Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Boi Duong HSG Hoa 8
Boi Duong HSG Hoa 8
Chuyn 1.
Bi tp v nguyn t, nguyn t ha hc
1/ Nguyn t (NT):
- Ht v cng nh , trung ha v in, to nn cc cht.
Cu to: + Ht nhn mang in tch (+)(Gm: Proton(p) mang in tch (+) v ntron
khng mang in ). Khi lng ht nhn c coi l khi lng nguyn t.
+ V nguyn t cha 1 hay nhiu electron (e) mang in tch (-). Electron
chuyn ng rt nhanh quanh ht nhn v sp xp theo lp (th t sp xp (e) ti a
trong tng lp t trong ra ngoi:
STT ca lp :
1
2
3
S e ti a :
2e
8e
18e
Trong nguyn t:
- S p = s e = s in tch ht nhn = s th t ca nguyn t trong bng h
thng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc
- Quan h gia s p v s n : p n 1,5p ( ng vi 83 nguyn t )
- Khi lng tng i ca 1 nguyn t ( nguyn t khi )
NTK = s n + s p
- Khi lng tuyt i ca mt nguyn t ( tnh theo gam )
+ mT = m e + mp + mn
+ mP mn 1VC 1.67.10- 24 g,
+ me 9.11.10 -28 g
Nguyn t c th ln kt c vi nhau nh e lp ngoi cng.
2/ Nguyn t ha hc (NTHH): l tp hp nhng nguyn t cng loi c cng s p
trong ht nhn.
- S p l s c trng ca mt NTHH.
- Mi NTHH c biu din bng mt hay hai ch ci. Ch ci u vit di dng in hoa
ch ci th hai l ch thng. l KHHH
- Nguyn t khi l khi lng ca nguyn t tnh bng VC. Mi nguyn t c mt
NTK ring.
Khi lng 1 nguyn t = khi lng 1vc.NTK
NTK =
khoiluongmotnguyentu
khoiluong1dvc
1
1
KL ca NT(C) (MC = 1.9926.10- 23 g) =
1.9926.10- 23 g= 1.66.10- 24 g)
12
12
* Bi tp vn dng:
1. Bit nguyn t C c khi lng bng 1.9926.10- 23 g. Tnh khi lng bng gam ca
nguyn t Natri. Bit NTK Na = 23.
(p s: 38.2.10- 24 g)
2.NTK ca nguyn t C bng 3/4 NTK ca nguyn t O, NTK ca nguyn t O bng
1/2 NTK S. Tnh khi lng ca nguyn t O.
(p s:O=
32,S=16)
3. Bit rng 4 nguyn t Mage nng bng 3 nguyn t nguyn t X. Xc nh tn,KHHH
ca nguyn t X.
(p s:O= 32)
4.Nguyn t X nng gp hai ln nguyn t oxi .
b)nguyn t Y nh hn nguyn t Magie 0,5 ln .
c) nguyn t Z nng hn nguyn t Natri l 17 vc .
8
s ht mang
15
M
ne M n + (Ca
2e Ca 2 + )
* Cc phi kim nhn e to ion m (anion)
X
+ ne X n- ( Cl + 1e Cl 1- )
* Bi tp vn dng:
1.Hp cht X c to thnh t cation M+ v anion Y2- . Mi ion u do 5 nguyn t ca
2 nguyn t to nn. Tng s proton trong M+ l 11 cn tng s electron trong Y2- l 50.
Xc nh CTPT ca hp cht X v gi tn ? ng dng ca cht ny trong nng nghip .
Bit rng 2 nguyn t trong Y2- thuc cng phn nhm trong 2 chu k lin tip ca bng
tun hon cc ng.t.
Hng dn gii :
t CTTQ ca hp cht X l M2Y
Gi s ion M+ gm 2 nguyn t A, B :
ion M+ dng : AxBy+ c :
x + y=5
(1)
x.pA + y.pB = 11
( 2)
2Gi s ion Y gm 2 nguyn t R, Q :
ion Y2- dng : R xQy2- c : x + y = 5
(3)
xpR + y.pQ = 48
(4 )
do s e > s p l 2
T ( 1 ) v (2) ta c s proton trung bnh ca A v B : p
11
2, 2
5
x.pA + (5 x ).1 = 11
pA =
X
pA
1
7(N)
2
3
4
4(B) 3(Li) 2,5 (loi)
ion M+
NH4+
khng xc nh ion
8 8x '
5
x
pR
1
3,2
2
4,8
3
6,4
pQ
khng xc nh ion
Vy CTPT ca hp cht X l (NH4 )2SO4
Chuyn II.
a.Tnh theo CTHH:
6
1
x
( 1 x < 5 )
48
9, 6 c 1 nguyn t c s p <
5
9,6 ( gi s l R )
V Q v R lin tip trong nhm nn : pQ = pR + 8 ( 5 )
T (3) ,(4) , ( 5) ta c : xpR + (5- x)( pR + 8) = 48
pR
pA
4
8 ( O)
16 ( S )
Bi tp v cng thc ha hc :
5pR 8x = 8
Mt khc :
(1)
p + y.p = 58
yp = 58 p ( 2)
Thay ( 2) vo (1) ta c : 4 + 2p =
7
. 2 (58 p )
8
gii ra p = 26 v yp = 32
M c p = 26 ( Fe )
X tha mn hm s :
y
P
32
p = y
( 1 y 3 )
1
32(loi)
2
16
3
10,6 ( loi)
Vy X c s proton = 16 ( S )
C/ lp CTHH da vo Thnh phn phn t,CTHH tng qut:
Cht
n
Hp cht
cht
(Do 2 ng.t
CTHH:
AxBy
+ x=1 (gm cc n cht kim loi, S, C, Si..)
ha tr: a.x = b.y)
+ x= 2(gm : O2, H2,, Cl2,, N2, Br2 , I2..)
Oxit
AX
(Qui tc
Axit
Baz
Mui
( M2Oy)
( H xA )
( M(OH) y )
(MxAy)
1.Lp CTHH hp cht khi bit thnh phn nguyn t v bit
ha tr ca chng
Cch gii: - CTHH c dng chung : AxBy (Bao gm: ( M 2Oy , HxA,
M(OH)y , MxAy)
Vn dng Qui tc ha tr i vi hp cht 2 nguyn t A, B
x
a.x = b.y y =
(ti gin)
a
thay x= a, y = b vo CT chung ta c CTHH cn lp.
