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Vibration Project: Title Made by
Vibration Project: Title Made by
Vibration Project: Title Made by
Title
Tractor Vibration
Cause, Effect and Solution
Made by
Date
Submitted to
Dr.Asif Israr
Table of Contents
Background............................................................................................................. 2
Why vibration need to be reduced..........................................................................2
Frequency ranges.................................................................................................... 2
Method of transmission........................................................................................... 2
Cause of vibrations.................................................................................................. 3
Effect of vibration.................................................................................................... 4
Minimizing vibrations.............................................................................................. 4
Survey..................................................................................................................... 5
Mathematical Model................................................................................................ 7
Conclusion............................................................................................................... 8
References.............................................................................................................. 8
Background
In extreme temperatures,
Lots of dust particle
Without vibration reducing designs of tractors [1]
Frequency ranges
Vibration in tractors can be categorized under three categories.
Low frequency which ranges from 1-50Hz. This frequency is mostly in cab, steering wheel
etc.
Medium frequency range 100-1000Hz which are caused by vibrations in transmission and
exhaust system.
high frequencies range 1000-5000 Hz which are vibrations of the engine generated by the
combustion.
All the frequency ranges are harmful but the most harmful vibration is in the range of 2-5 Hz as
resonance of body parts occurs with in this range.[3]
Method of transmission
Vibrations are generated in different components of tractor which are then transmitted to the
drivers body
through the seat, when whole body vibration of the operator is induced.[4]
through manual controls and the steering wheel, vibrations in upper limbs is caused
through the floor of the cab and foot controls, vibrations in lower limbs of the operator are
caused.
Cause of vibrations
Imbalance
A heavy spot in a rotating component will cause vibration when the unbalanced weight rotates
around the machines axis, creating a centrifugal force. Imbalance could be caused by
manufacturing defects (machining errors, casting flaws) or maintenance issues (deformed or
dirty fan blades, missing balance weights). As machine speed increases, the effects of imbalance
become greater. Imbalance can severely reduce bearing life as well as cause undue machine
vibration.
Misalignment
Vibration can result when machine shafts are out of line. Angular misalignment occurs when the
axes of (for example) a motor and pump are not parallel. When the axes are parallel but not
exactly aligned, the condition is known as parallel misalignment. Misalignment may be caused
during assembly or develop over time, due to thermal expansion, components shifting or
improper reassembly after maintenance. The resulting vibration may be radial or axial (in line
with the axis of the machine) or both.
Wear
As components such as ball or roller bearings, drive belts or gears become worn, they may cause
vibration. When a roller bearing race becomes pitted, for instance, the bearing rollers will cause a
vibration each time they travel over the damaged area. A gear tooth that is heavily chipped or
worn, or a drive belt that is breaking down, can also produce vibration.
Looseness
Vibration that might otherwise go unnoticed may become obvious and destructive if the
component that is vibrating has loose bearings or is loosely attached to its mounts. Such
looseness may or may not be caused by the underlying vibration. Whatever its cause, looseness
can allow any vibration present to cause damage, such as further bearing wear, wear and fatigue
in equipment mounts and other components.
The engine
Engine mounts are very effective in reducing vibrations through the whole vehicle. In internal
combustion as the fuel is burnt, lots of forces are produced which causes vibration. The
movement of the piston rod also contributes to the vibrations.
The unevenness in ground surfaces
The ground is very rough with many bumps which result in the vibrations.
Some of the part are tire are worn out earlier due to even surface than the other which result in
tire to roll unevenly and cause vibrations.
Effect of vibration
Health issues
The vibration transmitted to the tractor driver not only leads to the driver health problems, but
also reduces the driver working efficiency. It is certain now that short-term exposure to
vibrations can cause annoying sensations within the human body, pain in abdomen and chest,
breathing difficulties, nausea, loss of balance and worsen performance in precise controlling,
while long-term exposure can lead to disorders in psychomotoric, physiological and psychic
skills of a driver and cause serious health issues, especially with the spine.[2]
Effect on vehicle
Exposure to constant vibrations reduces the life of the vehicle. Unchecked vibrations can
accelerate the rates of wear cracks initiate at different locations which decrease the strength of
the vehicle and vehicle can be damaged under high stresses.
Noise
Vibrations can produce noise of very high loudness which can cause safety problems.
Consumption of power
Minimizing vibrations
Harmonic Balancers
The crankshaft of a tractor has large mass and is tough as it has to face large force form the
pistons rods every minute. The crankshaft is exposed to twisting and flexing forces from the
piston rod. It can transmit vibrations and at certain RMP resonance can occurs in crankshaft
which can drastically increase vibrations and can cause machine failure. The balancer
dampens the different forces acting on the crankshaft by the piston.[1]
Survey
Figure 2
Figure 1
Name
Gul Khan
Tahir Mehmood
Mushtaq
Age
25
32
28
Nature of vehicle
Tractor
Tractor
Tractor
Working
Duration/ day
Working
since/years
10
Eye sight
Back pain
Chest pain
Nausea
Cold Fingering
Breathing
difficulty
Fatigue Problem
Illness Scale
Weak
Mathematical Model
Moderate
High
Figure 3
Assumption
Mass=1000kg
Spring suspension=350
Speed =40 km/h
Land surface varies 5m/cycle
When damping coefficient=0.25
w=2f=13.9
Wn=
=18.7
n= W/wn =0.74
n<1.41
So it in amplitude region
=1.84