K THUT CM BIN

Bin tp bi:
Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn

K THUT CM BIN
Bin tp bi:
Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
Cc tc gi:
Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn

Phin bn trc tuyn:

http://voer.edu.vn/c/13775a37

MC LC
1. LI NI U
2. Bi 1: CC KHI NIM V C TRNG C BN
2.1. Khi nim v phn loi cm bin
2.2. ng cong chun ca cm bin
2.3. Cc c trng c bn
3. Bi 2: NGUYN L CH TO V MCH O
3.1. Nguyn l chung ch to cm bin
3.2. Mch o
3.3. Dng c v k thut o
4. Bi 1: CM BIN NHIT
4.1. Khi nim c bn
4.2. Nhit k gin n
4.3. Nhit k in tr
5. Bi 5: CC LOI CM BIN NHIT
5.1. Cm bin nhit ngu
5.2. Ho kt
6. Bi 7: CM BIN QUANG
6.1. Tnh cht v n v o nh sng
6.2. Cm bin quang dn
7. Bi 8: CC LOI CM BIN QUANG
7.1. Photodiode
7.2. Phototransisto
7.3. Phototransisto hiu ng trng
7.4. Mt s kinh kin khc
8. Bi 10: CM BIN O V TR DCH CHUYN
8.1. Nguyn l o v tr v dch chuyn
8.2. Cng tc gii hn
8.3. in th k in tr
8.4. Cm bin in cm
8.5. Cm bin in dung
9. Bi 12: CC LOI CM BIN O V TR
9.1. Cm bin quang
9.2. Cm bin o dch chuyn bng sng n hi

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10. Bi 14: CM BIN O BIN DNG

10.1. Bin dng v phng php o
10.2. u o in tr kim loi
10.3. Cm bin p tr silic
10.4. ng sut k dy rung
11. Bi 16: CM BIN O LC
11.1. Nguyn l o lc
11.2. Cm bin p in
11.3. Cm bin t gio
11.4. Cm bin o lc da trn php o dch chuyn
11.5. Cm bin xc gic
12. Bi 18: CM BIN VN TC, GIA TC V RUNG
12.1. Khi nim c bn1
12.2. Cm bin o vn tc
12.3. Gia tc k p in
12.4. Gia tc k p tr
12.5. Cm bin o tc rung
13. Bi 20: CM BIN O P SUT V LU LNG CHT LU
13.1. p sut v nguyn l o p sut
13.2. p k vi sai da trn nguyn tc cn bng thu tnh
13.3. Cm bin p sut da trn php o bin dng
13.4. Cm bin o lu lng
13.5. Cm bin o v pht hin mc cht lu
14. TI LIU THAM KHO
Tham gia ng gp

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LI NI U
LI NI U
Module K thut cm bin cung cp cc kin thc v cm bin v ng dng ca cc cm
bin. Module ny gii thiu cc loi cm bin: quang, nhit, in, m thanh, cm bin
hnh nh; K thut lp rp cc mch chuyn i s cp t i lng khng in thnh
i lng in; K thut thit k mch iu khin ng dng cm bin.
Cun cng ny c bin son da trn khung chng trnh module K thut cm
bin thuc chng trnh o to theo nh hng ngh nghip trong khun kh d n
H Lan.
Cun cng ny cha ni dung ca 21 bi hc theo ng trnh t v mc tiu thit
k ca chng trnh. Cc bi hc l thuyt c bin tp kh chi tit, cp nht cc kin
thc mi v c tnh ng dng cao.
tip thu tt module ny yu cu sinh vin cn hc trc cc module k thut in t,
in t s.

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Bi 1: CC KHI NIM V C TRNG

C BN
Khi nim v phn loi cm bin
Khi nim
Cm bin l thit b dng cm nhn bin i cc i lng vt l v cc i lng
khng c tnh cht in cn o thnh cc i lng in c th o v x l c.
Cc i lng cn o (m) thng khng c tnh cht in (nh nhit , p sut ...) tc
ng ln cm bin cho ta mt c trng (s) mang tnh cht in (nh in tch, in p,
dng in hoc tr khng) cha ng thng tin cho php xc nh gi tr ca i lng
o. c trng (s) l hm ca i lng cn o (m):
s = F(m) (1.1)
Ngi ta gi (s) l i lng u ra hoc l phn ng ca cm bin, (m) l i lng u
vo hay kch thch (c ngun gc l i lng cn o). Thng qua o c (s) cho php
nhn bit gi tr ca (m).

Phn loi cm bin

Ty theo cc c trng phn loi, cm bin c th c chia thnh nhiu loi khc nhau.
Theo nguyn l chuyn i gia p ng v kch thch (bng 1.1).
Bng 1.1
Hin tng

Chuyn i gia p ng-kch thch

Hin tng vt l

Nhit in
Quang in
Quang t
in t
Quang n hi
T in
Nhit t

Ho hc

Bin i ho hc

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 Bin i in ho
Phn tch ph
Sinh hc

Bin i sinh ho
Bin i vt l
Hiu ng trn c th sng

Theo dng kch thch (bng 1.2).

Bng 1.2
m
thanh

- Bin pha, phn cc - Ph - Tc truyn sng

in

- in tch, dng in - in th, in p - in trng (bin, pha, phn cc,

ph) - in dn, hng s in mi ...

- T trng (bin, pha, phn cc, ph) - T thng, cng t trng -

t thm

Quang

- Bin, pha, phn cc, ph - Tc truyn - H s pht x, khc x - H s

hp th, h s bc x

- V tr - Lc, p sut - Gia tc, vn tc - ng sut, cng - M men - Khi

lng, t trng - Vn tc cht lu, nht

Nhit

- Nhit - Thng lng - Nhit dung, t nhit

Bc
x

- Kiu - Nng lng - Cng ...

Theo tnh nng ca b cm bin (bng 1.3)

Bng 1.3
- nhy - chnh xc - phn
gii - chn lc - tuyn tnh Cng sut tiu th - Di tn

- Kh nng qu ti - Tc p ng - n
nh - Tui th - iu kin mi trng Kch thc, trng lng- tr

Phn loi theo phm vi s dng ( bng 1.4).

Bng 1.4
- Cng nghip

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- Nghin cu khoa hc
- Mi trng, kh tng
- Thng tin, vin thng
- Nng nghip
- Dn dng
- Giao thng
- V tr
- Qun s
- Phn loi theo thng s ca m hnh mch thay th :
+ Cm bin tch cc c u ra l ngun p hoc ngun dng.
+ Cm bin th ng c c trng bng cc thng s R, L, C, M .... tuyn tnh hoc
phi tuyn.

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ng cong chun ca cm bin

Khi nim
ng cong chun cm bin l ng cong biu din s ph thuc ca i lng in
(s) u ra ca cm bin vo gi tr ca i lng o (m) u vo.
ng cong chun c th biu din bng biu thc i s di dng s = F(m), hoc bng
th nh hnh 1.1a.

Hnh 1.1 : ng cong chun cm bin

a) Dng ng cong chun b) ng cong chun ca cm bin tuyn tnh
Da vo ng cong chun ca cm bin, ta c th xc nh gi tr mi cha bit ca m
thng qua gi tr o c si ca s.
d s dng, ngi ta thng ch to cm bin c s ph thuc tuyn tnh gia i
lng u ra v i lng u vo, phng trnh s= F(m) c dng s = am +b vi a, b l
cc h s, khi ng cong chun l ng thng (hnh 1.1b).

Phng php chun cm bin

Chun cm bin l php o nhm mc ch xc lp mi quan h gia gi tr s o c
ca i lng in u ra v gi tr m ca i lng o c tnh n cc yu t nh
hng, trn c s xy dng ng cong chun di dng tng minh ( th hoc
biu thc i s). Khi chun cm bin, vi mt lot gi tr bit chnh xc mi ca m,
o gi tr tng ng si ca s v dng ng cong chun.

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Hnh 1.2 : Phng php chun cm bin

Chun n gin
Trong trng hp i lng o ch c mt i lng vt l duy nht tc ng ln mt
i lng o xc nh v cm bin s dng khng nhy vi tc ng ca cc i lng
nh hng, ngi ta dng phng php chun n gin. Thc cht ca chun n gin
l o cc gi tr ca i lng u ra ng vi cc gi xc nh khng i ca i lng
o u vo. Vic chun c tin hnh theo hai cch:
- Chun trc tip: cc gi tr khc nhau ca i lng o ly t cc mu chun hoc cc
phn t so snh c gi tr bit trc vi chnh xc cao.
- Chun gin tip: kt hp cm bin cn chun vi mt cm bin so snh c sn
ng cong chun, c hai c t trong cng iu kin lm vic. Khi tc ng ln hai
cm bin vi cng mt gi tr ca i lng o ta nhn c gi tr tng ng ca cm
bin so snh v cm bin cn chun. Lp li tng t vi cc gi tr khc ca i lng
o cho php ta xy dng c ng cong chun ca cm bin cn chun.

Chun nhiu ln
Khi cm bin c phn t b tr (tr c hoc tr t), gi tr o c u ra ph thuc
khng nhng vo gi tr tc thi ca i lng cn o u vo m cn ph thuc vo
gi tr trc ca ca i lng ny. Trong trng hp nh vy, ngi ta p dng
phng php chun nhiu ln v tin hnh nh sau:
- t li im 0 ca cm bin: i lng cn o v i lng u ra c gi tr tng ng
vi im gc, m=0 v s=0.
- o gi tr u ra theo mt lot gi tr tng dn n gi tr cc i ca i lng o
u vo.
- Lp li qu trnh o vi cc gi tr gim dn t gi tr cc i.
Khi chun nhiu ln cho php xc nh ng cong chun theo c hai hng o tng
dn v o gim dn.
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Cc c trng c bn
nhy ca cm bin
i vi cm bin tuyn tnh, gia bin thin u ra s v bin thin u vo m c s
lin h tuyn tnh:
s = S.m (1.2)
i lng S xc nh bi biu thc

c gi l nhy ca cm bin.
Trng hp tng qut, biu thc xc nh nhy S ca cm bin xung quanh gi tr mi
ca i lng o xc nh bi t s gia bin thin s ca i lng u ra v bin thin
m tng ng ca i lng o u vo quanh gi tr :

(1.2)
php o t chnh xc cao, khi thit k v s dng cm bin cn lm sao cho
nhy S ca n khng i, ngha l t ph thuc nht vo cc yu t sau:
- Gi tr ca i lng cn o m v tn s thay i ca n.
- Thi gian s dng.
- nh hng ca cc i lng vt l khc (khng phi l i lng o) ca mi trng
xung quanh. Thng thng nh sn xut cung cp gi tr ca nhy S tng ng vi
nhng iu kin lm vic nht nh ca cm bin.

nhy trong ch tnh v t s chuyn i tnh

ng chun cm bin, xy dng trn c s o cc gi tr si u ra tng ng vi cc
gi tr khng i mi ca i lng o khi i lng ny t n ch lm vic danh
nh c gi l c trng tnh ca cm bin. Mt im Qi(mi,si) trn c trng tnh xc
nh mt im lm vic ca cm bin ch tnh.

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Trong ch tnh, nhy S xc nh theo cng thc (1.3) chnh l c ca c trng

tnh im lm vic ang xt. Nh vy, nu c trng tnh khng phi l tuyn tnh th
nhy trong ch tnh ph thuc im lm vic.
i lng ri xc nh bi t s gia gi tr si u ra v gi tr mi u vo c gi l
t s chuyn i tnh:

(1.4)
T (1.4), ta nhn thy t s chuyn i tnh ri khng ph thuc vo im lm vic Qi v
ch bng S khi c trng tnh l ng thng i qua gc to .

nhy trong ch ng
nhy trong ch ng c xc nh khi i lng o bin thin tun hon theo
thi gian.

tuyn tnh
Mt cm bin c gi l tuyn tnh trong mt di o xc nh nu trong di ch ,
nhy khng ph thuc vo i lng o.
Trong ch tnh, tuyn tnh chnh l s khng ph thuc ca nhy ca cm bin
vo gi tr ca i lng o, th hin bi cc on thng trn c trng tnh ca cm
bin v hot ng ca cm bin l tuyn tnh chng no i lng o cn nm trong
vng ny.
Trong ch ng, tuyn tnh bao gm s khng ph thuc ca nhy ch
tnh S(0) vo i lng o, ng thi cc thng s quyt nh s hi p nh tn s
ring f0 ca dao ng khng tt, h s tt dn ? cng khng ph thuc vo i lng o.
Nu cm bin khng tuyn tnh, ngi ta a vo mch o cc thit b hiu chnh sao
cho tn hiu in nhn c u ra t l vi s thay i ca i lng o u vo. S
hiu chnh c gi l s tuyn tnh ho.

Sai s v chnh xc
Cc b cm bin cng nh cc dng c o lng khc, ngoi i lng cn o (cm
nhn) cn chu tc ng ca nhiu i lng vt l khc gy nn sai s gia gi tr o

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c v gi tr thc ca i lng cn o. Gi x l lch tuyt i gia gi tr o v

gi tr thc x (sai s tuyt i), sai s tng i ca b cm bin c tnh bng:

Sai s ca b cm bin mang tnh cht c tnh bi v khng th bit chnh xc gi

tr thc ca i lng cn o. Khi nh gi sai s ca cm bin, ngi ta thng phn
chng thnh hai loi: sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin.
- Sai s h thng: l sai s khng ph thuc vo s ln o, c gi tr khng i hoc thay
i chm theo thi gian o v thm vo mt lch khng i gia gi tr thc v gi
tr o c. Sai s h thng thng do s thiu hiu bit v h o, do iu kin s dng
khng tt gy ra. Cc nguyn nhn gy ra sai s h thng c th l:
Do nguyn l ca cm bin.
+ Do gi tr ca i lng chun khng ng.
+ Do c tnh ca b cm bin.
+ Do iu kin v ch s dng.
+Do x l kt qu o.
- Sai s ngu nhin: l sai s xut hin c ln v chiu khng xc nh. Ta c th d
on c mt s nguyn nhn gy ra sai s ngu nhin nhng khng th d on c
ln v du ca n. Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra sai s ngu nhin c th l:
+ Do s thay i c tnh ca thit b.
+ Do tn hiu nhiu ngu nhin.
+ Do cc i lng nh hng khng c tnh n khi chun cm bin.
Chng ta c th gim thiu sai s ngu nhin bng mt s bin php thc nghim thch
hp nh bo v cc mch o trnh nh hng ca nhiu, t ng iu chnh in p
ngun nui, b cc nh hng nhit , tn s, vn hnh ng ch hoc thc hin
php o lng thng k.

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 nhanh v thi gian hi p

nhanh l c trng ca cm bin cho php nh gi kh nng theo kp v thi gian
ca i lng u ra khi i lng u vo bin thin. Thi gian hi p l i lng
c s dng xc nh gi tr s ca nhanh.
nhanh tr l khong thi gian t khi i lng o thay i t ngt n khi bin thin
ca i lng u ra ch cn khc gi tr cui cng mt lng gii hn tnh bng %.
Thi gian hi p tng ng vi % xc nh khong thi gian cn thit phi ch i
sau khi c s bin thin ca i lng o ly gi tr ca u ra vi chnh xc nh
trc. Thi gian hi p c trng cho ch qu ca cm bin v l hm ca cc
thng s thi gian xc nh ch ny.
Trong trng hp s thay i ca i lng o c dng bc thang, cc thng s thi
gian gm thi gian tr khi tng (tdm) v thi gian tng (tm) ng vi s tng t ngt ca
i lng o hoc thi gian tr khi gim (tdc) v thi gian gim (tc) ng vi s gim t
ngt ca i lng o. Khong thi gian tr khi tng tdm l thi gian cn thit i
lng u ra tng t gi tr ban u ca n n 10% ca bin thin tng cng ca i
lng ny v khong thi gian tng tm l thi gian cn thit i lng u ra tng t
10% n 90% bin thin bin thin tng cng ca n.

Hnh 1.3: Xc nh cc khong thi gian c trng cho ch qu

Tng t, khi i lng o gim, thi gian tr khi gim tdc l thi gian cn thit i
lng u ra gim t gi tr ban u ca n n 10% bin thin tng cng ca i lng
ny v khong thi gian gim tc l thi gian cn thit i lng u ra gim t 10%
n 90% bin thin bin thin tng cng ca n.

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Cc thng s v thi gian tr, tdm, tm, tdc, tc ca cm bin cho php ta nh gi v thi
gian hi p ca n.