V d Lp CTHH ca hp cht nhm oxt
a
b
Gii:
CTHH c dng chung Al xOy Ta bit ha tr ca
Al=III,O=II
(B c th l nhm nguyn t:gc axt,nhm OH) :
x
II
thay x= 2, y = 3 ta c CTHH l:
=
y
III
Al2O3
* Bi tp vn dng:
1.Lp cng thc ha hc hp cht c to bi ln lt t cc nguyn t
Na, Ca, Al vi
(=O,; -Cl; = S; - OH; = SO4 ; - NO3 ; =SO3 ; = CO3 ; - HS; - HSO3 ;- HSO4; - HCO3;
=HPO4 ; -H2PO4 )
a
b
MA. x
MB . y
mA
mB
(t l cc s nguyn dng,
V d:: Lap CTHH cua sat va oxi, biet c 7 phan khoi lng
sat th ket hp vi 3 phan khoi lng oxi.
Gii:
- t cng thc tng qut: FexOy
.x
7
mFe
- Ta c t l khi lng cc nguyn t: MFe
MO . y =
mO =
3
x
mFe .MO
7.16
2
- Tm c t l : y = mO.MFe
= 3.56 = 112
168 = 3
- Thay x= 2, y = 3 - Vit thnh CTHH. Fe2O3
* Bi tp vn dng:
1: Lap CTHH cua sat va oxi, biet c 7 phan khoi lng sat th
ket hp vi 3 phan khoi lng oxi.
2: Hp cht B (hp cht kh ) bit t l v khi lng cc nguyn t to
thnh: mC : mH = 6:1, mt lt kh B (ktc) nng 1,25g.
3: Hp cht C, bit t l v khi lng cc nguyn t l : mCa : mN : mO =
10:7:24 v 0,2 mol hp cht C nng 32,8 gam.
4: Hp cht D bit: 0,2 mol hp cht D c cha 9,2g Na, 2,4g C v 9,6g
O
5: Phan t khoi cua ong sunfat la 160 vC. Trong o co mot
nguyen t Cu co nguyen t khoi la 64, mot nguyen t S
co nguyen t khoi la 32, con lai la nguyen t oxi. Cong
thc phan cua hp chat la nh the nao?
6:Xc nh cng thc phn t ca Cu xOy, bit t l khi lng gia
ng v oxi trong oxit
l 4 : 1?
7: Trong 1 tap hp cac phan t ong sunfat (CuSO 4) co khoi
lng 160000 vC. Cho biet tap hp o co bao nhieu nguyen
t moi loai.
8: Phan t khoi cua ong oxit (co thanh phan gom ong
va oxi)va ong sunfat co t le 1/2. Biet khoi lng cua
phan t ong sunfat la 160 vC. Xac nh cong thc phan
t ong oxit?
9. Mot nhom oxit co t so khoi lng cua 2 nguyen to
nhom va oxi bang 4,5:4. Cong thc hoa hoc cua nhom oxit
o la g?
2. Bit khi lng cc nguyn t trong mt lng hp cht, Bit phn
t khi hp cht hoc cha bit PTK(bi ton t chy)
t chy
Bi ton c dng : t m (g)AxByCz
m(g) cc hp
cht cha A,B,C
+Trng hp bit PTK Tm c CTHH ng
+Trng hp cha bit PTK Tm c CTHH n gin
Cch gii:
- Tm mA, mB, mC trong m(g) cc hp cht cha cc nguyn t A,B,C.
+ Nu (mA + m B) = m (g)AxByCz Trong h/c khng c nguyn t C
mA
mB
T : x : y = MA
: MB
= a:b (t l cc s nguyn dng, ti gin)
CTHH: AaBb
+ Nu (mA + m B) m (g)AxByCz Trong h/c c nguyn t C
m C = m (g)AxByCz - (mA + m B)
mA
mB
mc
T : x : y : z = MA
: MB
: Mc
= a:b:c (t l cc s nguyn dng, ti
gin)
CTHH: AaBbCc
Cch gii khc: Da vo phng trnh phn ng chy tng qut
C xH y +
y
y
02 xC 0 2 H 2 0
4
2
CxHy0z +
y z
y
0 2 xC 0 2 H 2 0
4 2
2
nA
4,5
9,9
5,4
0,075mol , nC 0
0,225mol , n H 0
0,3mol
2
2
60
44
18
1mol .
y z
y
0 2 xC 0 2 H 2 0
4 2
2
y z
y
(mol). x (mol)
( mol )
4 2
2
1
x
x3
0,075 0,225
Suy ra :
y
1
y 8
0,075 0,3.2
Mt khc;MC H 0 = 60
3
3: Bit thnh phn phn trm v khi lng cc nguyn t, cho bit
NTK, phn t khi.
Cch gii:
- Tnh khi lng tng nguyn t trong 1 mol hp cht.
- Tnh s mol nguyn t tng nguyn t trong 1 mol hp cht.
- Vit thnh CTHH.
Hoc: - t cng thc tng qut: AxBy
MA. x
%A
Ta c t l khi lng cc nguyn t: MB
.y = %B
Rt ra t l x: y = %MAA : %MBB (ti gin)
-
MAxBy
MAaBb
Theo bi ra ta c : (CH2 )n = 58 n =
58
=5
14
Ta c CTHH cn lp : C5H8
* Bi tp vn dng:
1: Hp cht X c phn t khi bng 62 vC. Trong phn t ca hp
cht nguyn t oxi chim 25,8% theo khi lng, cn li l nguyn t Na.
S nguyn t ca nguyn t O v Na trong phn t hp cht l bao
nhiu ?
2: Mot hp chat X co thanh phan % ve khoi lng la :40%Ca,
12%C va 48% O . Xac nh CTHH cua X. Biet khoi lng mol
cua X la 100g.
3:Tm cng thc ho hc ca cc hp cht sau.
a) Mt cht lng d bay hi, thnh phn t c 23,8% C, 5,9%H,
70,3%Cl v c PTK bng 50,5.
b ) Mt hp cht rn mu trng, thnh phn t c 4o% C, 6,7%H,
53,3% O v c PTK bng 180.
