the coefficient matrix, which
is executed by the MINVERSE function of EXCEL. The spreadsheet implementation has
a number of advantages over the original KIWI program. The graphic output is clearly
an improvement over the old lineprinter output but, of more fundamental importance is
that the spreadsheet dynamically links the input logs, endmember coefficients, output
computations, and compositional graphic. Consequently, changes in input values of
logs and coefficients can be made interactively in the search for improved compositional
solutions that reconcile the model with the log data. The discussion of the methodology
(SCN29, pp. 123-133) applies equally to this spreadsheet implementation, particularly
with regard to the impact and significance of "negative components" which are shown
on the numerical output, but "buried" on the compositional profile graphic.
As with the RHOmaaUmaa spreadsheet, COMP can be used as a template in the
analysis of other sections, either directly, using the same compositional endmembers, or
by changing the endmembers, or by more structural modifications of the worksheet to
accommodate solutions for different numbers of endmembers.
RUCOMP Worksheet
The final worksheet in kiwi.xls is RUCOMP, which combines both RHOmaa-Umma
crossplot and compositional analysis functions. When three endmembers (typically
quartz, calcite, and dolomite) are located on a RHOmaa-Umaa crossplot, they define a
composition triangle and any RHOmaa, Umaa coordinates can be transformed into
compositions and displayed as a profile when referenced to depth. So, if logs from the
Viola Limestone section in Well #28 were used, then the RHOmaa-Umaa crossplot and
its associated compositional profile would show the same information from two
different perspectives: composition space and depth space. The difference with the
compositional solution of COMP is that the fluid component has been eliminated, due
to the porosity suppression implicit in the computations of RHOmaa and Umaa.
The example used in the RUCOMP spreadsheet follows from the discussion of
RHOmaa-Umaa crossplots in clastic successions, where the data clouds converge on a
quartz endmember in shale-free zones, while the shape and disposition of the rest of the
cloud are controlled by shale properties, particularly with respect to clay mineral
content. In the Dakota Formation section of Well #10, the RHOmaa-Umaa crossplot
(SCN29, Fig. 55, p.118) shows a distinctive triangular cloud focussed on the quartz point
and diverging downwards between two extreme shale types: a "Low-Z shale" and a
"high-Z shale". If RHOmaa and Umaa coordinates are chosen for these shales, then they
define two vertices of a composition triangle, with the third vertex located at the quartz
point. The RHOmaa and Umaa values constitute two log transforms from which
compositions of three endmembers can be computed from the matrix inversion
procedure used in COMP. The resulting composition profile is an interpretive solution
of quartz and two shale "electrofacies" recognized on the RHOmaa-Umaa crossplot. The
"low-Z shale" is probably more kaolinitic in aspect than the "high-Z shale" that is more
illitic. The composition profile is therefore a useful geological indicator of the depth
location of paleosols, floodplain deposits, and marine shales within the Dakota
Formation. More explicit links with clay mineralogy requires the calibration of logs
with clay mineral volumetric estimates from X-ray diffraction, as described by Doveton
(2000).
10
11
12
logs through forward modeling of standard mineral and fluid log responses applied to
compositions generated by the model. The student is presented with the overlay of log
curves for a one-hundred foot section plotted in standard conventions. The lithology
palette to the right of the log display is used by the student to complete a strip log
within the depth track. The Oz Machine compares the student choices with the
simulated lithological sequence and flags errors with red markers. The Oz Machine is
by no means intended to substitute for real logs, but to provide a tutor for neophytes to
gain skills and confidence before taking on the vagaries of real successions.
Example of a synthetic log sequence generated by the Oz Machine where a student has
completed a lithology column in the depth track using choices from the lithology palette to the
right. Although the solution is almost entirely correct, the Oz Machine has flagged (red dots in
track 1) the errors in identifying the uppermost coal bed as gypsum and the top of a sandstone as
shale.
13
REFERENCES
BOHLING, G.C., and DOVETON, J.H., 2002, A Petrophysical Education: Learning Borehole
Geology in a university setting using web-based technology: (extended abs) AAPG p. 48, (pdf
file, 15p.)
DOVETON, J.H., 1994, Geologic Log Interpretation : SEPM Short Course Notes #29, 169 pp.
DOVETON, J.H., 2000, Spreadsheet log analysis of subsurface geology: The Compass, v. 75, no.
2 & 3, p. 57-67.
14