Gii hn s dng ca cm bin

Trong qu trnh s dng, cc cm bin lun chu tc ng ca ng lc c hc, tc ng
nhit... Khi cc tc ng ny vt qu ngng cho php, chng s lm thay i c
trng lm vic ca cm bin. Bi vy khi s dng cm bin, ngi s dng cn phi bit
r cc gii hn ny.
Vng lm vic danh nh
Vng lm vic danh nh tng ng vi nhng iu kin s dng bnh thng ca cm
bin. Gii hn ca vng l cc gi tr ngng m cc i lng o, cc i lng vt l
c lin quan n i lng o hoc cc i lng nh hng c th thng xuyn t
ti m khng lm thay i cc c trng lm vic danh nh ca cm bin.
Vng khng gy nn h hng
Vng khng gy nn h hng l vng m khi m cc i lng o hoc cc i lng
vt l c lin quan v cc i lng nh hng vt qua ngng ca vng lm vic danh
nh nhng vn cn nm trong phm vi khng gy nn h hng, cc c trng ca cm
bin c th b thay i nhng nhng thay i ny mang tnh thun nghch, tc l khi tr
v vng lm vic danh nh cc c trng ca cm bin ly li gi tr ban u ca chng.
Vng khng ph hu
Vng khng ph hy l vng m khi m cc i lng o hoc cc i lng vt l
c lin quan v cc i lng nh hng vt qua ngng ca vng khng gy nn h
hng nhng vn cn nm trong phm vi khng b ph hy, cc c trng ca cm bin
b thay i v nhng thay i ny mang tnh khng thun nghch, tc l khi tr v vng
lm vic danh nh cc c trng ca cm bin khng th ly li gi tr ban u ca
chng. Trong trng hp ny cm bin vn cn s dng c, nhng phi tin hnh
chun li cm bin.

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Bi 2: NGUYN L CH TO V MCH
O
Nguyn l chung ch to cm bin
Cc cm bin c ch to da trn c s cc hin tng vt l v c phn lm hai
loi:
- Cm bin tch cc: l cc cm bin hot ng nh mt my pht, p ng (s) l in
tch, in p hay dng.
- Cm bin th ng: l cc cm bin hot ng nh mt tr khng trong p ng (s)
l in tr, t cm hoc in dung.

Nguyn l ch to cc cm bin tch cc

Cc cm bin tch cc c ch to da trn c s ng dng cc hiu ng vt l bin
i mt dng nng lng no (nhit, c hoc bc x) thnh nng lng in. Di
y m t mt cch khi qut ng dng mt s hiu ng vt l khi ch to cm bin.
Hiu ng nhit in
Hai dy dn (M1) v (M2) c bn cht ho hc khc nhau c hn li vi nhau thnh
mt mch in kn, nu nhit hai mi hn l T1 v T2 khc nhau, khi trong mch
xut hin mt sut in ng e(T1, T2) m ln ca n ph thuc chnh lch nhit
gia T1 v T2.

Hnh 2.1: S hiu ng nhit in

Hiu ng nhit in c ng dng o nhit T1 khi bit trc nhit T2, thng
chn T2 = 0oC.

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Hiu ng ho in
Mt s tinh th gi l tinh th ho in (v d tinh th sulfate triglycine) c tnh phn
cc in t pht vi phn cc ph thuc vo nhit , lm xut hin trn cc mt i
din ca chng nhng in tch tri du. ln ca in p gia hai mt ph thuc vo
phn cc ca tinh th ho in.

Hnh 2.2: ng dng hiu ng ho in

Hiu ng ho in c ng dng o thng lng ca bc x nh sng. Khi ta chiu
mt chm nh sng vo tinh th ho in, tinh th hp th nh sng v nhit ca n
tng ln, lm thay i s phn cc in ca tinh th. o in p V ta c th xc nh
c thng lng nh sng F.
Hiu ng p in
Mt s vt liu gi chung l vt liu p in (nh thch anh chng hn) khi b bin dng
dc tc ng ca lc c hc, trn cc mt i din ca tm vt liu xut hin nhng
lng in tch bng nhau nhng tri du, c gi l hiu ng p in.
o V ta c th xc nh c cng ca lc tc dng F.

Hnh 2.3: ng dng hiu ng p in

Hiu ng cm ng in t
Khi mt dy dn chuyn ng trong t trng khng i, trong dy dn xut hin mt
sut in ng t l vi t thng ct ngang dy trong mt n v thi gian, ngha l t
l vi tc dch chuyn ca dy. Tng t nh vy, trong mt khung dy t trong t

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trng c t thng bin thin cng xut hin mt sut in ng t l vi tc bin

thin ca t thng qua khung dy.

Hnh 2.4: ng dng hiu ng cm ng in t

Hiu ng cm ng in t c ng dng xc nh tc dch chuyn ca vt thng
qua vic o sut in ng cm ng.
Hiu ng quang in
- Hiu ng quang dn: (hay cn gi l hiu ng quang in ni) l hin tng gii phng
ra cc ht dn t do trong vt liu (thng l bn dn) khi chiu vo chng mt bc x
nh sng (hoc bc x in t ni chung) c bc sng nh hn mt ngng nht nh.
- Hiu ng quang pht x in t: (hay cn gi l hiu ng quang in ngoi) l hin
tng cc in t c gii phng v thot khi b mt vt liu to thnh dng c th
thu li nh tc dng ca in trng.
Hiu ng quang - in - t
Khi tc dng mt t trng B vung gc vi bc x nh sng, trong vt liu bn dn
c chiu sng s xut hin mt hiu in th theo hng vung gc vi t trng B
v hng bc x nh sng.

Hnh 2.5: ng dng hiu ng quang - in - t

Hiu ng Hall
Khi t mt tm mng vt liu mng (thng l bn dn), trong c dng in chy
qua, vo trong mt t trng B c phng to vi dng in I trong tm mt gc , s

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xut hin mt hiu in th VH theo hng vung gc vi B v I. Biu thc hiu in

th c dng:

Trong KH l h s ph thuc vo vt liu v kch thc hnh hc ca tm vt liu.

Hnh 2.6: ng dng hiu ng Hall

Hiu ng Hall c ng dng xc nh v tr ca mt vt chuyn ng. Vt cn xc
nh v tr lin kt c hc vi thanh nam chm, mi thi im, v tr thanh nam chm
xc nh gi tr ca t trng B v gc ? tng ng vi tm bn dn mng lm vt trung
gian. V vy, hiu in th VH o c gia hai cnh tm bn dn l hm ph thuc vo
v tr ca vt trong khng gian.

Nguyn l ch to cm bin th ng
Cm bin th ng thng c ch to t mt tr khng c cc thng s ch yu nhy
vi i lng cn o. Gi tr ca tr khng ph thuc kch thc hnh hc, tnh cht in
ca vt liu ch to (nh in tr sut , t thm , hng s in mi ). V vy tc
ng ca i lng o c th nh hng ring bit n kch thc hnh hc, tnh cht
in hoc ng thi c hai.
S thay i thng s hnh hc ca tr khng gy ra do chuyn ng ca phn t chuyn
ng hoc phn t bin dng ca cm bin. Trong cc cm bin c phn t chuyn ng,
mi v tr ca phn t ng s ng vi mt gi tr xc nh ca tr khng, cho nn o tr
khng c th xc nh c v tr ca i tng. Trong cm bin c phn t bin dng,
s bin dng ca phn t bin dng di tc ng ca i lng o (lc hoc cc i
lng gy ra lc) gy ra s thay i ca tr khng ca cm bin. S thay i tr khng
do bin dng lin quan n lc tc ng, do lin quan n i lng cn o. Xc nh
tr khng ta c th xc nh c i lng cn o.

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S thay i tnh cht in ca cm bin ph thuc vo bn cht vt liu ch to tr khng

v yu t tc ng (nhit , chiu sng, p sut, m ...). ch to cm bin,
ngi ta chn sao cho tnh cht in ca n ch nhy vi mt trong cc i lng vt l
trn, nh hng ca cc i lng khc l khng ng k. Khi c th thit lp c
s ph thuc n tr gia gi tr i lng cn o v gi tr tr khng ca cm bin.
Trn bng 2.1 gii thiu cc i lng cn o c kh nng lm thay i tnh cht in
ca vt liu s dng ch to cm bin.
Bng 2.1
i lng cn o c trng nhy cm Loi vt liu s dng
Nhit

Kim loi (Pt, Ni, Cu) Bn dn

Bc x nh sng

Bn dn

Bin dng

T thm ()

Hp kim Ni, Si pha tp Hp kim st t

V tr (nam chm)

Vt liu t in tr:Bi, InSb

18/191

Mch o
S mch o
Mch o bao gm ton b thit b o (trong c cm bin) cho php xc nh chnh
xc gi tr ca i lng cn o trong nhng iu kin tt nht c th.
u vo ca mch, cm bin chu tc ng ca i lng cn o gy nn tn hiu in
mang theo thng tin v i cn o.
u ra ca mch, tn hiu in qua x l c chuyn i sang dng c th c
c trc tip gi tr cn tm ca i lng o. Vic chun h o m bo cho mi gi
tr ca ch th u ra tng ng vi mt gi tr ca i lng o tc ng u vo ca
mch.
Dng n gin ca mch o gm mt cm bin, b phn bin i tn hiu v thit b ch
th, v d mch o nhit gm mt cp nhit ghp ni trc tip vi mt milivn k.

Hnh 2.7: S mch o nhit bng cp nhit

Hnh 2.8: Mch o in th b mt

1) My pht chc nng 2) Cm bin in tch 3) Tin khuch i

19/191

4) So pha lc nhiu 5) Khuch i 6) Chuyn i tng t s 7) My tnh

Trn thc t, do cc yu cu khc nhau khi o, mch o thng gm nhiu thnh phn
trong c cc khi ti -u ho vic thu thp v x l d liu, chng hn mch tuyn
tnh ho tn hiu nhn t cm bin, mch kh in dung k sinh, cc b chuyn i
nhiu knh, b khuch i, b so pha lc nhiu, b chuyn i tng t - s, b vi x
l, cc thit b h tr... Trn hnh 1.11 biu din s khi mt mch in o in th
trn b mt mng nhy quang c lp rp t nhiu phn t.

Mt s phn t c bn ca mch o
B khuch i thut ton (KTT)
B khuch i thut ton mch tch hp l b khuch i dng mt chiu c hai u vo
v mt u ra chung, thng gm hng trm tranzito v cc in tr, t in ghp ni
vi nhau. S b khuch i thut ton biu din trn hnh 2.9.

Hnh 2.9: S b khuch i thut ton

Cc c tnh c bn ca b khuch i thut ton:
- B khuch i c hai u vo: mt u o (-), mt u khng o (+).
- in tr vo rt ln, c hng trm M? n G?.
- in tr ra rt nh, c phn chc ?.
- in p lch u vo rt nh, c vi nV.
- H s khuch i h mch rt ln, c 100.000.
- Di tn lm vic rng.
- H s suy gim theo cch ni chung CMRR l t s h s khuch i ca b khuch
i thut ton i vi cc tn hiu sai lch v h s khuch i theo cch ni chung ca
cng b khuch i thut ton. Thng thng CMRR vo khong 90 dB.

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- Tc tng hn ch s bin thin cc i ca in p tnh bng V/s.

B khuch i o lng IA
B khuch i o lng IA c hai u vo v mt u ra. Tn hiu u ra t l vi hiu
ca hai in p u vo:

Hnh 2.10: S b khuch i o lng gm ba KTT ghp ni in tr

u vo vi sai ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic kh nhiu ch chung v tng
in tr vo ca KTT. in p trn Ra phi bng in p vi sai u vo U v to nn
dng in

Cc in p ra t KTT U1 v U2 phi bng nhau v bin nhng ngc pha. in p

U3 ca tng th hai bin i u ra vi sai thnh u ra n cc. H s khuch i tng
ca IA bng:

Kh in p lch
i vi mt b khuch KTT l tng khi h mch phi c in p ra bng khng khi
hai u vo ni mt. Thc t v cc in p bn trong nn to ra mt in p nh (in p
phn cc) u vo KTT c vi mV, nhng khi s dng mch kn in p ny c

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khuch i v to nn in p kh ln u ra. kh in p lch c th s dng s

hnh 2.11, bng cch iu chnh bin tr R .

Hnh 2.11: S mch kh in p lch

Mch lp li in p
lp li in p chnh xc, ngi ta s dng b KTT lm vic ch khng o
vi h s khuch i bng 1 s nh hnh 2.12.

Hnh 2.12: S mch lp in p

Trong b lp in p, cc dng ca KTT c ni trc tip vi tn hiu vo, cn cc
m c ni trc tip vi u ra, to nn in p phn hi 100% do h s khuch i
bng 1. Mch lp in p c chc nng tng in tr u vo, do vy thng dng
ni gia hai khu trong mch o.
Mch cu
Cu Wheatstone thng c s dng trong cc mch o nhit , lc, p sut, t
trng... Cu gm bn in tr R1, R2, R3 c nh v R4 thay i (mc nh hnh 2.13)
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hot ng nh cu khng cn bng da trn vic pht hin in p qua ng cho ca

cu.

Hnh 2.13: S mch cu

Trong mch cu, in p ra l hm phi tuyn nhng i vi bin i nh (<0,05) c
th coi l tuyn tnh. Khi R1 = R2 v R3 = R4 nhy ca cu l cc i. Trng hp
R1 >> R2 hoc R2 >> R1 in p ra ca cu gim. t K = R1/R2 nhy ca cu l:

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Dng c v k thut o
Dng c o
Ty tng loi cm bin m la chn dng c o thch hp.
Thng thng cm bin c kim tra n gin da trn mt s c tnh k thut trong
trng thi tnh.
Mt s loi dng c kim tra n gin nh: ng h vn nng, my hin sng, kt hp
vi cc ngun kch thch nh nh sng, nhit ,...

K thut o
Vic o kim nhm mc tiu xc nh xem cm bin c cn hot ng c hay khng,
c cn m bo cc thng s k thut hay xc nh cc cc tnh,...
Mc d vy, khng phi cm bin no cng d dng kim tra cc thng s da vo dng
c o. C loi cn phi a vo mch kim tra sau kim tra cc thng s hot ng
th mi xc nh c tnh trng ca cm bin.

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Bi 1: CM BIN NHIT
Khi nim c bn
Nhit l mt trong s nhng i lng c nh hng rt ln n tnh cht vt cht.
Bi vy trong nghin cu khoa hc, trong cng nghip cng nh trong i sng hng
ngy vic o nhit l rt cn thit. Tuy nhin vic xc nh chnh xc mt nhit l
mt vn khng n gin. a s cc i lng vt l u c th xc nh trc tip nh
so snh chng vi mt i lng cng bn cht. Nhit l i lng ch c th o gin
tip da vo s ph thuc ca tnh cht vt liu vo nhit .

Thang o nhit
o nhit trc ht phi thit lp thang nhit . Thang nhit tuyt i c
thit lp da vo tnh cht ca kh l tng.
Theo nh l Carnot: hiu sut ca mt ng c nhit thun nghch hot ng gia hai
ngun c nhit 1 v 2 trong mt thang o bt k ch ph thuc vo 1 v 2:

Dng ca hm F ph thuc vo thang o nhit . Ngc li vic chn dng hm F s

quyt nh thang o nhit . t F() = T, khi hiu sut nhit ca ng c nhit
thun nghch c vit nh sau:

Trong T1 v T2 l nhit ng hc tuyt i ca hai ngun.

i vi cht kh l tng, ni nng U ch ph thuc vo nhit ca cht kh v phng
trnh c trng lin h gia p sut p, th tch v v nhit c dng:

C th chng minh c rng:

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Trong R l hng s kh l tng, T l nhit ng hc tuyt i.

c th gn mt gi tr s cho T, cn phi xc nh n v cho nhit . Mun vy
ch cn gn gi tr cho nhit tng ng vi mt hin tng no vi iu kin hin
tng ny hon ton xc nh v c tnh lp li.
Thang Kelvin (Thomson Kelvin - 1852): Thang nhit ng hc tuyt i, n v nhit
l K. Trong thang o ny ngi ta gn cho nhit ca im cn bng ba trng thi
nc - nc - hi mt gi tr s bng 273,15 K.
Thang Celsius (Andreas Celsius - 1742): Thang nhit bch phn, n v nhit l
o
C v mt Celsius bng mt Kelvin.
Nhit Celsius xc nh qua nhit Kelvin theo biu thc:

Thang Fahrenheit (Fahrenheit - 1706): n v nhit l oF. Trong thang o ny, nhit
ca im nc tan l 32oF v im nc si l 212oF.
Quan h gia nhit Fahrenheit v nhit Celssius:

Bng 3.1 Cho cc gi tr tng ng ca mt s nhit quan trng theo cc thang o

khc nhau.
Bng 3.1
Nhit

Kelvin (K) Celsius (oC) Fahrenheit (oF)

im 0 tuyt i

-273,15

-459,67

Hn hp nc - nc

273,15

32

Cn bngnc - nc - hi 273,16

0,01

32,018

Nc si

100

212

373,15

26/191

Nhit o c v nhit cn o
Gi s mi trng o c nhit thc bng Tx, nhng khi o ta ch nhn c nhit
Tc l nhit ca phn t cm nhn ca cm bin. Nhit Tx gi l nhit cn
o, nhit Tc gi l nhit o c. iu kin o ng nhit l phi c s cn
bng nhit gia mi trng o v cm bin. Tuy nhin, do nhiu nguyn nhn, nhit
cm bin khng bao gi t ti nhit mi trng Tx, do tn ti mt chnh lch
nhit Tx - Tc nht nh. chnh xc ca php o ph thuc vo hiu s Tx - Tc ,
hiu s ny cng b, chnh xc ca php o cng cao. Mun vy khi o cn phi:
- Tng cnng s trao i nhit gia b cm bin v mi trng o.
- Gim s trao i nhit gia b cm bin v mi trng bn ngoi.
Chng ta hy kho st trng hp o bng cm bin tip xc. Lng nhit truyn t mi
trng vo b cm bin xc nh theo cng thc:

Vi: ? - h s dn nhit.
A - din tch b mt trao i nhit.
T - thi gian trao i nhit.
Lng nhit cm bin hp th:

Vi: m - khi lng cm bin.