4:Mui n gm 2 nguyn t ho hc l Na v Cl Trong Na chim
39,3% theo khi lng . Hy tm cng thc ho hc ca mui n, bit
phn t khi ca n gp 29,25 ln PTK H2.
5: Xac nh cong thc cua cac hp chat sau:
a) Hp chat tao thanh bi magie va oxi co phan t khoi
la 40, trong o phan tram ve khoi lng cua chung lan
lt la 60% va 40%.
b) Hp chat tao thanh bi lu huynh va oxi co phan t
khoi la 64, trong o phan tram ve khoi lng cua oxi la
50%.
c) Hp chat cua ong, lu huynh va oxi co phan t khoi
la 160, co phan tram cua ong va lu huynh lan lt
la 40% va 20%.
d) Hp chat tao thanh bi sat va oxi co khoi lng phan
t la 160, trong o phan tram ve khoi lng cua oxi la
70%.
e) Hp chat cua ong va oxi co phan t khoi la 114,
phan tram ve khoi lng cua ong la 88,89%.
f) Hp chat cua canxi va cacbon co phan t khoi la 64,
phan tram ve khoi lng cua cacbon la 37,5%.
g) A co khoi lng mol phan t la 58,5g; thanh phan % ve
khoi lng nguyen to: 60,68% Cl con lai la Na.
h) B co khoi lng mol phan t la 106g; thanh phan % ve
khoi lng cua cac nguyen to: 43,4% Na; 11,3% C con lai
la cua O.
i) C co khoi lng mol phan t la 101g; thanh phan phan
tram ve khoi lng cac nguyen to: 38,61% K; 13,86% N
con lai la O.
mK=
52,35 2,98
=1,56 (g)
100
nK=
n Cl =
1,56
= 0,04 (mol)
39
1,42
= 0,04 (mol)
35,5
2=1:1:3
Gii: Gi % R = a% % O = 7 a%
Gi ho tr ca R l n CTTQ ca C l: R2On
3
7
% ca R trong hp cht
Ta c:
2:n=
a% 3 / 7 a%
:
R
16
R = 112n
6
I
II
18, 37,
6
3
loi loi
Vy cng thc phn t ca C l Fe2O3.
III
56
Fe
IV
76,
4
loi
7
3
Gii:
Gi ho tr ca M l n
Ta c:
MA.
MB .
mA. y
mB . x
CTTQ ca C l: M2On
7. y
.
MA
MA = 112n
16. = 3.2 .
6
I
II
18, 37,
6
3
loi loi
Vy cng thc phn t ca C l Fe2O3.
III
56
Fe
IV
76,
4
loi
* Bi tp vn dng:
1. oxit cua kim loai mc hoa tr thap cha 22,56% oxi, con
oxit cua kim loai o mc hoa tr cao cha 50,48%. Tnh
nguyen t khoi cua kim loai o.
2. Co mot hon hp gom 2 kim loai A va B co t le khoi lng nguyen
t 8:9. Biet khoi lng nguyen t cua A, B eu khong qua 30 vC. Tm 2
kim loai
A 8n
*Giai:
Neu A : B = 8 : 9 th
B 9n
A 8
9
n
A
8
16
B
9
18
Suy ra hai kim loai la Mg va Al
24
27
A/B
MA
MB
Theo bi ra ta c:
NxOy/H2
MA
MH 2
14x+ 16y = 44
-d
NyOx/NxOy
MA
2
= 22
MB
44
MA = MNxOy = 2.22 = 44
(1)
MB
MA
* Bi tp vn dng:
1. Cho 2 cht kh AOx c TP% O = 50% v BHy c TP% H = 25% .
bit dAOx/BHy = 4. Xc nh CTHH ca 2 kh trn.
2. Mt oxit ca Nit c cng thc NxOy. Bit khi lng ca Nit trong
phn t chim 30,4%. ngoi ra c 1,15 gam oxit ny chim th tch
l 0,28 lt (ktc).Xc nh CTHH ca oxit trn.
3. C 3 Hyro ccbon A, B, C
A: CxH2x+2
B : Cx' H2x'
C : Cx' H2x'- 2
Bit d B/A = 1,4 ; d A/C = 0,75 . Xc nh CTHH ca A, B, C.
E/Lp cng thc ho hc hp cht da vo phng trnh phn ng ho hc:
1mol
x (mol)
x (mol)
Suy ra ta c h s :
m M = x . A = 7,2 (g)
nM = n
H2
7, 2
= x = 0,3 (mol)
(1)
(2)
NTK ca A = 24.Vy A l
kim loi Mg
2/ Cho dng gin tip bng : V(ktc)
V d2: Cho 7,2g mt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton vi dung
dch HCl, thu c 6,72 lt H2 iu kin tiu chun. Xc nh tn
kim loi dng.
Gii
6, 72
Gii
HCl
mct.100%
mdd
HCl
mdd .c %
100.21,9
=
= 21,9 (g)
100%
100
21,9
m
=
= 0,6 (mol)
36,5
M
1mol
2HCl
>
MCl 2
H2
2mol
x (mol)
2x (mol)
Suy ra ta c h s :
m A = x . A = 7,2 (g)
(1)
nHCl = 2x = 0,6 (mol) x
0,3
(mol)
(2)
7, 2
NTK ca A = 24.Vy A l
kim loi Mg
4/ Cho dng gin tip bng : Vdd, CM
V d 4 : Cho 7,2g mt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton 100 ml
dung dch HCl 6 M. Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Gii
Tm n
HCl
= ? p dng : CM =
n
n
V
HCl
m
V
Vdd H Cl =
120
m
=
=
1, 2
d
- Tm n
HCl
= ? p dng : CM =
n
n
V
HCl
(mol)
*Tr v bi ton cho dng trc tip:
Cho 7,2g mt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton 0,6 mol HCl. Xc
nh tn kim loi dng.
(Gii nh v d 3)
6/ Cho dng gin tip bng : Vdd, C%, d (g/ml)
V d 6 : Cho 7,2g mt kim loi ho tr II phn ng hon ton 83,3
ml dung dch HCl 21,9 %
( d= 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh tn kim loi dng.