C - nhit dung ca cm bin.
Nu b qua tn tht nhit ca cm bin ra mi trng ngoi v gi , ta c:

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, gi l hng s thigian nhit, ta c:

Nghim ca phng trnh c dng:

Hnh 3.1. Trao i nhit ca cm bin

tng cng trao i nhit gia mi trng c nhit cn o v cm bin ta phi
dng cm bin c phn t cm nhn c t nhit thp, h s dn nhit cao, hn ch tn
tht nhit t cm bin ra ngoi th cc tip im dn t phn t cm nhn ra mch o
bn ngoi phi c h s dn nhit thp.

Phn loi cm bin o nhit

Cc cm bin o nhit c chia lm hai nhm:
- Cm bin tip xc: cm bin tip xc vi mi trng o, gm:
+ Cm bin gin n (nhit k gin n).
+ Cm bin in tr (nhit in tr).
+ Cp nhit ngu.
- Cm bin khng tip xc: ho k.
Di y nghin cu mt s loi cm bin c bn.

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Nhit k gin n
Nguyn l hot ng ca nhit k gin n da vo s gin n ca vt liu khi tng nhit
. Nhit k loi ny c u im kt cu n gin, d ch to.

Nhit k gin n dng cht rn

Thng c hai loi: gm v kim loi, kim loi v kim loi.

Hnh 3.2: Nhit k gin n

a) Nhit k gm - kim loi b) Nhit k kim loi - kim loi
- Nhit k gm - kim loi(Dilatomet): gm mt thanh gm (1) t trong ng kim loi
(2), mt u thanh gm lin kt vi ng kim loi, cn u A ni vi h thng truyn
ng ti b phn ch th. H s gin n nhit ca kim loi v ca gm l k v g. Do
k > g, khi nhit tng mt lng dt, thanh kim loi gin thm mt lng dlk, thanh
gm gin thm dlg vi dlk>dlg, lm cho thanh gm dch sang phi.
Dch chuyn ca thanh gm ph thuc dlk - dlg do ph thuc nhit .
- Nhit k kim loi - kim loi: gm hai thanh kim loi (1) v (2) c h s gin n nhit
khc nhau lin kt vi nhau theo chiu dc. Gi s 1 > 2 , khi gin n nhit hai thanh
kim loi cong v pha thanh (2). Da vo cong ca thanh kim loi xc nh nhit
.
Nhit k gin n dng cht rn thng dng o nhit di 700oC.

Nhit k gin n dng cht lng

Nhit k gm bnh nhit (1), ng mao dn (2) v cht lng (3). Cht lng s dng thng
dng l thu ngn c h s gin n nhit =18.10-5/oC, v nhit k bng thu tinh c
=2.10-5/oC.

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Khi o nhit , bnh nhit c t tip xc vi mi trng o. Khi nhit tng, cht
lng gin n v dng ln trong ng mao dn. Thang o c chia trn v theo dc
ng mao dn.
Di nhit lm vic t - 50 600oC tu theo vt liu ch to v bc.

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Nhit k in tr
Nguyn l
Nguyn l chung o nhit bng cc in tr l da vo s ph thuc in tr sut ca
vt liu theo nhit .
Trong trng hp tng qut, s thay i in tr theo nhit c dng:

R0 l in tr nhit T0, F l hm c trng cho vt liu v F = 1 khi T = T0.

Hnh 3.3: Nhit k gin n dng cht lng

Hin nay thng s dng ba loi in tr o nhit l: in tr kim loi, in tr
silic v in tr ch to bng hn hp cc oxyt bn dn.
Trng hp in tr kim loi, hm trn c dng:

Trong nhit T o bng oC, T0=0oC v A, B, C l cc h s thc nghim.

Trng hp in tr l hn hp cc oxyt bn dn:

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T l nhit tuyt i, B l h s thc nghim.

Cc h s c xc nh chnh xc bng thc nghim khi o nhng nhit bit
trc. Khi bit gi tr cc h s, t gi tr ca R ngi ta xc nh c nhit cn
o.
Khi bin thin ca nhit T (xung quanh gi tr T) nh, in tr c th coi nh
thay i theo hm tuyn tnh:

Trong :

c gi h s nhit ca in tr hay cn gi l nhy nhit nhit T. nhy

nhit ph thuc vo vt liu v nhit , v d 0oC platin (Pt) c aR=3,9.10-3/oC. Cht
lng thit b o xc nh gi tr nh nht m n c th o c

, do cng xc nh s thay i nh nht ca nhit c th pht hin c:

V d nu

v vi nhng php o quanh im 0oC, vt liu l platin th

.
Thc ra, in tr khng ch thay i khi nhit thay i do s thay i in tr sut
m cn chu tc ng ca s thay i kch thc hnh hc ca n. Bi vy i vi mt
in tr dy c chiu di l v tit din s, h s nhit c dng:

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Trn thc t thng >> 1 nn c th coi R = .

Nhit k in tr kim loi

Vt liu
Yu cu chung i vi vt liu lm in tr:
- C in tr sut ln in tr ban u R0 ln m kch thc nhit k vn nh.
- H s nhit in tr ca n tt nht l lun lun khng i du, khng trit tiu.
- C bn c, ho nhit lm vic.
- D gia cng v c kh nng thay ln.
Cc cm bin nhit thng c ch to bng Pt v Ni. Ngoi ra cn dng Cu, W.
- Platin :
+ C th ch to vi tinh khit rt cao (99,999%) do tng chnh xc ca cc
tnh cht in.
+ C tnh tr v mt ho hc v tnh n nh cu trc tinh th cao do m bo tnh n
nh cao v cc c tnh dn in trong qu trnh s dng.
+ H s nhit in tr 0oC bng 3,9.10-3/oC.
+ in tr 100oC ln gp 1,385 ln so vi 0oC.
+ Di nhit lm vic kh rng t -200oC 1000oC.

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- Nikel:
+ C nhy nhit cao, bng 4,7.10-3/oC.
+ in tr 100oC ln gp 1,617 ln so vi 0oC.
+ D b oxy ho khi nhit cao lm gim tnh n nh.
+ Di nhit lm vic thp hn 250oC.
ng c s dng trong mt s trng hp nh tuyn tnh cao ca in tr theo
nhit . Tuy nhin, hot tnh ho hc ca ng cao nn nhit lm vic thng khng
vt qu 180oC. in tr sut ca ng nh, do ch to in tr c in tr ln
phi tng chiu di dy lm tng kch thc in tr.
Wonfram c nhy nhit v tuyn tnh cao hn platin, c th lm vic nhit
cao hn. Wonfram c th ch to dng si rt mnh nn c th ch to c cc in
tr cao vi kch thc nh. Tuy nhin, ng sut d sau khi ko si kh b trit tiu hon
ton bng cch do gim tnh n nh ca in tr.
Cu to nhit k in tr
trnh s lm nng u o dng in chy qua in tr thng gii hn gi tr mt
vi mA v in tr c nhy nhit cao th in tr phi c gi tr ln.
Mun vy phi gim tit din dy hoc tng chiu di dy. Tuy nhin khi gim tit din
dy bn li thp, dy in tr d b t, vic tng chiu di dy li lm tng kch
thc in tr. hp l ngi ta thng chn in tr R 0oC c gi tr vo khong
100?, khi vi in tr platin s c ng knh dy c vi m v chiu di khong
10cm, sau khi qun li s nhn c nhit k c chiu di c 1cm. Cc sn phm thng
mi thng c in tr 0oC l 50?, 500? v 1000?, cc in tr ln thng c dng
o di nhit thp.
- Nhit k cng nghip: s dng cho mc ch cng nghip, cc nhit k phi c v
bc tt chng c va chm mnh v rung ng, in tr kim loi c cun v bao bc
trong thu tinh hoc gm v t trong v bo v bng thp. Trn hnh 3.4 l cc nhit k
dng trong cng nghip bng in tr kim loi platin.

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Hnh 3.4: Nhit k cng nghip dng in tr platin

1) Dy platin 2) Gm cch in 3) ng platin 4) Dy ni 5) S cch in
6) Trc g 7) Cch in 8) V bc 9) Xi mng
- Nhit k b mt:
Nhit k b mt dng o nhit trn b mt ca vt rn. Chng thng c ch
to bng phng php quang ho v s dng vt liu lm in tr l Ni, Fe-Ni hoc Pt.
Cu trc ca mt nhit k b mt c dng nh hnh v 3.5. Chiu dy lp kim loi c
vi m v kch thc nhit k c 1cm2
.

Hnh 3.5: Nhit k b mt

c trng chnh ca nhit k b mt:
- nhy nhit : ~5.10-3/oC i vi trng hp Ni v Fe-Ni
~4.10-3/oC i vi trng hp Pt.
- Di nhit s dng: -195oC 260oC i vi Ni v Fe-Ni.
-260oC 1400oC i vi Pt.
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Khi s dng nhit k b mt cn c bit lu n nh hng bin dng ca b mt o.

Nhit k in tr silic
Silic tinh khit hoc n tinh th silic c h s nhit in tr m, tuy nhin khi c
kch tp loi n th trong khong nhit thp chng li c h s nhit in tr dng, h
s nhit in tr ~0,7%/oC 25oC. Phn t cm nhn nhit ca cm bin silic c ch
to c kch thc 500x500x240 m c m kim loi mt pha cn pha kia l b mt
tip xc.
Trong di nhit lm vic (-55 200oC) c th ly gn ng gi tr in tr ca cm
bin theo nhit theo cng thc:

Trong R0 v T0 l in tr v nhit tuyt i im chun.

S thay i nhit ca in tr tng i nh nn c th tuyn tnh ho bng cch mc
thm mt in tr ph.

Hnh 3.6: S ph thuc nhit ca in tr silic

Nhit k in tr oxyt bn dn
Vt liu ch to
Nhit in tr c ch to t hn hp oxyt bn dn a tinh th nh: MgO, MgAl2O4,
Mn2O3, Fe3O4, Co2O3, NiO, ZnTiO4.
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S ph thuc ca in tr ca nhit in tr theo nhit cho bi biu thc:

Trong R0(?) l in tr nhit T0(K).

nhy nhit c dng:

V nh hng ca hm m n in tr chim u th nn biu thc (3.11) c th vit li:

V nhy nhit:

Vi B c gi tr trong khong 3.000 - 5.000K.

Cu to
Hn hp bt oxyt c trn theo t l thch hp sau c nn nh dng v thiu kt
nhit ~1000oC. Cc dy ni kim loi c hn ti hai im trn b mt v c
ph bng mt lp kim loi. Mt ngoi c th bc bi v thu tinh.
Nhit in tr c nhy nhit rt cao nn c th dng pht hin nhng bin thin
nhit rt nh c 10-4 -10-3K. Kch thc cm bin nh c th o nhit ti tng
im. Nhit dung cm bin nh nn thi gian hi p nh. Tu thuc thnh phn ch
to, di nhit lm vic ca cm bin nhit in tr t vi n khong 300oC.

Hnh 3.7: Cu to nhit in tr c v bc thu tinh

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Bi 5: CC LOI CM BIN NHIT

Cm bin nhit ngu
Hiu ng nhit in
Phng php o nhit bng cm bin nhit ngu da trn c s hiu ng nhit in.
Ngi ta nhn thy rng khi hai dy dn ch to t vt liu c bn cht ho hc khc
nhau c ni vi nhau bng mi hn thnh mt mch kn v nhit hai mi hn l
t v t0 khc nhau th trong mch xut hin mt dng in. Sc in ng xut hin do
hiu ng nhit in gi l sc in ng nhit in. Nu mt u ca cp nhit ngu hn
ni vi nhau, cn u th hai h th gia hai cc xut hin mt hiu in th. Hin
tng trn c th gii thch nh sau:
Trong kim loi lun lun tn ti mt nng in t t do nht nh ph thuc bn cht
kim loi v nhit . Thng thng khi nhit tng, nng in t tng.
Gi s nhit t0 nng in t trong A l NA(t0), trong B l NB(t0) v nhit
t nng in t trong A l NA(t), trong B l NB(t), nu NA(t0) > NB(t0) th ni chung
NA(t) > NB(t).
Xt u lm vic (nhit t), do NA(t) > NB(t) nn c s khuch tn in t t A -> B
v ch tip xc xut hin mt hiu in th eAB(t) c tc dng cn tr s khuch tn.
Khi t cn bng eAB(t) s khng i.

Hnh 5.1: S nguyn l cp nhit ngu

Tng t ti mt tip xc u t do (nhit t0) cng xut hin mt hiu in th
eAB(t0). Gia hai u ca mt dy dn cng c chnh lch nng in t t do, do
cng c s khuch tn in t v hnh thnh hiu in th tng ng trong A l eA(t,t0)

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v trong B l eB(t,t0). Sc in ng tng sinh ra do hiu ng nhit in xc nh bi

cng thc sau:

(5.1)
V eA(t0,t) v eB(t,t0) nh v ngc chiu nhau c th b qua, nn ta c:

(5.2)
Nu nhit hai mi hn bng nhau, chng hn bng t0 khi sc in ng tng:

(5.3)
Hay:

(5.4)
Nh vy:

(5.5) Phng trnh (5.5) gi l phng trnh c bn ca cp nhit ngu. T phng

trnh (5.5) nhn thy nu gi nhit t = const th:

(5.6)
Chn nhit mt mi hn t0 = const bit trc lm nhit so snh v o sc in
ng sinh ra trong mch ta c th xc nh c nhit t mi hn th hai.
Sc in ng ca cp nhit khng thay i nu chng ta ni thm vo mch mt dy
dn th ba (hnh 5.2) nu nhit hai u ni ca dy th ba ging nhau.
Tht vy:
- Trong trng hp a:

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V:

Nn:

Hnh 5.2: S ni cp nhit vi dy dn th ba

- Trng hp b:

V:

Nn:

Nu nhit hai u ni khc nhau s lm xut hin sc in ng k sinh.

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Cu to cp nhit
Vt liu ch to
ch to cc nhit in c th dng nhiu kim loi v hp kim khc nhau. Tuy nhin
chng phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Sc in ng ln ( d dng ch to dng c o th cp).
- C bn c hc v ho hc nhit lm vic.
- D ko si.
- C kh nng thay ln.
- Gi thnh r.
Hnh 5.3 biu din quan h gia sc in ng v nhit ca cc vt liu dng ch
to in cc so vi in cc chun platin.

Hnh 5.3: Sc in ng ca mt s
vt liu ch to in cc
1) Telua 2) Chromel 3) St 4) ng 5) Graphit 6) Hp kim platin-roi
7) Platin 8) Alumel 9) Niken 10) Constantan 11) Coben
- Cp Platin - Roi/Platin:

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Cc dng l hp kim Platin (90%) v ri (10%), cc m l platin sch. Nhit lm

vic ngn hn cho php ti 1600oC , E =16,77mV. Nhit lm vic di hn <1300oC.
ng c tnh c dng bc hai, trong khong nhit 0 - 300oC th E 0.
Trong mi trng c SiO2 c th hng nhit 1000 - 1100oC.
ng knh in cc thng ch to = 0,5 mm.
Do sai khc ca cc cp nhit khc nhau tng i nh nn loi cp nhit ny thng
c dng lm cp nhit chun.
- Cp nhit Chromel/Alumel:
Cc dng l Chromel, hp kim gm 80%Ni + 10%Cr + 10%Fe. Cc m l Alumen,
hp kim gm 95%Ni + 5%(Mn + Cr+Si).
Nhit lm vic ngn hn ~1100oC, E = 46,16 mV.
Nhit lm vic di hn < 900oC.
ng knh cc = 3 mm.
- Cp nhit Chromel/Coben:
Cc dng l chromel, cc m l coben l hp kim gm 56%Cu + 44% Ni.
Nhit lm vic ngn hn 800oC, E = 66 mV.
Nhit lm vic di hn < 600oC.
- Cp nhit ng/Coben:
Cc dng l ng sch, cc m l coben.
Nhit lm vic ngn hn 600oC.
Nhit lm vic di hn <300oC.
Loi ny c dng nhiu trong th nghim v d ch to.
Quan h gia sc in ng v nhit ca mt s cp nhit cho hnh 5.4.

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Hnh 5.4: Sc in ng ca mt s cp nhit ngu

E-Chromel/Constantan R Platin-Rodi (13%)/Platin
J- St/Constantan S- Platin-Rodi (10%)/Platin
K- Chromel/Alumel B-Platin-rodi (30%)/ Platin-rodi (6%)
Cu to
Cu to in hnh ca mt cp nhit cng nghip trnh by trn hnh 5.5.

Hnh 5.5: Cu to cp nhit

1) V bo v 2) Mi hn 3) Dy in cc 4) S cch in
5) B phn lp t 6) Vt ni dy 7) Dy ni 8) u ni dy
u lm vic ca cc in cc (3) c hn ni vi nhau bng hn vy, hn kh hoc
hn bng tia in t. u t do ni vi dy ni (7) ti dng c o nh cc vt ni (6)
dy t trong u ni dy (8). cch ly cc in cc ngi ta dng cc ng s cch
in (4), s cch in phi tr v ho hc v bn c v nhit nhit lm vic.
bo v cc in cc, cc cp nhit c v bo v (1) lm bng s chu nhit hoc thp
chu nhit. H thng v bo v phi c nhit dung nh gim bt qun tnh nhit
v vt liu ch to v phi c dn nhit khng qu nh nhng cng khng c qu
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ln. Trng hp v bng thp mi hn u lm vic c th tip xc vi v gim

thi gian hi p.

Mch o v dng c th cp
Nhit cn o c xc nh thng qua vic o sc in ng sinh ra hai u dy
ca cp nhit ngu. chnh xc ca php o sc in ng ca cp nhit ngu ph
thuc nhiu yu t. Mun nng cao chnh xc cn phi:
- Gim thiu nh hng ca tc ng ca mi trng o ln nhit u t do.
- Gim thiu s st p do c dng in chy qua cc phn t ca cm bin v mch o.
S mch o dng milivn k
- S :
Trn hnh 5.6 biu din s o thng dng s dng milivn k t in.

Hnh 5.6: S mch o

Hnh 5.7 : S o vi sai

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Khi nhit hai u t do (2) v (3) bng nhau th sc in ng trong mch chnh l
sc in ng ca cp nhit, nu chng khc nhau th trong mch xut hin sut in
ng k sinh cc mi ni v lm sai lch kt qu o.
o trc tip hiu nhit gia hai im ngi ta dng s o vi sai nh hnh 5.7.
Trong s ny, c hai u 1 v 2 ca cp nhit l u lm vic tng ng vi nhit
t1 v t2. Kt qu o cho php ta xc nh trc tip gi tr ca hiu s hai nhit t1 - t2.

Hnh 5.8: S mc ni tip

Hnh 5.9: Hiu chnh nhit u t do

Trng hp nhit mi trng o khng khc nhiu nhit u t do, tng
nhy php o c th mc theo s ni tip n cp nhit nh hnh 5.8. Sc in ng
tng ca b mc ni tip bng nEAB(t,t0).
S mch o xung i dng in th k
Trn hnh 5.10 trnh by s o bng phng php xung i, da theo nguyn tc so
snh in p cn o vi mt in p ri trn mt on in tr.

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Hnh 5.10: S o bng phng php b

Theo s hnh (5.10a) ta c:

Nu EX = I0RAB th IP = 0, tc l in th k ch khng, khi in p ri trn AB bng

gi tr EX cn o.
Ta c:

Nu c nh c I0, L, R ta c Ex ph thuc n tr vo l tc l ph thuc vo v tr con

chy ca ng h o.
Trn s hnh (5.10b), EM l mt pin mu, RM l mt in tr mu bng manganin.
Khi ng P vo K th in p ri trn RM c so snh vi pin mu. Nu kim in k
ch khng th khng cn iu chnh dng I0, nu kim in k lch khi khng th dch

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chuyn Rc kim in k v khng. Khi o ng P vo D v x dch bin tr R kim

in k ch khng, khi Ex = UAB.

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Ho kt
Cc cm bin quang thuc loi cm bin o nhit khng tip xc, gm: ho k bc
x ton phn, ho k quang hc.

Ho k bc x ton phn
Nguyn l da trn nh lut: Nng lng bc x ton phn ca vt en tuyt i t l
vi lu tha bc 4 ca nhit tuyt i ca vt.

Trong : l hng s, T l nhit tuyt i ca vt en tuyt i (K).

Thng thng c hai loi: ho k bc x c ng knh hi t, ho k bc x c knh phn
x.

Hnh 5.11: Ho k bc x ton phn

a) Loi c ng knh hi t b) Loi c knh phn x
1) Ngun bc x 2) Thu knh hi t 3) Gng phn x
4) B phn thu nng lng 5) Dng c o th cp
Trong s hnh (5.11a): nh sng t ngun bc x (1) qua thu knh hi t (2) p ti
b phn thu nng lng tia bc x (4), b phn ny c ni vi dng c o th cp (5).
Trong s hnh (5.11b): nh sng t ngun bc x (1) p ti gng phn x (3) v
hi t ti b phn thu nng lng tia bc x (4), b phn ny c ni vi dng c o
th cp (5).
B phn thu nng lngc th l mt vi nhit k in tr hoc l mt t hp cp nhit,
chng phi tho mn cc yu cu:
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+ C th lm vic bnh thng trong khong nhit 100 - 150oC.

+ Phi c qun tnh nhit nh v n nh sau 3 - 5 giy.
+ Kch thc nh tp trung nng lng bc x vo o.
Trn hnh 5.12 trnh by cu to ca mt b thu l t hp cp nhit. Cc cp nhit (1)
thng dng cp crmen/cben mc ni tip vi nhau. Cc vt en (2) ph bng bt
platin. Ho k dng gng phn x tn tht nng lng thp (~10%), ho k dng thu
knh hi t c th tn tht ti 30 - 40%. Tuy nhin loi th nht li c nhc im l khi
mi trng nhiu bi, gng b bn, phn x gim do tng sai s.
Khi o nhit bng ho k bc x sai s thng khng vt qu 27oC, trong iu kin:
+ Vt o phi c den xp x bng 1.
+ T l gia ng knh vt bc x v khong cch o (D/L) khng nh hn 1/16.

Hnh 5.12: B thu nng lng

1) Cp nhit 2)Lp ph platin
+ Nhit mi trng 20 2oC.
Trong thc t en ca vt o e <1, khi

Thng thng xc nh theo cng thc sau:

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Vi T l lng hiu chnh ph thuc Tc v en ca vt o (hnh 5.13). Khong

cch o tt nht l 1 0,2 mt.

Hnh 5.13: Hiu chnh nhit theo en

Ho k quang in
Ho k quang in ch to da trn nh lut Plng:

Trong l bc sng, C1, C2 l cc hng s.

Nguyn tc o nhit bng ho k quang hc l so snh cng sng ca vt cn o
v sng ca mt n mu trong cng mt bc sng nht nh v theo cng mt
hng. Khi sng ca chng bng nhau th nhit ca chng bng nhau. T hnh
5.14 ta nhn thy s ph thuc gia I v khng n tr, do ngi ta thng c nh
bc sng 0,65m.

Hnh 5.14: S ph thuc cacng nh sng vo bc

sng v nhit
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Hnh 5.15: S ho k quang hc

1) Ngun bc x 2)Vt knh 3) Knh lc 4&6) Thnh ngn
5) Bng n mu 7) Knh lc nh sng 8) Th knh
Khi o, hng ho k vo vt cn o, nh sng t vt bc x cn o nhit (1) qua
vt knh (2), knh lc (3), v cc vch ngn (4), (6), knh lc nh snh (7) ti th knh
(8) v mt. Bt cng tc K cp in nung nng dy tc bng n mu (5), iu chnh
bin tr Rb sng ca dy tc bng n trng vi sng ca vt cn o.
Sai s khi o:
Sai s do en ca vt o < 1. Khi To xc nh bi cng thc:

Cng thc hiu chnh: To = Tc + T

Gi tr ca T cho theo th.
Ngoi ra sai s ca php o cn do nh hng ca khong cch o, tuy nhin sai s ny
thng nh. Khi mi trng c bi lm bn ng knh, kt qu o cng b nh hng.

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Bi 7: CM BIN QUANG
Tnh cht v n v o nh sng
Tnh cht ca nh sng
Nh chng ta bit, nh sng va c tnh cht sng va c tnh cht ht.
nh sng l mt dng ca sng in t, vng nh sng nhn thy c bc sng t 0,4 0,75 m. Trn hnh 7.1 biu din ph nh sng v s phn chia thnh cc di mu ca
ph.

Hnh 7.1: Ph nh sng

Vn tc truyn nh sng trong chn khng c = 299.792 km/s, trong mi trng vt cht
vn tc truyn sng gim, c xc nh theo cng thc:

n - chit sut ca mi trng.

Mi quan h gia tn s v bc sng ca nh sng xc nh bi biu thc:
- Khi mi trng l chn khng :

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- Khi mi trng l vt cht :

Trong l tn s nh sng.
Tnh cht ht ca nh sng th hin qua s tng tc ca nh sng vi vt cht.
nh sng gm cc ht nh gi l photon, mi ht mang mt nng lng nht nh, nng
lng ny ch ph thuc tn s ca nh sng:

(7.1)
Trong h l hng s Planck (h = 6,6256.10-34J.s).
Bc sng ca bc x nh sng cng di th tnh cht sng th hin cng r, ngc li
khi bc sng cng ngn th tnh cht ht th hin cng r.

Cc n v o quang
n v o nng lng
- Nng lng bc x (Q): l nng lng lan truyn hoc hp th di dng bc x o
bng Jun (J).
- Thng lng nh sng (F): l cng sut pht x, lan truyn hoc hp th o bng oat
(W):

(7.2)
- Cng nh sng (I): l lung nng lng pht ra theo mt hng cho trc ng vi
mt n v gc khi, tnh bng oat/steriadian.

(7.3)

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- chi nng lng (L): l t s gia cng nh sng pht ra bi mt phn t b

mt c din tch dA theo mt hng xc nh v din tch hnh chiu dAn ca phn t
ny trn mt phng P vung gc vi hng .

(7.4)
Trong dAn = dA.cos, vi l gc gia P v mt phng cha dA.
chi nng lng o bng oat/Steriadian.m2
- ri nng lng (E): l t s gia lung nng lng thu c bi mt phn t b mt
v din tch ca phn t .

(7.5)
ri nng lng o bng oat/m2.
n v o th gic
nhy ca mt ngi i vi nh sng c bc sng khc nhau l khc nhau.
Hnh 7.2 biu din nhy tng i ca mt V() vo bc sng. Cc i lng th
gic nhn c t i lng nng lng tng ng thng qua h s t l K.V().

Hnh 7.2: ng cong nhy tng i ca mt

Theo quy c, mt lung nh snh c nng lng 1W ng vi bc sng ?max tng
ng vi lung nh sng bng 680 lumen, do K=680.

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Do vy lung nh sng n sc tnh theo n v o th gic:

i vi nh sng ph lin tc:

Tng t nh vy ta c th chuyn i tng ng cc n v o nng lng v n v

o th gic.
Bng 7.1 lit k cc n v o quang c bn.
Bng 7.1
i lng o

n v th gic

n v nng lng

Lung (thng lng) lumen(lm)

oat(W)

Cng

cadela(cd)

oat/sr(W/sr)

chi

cadela/m2(cd/m2)

oat/sr.m2 (W/sr.m2)

ri

lumen/m2 hay lux (lx) oat/m2 (W/m2)

Nng lng

lumen.s (lm.s)

jun (j)

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Cm bin quang dn
Hiu ng quang dn
Hiu ng quang dn (hay cn gi l hiu ng quang in ni) l hin tng gii phng
nhng ht ti in (ht dn) trong vt liu di tc dng ca nh sng lm tng dn
in ca vt liu.
Trong cht bn dn, cc in t lin kt vi ht nhn, gii phng in t khi nguyn
t cn cung cp cho n mt nng lng ti thiu bng nng lng lin kt Wlk. Khi in
t c gii phng khi nguyn t, s to thnh ht dn mi trong vt liu.

Hnh 7.3: . nh hng ca bn cht vt liu n ht dn c gii phng

Ht dn c gii phng do chiu sng ph thuc vo bn cht ca vt liu b chiu
sng. i vi cc cht bn dn tinh khit cc ht dn l cp in t - l trng.
i vi trng hp bn dn pha tp, ht dn c gii phng l in t nu l pha tp
dono hoc l l trng nu l pha tp acxepto.
Gi s c mt tm bn dn phng th tch V pha tp loi N c nng cc donor Nd, c
mc nng lng nm di vng dn mt khong bng Wd ln nhit phng
v khi trong ti nng n0 ca cc donor b ion ho do nhit l nh.

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Hnh 7.4: T bo quang dn v s chuyn mc nng lng ca in t

Khi trong ti, nng in t c gii phng trong mt n v thi gian t l vi
nng cc tp cht cha b ion ho v bng a(Nd -no), vi h s a xc nh theo cng
thc:

(7.6)
Trong q l tr tuyt i ca in tch in t, T l nhit tuyt i ca khi vt liu,
k l hng s.
S in t ti hp vi cc nguyn t b ion ho trong mt n v thi gian t l vi
cc nguyn t b ion ho n0 v nng in t cng chnh bng n0 v bng r. n02 ,
trong r l h s ti hp.
Phng trnh ng hc biu din s thay i nng in t t do trong khi
vt liu c dng:

trng thi cn bng ta c :

Suy ra:

(7.2)
dn trong ti c biu din bi h thc:

(7.8)
Trong l linh ng ca in t.
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Khi nhit tng, linh ng ca in t gim, nhng s tng mt in t t do do

s kch thch nhit ln hn nhiu nn nh hng ca n l nhn t quyt nh i vi
dn.
Khi chiu sng, cc photon s ion ho cc nguyn t donor, gii phng ra cc in t.
Tuy nhin khng phi tt c cc photon p ti b mt vt liu u gii phng in t,
mt s b phn x ngay b mt, mt s b hp th v chuyn nng lng cho in t
di dng nhit nng, ch phn cn li mi tham gia vo gii phng in t. Do vy, s
in t (g) c gii phng do b chiu sng trong mt giy ng vi mt n v th tch
vt liu, xc nh bi cng thc:

(7.9)
Trong :
G - s in t c gii phng trong th tch V trong thi gian mt giy.
V=A.L, vi A, L l din tch mt cnh v chiu rng tm bn dn (hnh 7.4).
- hiu sut lng t (s in t hoc l trng trung bnh c gii phng khi mt
photon b hp th).
R - l h s phn x ca b mt vt liu.
- bc sng nh sng.
- thng lng nh sng.
h - hng s Planck.
Phng trnh ng hc ca ti hp trong trng hp ny c dng:

Thng thng bc x chiu ti ln s in t c gii phng ln hn rt nhiu

so vi in t c gii phng do nhit:

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Trong iu kin trn, rt ra phng trnh ng hc cho mt in t iu kin cn

bng di tc dng chiu sng:

(7.10)
dn tng ng vi nng in t iu kin cn bng:
(7.11)

T bo quang dn
Vt liu ch to
T bo quang dn c ch to cc bn dn a tinh th ng nht hoc n tinh th, bn
dn ring hoc bn dn pha tp.
- a tinh th: CdS, CdSe, CdTe.
PbS, PbSe, PbTe.
- n tinh th: Ge, Si tinh khit hoc pha tp Au, Cu, Sb, In.
SbIn, AsIn, PIn, cdHgTe.
Vng ph lm vic ca cc vt liu ny biu din trn hnh 7.5.

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Hnh 7.5: Vng ph lm vic ca mt s vt liu quang dn

Cc c trng
- in tr : Gi tr in tr ti RC0 ca cc quang in tr ph thuc rt ln vo hnh
dng hnh hc, kch thc, nhit v bn cht ho l ca vt liu ch to. Cc cht
PbS, CdS, CdSe c in tr ti rt ln (t 104 ? - 109 ? 25oC), trong khi SbIn,
SbAs, CdHgTe c in tr ti tng i nh ( t 10? - 103? 25oC). in tr Rc ca
cm bin gim rt nhanh khi ri tng ln. Trn hnh 2.6 l mt v d v s thay i
ca in tr cm bin theo ri sng.

Hnh 7.6: S ph thuc ca in tr vo ri sng

T bo quang dn c th coi nh mt mch tng ng gm hai in tr Rc0 v Rcp
mc song song:

(7.12)
Trong :
Rco - in tr trong ti.
Rcp - in tr khi chiu sng: Rcp=a-y
a - h s ph thuc vo bn cht vt liu, nhit , ph bc x.
- h s c gi tr t 0,5 - 1.