Gii
- Tm m dd (da vo Vdd, d (g/ml)): t d =
m
V
p dng : C % =
n
HCl
mct.100%
mdd
HCl
mdd .c %
100.21,9
=
= 21,9 (g)
100%
100
21,9
m
=
= 0,6 (mol)
36,5
M
- Gi CTHH ca oxit l: MO
t x l s mol , A l PTK ca o xt dng phn ng .
Ta c Phng trnh phn ng:
MO
1mol
x (mol)
2HCl >
1mol
2x (mol)
Suy ra ta c h s :
(1)
MCl2 + H2O
MO
= x . A = 12(g)
21,9
(2)
12
MM = MMO - MO = 40 16 =
24 (g)
Gii:
- Gi CTHH kim loi l : M
- Gi x l s mol, A l NTK ca kim loi M, n l ha tr ca kim loi
M
Ta c Phng trnh phn ng:
2M
2nHCl >
2(mol )
2n(mol)
x (mol)
nx (mol)
2MCln + nH2
Suy ra ta c h s :
= x . A = 7,2(g)
(1)
nHCl = xn = 0,6(mol) x= 0,6:n
(2)
Th (2) vo (1) ta c A =
7, 2.n
= 12.n
0, 6
I
12
loi
II
24
Mg
III
36
loi
- Gi CTHH ca oxit l: MO
t x l s mol , A l PTK ca o xt dng phn ng .
Ta c Phng trnh phn ng:
MO
1mol
2HCl >
MCl2 + H2O
1mol
x (mol)
2x (mol)
Suy ra ta c h s :
MO
= x . A = 12(g)
(1)
21,9
(2)
12
MM = MMO - MO = 40 16 =
24 (g)
ap so:
22,44%
Bi 14: Kh 3,48 gam mt oxit kim loi M cn dng 1,344 lt kh
hiro ( ktc). Ton b lng kim loi thu c tc dng vi dung dch HCl
d cho 1,008 lt kh hiro ktc.Tm kim loi M v oxit ca n .
(CTHH oxit : Fe3O4)
Mt s dng bi ton bin lun v lp CTHH (Dnh cho HSG K9)
DNG:
BIN LUN THEO N S TRONG GII PHNG TRNH
Bi 1:
Ha tan mt kim loi cha bit ha tr trong 500ml dd HCl th thy thot ra
3
11,2 dm H2 ( KTC). Phi trung ha axit d bng 100ml dd Ca(OH) 2 1M. Sau c cn
dung dch thu c th thy cn li 55,6 gam mui khan. Tm nng M ca dung dch
axit dng; xc nh tn ca kim loi dng.
Gii : Gi s kim loi l R c ha tr l x 1 x, nguyn 3
s mol Ca(OH)2 = 0,1 1 = 0,1 mol
s mol H2 = 11,2 : 22,4 = 0,5 mol
Cc PTP:
2R
+
2xHCl
2RClx
+
xH2
(1)
1/x (mol)
1
1/x
0,5
Ca(OH)2
+
2HCl CaCl2
+
2H2O
(2)
0,1
0,2
0,1
t cc phng trnh phn ng (1) v (2) suy ra:
nHCl = 1 + 0,2 = 1,2 mol
nng M ca dung dch HCl : CM = 1,2 : 0,5 = 2,4 M
mRCl 55, 6 (0,1 111) 44,5 gam
theo cc PTP ta c :
x
ta c :
1
( R + 35,5x ) = 44,5
x
9x
X
1
2
3
R
9
18
27
Vy kim loi tho mn u bi l nhm Al ( 27, ha tr III )
Bi2:Khi lm ngui 1026,4 gam dung dch bo ha R2SO4.nH2O ( trong R l kim loi
kim v n nguyn, tha iu kin 7< n < 12 ) t 80 0C xung 100C th c 395,4 gam tinh
th R2SO4.nH2O tch ra khi dung dch.
Tm cng thc phn t ca Hirat ni trn. Bit tan ca R 2SO4 800C v 100C
ln lt l 28,3 gam v 9 gam.
Gii:S( 800C) = 28,3 gam trong 128,3 gam ddbh c 28,3g R2SO4 v 100g H2O
Vy :
1026,4gam ddbh 226,4 g R2SO4 v 800 gam H2O.
Khi lng dung dch bo ho ti thi im 100C:
1026,4 395,4 = 631 gam
0
10 C, S(R2SO4 ) = 9 gam, nn suy ra:
109 gam ddbh c cha 9 gam R2SO4
vy 631 gam ddbh c khi lng R2SO4 l :
631 9
52,1gam
109
395, 4
174,3
2 R 96 18n 2 R 96
Cu +
H2O
a
a
RO +
H2
R
+
H2O
2a
2a
3Cu +
8HNO3
3Cu(NO3)2
+
2NO
+
4H2O
8a
3
2NO
4H2O
Cu +
H2O
a
a
3Cu +
8HNO3
3Cu(NO3)2
+
2NO
4H2O
3R
8HNO3
3R(NO3)2
16a
3
8a 16a
0, 08 1, 25 0,1 a 0, 0125
3
Theo bi: 3
R 40(Ca)
80a ( R 16)2a 2, 4
2a
8a
3
a
RO
2a
2HNO3
4a
R(NO3)2
2H2O
8a
4a 0,1
a 0, 015
Theo bi : 3
R 24( Mg )
80a ( R 16).2a 2, 4
2
( v l )
5
a(mol)a
SO2
+ 2H2O
a
2
theo ta c :
x 0, 001
y 0, 004
R = 108 .
Vy kim loi dng l Ag.
DNG:
A 8
B 9
A 8n
( n z+ )
B
9
n
nn
V A, B u c KLNT khng qu 30 vC nn : 9n 30 n 3
Ta c bng bin lun sau :
n
1
2
3
A
8
16
24
B
9
18
27
Suy ra hai kim loi l Mg v Al
Bi 2:Ha tan 8,7 gam mt hn hp gm K v mt kim loi M thuc phn nhm chnh
nhm II trong dung dch HCl d th thy c 5,6 dm 3 H2 ( KTC). Ha tan ring 9 gam
kim loi M trong dung dch HCl d th th tch kh H 2 sinh ra cha n 11 lt ( KTC).
Hy xc nh kim loi M.