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Thng thng Rcp <<Rc0, nn c th coi Rc=Rcp. Cng thc (7.12) cho thy s ph
thuc ca in tr ca t bo quang dn vo thng lng nh sng l khng tuyn tnh,
tuy nhin c th tuyn tnh ha bng cch s dng mt in tr mc song song vi t
bo quang dn. Mt khc, nhy nhit ca t bo quang dn ph thuc vo nhit ,
khi ri cng ln nhy nhit cng nh.
- nhy: Theo s tng ng ca t bo quang dn, dn in ca t bo quang
dn l tng dn trong ti v dn khi chiu sng:

(7.13)
Trong :
- Gco l dn trong ti: Gco = 1/Rco.
- Gcp l in tr khi chiu sng: Gco = 1/Rcp = /a.
Khi t in p V vo t bo quang dn, dng in qua mch:

(7.14)
Trong iu kin s dng thng thng I0<<IP, do dng quang in ca t bo quang
dn xc nh bi biu thc:

(7.15)
i vi lung bc x c ph xc nh, t l chuyn i tnh:

(7.16)
V nhy:

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(7.17)
T hai biu thc (7.16) v (7.17) c th thy:
- T bo quang dn l mt cm bin khng tuyn tnh, nhy gim khi bc x tng (tr
khi =1).
- Khi in p t vo nh, nhy t l thun vi in p t vo t bo quang dn.
Khi in p t vo ln, hiu ng Joule lm tng nhit , dn n nhy gim (hnh
7.7).
Trng hp bc x nh sng l n sc, Ip ph thuc vo ?, nhy ph ca t bo
quang dn xc nh nh ng cong biu din s ph thuc ca hi p vo bc sng
(hnh 7.8a)

Hnh 7.7: nh hng ca nhit n nhy ca t bo quang dn

Hnh 7.8: nhy ca t bo quang dn

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a) ng cong ph hi p b) S thay i ca nhy theo nhit

(7.18)
nhy ph ca t bo quang dn l hm ph thuc nhit ngun sng, khi nhit
tng nhy ph tng.
Khi bc x khng phi l n sc, dng Ip v do nhy ton phn ph thuc ph
bc x (hnh 7.8b).
c im v ng dng
c in chung ca cc t bo quang dn:
- T l chuyn i tnh cao.
- nhy cao.
- Hi p ph thuc khng tuyn tnh vo thng lng.
- Thi gian hi p ln.
- Cc c trng khng n nh do gi ho.
- nhy ph thuc nhit .
- Mt s loi i hi lm ngui.
Trong thc t, t bo quang dn c dng trong hai trng hp:
- iu khin r le: khi c bc x nh sng chiu ln t bo quang dn, in tr ca n
gim ng k, cho dng in chy qua ln, c s dng trc tip hoc qua khuch
i ng m rle (hnh 7.9).
- Thu tn hiu quang: dng t bo quang dn thu v bin tn hiu quang thnh xung
in. Cc xung nh sng ngt qung c th hin qua xung in, trn c s c th
lp cc mch m vt hoc o tc quay ca a.

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Hnh 7.9: Dng t bo quang dn iu khin rle

a) iu khin trc tip b) iu khin thng qua tranzito khuch i

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Bi 8: CC LOI CM BIN QUANG

Photodiode
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
Xt hai tm bn dn, mt thuc loi N v mt thuc loi P, ghp tip xc nhau.
Ti mt tip xc hnh thnh mt vng ngho ht dn v ti vng ny tn ti mt in
trng v hnh thnh hng ro th Vb.
Khi khng c in th ngoi t ln chuyn tip (V=0), dmg in chy qua chuyn
tip i = 0, thc t dng I chnh l dng tng cng ca hai dng in bng nhau v ngc
chiu:
- Dng khuch tn cc ht c bn sinh ra khi ion ho cc tp cht (l trong trong bn dn
loi P, in t trong bn dn loi N) do nng lng nhit ca cc ht dn c bn ln
vt qua hng ro th.
- Dng ht dn khng c bn sinh ra do kch thch nhit (in t trong bn dn P, l
trng trong bn dn N) chuyn ng di tc dng ca in trng E trong vng ngho.

Hnh 8.1: S chuyn tip P - N v hiu ng quang in trong vng ngho

Khi c in p t ln it, hng ro th thay i ko theo s thay i dng ht c bn
v b rng vng ngho. Dng in qua chuyn tip:

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Khi in p ngc ln:

,
chiu cao hng ro th ln n mc dng khuch tn ca cc ht c bn tr nn rt nh
v c th b qua v ch cn li dng ngc ca it, khi i = I0.
Khi chiu sng it bng bc x c bc sng nh hn bc sng ngng, s xut hin
thm cc cp in t - l trng. cc ht dn ny tham gia dn in cn phi ngn cn
s ti hp ca chng, tc l nhanh chng tch ri cp in t - l trng. S tch cp in
t - l trng ch xy ra trong vng ngho nh tc dng ca in trng.
S ht dn c gii phng ph thuc vo thng lng nh sng t ti vng ngho v
kh nng hp th ca vng ny. Thng lng nh sng chiu ti vng ngho ph thuc
ng k vo chiu dy lp vt liu m n i qua:

Trong h s 105cm-1. tng thng lng nh sng n vng ngho ngi ta ch

to it vi phin bn dn chiu dy rt b.
Kh nng hp th bc x ph thuc rt ln vo b rng vng ngho. tng kh nng
m rng vng ngho ngi ta dng it PIN, lp bn dn ring I kp gia hai lp bn
dn P v N, vi loi it ny ch cn in p ngc vi vn c th m rng vng ngho
ra ton b lp bn dn I.

Hnh 8.2: Cu to it loi PIN

Ch hot ng
- Ch quang dn:

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S nguyn l (hnh 8.3a) gm mt ngun Es phn cc ngc it v mt in tr

Rm o tn hiu.

Hnh 8.3: S nguyn l v ch lm vic

Dng ngc qua it:

(8.1)
Trong IP l dng quang in:

(8.2)
Khi in p ngc Vd ln, thnh phn

ta c:

Thng thng

Phng trnh mch in:

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Trong VR=RmIr cho php v ng thng ti (hnh 8.3b).

Dng in chy trong mch:

im lm vic ca it l im giao nhau gia ng thng ti v ng c tuyn

I-V vi thng lng tng ng. Ch lm vic ny l tuyn tnh, VR t l vi thng
lng.
- Ch quang th:
Trong ch ny khng c in p ngoi t vo it. it lm vic nh mt b chuyn
i nng lng tng ng vi mt my pht v ngi ta o th h mch V0C hoc
o dng ngn mch ISC.
o th h mch: Khi chiu sng, dng IP tng lm cho hng ro th gim mt lng
?Vb. S gim chiu cao hng ro th lm cho dng ht dn c bn tng ln, khi t cn
bng Ir = 0.

gim chiu cao Vb ca hng ro th c th xc nh c thng qua o in p

gia hai u it khi h mch.

Khi chiu sng yu IP <<I0:

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Trong trng hp ny VOC (kT/q=26mV 300K) nh nhng ph thuc tuyn tnh vo

thng lng.
Khi chiu sng mnh, Ip >>I0 v ta c:

Trong trng hp ny VOC c gi tr tng i ln (c 0,1 - 0,6 V) nhng ph thuc

vo thng lng theo hm logarit.

Hnh 8.4: S ph thuc ca th h mch vo thng lng

o dng ngn mch: Khi ni ngn mch hai u it bng mt in tr nh hn r no
, dng on mch I chnh bng I v t l vi thng lng (hnh 8.5):

Hnh 8.5: S ph thuc ca dng ngn

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mch vo thng lng nh sng

c im quan trng ca ch ny l khng c dng ti, nh vy c th gim nhiu
v cho php o c thng lng nh.

nhy
i vi bc x c ph xc nh, dng quang in IP t l tuyn tnh vi thng lng
trong mt khong tng i rng, c 5 - 6 decad. nhy ph xc nh theo cng thc:

Vi = s.
nhy ph ph thuc vo , hiu sut lng t , h s phn x R v h s hp th .

Hnh 8.6: Ph nhy ca photodiode

Ngi s dng cn phi bit nhy ph da trn ng cong ph hi p S()/S(P)
v gi tr ca bc sng P ng vi nhy cc i. Thng thng S(P) nm trong
khong 0,1 - 1,0 A/W.

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Hnh 8.9: S ph thuc ca nhy vo nhit

Khi nhit tng, cc i P ca ng cong ph dch chuyn v pha bc sng di.
H s nhit ca dng quang dn

c gi tr khong 0,1%/oC.

S ng dng photodiode
- S lm vic ch quang dn:
c trng ca ch quang dn:
+ tuyn tnh cao.
+ Thi gian hi p ngn.
+ Di thng ln.
Hnh 8.9 trnh by s o dng ngc trong ch quang dn.
S c s (hnh 8.10a):

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Hnh 8.10: S mch o dng ngc trong ch quang dn

Khi tng in tr Rm s lm gim nhiu. Tng tr vo ca mch khuch i phi ln
trnh lm gim in tr ti hiu dng ca it.
S tc ng nhanh (hnh 8.10b):

in tr ca iot nh v bng

trong K l h s khuch i tn s lm vic. T C2 c tc dng b tr nh hng

ca t k sinh Cpl vi iu kin
. B khuch i y phi c dng vo rt nh v s suy gim do nhit cng phi
khng ng k.
- S lm vic ch quang th:
c trng ca ch quang th:
+ C th lm vic ch tuyn tnh hoc logarit tu thuc vo ti.
+ t nhiu.
+ Thi gian hi p ln.
+ Di thng nh.
+ Nhy cm vi nhit ch logarit.

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S tuyn tnh (hnh 8.11a): o dng ngn mch Isc.

Trong ch ny:

S logarit (hnh 8.11b): o in p h mch Voc.

Hnh 8.11: S mch o ch quang p

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Phototransisto
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
Phototranzito l cc tranzito m vng baz c th c chiu sng, khng c in p t
ln baz, ch c in p trn C, ng thi chuyn tip B-C phn cc ngc.

Hnh 8.12: Phototranzito

a) S mch in b) S tng ng
c) Tch cp in t l trng khi chiu sng baz
in p t vo tp trung hu nh ton b trn chuyn tip B-C (phn cc ngc) trong
khi chnh lch in p gia E v B thay i khng ng k (VBE 0,6-0,7V). Khi
chuyn tip B-C c chiu sng, n hot ng ging nh photoiot ch quang th
vi dng ngc:

Trong I0 l dng ngc trong ti, IP l dng quang in di tc dng ca thng

lng F0 chiu qua b dy X ca baz (bc sng < S):

Dng Ir ng vai tr dng baz, n gy nn dng colect Ic:

- h s khuch i dng ca tranzito khi u chung emit.

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C th coi phototranzito nh t hp ca mt photodiot v mt tranzito (hnh 8.12b).

Phodiode cung cp dng quang in ti baz, cn tranzito cho hiu ng khch i . Cc
in t v l trng pht sinh trong vng baz (di tc dng ca nh sng) s b phn
chia di tc dng ca in trng trn chuyn tip B - C.
Trong trng hp tranzito NPN, cc in t b ko v pha colect trong khi l trng
b gi li trong vng baz (hnh 8.12c) to thnh dng in t t E qua B n C. Hin
tng xy ra tng t nh vy nu nh l trng phun vo baz t mt ngun bn ngoi:
in th baz tng ln lm gim hng ro th gia E v B, iu ny gy nn dng in
t IE chy t E n B v khuch tn tip t B v pha C.

nhy
Khi nhn c thng lng F0, iot baz-colect sinh ra dng quang in Ip, dng ny
gy nn trong phototranzito mt dng

, trong gi tr ca Icp c rt ra t cng thc ca Ip:

i vi mt thng lng F0 cho trc, ng cong ph hi p xc nh bi bn cht

ca iot B-C: vt liu ch to (thng l Si) v loi pha tp (hnh 8.13). i vi mt
bc sng cho trc, dng colect I khng phi l hm tuyn tnh ca thng lng hoc
chiu sng bi v h s khuch i ph thuc vo dng Ic (tc l cng ph thuc
thng lng), ngha l

ph thuc vo 0.

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Hnh 8.13: ng cong ph hi p ca photodiot

nhy ph S(p) bc sng tng ng vi im cc i c gi tr nm trong khong
1 - 100A/W.

S dng phototranzito
Phototranzito c th dng lm b chuyn mch, hoc lm phn t tuyn tnh. ch
chuyn mch n c u im so vi photodiot l cho php s dng mt cch trc tip
dng chy qua tng i ln. Ngc li, ch tuyn tnh, mc d cho khuch i
nhng ngi ta thch dng photoiot v n c tuyn tnh tt hn.
- Phototranzito chuyn mch:
Trong trng hp ny s dng thng tin dng nh phn: c hay khng c bc x, hoc
nh sng nh hn hay ln hn ngng. Tranzito chn hoc bo ho cho php iu khin
trc tip (hoc sau khi khuch i) nh mt rle, iu khin mt cng logic hoc mt
thyristo (hnh 8.14).

Hnh 8.14: Photodiotzito trong ch chuyn mch

a) Rle b) Rle sau khch i c) Cng logic d) Thyristo
- Phototranzito trong ch tuyn tnh:
C hai cch s dng trong ch tuyn tnh.
- Trng hp th nht: o nh sng khng i (ging nh mt luxmet).
- Trng hp th hai: thu nhn tn hiu thay i dng:

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Trong F1(t) l thnh phn thay i vi bin nh sao cho khng dn ti

phototranzito b chn hoc bo ho v c th coi nhy khng i. Trong iu kin ,
dng colect c dng:

Hnh 8.15: S nguyn l luxmet

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Phototransisto hiu ng trng

Phototranzito hiu ng trng (photoFET) c s tng ng nh hnh 8.16.

Hnh 8.16: Phototranzito hiu ng trng

a) S cu to b) S mch
Trong phototranzito hiu ng trng, nh sng c s dng lm thay i in tr
knh. Vic iu khin dng mng ID c thc hin thng qua s thay i in p VGS
gia cng v ngun. Trong ch phn cc ngc chuyn tip P-N gia cng v knh,
in p ny s xc nh rng ca knh v do dng mng c dng:

Vi IDS - dng mng khi VGS = 0.

VP - in p tht knh.
Khi b chiu sng, chuyn tip P-N hot ng nh mt photodiot cho dng ngc:

IP = Sg - dng quang in.

I0 - dng in trong ti.
Sg - nhy ca iot cng - knh.
- thng lng nh sng.

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Dng Ir chy qua in tr Rg ca mch cng xc nh in th VGS v v dng mng:

Eg - th phn cc ca cng.
Phototranzito hiu ng trng c ng dng nhiu trong vic iu khin in p bng
nh sng.

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Mt s kinh kin khc

Hiu ng quang in pht x
Hiu ng quang in pht x hay cn c gi l hiu ng quang in ngoi l hin
tng cc in t c gii phng khi b mt vt liu to thnh dng khi chiu vo
chng mt bc x nh sng c bc sng nh hn mt ngng nht nh v c th thu
li nh tc dng ca in trng.
C ch pht x in t khi chiu sng vt liu xy ra theo ba giai on:
- Hp th photon v gii phng in t bn trong vt liu.
- in t va c gii phng di chuyn n b mt.
- in t thot khi b mt vt liu.
Khi mt in t hp th photon v c gii phng, di chuyn ca n trong khi vt
liu mang tnh ngu nhin theo mi hng, do ch mt lng rt nh hng ti b
mt. Mt khc, trong qu trnh di chuyn, cc in t ny c th va chm vi cc in t
khc v mt i mt phn nng lng do ch mt lng nh in t c gii phng
ti c b mt. Mt khc, s pht x ca cc in t sau khi n c b mt ch c
th xy ra khi ng nng ca n thng c hng ro th phn cch vt liu vi mi
trng.

T bo quang in chn khng

T bo quang in chn khng gm mt ng hnh tr c mt ca s trong sut, c ht
chn khng (p sut ~ 10-6 - 10-8 mmHg). Trong ng t mt catot c kh nng pht x
khi c chiu sng v mt anot.

Hnh 8.17: S cu to t bo quang in chn khng

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S tng ng v s thay i ca dng anot Ia ph thuc vo in th anot - catot

Vak biu din trn hnh 8.18.

Hnh 8.18: S tng ng v c trng I - v ca t bo

quang in chn khng
c trng I - V c hai vng r rt:
+ Vng in tch khng gian c trng bi s tng mnh ca dng khi in p tng.
+ Vng bo ho c trng bi s ph thuc khng ng k ca dng vo in p.
T bo quang in c s dng ch yu trong vng bo ho, khi n ging nh mt
ngun dng, gi tr ca dng ch ph thuc vo thng lng nh sng m n nhn c.
in tr trong ? ca t bo quang in rt ln v c th xc nh t dc ca c tuyn
vng bo ho:

nhy ph ca t bo quang in c biu din thng qua gi tr ca dng anot trong

vng bo ho, thng vo c 10 - 100 mA/W.

T bo quang in dng kh
T bo quang in dng kh c cu to tng t t bo quang in chn khng, ch khc
ch th tch bn trong ca n c in y bng kh, thng l kh acgon, di p
sut c 10-1 - 10-2 mmHg.

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Hnh 8.19: c trng v nhy ca t bo quang in dng kh

Khi in p thp hn 20V, c tuyn I - V c dng ging nh t bo quang in chn
khng. Khi in p cao, in t chuyn ng vi tc ln lm ion ho cc nguyn t
kh, kt qu l dng anot tng ln t 5 - 10 ln.

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Bi 10: CM BIN O V TR DCH

CHUYN
Nguyn l o v tr v dch chuyn
Vic xc nh v tr v dch chuyn ng vai tr rt quan trng trong k thut.
Hin nay c hai phng php c bn xc nh v tr v dch chuyn.
Trong phng php th nht, b cm bin cung cp tn hiu l hm ph thuc vo v tr
ca mt trong cc phn t ca cm bin, ng thi phn t ny c lin quan n vt cn
xc nh dch chuyn.
Trong phng php th hai, ng vi mt dch chuyn c bn, cm bin pht ra mt
xung. Vic xc nh v tr v dch chuyn c tin hnh bng cch m s xung pht
ra.
Mt s cm bin khng i hi lin kt c hc gia cm bin v vt cn o v tr hoc
dch chuyn. Mi lin h gia vt dch chuyn v cm bin c thc hin thng qua
vai tr trung gian ca in trng, t trng hoc in t trng, nh sng.
Trong chng ny trnh by cc loi cm bin thng dng dng xc nh v tr v
dch chuyn ca vt nh in th k in tr, cm bin in cm, cm bin in dung,
cm bin quang, cm bin dng sng n hi.

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Cng tc gii hn
Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng
Bao gm mt hoc nhiu cp tip im c iu khin ng/m di tc ng c hc.
Cc cp tip im c th trng thi thng ng hoc thng m. Di tc ng ca
ngoi lc (tn hiu kch thch), cp tip im s thay i trng thi, ngha l nu ang
trng thi thng ng th s chuyn sang m v ngc li.
Cm bin ny hay c dng xc nh gii hn hnh trnh hoc v tr ca i tng.

Xung nhiu v cch x l

Trong qu trnh thay i trng thi bi tc ng ngoi lc, cc tip im c th b ny
khi ng hoc m to ra s ng ngt nhiu ln ngoi mong i. S ng ngt do ny
tip im c th n n cc ch bo sai v s tc ng dn n iu khin sai khi da
vo cc ch bo ny. Do vy, vi loi cng tc gii hn c hc cn c x l chng hin
tng ny tip im.
X l c th thc hin trn mch in ghp ni cm bin (mc thm t in) hay trong
chng trnh x l tn hiu cm bin nu c ghp ni vi b x l.

Hnh dng, cu to mt s loi thc t

Trn thc t c nhiu loi cng tc gii hn khc nhau. Sau y l hnh nh minh ha
mt s loi ph bin:

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in th k in tr
Loi cm bin ny c cu to n gin, tn hiu o ln v khng i hi mch in c
bit x l tn hiu. Tuy nhin vi cc in th k in tr c con chy c hc c s
c xt gy n v mn, s ln s dng thp v chu nh hng ln ca mi trng khi c
bi v m.

in th k dng con chy c hc

Cu to v nguyn l lm vic
Cm bin gm mt in tr c nh Rn, trn c mt tip xc in c th di chuyn
c gi l con chy. Con chy c lin kt c hc vi vt chuyn ng cn kho st.
Gi tr ca in tr Rx gia con chy v mt u ca in tr Rn l hm ph thuc vo
v tr con chy, cng chnh l v tr ca vt chuyn ng.
- i vi in th k chuyn ng thng (hnh 10.1a):

(10.1)
- Trng hp in th k dch chuyn trn hoc xon:

(10.2)
Trong M < 360o khi dch chuyn trn (hnh 4.1b) v M > 360o khi dch chuyn
xon. (hnh 10.1c)

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Hnh 10.1: Cc dng in th k

1) in tr 2) Con chy
Cc in tr c ch to c dng cun dy hoc bng dn.
Cc in tr dng cun dy thng c ch to t cc hp kim Ni - Cr, Ni - Cu , Ni
- Cr - Fe, Ag - Pd qun thnh vng xon dng l xo trn li cch in (bng thu tinh,
gm hoc nha), gia cc vng dy cch in bng emay hoc lp oxyt b mt.
Cc in tr dng bng dn c ch to bng cht do trn bt dn in l cacbon hoc
kim loi c ht ~10-2m.
Cc in tr c ch to vi cc gi tr Rn nm trong khong 1k? n 100k?, i khi
t ti M?.
Cc con chy phi m bo tip xc in tt, in tr tip xc phi nh v n nh.
Cc c trng
- Khong chy c ch ca con chy:
Thng thng u hoc cui ng chy ca con chy t s Rx/Rn khng n nh.
Khong chy c ch l khong thay i ca x m trong khong Rx l hm tuyn tnh
ca dch chuyn.

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Hnh 10.2: S ph thuc ca in tr

in th k vo v tr con chy

Hnh 10.3: phn gii ca in th

k dng dy
- Nng sut phn gii:
i vi in tr dy cun, phn gii xc nh bi lng dch chuyn cc i cn thit
a con chy t v tr tip xc hin ti sang v tr tip xc ln cn tip theo. Gi s
cun dy c n vng dy, c th phn bit 2n-2 v tr khc nhau v in ca con chy:
+ n v tr tip xc vi mt vng dy.
+ n - 2 v tr tip xc vi hai vng dy.
phn gii ca in tr dng dy ph thuc vo hnh dng v ng knh ca dy in
tr v vo khong ~10m.

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 phn gii ca cc in tr kiu bng dn ph thuc vo kch thc ht, thng vo

c ~ 0,1m.
- Thi gian sng:
Thi gian sng ca in k l s ln s dng ca in th k. Nguyn nhn gy ra h
hng v hn ch thi gian sng ca in th k l s mi mn con chy v dy in tr
trong qu trnh lm vic. Thng thi gian sng ca in th k dng dy dn vo c
106 ln, in k dng bng dn vo c 5.107 - 108 ln.

in th k khng dng con chy c hc

khc phc nhc im ca in th k dng con chy c hc, ngi ta s dng in
th k lin kt quang hoc t.
in th k dng con tr quang
Hnh 10.4 trnh by s nguyn l ca mt in th k dng con tr quang.
in th k trn dng con tr quang gm iot pht quang (1), bng o (2), bng tip xc
(3) v bng quang dn (4). Bng in tr o c phn cch vi bng tip xc bi mt
bng quang dn rt mnh lm bng CdSe trn c con tr quang dch chuyn khi trc
ca in th k quay. in tr ca vng quang dn gim ng k trong vng c chiu
sng to nn s lin kt gia bng o v bng tip xc.

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Hnh 10.4: in th k quay dng con tr quang

1) iot pht quang 2) Bng o 3) Bng tip xc 4) Bng quang dn
Thi gian hi p ca vt liu quang dn c vi chc ms.
in th k dng con tr t
Hnh 10.5 trnh by s nguyn l mt in th k t gm hai t in tr R1 v R2
mc ni tip v mt nam chm vnh cu (gn vi trc quay ca in th k) bao ph ln
mt phn ca in tr R1 v R2, v tr phn b bao ph ph thuc gc quay ca trc.
in p ngun ES c t gia hai im (1) v (3), in p o Vm ly t im chung
(2) v mt trong hai u (1) hoc (3).
Khi in p o c xc nh bi cng thc:

(10.3)
Trong R1 l hm ph thuc v tr ca trc quay, v tr ny xc nh phn ca R1 chu
nh hng ca t trng cn R = R1 + R2 = const.

Hnh 10.5: in th k in t
T hnh 10.5b ta nhn thy in p o ch tuyn tnh trong mt khong ~90o i vi
in k quay. i vi in k dch chuyn thng khong tuyn tnh ch c vi mm.

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Cm bin in cm
Cm bin in cm l nhm cc cm bin lm vic da trn nguyn l cm ng in t.
Vt cn o v tr hoc dch chuyn c gn vo mt phn t ca mch t gy nn s
bin thin t thng qua cun o. Cm bin in cm c chia ra: cm bin t cm v
h cm.

Cm bin t cm
Cm bin t cm c khe t bin thin
- Cm bin t cm n: trn hnh 10.6 trnh by s nguyn l cu to ca mt s loi
cm bin t cm n.

Hnh 10.6: Cm bin t cm

1) Li st t 2) Cun dy 3) Phn ng
Cm bin t cm n gm mt cun dy qun trn li thp c nh (phn tnh) v mt
li thp c th di ng di tc ng ca i lng o (phn ng), gia phn tnh v
phn ng c khe h khng kh to nn mt mch t h.
S hnh 10.6a: di tc ng ca i lng o XV, phn ng ca cm bin di chuyn,
khe h khng kh d trong mch t thay i, lm cho t tr ca mch t bin thin, do
h s t cm v tng tr ca cun dy thay i theo.
S hnh 10.6b: khi phn ng quay, tit din khe h khng kh thay i, lm cho t
tr ca mch t bin thin, do h s t cm v tng tr ca cun dy thay i theo.
H s t cm ca cun dy cng c th thay i do thay i tn hao sinh ra bi dng
in xoy khi tm st t dch chuyn di tc ng ca i lng o Xv (hnh 10.6c).
Nu b qua in tr ca cun dy v t tr ca li thp ta c:
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Trong :
W- s vng dy.

- t tr ca khe h khng kh.

- chiu di khe h khng kh.
s - tit din thc ca khe h khng kh.
Trng hp W = const ta c:

Vi lng thay i hu hn d v s ta c:

(10.4)
nhy ca cm bin t cm khi khe h khng kh thay i (s=const):

(10.5)
nhy ca cm bin t cm khi thay i tit din khng kh (d = const):

(10.6)
Tng tr ca cm bin:
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(10.7)
T cng thc (10.7) ta thy tng tr Z ca cm bin l hm tuyn tnh vi tit din khe
h khng kh s v phi tuyn vi chiu di khe h khng kh d.

Hnh 10.7: S ph thuc gia L, Z vi chiu dy khe h khng kh d

c tnh ca cm bin t cm n Z = f(d) l hm phi tuyn v ph thuc tn s ngun
kch thch, tn s ngun kch thch cng cao th nhy ca cm bin cng cao (hnh
10.7).
- Cm bin t cm kp lp theo kiu vi sai: tng nhy ca cm bin v tng on
c tnh tuyn tnh ngi ta thng dng cm bin t cm kp mc theo kiu vi sai (hnh
10.8).

Hnh 10.8: Cm bin t cm kp mc theo kiu vi sai

c tnh ca cm bin t cm kp vi sai c dng nh hnh 10.9.

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Hnh 10.9: c tnh ca cm bin t cm kp lp vi sai

Cm bin t cm c li t di ng
Cm bin gm mt cun dy bn trong c li t di ng c (hnh 10.10).

Hnh 10.10: S nguyn l cm bin t cm c li t

1) Cun dy 2) Li t
Di tc ng ca i lng o XV, li t dch chuyn lm cho di lf ca li t nm
trong cun dy thay i, ko theo s thay i h s t cm L ca cun dy.
S ph thuc ca L vo lf l hm khng tuyn tnh, tuy nhin c th ci thin bng cch
ghp hai cun dy ng dng vo hai nhnh k st nhau ca mt cu in tr c chung
mt li st.

Cm bin h cm
Cu to ca cm bin h cm tng t cm bin t cm ch khc ch c thm mt
cun dy o (hnh 10.11).
Trong cc cm bin n khi chiu di khe h khng kh (hnh 10.11a) hoc tit din khe
khng kh thay i (hnh 10.11b) hoc tn hao do dng in xoy thay i (hnh 10.11c)

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s lm cho t thng ca mch t bin thin ko theo sut in ng e trong cun o thay
i.
- Cm bin n c khe h khng kh:
T thng tc thi:

i - gi tr dng in tc thi trong cun dy kch thch W1.

Hnh 10.11: Cm bin h cm

1) Cun s cp 2) Gng t 3) li t di ng 4) Cun th cp (cun o)
Sc in ng cm ng trong cun dy o W2:

W2 - s vng dy ca cun dy o.
Khi lm vic vi dng xoay chiu i=Imsint, ta c:
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v gi tr hiu dng ca sut in ng:

I - gi tr hiu dng ca dng in

.
Vi cc gi tr W2, W1, 0, v I l hng s, ta c:

Hay

(10.8)
nhy ca cm bin vi s thay i ca chiu di khe h khng kh (s = const):

(10.9)
Cn nhy khi tit din khe h khng kh s thay i ( = const):

(10.10)

- sc in ng h cm ban u trong cun o W2 khi XV = 0.

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Ta nhn thy cng thc xc nh nhy ca cm bin h cm c dng tng t nh

cm bin t cm ch khc nhau gi tr ca E0 v L0. nhy ca cm bin h cm Sd
v SS cng tng khi tn s ngun cung cp tng.
- Cm bin vi sai: tng nhy v tuyn tnh ca c tnh cm bin ngi ta mc
cm bin theo s vi sai (hnh 10.11d,,e). Khi mc vi sai nhy ca cm bin tng
gp i v phm vi lm vic tuyn tnh m rng ng k.
- Bin th vi sai c li t: gm bn cun dy ghp ng trc to thnh hai cm bin
n i xng, bn trong c li t di ng c (hnh 10.12). Cc cun th cp c ni
ngc vi nhau sao cho sut in ng trong chng trit tiu ln nhau.

Hnh 10.12: Cm bin h cm vi sai

1) Cun s cp 2) Cun th cp 3) Li t
V nguyn tc, khi li t v tr trung gian, in p o Vm u ra hai cun th cp
bng khng. Khi li t dch chuyn, lm thay i mi quan h gia cun s cp vi cc
cun th cp, tc l lm thay i h s h cm gia cun s cp vi cccun th cp.
Khi in tr ca thit b o ln, in p o Vm gn nh tuyn tnh vi hiu s cc h
s h cm ca hai cun th cp.

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Cm bin in dung
Cm bin t in n
Cc cm bin t in n l mt t in phng hoc hnh tr c mt bn cc gn c nh
(bn cc tnh) v mt bn cc di chuyn (bn cc ng) lin kt vi vt cn o. Khi bn
cc ng di chuyn s ko theo s thay i in dung ca t in.
- i vi cm bin hnh 10.13a: di tc ng ca i lng o XV, bn cc ng di
chuyn, khong cc gia cc bn cc thay i, ko theo in dung t in bin thin.

- hng s in mi ca mi trng.
0 - hng s in mi ca chn khng.
s - din tch nm gia hai in cc.
- khong cch gia hai bn cc.

Hnh 10.13: Cm bin t in n

- i vi cm bin hnh 10.13b: di tc ng ca i lng o XV, bn cc ng di
chuyn quay, din tch gia cc bn cc thay i, ko theo s thay i ca in dung t
in.

(10.11)

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 - gc ng vi phn hai bn cc i din nhau.

i vi cm bin hnh 10.13c: di tc ng ca i lng o XV, bn cc ng di
chuyn thng dc trc, din tch gia cc bn cc thay i, ko theo s thay i ca in
dung.

(10.12
Xt trng hp t in phng, ta c:

a v dng sai phn ta c:

(10.13)
Khi khong cch gia hai bn cc thay i ( e = const v s=const), nhy ca cm
bin:

(10.14)
Khi din tch ca bn cc thay i ( e = const v d = const), nhy ca cm bin:

(10.15)
Khi hng s in mi thay i ( s = const v d = const), nhy ca cm bin:

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(10.16)
Nu xt n dung khng:

a v dng sai phn:

Tng t trn ta c nhy ca cm bin theo dung khng:

(10.17)

(10.18)

(10.19)
T cc biu thc trn c th rt ra:
- Bin thin in dung ca cm bin t in l hm tuyn tnh khi din tch bn cc v
hng s in mi thay i nhng phi tuyn khi khong cch gia hai bn cc thay i.
- Bin thin dung khng ca cm bin t in l hm tuyn tnh khi khong cch gia
hai bn cc thay i nhng phi tuyn khi din tch bn cc v hng s in mi thay
i.
Ngoi ra gia hai bn cc khi c in p t vo s pht sinh lc ht, lc ny cn phi
nh hn i lng o.

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Cm bin t kp vi sai

Hnh 10.14: Cm bin t kp vi sai

T kp vi sai c khong cch gia cc bn cc bin thin dch chuyn thng (hnh
10.14a) hoc c din tch bn cc bin thin dch chuyn quay (hnh 10.14b) v dch
chuyn thng (hnh 10.14c) gm ba bn cc. Bn cc ng A1 dch chuyn gia hai bn
cc c nh A2 v A3 to thnh cng vi hai bn cc ny hai t in c in dung C21
v C31 bin thin ngc chiu nhau.
nhy v tuyn tnh ca t kp vi sai cao hn t n v lc tng h gia cc bn
cc trit tiu ln nhau do ngc chiu nhau.

Mch o
Thng thng mch o dng vi cm bin in dung l cc mch cu khng cn bng
cung cp bng dng xoay chiu. Mch o cn tho mn cc yu cu sau:
- Tng tr u vo tc l tng tr ca ng cho cu phi tht ln.
- Cc dy dn phi c bc kim loi trnh nh hng ca in trng ngoi.
- Khng c mc cc in tr song song vi cm bin.
- Chng m tt.
Hnh 10.15a l s mch cu dng cho cm bin t kp vi sai vi hai in tr. Cung
cp cho mch cu l mt my pht tn s cao.
Hnh 10.15b l s mch mch cu bin p vi hai nhnh t in.