Gii:
t a, b ln lt l s mol ca mi kim loi K, M trong hn hp
Th nghim 1:
2K +
2HCl
2KCl
+
H2
a
a/2
M
+
2HCl
MCl2
+
H2
b
b
a
5, 6
s mol H2 = 2 b 22, 4 0, 25 a 2b 0, 5
Th nghim 2:
M
+
2HCl MCl2
+
H2
9/M(mol)
9/M
9
11
M > 18,3
(1)
b=
78 M
a 2b 0,5
a 0,5 2b
10,8
V 0 < b < 0,25 nn suy ra ta c :
< 0,25 M < 34,8 (2)
78 M
Mt khc:
10 8
= 0,8 gam
100
ROH +
1 mol
CH3COOH CH3COOR
1 mol
suy ra :
0,8
1, 47
R 17 R 59
R 33
H2O
(1)
nROH = 0,67: ( 59 17 ) =
0, 67
42
0,8
= 0, 67 42 ; 50 R = 50 17 = 33
Th nghim 2:
mhh = 8 - 0,8 = 7,2 gam
xROH
+
FeClx Fe(OH)x +
( R +17)x
(56+ 17x)
M
ROH
6,48 (g)
( R 17) x 56 17 x
7, 2
6, 48
suy ra ta c:
R 33
xRCl
(2)
7,2 (g)
gii ra c x = 2
6,99
0, 03mol
233
MX
b)
3,82
127
0, 03
Ta c M1 = 2A + 96 v M2 = A+ 97
2 A 96 127
A 97 127
Vy :
(*)
T h bt ng thc ( *) ta tm c :
15,5 < A < 30
Kim loi ha tr I tho mn iu kin trn l Na (23)
Suy ra kim loi ha tr II l Mg ( 24)
* Bi tp vn dng:
1.Hoa tan hoan toan 3,78 gam mot kim loai M vao dung dch
HCl thu c 4,704 lt kh H2 (ktc) . Xac nh kim loai M ?
2. Kh hon ton 16g bt oxit st nguyn cht bng CO nhit
cao .Sau phn ng kt thc khi lng cht rn gim 4,8g.Xc nh
cng thc ca oxit st dng.
3.Kh hon ton 23,2g mt oxit ca st (cha r ho tr ca st )bng
kh CO nhit cao. Sau phn ng thy khi lng cht rn gim i
6,4g so vi ban u . Xc nh cng thc ca oxit st
18.Hoa tan hoan toan hon hp 4 g hai kim loai A, B cung hoa
tr II va co t le mol la
! : 1 bang dung dch HCl thu c 2,24 lt kh H 2 ( ktc). Hoi A, B
la cac kim loai nao trong cac kim loai sau : Mg , Ca , Ba , Zn ,
Fe , Ni .
(Biet : Mg = 24 , Ca= 40 , Ba= 137 , Zn = 65, Fe = 56 , Ni = 58).
19.Nguyen t khoi cua 3 kim loai hoa tr 2 t le vi nhau
theo t so la 3 : 5 : 7 . T le so mol cua chung trong hon
hp la 4 : 2 : 1 . Sau khi hoa tan 2,32 gam hon hp trong HCl d
thu c 1,568 lt H2 ktc . Xac nh 3 kim loai biet chung
eu ng trc H2 trong day Beketop (u phn ng c vi
HCl ).
20. Kh 3,48 gam mt oxit kim loi M cn dng 1,344 lt kh
hiro ktc. Ton b lng kim loi thu c tc dng vi dung dch
HCl d cho 1,008 lt kh hiro ktc.Tm kim loi M v oxit ca
n .
21. Mot hon hp kim loai X gom 2 kim loai Y, Z co t so
khoi lng 1 : 1. Trong 44,8g hon hp X, so hieu mol cua A
va B la 0,05 mol. Mat khac nguyen t khoi Y > Z la 8.
Xac nh kim loai Y va Z.
Chuyn III.
Bi tp v phng trnh ha hc ha hc
a.Lp phng trnh ha hc:
Hay:
FeS2
2FeS2
+
+
11/2O2
11O2
-> 1/2Fe2O3
->
Fe2O3
+ 2SO2
+ 4SO2
V d 2
Cn bng PTHH sau:
FexOy
+
H2
Fe
+
H 2O
Gii:
- t cc h s:
a FexOy
+ b H2
c Fe
+ d H2 O
- Tnh s nguyn t cc nguyn t trc v sau phn ng theo
cc h s trong PTHH: Ta c: + S nguyn t Fe: a.x = c
+ S nguyn t O : a.y = d
+ S nguyn t H : 2b = 2d
t a = 1 c = x, d = b = y
Thay a, b, c, d vo PT: FexOy
+ y H2
x Fe + y H2O
* Bi tp vn dng:
1: Hay chon CTHH va he so thch hp at vao nhng cho
co dau hoi trong cac PTP sau e c PTP ung :
a/ ?Na + ?
2Na2O
b/ 2HgO t0
? Hg + ?
0
c/ ? H2 + ? t
2H2O
d/ 2Al + 6HCl
?AlCl 3 + ?
2: Hoan thanh cacs o PHH sau e c PTHH ung :
a/ CaCO3 + HCl ------> CaCl2 + CO2 + H2
b/ C2H2 + O2 ---------> CO2 + H2O
c/ Al + H2SO4 --------> Al2(SO4)3 + H2
d/ KHCO3 + Ba(OH)2 ------->BaCO3 + K2CO3 + H2O
e/ NaHS + KOH ------> Na2S + K2S + H2O
f/ Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O ------> Fe(OH)3
3: ot chay kh axetylen (C2H2) trong kh oxi sinh ra kh cacbonic
va hi nc .Dan hon hp kh vao dung dch nc voi trong (
Ca(OH)2) th thu c chat ket tua canxicacbonat (CaCO 3) .Viet
cac PTP xay ra .
4: Hon thnh cc PTHH cho cc p sau:
Na2O
+
H2O -> NaOH.
BaO+H2O ->
Ba(OH)2
CO2 +H2O ->
H2CO3
N2O5 +
H2O ->
HNO3
P2O5 +H2O ->
H3PO4
NO2 +O2
+
H2O ->
HNO3
SO2 +Br2 +
H2O ->
H2SO4
+
HBr
K2O +P2O5 -> K3PO4
Na2O +
N2O5 -> NaNO3
Fe2O3 +
H2SO4
-> Fe2(SO4)3 +
H2O
Fe3O4 +
HCl -> FeCl2
+
FeCl3
+
H2O
KOH +
FeSO4-> Fe(OH)2 +
K2SO4
Fe(OH)2
+
O2
-> Fe2O3
+
H2O.