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Hnh 10.15: Mch o thng dng vi cm bin t in

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Bi 12: CC LOI CM BIN O V TR

Cm bin quang
Cc cm bin o v tr v dch chuyn theo phng php quang hc gm ngun pht nh
sng kt hp vi mt u thu quang (thng l t bo quang in).
Tu theo cch b tr u thu quang, ngun pht v thc o (hoc i tng o), cc
cm bin c chia ra:
- Cm bin quang phn x.
- Cm bin quang soi thu.

Cm bin quang phn x

Cm bin quang phn x (hnh 12.1) hot ng theo nguyn tc di phn quang: u thu
quang t cng pha vi ngun pht. Tia sng t ngun pht qua thu knh hi t p
ti mt thc o chuyn ng cng vt kho st, trn thc c nhng vch chia phn
quang v khng phn quang k tip nhau, khi tia sng gp phi vch chia phn quang s
b phn x tr li u thu quang.

Hnh 12.1: Cm bin quang phn x

1) Ngun pht 2) Thc o 3) u thu quang
Cm bin loi di phn quang, khng cn dy ni qua vng cm nhn nhng c ly cm
nhn thp v chu nh hng ca nh sng t ngun sng khc.

Cm bin quang soi thu

S cu trc ca mt cm bin o v tr v dch chuyn theo nguyn tc soi thu trnh
by trn hnh 12.2a. Cm bin gm mt ngun pht nh sng, mt thu knh hi t, mt
li chia kch quang v cc phn t thu quang (thng l t bo quang in).
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Hnh 12.2: a) S cu to cm bin quang soi thu b) Tn hiu ra

1) Ngun sng 2) Thu knh hi t 3) Thc o
4) Li chia 5) T bo quang in 6) M chun
Khi thc o (gn vi i tng kho st, chy gia thu knh hi t v li chia) c
chuyn ng tng i so vi ngun sng s lm xut hin mt tn hiu nh sng hnh
sin. Tn hiu ny c thu bi cc t bo quang in t sau li chia. Cc tn hiu u
ra ca cm bin c khuch i trong mt b to xung in t to thnh tn hiu xung
dng ch nht.
Cc t bo quang in b tr thnh hai dy v t lch nhau mt phn t chia nn ta
nhn c hai tn hiu lch pha 90o (hnh 12.2b), nh khng nhng xc nh c
dch chuyn m cn c th nhn bit c c chiu chuyn ng.
khi phc im gc trong trng hp mt in ngun ngi ta trang b thm mc o
chun trn thc o. u im ca cc cm bin soi thu l c ly cm nhn xa, c kh
nng thu c tn hiu mnh v t s tng phn sng ti ln, tuy nhin c hn ch
l kh b tr v chnh thng hng ngun pht v u thu.

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Cm bin o dch chuyn bng sng n hi

Nguyn l o dch chuyn bng sng n hi
Tc truyn sng n hi v trong cht rn ~ 103m/s. Thi gian truyn sng gia hai
im trong vt rn cch nhau mt khong l xc nh bi biu thc:

Bit tc truyn sng v v o thi gian truyn sng tP ta c th xc nh c khong

cch l cn o:

S khi ca mt thit b o dch chuyn bng sng n hi biu din trn hnh 12.3.
Thi gian truyn sng tP t khi tn hiu xut hin my pht n khi n c tip nhn
my thu c o bng my m xung. My m hot ng khi bt u pht sng v
ng li khi tn hiu n c my thu.

Hnh 12.3: S khi ca mt thit b o dch chuyn bng sng n hi

Gi s xung m c l N v chu k ca xung m l t , ta c:

Khi :

(12.1)

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Cm bin s dng phn t p in

Trong cc cm bin p in, sng n hi c pht v thu nh s dng hiu ng p
in. Hiu ng p in l hin tng khi mt tm vt liu p in (th d thch anh) b
bin dng di tc dng ca mt lc c hc c chiu nht nh, trn cc mt i din ca
tm xut hin mt lng in tch bng nhau nhng tri du, ngc li di tc ng
ca in trng c chiu thch hp, tm vt liu p in b bin dng.
o dch chuyn ta c th s dng hai dng sng n hi:
- Sng khi: dc v ngang.
- Sng b mt.
Sng khi dc truyn cho cc phn t ca vt rn dch chuyn dc theo phng truyn
sng to nn s nn ri li gin n ca cc lp ca vt rn. Sng ny c kch thch
bng phn t p in rung theo b dy (hnh 12.4a).
Sng khi ngang gy nn dch chuyn vung gc vi phng truyn sng, to ra chuyn
ng trt tng i gia cc lp ca vt rn. Sng ny c kch thch bng mt phn
t p in rung theo mt ct (hnh 12.4b).

Hnh 12.4: Cc dng sng n hi

a) Sng dc b) Sng ngang c) Sng b mt v dng in cc kch thch
Sng b mt truyn trong lp b mt ca vt rn, bin ca chng hu nh bng khng
su 2 di b mt. Sng b mt gm mt thnh phn sng dc v mt thnh phn
sng ngang. Ngun kch thch sng b mt l mt h in cc kiu rng lc ci nhau
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ph ln b mt vt liu p in (hnh 12.4c). Khong cch gia hai rng k nhau ca cc

in cc phi bng c th gy ra bin dng khi c in p V cng pha t vo v
tng hiu ng ca chng. My thu sng b mt cng c cu to tng t nh my pht
c gn c nh vo b mt vt rn, khi c sng b mt i qua, cc rng ca in cc
lm bin dng b mt vt rn v gy nn in p do hiu ng p in.

Cm bin m t
Sng n hi pht ra nh s dng hiu ng Wiedemam: hin tng xon mt ng tr st
t khi n chu tc dng ng thi ca mt t trng dc v mt t trng ngang.
Sng n hi c thu trn c s s dng hiu ng Vilari: sc cng c hc lm thay i
kh nng t ho v t thm ca vt liu st t.
S nguyn l v cu to ca cm bin m t trnh by trn hnh 12.5.
Cu to ca cm bin gm ng st t (1), nam chm di ng (2) trt dc ng gn vi
vt cn xc nh v tr. Dy dn (3) nm gia trc ng v c ni vi my pht xung
(4). My thu (5) c li t ni c hc vi ng.

Hnh 12.5: S nguyn l cm bin m t

1) ng st t 2) Nam chm 3) Dy dn 4) My pht xung 5) u thu
Nguyn l hot ng ca cm bin: My pht (4) cung cp mt xung in truyn qua
dy dn (3), xung ny truyn vi vn tc nh sng (c), t trng do n sinh ra c ng
sc l ng trn ng tm vi trc ng. Khi sng in t truyn n v tr nam chm
(2), s kt hp ca hai t trng lm cho ng b xon cc b, xon cc b ny truyn i
trong ng di dng sng n hi vi vn tc v. Khi sng n hi n my thu (5) n
lm thay i t ho gy nn tn hiu hi p.
Gi tP l thi gian t khi pht xung hi n khi nhn c xung hi p, do v << c ta
c:

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Trong l l khong cch t nam chm n u thu, tP c o bng phng php m

xung.

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Bi 14: CM BIN O BIN DNG

Bin dng v phng php o
nh ngha mt s i lng c hc
- Bin dng : l t s gia bin thin kch thc (l) v kch thc ban u (l).

(14.1)
Bin dng gi l n hi khi m ng lc mt i th bin dng cng mt theo.
Bin dng m cn tn ti ngay c sau khi ng lc mt i c gi l bin dng d.
- Gii hn n hi: l ng lc ti a khng gy nn bin dng do vt qu 2%, tnh
bng kG/mm2. V d gii hn n hi ca thp ~20 - 80 kG/mm2.
- Mun Young (Y): xc nh bin dng theo phng ca ng lc.

(14.2)
F - lc tc dng, kG.
S - tit din chu lc. mm2.
- ng lc, s =F/S.
n v o moun Young l kG/mm2. Moun Young ca thp ~ 18.000 - 29.000 kG/
mm2.
- H s poison : h s xc nh bin dng theo phng vung gc vi lc tc dng.

(14.3)
Trong vng bin dng n hi 0,3.

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Phng php o bin dng

Tc ng ca ng lc gy ra s bin dng trong kt cu chu ng lc. Gia bin dng v
ng lc c quan h cht ch vi nhau, bng cch o bin dng ta c th tnh c ng
lc tc ng ln kt cu. o bin dng ngi ta s dng cc cm bin bin dng hay
cn gi l u o bin dng.
Hin nay s dng ph bin hai loi u o bin dng:
- u o in tr: y l loi u o dng ph bin nht. Chng c ch to t vt liu
c in tr bin thin theo mc bin dng, vi kch thc nh t vi mm n vi cm,
khi o chng c dn trc tip ln cu trc bin dng.
- u o dng dy rung c dng trong ngnh xy dng. u o c lm bng mt
si dy kim loi cng gia hai im ca cu trc cn o bin dng. Tn s ca dy rung
l hm ca sc cng c hc, tn s ny thay i khi khong cch hai im ni thay i.
Trong chng ny cp n cc u o bin dng thng dng trong cng nghip nh
u o in tr kim loi, u o in tr bn dn - p in tr, ng sut k dy rung v
cc u o trong ch ng.

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u o in tr kim loi
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
u o in tr kim loi c cu to dng li. i vi u o dng li dy, c lm
bng dy in tr c tit din trn (ng knh d 20 m) hoc tit din ch nht axb
(hnh 14.1a). u o dng li mng ch to bng phng php mch in (hnh 14.1b).
S nhnh n ca cm bin thng t 10 - 20 nhnh.

Hnh 14.1: S cu to ca u o kim loi

a) u o dng dy qun b) u o dng li mng
Cm bin c c nh trn cch in mng b dy ~ 0,1 mm lm bng giy hoc ~
0,03 mm lm bng cht do (polyimide, epoxy). Vt liu lm in tr thng thuc h
hp kim Ni (bng 14.1).
Bng 14.1
Hp kim

Thnh phn

H s u o K

Constantan

45%Ni, 55%Cu

2,1

Isoelastic

52%Fe, 36%Ni, 8%Cr, 4%(Mn+Mo) 3,5

Karma

74%Ni, 20%Cr, 3%Cu, 3%Fe

2,1

Nicrome V

80%Ni, 20%Cr

2,5

Bch kim- vonfram 92%Pt, 8%W

4,1

Khi o cm bin c gn vo b mt ca cu trc cn kho st (hnh 14.2), kt qu l

cm bin cng chu mt bin dng nh bin dng ca cu trc.

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Hnh 14.2: Cch c nh u o trn b mt kho st

1) B mt kho st 2) Cm bin 3)Lp bo v 4) Mi hn
5) Dy dn 6) Cp in 7) Keo dn
in tr ca cm bin xc nh bi biu thc :

(14.4)
Phng trnh sai phn:

Bin dng dc l ca dy ko theo bin dng ngang ca tit din, quan h gia bin
dng ngang v bin dng dc c dng:

Tit din ngang ca dy S = ab hoc

, ta c:

Mt khc, i vi u o kim loi:

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C - hng s Bridman.
V - th tch dy.
V V = S.l, ta c:

V:

Vy ta c:

(14.5)
H s K c gi l h s u o, gi tr xc nh theo biu thc:

(14.6)
V 0,3, C 1, nn u o kim loi c K 2.

Cc c trng ch yu
- in tr sut : in tr ca vt liu lm dy phi ln dy khng qu di lm tng
kch thc cm bin v tit din dy khng qu b lm gim dng o dn n lm gim
nhy.
- H s u o: thng thng K = 2 - 3, ngoi tr isoelastic c K = 3,5 v platin-vonfram
K = 4,1.
- nh hng ca lc n tuyn tnh: trong gii hn n hi, h s u o khng i
do quan h tuyn tnh gia in tr v bin dng. Ngoi gii hn n hi, khi l/l >
0,5% - 20% tu theo vt liu, h s u o K 2.

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- nh hng ca nhit : ni chung K t chu nh hng ca nhit , ngoi tr

isoelastic. Trong khong nhit t - 100oC 300oC s thay i ca h s u o K
theo nhit c th biu din bi biu thc:

(14.7)
K0 - h s u o nhit chun T0 (thng T0 = 25oC).
K - h s, ph thuc vt liu. Vi Nichrome V th K = -0,04%/oC, constantan K =
+0,01%/oC
- nhy ngang: ngoi cc nhnh dc c in tr RL cm bin cn c cc on nhnh
ngang c tng di lt, in tr Rt, do in tr tng cng ca cm bin bng R = RL
+ Rt. Trong qu trnh bin dng cc on ngang cng b bin dng, Rt thay i cng lm
cho R thay i. Tuy nhin do Rt << RL, nh hng ca bin dng ngang cng khng
ln.

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Cm bin p tr silic
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
u o bn dn c lm bng n tinh th silic pha tp. Cu to ca chng ph thuc
cc ch to.
u o loi ct: ch to bng cc mu ct t tm n tinh th silic pha tp c s cu
to nh hnh 14.3. Cc mu ct n tinh th c ly song song vi ng cho ca tinh
th lp phng i vi silic loi P v song song vi cnh lp phng nu l silic loi N.
Mu ct c chiu di t 0,1 mm n vi mm v chiu dy c 10-2mm. Cc mu ct c
dn trn cch in bng nha.

Hnh 14.3: u o ch to bng cc mu ct

u o khuch tn: in tr ca u o ch to bng cch khuch tn tp cht vo mt
tm n tinh th silic pha tp. S cu to ca loi ny trnh by trn hnh 14.4.

Hnh 14.4: u o loi khuch tn

in tr loi N nhn c bng cch khuch tn vo silic loi P mt tp cht thuc
nhm V trong bng tun hon (nh P, Sb), cn in tr loi P khuch tn tp cht thuc
nhm III (nh Ga, In) vo silic loi N. Chuyn tip gia v vng khuch tn to
nn mt iot v lun c phn cc ngc (vng P m hn vng N) cho in tr ca
cm bin cch bit vi silic.
Bin thin in tr ca u o bn dn xc nh bi cng thc tng t u o kim loi:

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i vi u o bn dn, bin thin in tr sut do tc dng ca ng lc c dng:

Trong p l h s p in tr, s l ng lc tc dng.

Vy:

(14.8)
v h s u o:

(14.9)
Thng thng K = 100 - 200.

Cc c trng ch yu
i vi u o bn dn, pha tp l yu t quyt nh n cc c trng ca chng.
- in tr: nh hng ca pha tp: khi tng pha tp, mt ht dn trong vt liu
tng lnv in tr sut ca n gim xung. Biu thc chung ca in tr sut c dng:

q - gi tr tuyt i ca in tch in tr hoc l trng.

n, p - mt in t v l trng t do.
n, p - linh ng ca in t v l trng.

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Hnh 14.5: S ph thuc ca in tr sut vo nng pha tp v nhit

nh hng ca nhit : khi nhit nh hn 120oC h s nhit in tr c gi tr
dng v gim dn khi pha tp tng ln. nhit cao h s nhit in tr c gi tr
m v khng ph thuc vo pha tp.
- H s u o K:
nh hng ca pha tp: H s u o ph thuc vo pha tp, khi pha tp tng
ln, h s u o gim (hnh 14.6).

Hnh 14.6: S ph thuc ca K vo pha tp

nh hng ca bin dng: H s u o ph thuc vo bin dng, quan h c
dng:

Tuy nhin vi bin dng di mt gi tr cc i no c th coi K khng i. nh

hng ca nhit : Khi nhit tng h s u o gim, tuy nhin khi pha tp ln
(c Nd = 1020cm-3) h s u o t ph thuc nhit .
u o trong ch ng

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Khi o bin dng trong ch ng, u o phi tho mn mt s yu cu nht nh

nh tn s s dng ti a, gii hn mi.
Tn s s dng ti a
Tn s ca u o khng ph thuc vo vt liu ch to, silic c th truyn khng suy
gim cc dao ng vi tn s ln hn 106 Hz. Tuy nhin tn s lm vic li ph thuc
vo phng php gn u o v kch thc ca n.
cho cc bin dng o c gn nh ng b trong phm vi ca u o, chiu di l
ca cc nhnh phi nh hn nhiu ln bc sng ? ca dao ng c hc.
Quan h gia kch thc l v chiu di bc sng phi tho mn iu kin:

Chiu di bc sng ca dao ng c hc c xc nh bi cng thc:

(14.10)
Trong v l vn tc truyn sng v f l tn s dao ng.

Y - l mun Young.
- h s poisson.
d - trng lng ring vt liu ch to dy.
Vy tn s cc i fmax ca dao ng khi chiu di nhnh ca u o l l bng:

Gii hn mi
Bin dng nhiu ln lm tng in tr u o do hiu ng mi, hiu ng ny cng ln
khi bin bin dng cng ln.