KNO3
->
KNO2
+
O2
AgNO3
->
Ag +
O2
+
NO2
Fe
+
Cl2 -> FeCln
FeS2 +O2
-> Fe2O3
+
SO2
FeS +O2
-> Fe2O3
+
SO2
FexOy +
O2
-> Fe2O3
Cu +O2
+
HCl ->
CuCl2 +
H2O
Fe3O4 +
C
->
Fe
+
CO2
Fe2O3 +
H2
->
Fe
+
H2O.
FexOy+
Al
->
Fe
+
Al2O3
Fe
+
Cl2 ->
FeCl3
CO +O2
->
CO2
5. Hon thnh cc phng trnh ha hc sau:
FexOy
+ H2SO4
Fe 2(SO4) 2y / x + H2O
FexOy
+ H2
Fe
+ H2 O
Al(NO3)3
Al2O3 + NO2 + O2
KMnO4 + HCl
Cl2 + KCl + MnCl2 + H2O
Fe 3O4 + Al
Fe
+ Al2O3
FeS2 + O2 ----> Fe2O3 + SO2
KOH + Al2(SO4)3 ----> K2SO4 + Al(OH)3
FeO + HNO3 ----> Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2O
FexOy + CO ----> FeO + CO2
6.
Hon thnh chui bin ho sau:
P2O5
H3PO4
H2
KClO3
O2
Na2O
NaOH
H2O
H2
H2O
KOH
7:
Hon thnh s chuyn ho sau (ghi r iu kin phn ng)
v cho bit cc phn ng trn thuc loi no?.
KMnO41
7
3
4
5
6
KOH
H2O
O2
Fe3O4
Fe
H2
H2O
8
H2SO4
KClO32
B: Tnh theo phng trnh ha hc
1mol
2mol
x (mol)
0,6 (mol)
1mol
1mol
x (mol)
0,3 (mol)
Ta phi tm n
p dng : C % =
n
HCl
HCl
phn ng ?
mct.100%
mdd
HCl
mdd .c %
100.21,9
=
= 21,9 (g)
100%
100
21,9
m
=
= 0,6 (mol)
36,5
M
*Tr v bi ton 1: Cho kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 0,6 mol
HCl. Xc nh khi lng kim loi dng.
(Gii nh v d 1)
*Trng hp 4: Cho dng gin tip bng : Vdd, C M
Tm n
HCl
= ? p dng : CM =
n
n
V
HCl
(mol)
*Tr v bi ton 1: Cho kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 0,6 mol
HCl. Xc nh khi lng kim loi dng.
(Gii nh v d 1)
*Trng hp 5: Cho dng gin tip bng : mdd, C M ,d (g/ml)
V d 5 : Cho kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 120 g dung dch
HCl 6 M ( d= 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh khi lng kim loi dng.
Gii:
Tm n
HCl
=?
m
V
Vdd H Cl =
120
m
=
=
1, 2
d
- Tm n
HCl
= ? p dng : CM =
n
n
V
HCl
(mol)
*Tr v bi ton 1: Cho kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 0,6 mol
HCl. Xc nh khi lng kim loi dng.
(Gii nh v d 1)
*Trng hp 6: Cho dng gin tip bng : Vdd, C%, d (g/ml)
V d 6 : Cho kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 83,3 ml dung dch
HCl 21,9 %
( d= 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh khi lng kim loi dng.
Gii:
Tm n
HCl
=?
m
V
p dng : C % =
n
HCl
mct.100%
mdd
HCl
mdd .c %
100.21,9
=
= 21,9 (g)
100%
100
21,9
m
=
= 0,6 (mol)
36,5
M
*Tr v bi ton 1: Cho kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 0,6 mol
HCl. Xc nh khi lng kim loi dng.
(Gii nh v d 1)
Vn dng 6 dng ton trn:
3: Cho 7,2 g kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 100 ml dung dch
HCl .Xc nh nng Mol/ lt dd HCl cn dng.
4. Cho 7,2 g kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HCl 6M
.Xc nh th tch dd HCl cn dng.
5. Cho 7,2 g kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HCl 6 M (
d = 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh khi lng dd HCl cn dng.
6. Cho 7,2 g kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 120g dung dch HCl
( d = 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh nng Mol/lt dd HCl cn dng.
7. Cho 7,2 g kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HCl 21,9%
( d = 1,2 g/ml). Xc nh th tch dd HCl cn dng.
8. Cho 7,2 g kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 120 g dung dch HCl
6 M . Xc nh khi lng ring dd HCl cn dng.
9. Cho 7,2 g kim loi Mg phn ng hon ton vi 83,3 ml dung dch
HCl 21,9% . Xc nh khi lng ring dd HCl cn dng.
2.Dng ton tha thiu :
nC
1
1500
1
= 1500 >
nO 2
1
750
1
= 750.
=> O2 p ht, C d.
- Theo pthh: nCO2 = nO2 = 750 mol.
- Vy khi lng CO2 to thnh: mCO2 = 750. 44 = 33.000gam = 33kg.
c.
S mol CO2: nCO2 = 22.000 : 44 = 500 mol. - Theo PTHH: nC = nO2 = nCO2 = 500
mol.
- Khi lng C tham gia p: mC = 500. 12 = 6.000g = 6kg.
=> Khi lng C cn d: 8 6 = 2kg.
- Khi lng O2 tham gia p: mO2 = 500 . 32 = 16000g = 16kg.
* Bi tp vn dng:
1: Cho 22,4g Fe tc dng vi dd long c cha 24,5g axit sulfuric.
a. Tnh s mol mi cht ban u v cho bit cht d trong p?
b. Tnh khi lng cht cn d sau p?
c. Tnh th tch kh hidro thu c ktc?
d. Tnh khi lng mui thu c sau p
2: Cho dd cha 58,8g H2SO4 tc dng vi 61,2g Al2O3.
a. Tnh s mol mi cht ban u ca hai cht p?
b. Sau p cht no d, d bao nhiu gam?
c. Tnh khi lng mui nhm sunfat to thnh?
(bit H2SO4 + Al2O3
Al2(SO4)3 + H2O )
3: Dng 6,72 lt kh H2 (ktc) kh 20g St (III) oxit.
a. Vit PTHH ca p?
b. Tnh khi lng oxit st t thu c?
4: Cho 31g Natri oxit vo 27g nc.
a. Tnh khi lng NaOH thu c?
b. Tnh nng % ca dd thu c sau p?
5: Cho 4,05g kim loi Al vo dd H2SO4, sa p thu c 3,36 lt kh ktc.
a. Tnh khi lng Al p?
b. Tnh khi lng mui thu c v khi lng axit p?
3.x
2
3x
+
2 HCl
MgCl2
H2
(2)
y (mol)
2y
Gi s lng hn hp ht :
-
y
3, 78
= 0,16 > x +y
24
Theo
(1)
(2)
H2
3.x
+
2
4,368
22, 4
0,195
(6)
3 / 2.x y 0,195
Al
Mg
* Bi tp vn dng:
1. Cho 8,4 gam hon hp Zn va Mg tac dung vi 3,65 g HCl
a. Chng minh rang sau phan ng axit van con d ?
b. Neu thoat ra 4,48 lt kh (ktc) . Hay tnh so gam Mg va Al
a dung ban au
2. Cho 7,8 gam hon hp Mg va Al tac dung vi 0,5 mol dung
dch H2SO4
a. Chng minh rang sau phan ng vi Mg va Al , axit van con
d ?
b. Neu phan ng tren lam thoat ra 4,368 lt kh H 2 (ktc) . Hay
tnh % ve khoi lng cua Mg va Al a dung ban au ?
3. Ho tan hn hp gm 37,2 gam Zn v Fe trong 1 mol dung dch
H2SO4
a. Chng minh rng hn hp tan ht.
b.
Nu ho tan hn hp trn vi lng gp i vo cng lng axit
trn th hn hp c tan ht khng.
4. Ho tan hn hp gm Mg v Fe trong dung dch ng 7,3 gam HCl
ta thu c 0,18 gam H2. Chng minh sau phn ng vn cn d axit.
5. Ngui ta tin hnh 2 th nghim sau:
TN1: Cho 2,02 gam hn hp Mg, Zn vo cc ng 200ml dung dch
HCl . Sau phn ng un nng cho nc bay hi ht thu c 4,86
gam cht rn.
TN2: Cho 2,02 gam hn hp trn vo cc ng 400ml dung dch HCl
trn. Sau khi c cn thu c 5,57 gam cht rn.
a. Chng minh trong TN1 axit ht, TN2 axit d.
b. Tnh th tch kh (ktc) bay ra TN1.
c. Tnh s mol HCl tham gia phn ng.
d. Tnh s gam mi kim loi
6. Cho a gam Fe ho tan trong dung dch HCl (TN1) sau khi c cn
dung dch thu c 3,1 gam cht rn. Nu cho a gam Fe v b gam Mg
( TN2) vo dung dch HCl cng vi lng trn th thu c 3,34 gam cht
rn . Bit th tch H2 (ktc) thot ra c 2 TN u l 448 ml. Tnh
a,b bit rng TN2 Mg hot ng mnh hn Fe. Ch khi Mg phn ng
xong th Fe mi phn ng.
7. Cho 22 gam hn hp X gm Al v Fe phn ng vi dung dch cha
0,6 mol HCl . Chng minh hn hp X tan ht.
8. Cho 3,87 gam hn hp A gm Mg v Al vo 0,25mol HCl v 0,125
mol H2SO4 ta thu c dung dch B v 4,368 lit H2 (ktc) .
a. Chng minh trong dung dch vn cn d axit.
b. Tnh % cc kim loi trong A.
9. Ho tan 7,8 gam hn hp gm Mg v Zn vo dung dch H 2SO4. Sau
phn ng thu c dung dch A v 2,24 lit kh. Chng minh sau phn
ng kim loi vn cn d.
10. Hoa tan 13,2 gam hon hp A gom 2 kim loai co cung hoa
tr vao 0.6 mol HCl . Co can dung dch sau phan ng thu c
32,7 gam hon hp muoi khan.
a. Chng minh hon hp A khong tan het.
b. Tnh the tch hiro sinh ra (ktc).
3. Dng Ton hn hp :
Al
6,4 (g)
3.x
2
3,36
3.x
2
- Theo PT: n
m
3x
H2
* Bi tp vn dng:
1. Cho 8 gam hon hp gom Cu va Fe tac dung vi dung dch
HCl d tao thanh 1,68 lt kh
H 2 thoat ra ( ktc ). Tnh % ve
khoi lng cua tng kim loai co trong hon hp ?
2. Cho hon hp gom Ag va Al tac dung vi dung dch H 2SO4 d
tao thanh 6,72 lt kh H2 thoat ra ( ktc) va 4,6 g chat ran
khong tan. Tnh % ve khoi lng cua tng kim loai co trong
hon hp ?
2.Trng hp cc cht trong hn hp u tham gia phn ng
cho m (g) hn hp A ( gm M, M) + cc cht trong n hp A u phn
ng hon ton vi lng cht B.
Cch gii chung :
- Vit v cn bng PTHH XY RA..
- Tnh s mol cc cht trong qu trnh phn ng theo cc d kin ca
bi ton lin quan n lng hh hay lng cht phn ng .
- Da vo PTHH, cc d kin bi ton, Lp h phng trnh bc nht 1
n( hoc 2 n ). tm lng cc cht trong hn hp hay lng cc cht sn
phm theo yu cu .
V d. t chy 29,6 gam hn hp kim loi Cu v Fe cn 6,72 lt
kh oxi iu kin tiu chun.Tnh khi lng cht rn thu c
theo 2 cch.
Gii:
noxi = 6,72 : 22,4 = 0,3 mol
moxi = 0,3 x 32
= 9,6 gam
PTP : 2Cu
+ O2 -> 2CuO
(1)
x (mol)
: x/2
: x
3 Fe
+ 2O2 -> Fe3O4
(2)
y (mol)
2y/3
y/3
Cch 1: p dng LBTKL cho phn ng (1) v (2) ta c :
mst + mng + moxi = m oxu = 29,6 + 9,6 = 39,2 gam
Cch 2 : Gi x,y l s mol ca Cu v Fe trong hn hp ban u
(x,y nguyn dng)
Theo bi ra ta c :
64x + 56y = 29,6
x/2 + 2y/3 = 0,3
x = 0,2 ; y = 0,3
khi lng oxit thu c l : 80x + (232y:3 ) = 80 . 0,2 + 232 .
0,1 = 39,2 gam
* Bi tp vn dng:
1. Kh 15,2 gam hon hp gom Fe 2O3 va FeO bang H2 nhiet
o cao thu c sat kim loai . e hoa tan het lng sat nay
can 0,4 mol HCl.
Neu
khoi
lng
thanh
kim
loai
giam:
dung dch Cu(NO3)2 va thanh thu hai vao dung dch Pb(NO 3)2. Sau
mot thi gian, khi so mol 2 muoi phan ng bang nhau lay 2
thanh kim loai o ra khoi dung dch thay khoi lng thanh th
nhat giam i 0,2%, con khoi lng thanh th hai tang them
28,4%. Tm nguyen to R.
5: Cho mot thanh Pb kim loai tac dung va u vi dung dch
muoi nitrat cua kim loai hoa tr II, sau mot thi gian khi khoi
lng thanh Pb khong oi th lay ra khoi dung dch thay khoi
lng no giam i 14,3 gam. Cho thanh sat co khoi lng 50 gam
vao dung dch sau phan ng tren, khoi lng thanh sat khong
oi na th lay ra khoi dung dch, ra sach, say kho can
nang 65,1 gam. Tm ten kim loai hoa tr II.
6. Nhung mot thoi sat 100 gam vao dung dch CuSO 4 . Sau mot
thi gian lay ra ra sach , say kho can nang 101,6 gam . Hoi
khoi kim loai o co bao nhieu gam sat , bao nhieu gam ong ?
7.Cho mot ban nhom co khoi lng 60 gam vao dung dch
CuSO4. Sau mot thi gian lay ra ra sach, say kho can nang
80,7gam. Tnh khoi lng ong bam vao ban nhom ?
8. Ngam mot la ong vao dung dch AgNO 3. Sau phan ng
khoi lng la ong tang 0,76 gam . Tnh so gam ong a
tham gia phan ng ?
9. Ngam inh sat vao dung dch CuSO 4. Sau mot thi gian lay
ra ra sach, say kho can nang hn luc au 0,4 gam
a. Tnh khoi lng sat va CuSO4 a tham gia phan ng ?
b. Neu khoi lng dung dch CuSO 4a dung tren la 210 gam
co khoi lng rieng la 1,05 g/ml . Xac nh nong o mol ban
au cua dung dch CuSO4 ?
10. Cho 333 gam hon hp 3 muoi MgSO 4 , CuSO4 va BaSO4 vao
nc c dung dch D va mot phan khong tan co khoi lng
233 gam . Nhung thanh nhom vao dung dch D . Sau phan ng
khoi lng thanh kim loai tang 11,5 gam . Tnh % ve khoi lng
cua moi muoi co trong hon hp tren ?
11. Cho ban sat co khoi lng 100 gam vao 2 lt dung dch
CuSO4 1M. Sau mot thi gian dung dch CuSO 4 co nong o la
0,8 M . Tnh khoi lng ban kim loai , biet rang the tch dung
dch xem nh khong oi va khoi lng ong bam hoan toan
vao ban sat ?
12. Nhung mot la kem vao 500 ml dung dch Pb(NO 3)2 2M . Sau
mot thi gian khoi lng la kem tang 2,84 gam so vi ban
au .
a.Tnh lng Pb a bam vao laZn, biet rang lng Pb sinh ra
bam hoan toan vao la Zn.
b. Tnh mong o M cac muoi co trong dung dch sau khi lay la
kem ra, biet rang the tch dung dch xem nh khong oi ?
Trng hp2 : Tang giam khoi lng cua chat ket tua
hay khoi lng dung dch sau phan ng
a) Khi gap bai toan cho a gam muoi clorua (cua kim loai
Ba, Ca, Mg) tac dung vi dung dch cacbonat tao muoi ket tua
co khoi lng b gam. Hay tm cong thc muoi clorua.
- Muon tm cong thc muoi clorua phai tm so mol (n)
muoi.
o giam khoi lng muoi clorua = a b la do thay Cl 2 (M = 71)
a- b
nmuoi
bang CO3 (M = 60).
71 60
Xac nh cong thc phan t muoi: M muoiclorua
nmuoi
nmuoi
7:Khi cho kh SO3 tc dng vi nc cho ta dung dch H2SO4. Tnh lng
H2SO4 iu ch c khi cho 40 kg SO3 tc dng vi nc. Bit hiu sut
phn ng l 95%.
8.Ngi ta iu ch vi sng (CaO) bng cch nung vi CaCO 3. Lng vi sng thu c t 1 tn vi c cha 10% tp cht l: Hy gii
thch s la chn? Gi s hiu sut nung vi t 100%.
9. Tnh khoi lng H2SO4 95% thu c t 60 kg quang pirit neu
hieu suat p/ ng la 85% ?
10. Dung 150 gam quang pirit cha 20% chat tr ieu che
H2SO4. em toan bo lng axit ieu che c hoa tan va u
m gam Fe2O3. Tat ca phan ng xay ra hoan toan, hay
a. Tnh khoi lng H2SO4 ieu che c ?
b. Tnh m ?
11. T 1 tan quang pirit cha 90% FeS 2 co the ieu che bao
nhieu lt H2SO4 am ac 98% (d = 1,84 g/ml) , biet hieu suat
trong qua trnh ieu che la 80% ?
12. Trong cong nghiep ieu che H2SO4 t FeS2 theo s o sau:
FeS2 SO2 SO3 H2SO4
a. Viet phng trnh phan ng va ghi ro ieu kien.
b. Tnh lng axit 98% ieu che c t 1 tan quang cha 60%
FeS2.
Biet hieu suat cua qua trnh la 80%.
13. ieu che HNO3 trong cong nghiep theo s o:
NH3 NO NO2 HNO3
a. Viet phng trnh phan ng va ghi ro ieu kien.
b. Tnh the tch NH3 ( ktc) cha 15% tap chat khong chay
can thiet e thu c 10 kg HNO 3 31,5%. Biet hieu suat cua
qua trnh la 79,356%