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Gii hn mi c xc nh bi s chu k bin dng N vi bin cho trc gy nn

bin thin in tr bng 10-4 ng vi chu k bin dng gi nh. i vi bin bin
dng c 2.10-3 gii hn mi nm trong khong t 104 (constantan) n 108(isoelastic)
chu k.

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ng sut k dy rung
ng sut k dy rung c dng theo di kim tra cc cng trnh xy dng nh p,
cu, ng hm ...
Cu to ca ng sut k dy rung gm mt dy thp cng gia hai gi gn vo cu trc
cn nghin cu bin dng. Khi c bin dng, s cng c hc ca dy ko theo s thay
i tn s dao ng N ca dy, bng cch o tn s dao ng ca dy c th bit c
ln ca bin dng.
Tn s dao ng ca si dy xc nh theo cng thc:

(14.11)
l - khong cch gia hai im cng dy.
F - lc tc dng.
S - tit din dy.
d - khi lng ring ca vt liu ch tody.
Di tc dng ca lc F, di dy bin thin mt lng l xc nh t biu thc:

(14.12)
Do tn s dao ng ca dy:

Suy ra:

(14.13)
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Gi s l0 l ko di ban u v N0 l tn s tng ng khi cha c bin dng:

Khi c bin dng, ko di tng cng ca dy l l1 v tn s l N1, ta c:

V ko di do bin dng l = l1 - l0, suy ra:

(14.14)
o N0 v N1 ta c th tnh c bin dng ca cu trc.

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Bi 16: CM BIN O LC
Nguyn l o lc
Xc nh ng lc c hc tc ng ln cc cu trc trong nhng iu kin xc
nh l vn hng u trong vic nh gi an ton cho hot ng ca my mc,
thit b.
Theo nh lut c bn ca ng lc hc, lc c xc nh bi biu thc:

(16.1)
Trong :
F - lc tc dng (N).
M - khi lng ca vt (kg).
a - gia tc ca vt (m/s2).
Theo cng thc (16.1), khi mt lc c cng F(N) tc ng vo mt vt c khi
lng M (kg) s gy ra gia tc a (m/s2).
Nguyn tc o lc l lm cn bng lc cn o vi mt lc i khng sao cho lc tng
cng v momen tng ca chng bng khng.
Trong cc cm bin o lc thng c mt vt trung gian chu tc ng ca lc cn o v
bin dng. Bin dng ca vt trung gian l nguyn nhn gy ra lc i khng v trong
gii hn n hi bin dng t l vi lc i khng.
Bin dng v lc gy ra bin dng c th o trc tip bng cm bin bin dng, hoc
o gin tip nu mt trong nhng tnh cht in ca vt liu ch to vt trung gian ph
thuc vo bin dng. Ta cng c th xc nh mt lc bng cch cn bng n vi mt
lc bit.
Theo cng thc xc nh trng lc ca mt vt trong trng trng tri t:

123/191

Trong mi trng c g bit trc, cn khi lng M ca vt ta c th xc nh c

trng lc ca vt , ngc li nu s dng mt vt c khi lng bit s c c
mt lc xc nh. y chnh l nguyn tc chun cm bin bng my o c khi lng
treo.
Trong bi ny nghin cu cc b cm bin o lc ph bin nh cm bin p in, cm
bin t gio, cm bin da trn php o dch chuyn, cm bin xc gic.

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Cm bin p in
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
Cm bin p in hot ng da trn nguyn l ca hiu ng p in.
Phn t c bn ca mt cm bin p in c cu to tng t mt t in c ch to
bng cch ph hai bn cc ln hai mt i din ca mt phin vt liu p in mng. Vt
liu p in thng dng l thch anh v n c tnh n nh v cng cao. Tuy nhin
hin nay vt liu gm (v d gm PZT) do c u im bn v nhy cao, in dung
ln, t chu nh hng ca in trng k sinh, d sn xut v gi thnh ch to thp
cng c s dng ng k.
c trng vt l ca mt s vt liu p in c trnh by trn bng 16.1.
Bng 16.1

Vt liu

Nhit
in
ng lccc
lm
thmthu
ModunYoung(109N.m-2)
trsut(.m)
i(107N.m-2) vicTmax
(oC)

Thch
anh

11 =4,5

1012

Y11=80

10

550

Mui
11 =350
seignette

>1010

Y11=19.3Y22=30

1,4

45

L.H.

11 =5.6

>1010

46

1,5

75

PZT5A

11 =1.700

1011

Y33=53

7-8

365

Di tc dng ca lc c hc, tm p in b bin dng, lm xut hin trn hai bn cc

cc in tch tri du. Hiu in th xut hin gia hai bn cc t l vi lc tc dng.
Cc bin dng c bn xc nh ch lm vic ca bn p in. Trn hnh 16.1 biu
din cc bin dng c bn ca bn p in.

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Hnh 16.1: Cc dng bin dng c bn

a) Theo chiu dc b) Theo chiu ngang
c) Ct theo b dy d) Ct theo b mt
Trong nhiu trng hp cc bn p in c ghp thnh b theo cch ghp ni tip
hoc song song.

Hnh 16.2 : Cch ghp cc phn t p in

a) Hai phn t song song b) Hai phn t ni tip c) Nhiu phn t song song
Trng hp ghp song song hai bn p in (hnh 16.2a), in dung ca cm bin tng
gp i so vi trng hp mt bn p in. Khi ghp ni tip (hnh 16.2b) in p h
mch v tr khng trong tng gp i nhng in dung gim xung cn mt na. Nhng
nguyn tc trn p dng cho c trng hp ghp nhiu bn p in vi nhau nh biu
din trn hnh 16.2c.

Cm bin thch anh kiu vng m

Cc cm bin thch anh kiu vng m c cu to nh hnh 16.3, chng gm cc phin
ct hnh vng m ghp vi nhau v ch nhy vi lc nn tc dng dc theo trc.

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Hnh 16.3: Cu to ca cm bin vng m thch anh

1) Cc vng m 2) Cc tm 3) u ni dy
Gii hn trn ca di o ph thuc vo din tch b mt ca cc vng m, c t vi kN
(vi ng knh ~ 1 cm) n 103kN ( vi ng knh ~ 10 cm).
Ngi ta cng c th dng cm bin loi ny o lc ko bng cch to lc nn t
trc (dng cc bulng xit cht cc vng m), khi lc ko c o nh s st gim
ca lc nn. Tuy nhin, khi nhy gim 5 - 10%.

Cm bin thch anh nhiu thnh phn

Trong cm bin loi ny, cc vng m thch anh c ct theo cc hng khc nhau,
khi chng ch nhy vi mt hng xc nh ca lc.

Hnh 16.4: Cm bin thch anh nhiu thnh phn

a) K hiu cc trc b) Cc phin ct c bit
c) Cm bin ba thnh phn vung gc
Thch anh c nm h s in p d11, d12, d14, d25, d26, do mt vng m ct theo
phng ca trc X ch nhy vi lc nn (v c d11), cc lc k sinh tc ng theo cnh
bn u khng gy nn hiu ng vi vng m v cc ng lc m hiu ng ca chng
lin quan n d12, d14 s khng c mt. Tng t nh vy, mt vng m ct theo
phng Y ch nhy vi lc ct theo b dy (v c d26) v bng cch lp ghp hp l c
th loi tr hiu ng ca cc ng lc lin quan n d25 (ct theo mt).

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Hai mt ct c bit ny biu din trn hnh 16.4b, chng c s dng ch to cc

cm bin thch anh nhiu thnh phn.
Trn hnh 16.4c biu din mt cm bin ba thnh phn vung gc gm ba cp vng trn
ghp vi nhau, mt cp nhy vi lc nn Fx, hai mt cn li nhy vi lc ct Fy v Fz
vung gc vi Fx.

S mch o
S tng ng ca cm bin

Hnh 16.5: S tng ng ca cm bin p in

a) Trong di thng rng b) Trong di thng c ch c) Ni vi mch ngoi
Trong di thng rng, cm bin tng ng vi mt ngun dng mc song song vi
tr khng trong (gm ba nhnh) ca cm bin (hnh 16.5a). Nhnh , , c trng cho
cng hng in c th nht tn s cao nm ngoi di thng ca cm bin. in tr
trong Rg l in tr cch in ca vt liu p in, khi tn s thp n tr thnh tr
khng trong ca cm bin. T in Cg l in dung ca ngun pht in tch, khi tn
s trung bnh v cao n tr thnh tr khng ca cm bin.
Trn thc t di thng thng s dng, ngi ta dng mch tng ng biu din
hnh 16.5b.
Khi ni cm bin vi mch ngoi bng cp dn, tr khng ca cp dn tng ng in
tr R1 v t in C1 mc song song vi cm bin, khi mch tng ng c dng
hnh 16.5c.
S khuch i in p
Tr khng vo ca b khuch i in p tng ng vi mt in tr Re mc song
song vi mt t Ce, khi mch tng ng c dng hnh 16.6.

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Hnh 16.6: S tng ng ca cm bin

mc ni tip vi b khuch i in th
in p li vo ca khuch i xc nh bi cng thc:

S khuch i in tch
Trong mch khuch i in tch, s di chuyn ca in tch li vo s gy nn li
ra mt in p t l vi in tch u vo. B khuch i in tch gm mt b bin i
in tch - in p u vo, mt tng chun nhy, mt b lc trung gian v mt s
tng khuch i u ra cung cp tn hiu ra (hnh 16.7a).
S mch ghp ni cm bin vi b chuyn i in p - in tch trnh by trn hnh
16.7b.

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Hnh 16.7: S khuch i in tch

a) S khi
b) S ghp ni cm bin v b chuyn i in tch - in p

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Cm bin t gio
Cm bin t gio
Hiu ng t gio
Di tc ng ca t trng, mt s vt liu st t thay i tnh cht hnh hc hoc tnh
cht c hc (h s Young). Hin tng ny c gi l hiu ng t gio. Khi c tc
dng ca lc c hc gy ra ng lc trong vt liu st t lm thay i ng cong t ho
ca chng, khi da vo s thay i ca t thm hoc t d c th xc nhc
ln ca lc tc dng. y l hiu ng t gio nghch.
- C ch t ho: Nh chng ta bit trong vt liu st t, mi nguyn t c c trng
bi mt mmen t. gim thiu nng lng tng cng, momen t ca cc nguyn
t trong cng mt min t ho t nhin (domen) phi hng theo mt hng chung.
Hng chung ny nh hng theo mt s hng u tin ca mng tinh th gi l hng
d t ho. Hng ca cc mmen t trong cc domen cnh nhau khng trng nhau.
Khi c t trng ngoi H tc ng, s nh hng ca m men t trong mt domen theo
mt hng chung tng dn. Khi H nh, cc vch domen t dch chuynv kch thc
ca cc domen t c hng t ho thun li trng vi hng ca t trng bn ngoi
tng ln. Khi t trng ngoi tng ln n mc no xy ra hin tng o hng
ca cc domen theo hng t trng ngoi. Khi t trng ngoi mnh s lm quay
hng d t ho ca cc domen t theo hng t trng ngoi dn n bo ho (hinhd
16.8a).
- Hin tng t tr: Sau khi t ho ln u n bo ho (H = Hm), nu vn gi nguyn
phng t trng v thc hin mt chu trnh khp kn (Hm,0,-Hm,0) ta nhn c ng
cong t ho nh hnh 16.8b gi l ng cong t tr vi t d Br l khng t Hc.

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Hnh 16.8 : ng cong t ho

a) T ho ln u b) Chu trnh t tr
Khi trong vt liu st t c ng lc, kch thc mng tinh th thay i, cc hng d
t ho thay i dn n lm thay i nh hng ca cc domen. Hin tng ny gi l
hiu ng t gio nghch.
Trn hnh 16.9 biu din nh hng ca ng lc n ng cong t ho ca permalloy
68.

Hnh 16.9: S bin dng ca ng cong t ho

di tc dng ca lc ko
Cm bin t thm bin thin
Cu to ca cm bin gm mt cun dy c li t hp vi mt khung st t to thnh
mt mch t kn (hnh 16.10). Di tc dng ca lc F, li t b bin dng ko theo s
thay i t thm , lm cho t tr mch t thay i do t cm ca cun dy
cng thay i. S thay i tng i ca L, R hoc t l vi ng lc s, tc l vi lc
cn o F:

132/191

Hnh 16.10: Cm bin t gio c t thm bin thin

Cm bin t d bin thin
Phn t c bn ca cm bin t d bin thin l mt li t lm bng Ni tinh khit cao,
c t d Br. Di tc dng ca lc cn o, th d lc nn (d < 0), Br tng ln:

S thay i ca t thng s lm xut hin trong cun dy mt sut in ng t l vi

dBr/dt. Biu thc ca in p h mch c dng:

Trong K l h s t l vi s vng dy v tit din vng dy.

133/191

Cm bin o lc da trn php o dch chuyn

Trong cm bin loi ny, lc cn o tc dng ln vt trung gian v gy nn s thay i
kch thc l ca n. S thay i kch thc c o bng mt cm bin dch chuyn.
Khi tn hiu ra Vm v lc tc dng c biu din bng biu thc:

Trong :
- Vm/l gi l t s truyn t ca cm bin.
- l/F gi l mm ca vt trung gian.
Vt trung gian l vng o lc, cc dm dng console hoc l xo.
Tu theo iu kin s dng c th s dng nhiu loi cm bin dch chuyn khc nhau
nh:
- in th k in tr.
- Cm bin t tr bin thin.
- Cm bin t in.

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Cm bin xc gic
Phn chnh ca cm bin l mt cch in trn c mt li dn in (hnh 16.11a)
c t di in p V. Li in gm hai h thng dy dn (X1, X2,...) v (Y1, Y2,...)
vung gc vi nhau to thnh nhng vung nh, mi vung nh u c mt in cc
c cch in vi dy dn ca li bao quanh n, cc in cc ny ni vi t thng
qua mch o dng. Mt trn ca h thng c ph cao su c pha cc ht dn in. Khi
c lc nn tc dng ln mt phn no ca tm cao su, khong cch gia cc ht dn
in phn ngn li, in tr gim xung, dng in tng ln (hnh 16.11b). To
ca vng c dng in tng ln s xc nh v tr ca lc tc dng v gi tr ca n xc
nh gi tr ca lc.

Hnh 16.11: Cm bin xc gic

a) H thng cc o b) Tc dng ca lc ln in cc

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Bi 18: CM BIN VN TC, GIA TC

V RUNG
Khi nim c bn1
Nhc li cc khi nim v vn tc, gia tc, rung v ngha ca chng.

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Cm bin o vn tc
Nguyn l o vn tc
Trong cng nghip, phn ln trng hp o vn tc l o tc quay ca my. an
ton cng nh ch lm vic ca my ph thuc rt ln vo tc quay. Trong trng
hp chuyn ng thng, vic o vn tc di cng thng c chuyn v o tc
quay. Bi vy, cc cm bin o vn tc gc ng vai tr quan trng trong vic o vn
tc.
o vn tc gc thng ng dng cc phng php sau y:
- S dng tc k vng kiu in t: nguyn l hot ng da trn hin tng cm
ng in t. Cm bin gm c hai phn: phn cm (ngun t thng) v phn ng (phn
c t thng i qua). Khi c chuyn ng tng i gia phn cm v phn ng, t thng
i qua phn ng bin thin, trong n xut hin sut in ng cm ng xc nh theo
cng thc:

Thng thng t thng qua phn ng c dng:

Trong x l bin s ca v tr thay i theo v tr gc quay hoc theo ng thng, khi

sut in ng e xut hin trong phn ng c dng:

Sut in ng ny t l vi vn tc cn o.
- S dng tc k vng loi xung: lm vic theo nguyn tc o tn s chuyn ng ca
phn t chuyn ng tun hon, v d chuyn ng quay. Cm bin loi ny thng c
mt a c m ho gn vi trc quay, chng hn gm cc phn trong sut xen k cc
phn khng trong sut. Cho chm sng chiu qua a n mt u thu quang, xung in
ly t u thu quang c tn s t l vi vn tc quay cn o.

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Tc k in t
Tc k in t o vn tc gc
- Tc k dng mt chiu:
S cu to ca mt tc k dng mt chiu biu din trn hnh 18.1.

Hnh 18.1: S cu to ca my pht dng mt chiu

1) Stato 2) Rto 3) C gp 4) Chi qut
Stato (phn cm) l mt nam chm in hoc nam chm vnh cu, roto (phn ng) l
mt trc st gm nhiu lp ghp li, trn mt ngoi roto x cc rnh song song vi trc
quay v cch u nhau. Trong cc rnh t cc dy dn bng ng gi l dy chnh, cc
dy chnh c ni vi nhau tng i mt bng cc dy ph. C gp l mt hnh tr trn
mt c gn cc l ng cch in vi nhau, mi l ni vi mt dy chnh ca roto. Hai
chi qut p st vo c gp c b tr sao cho ti mt thi im chng lun tip xc
vi hai l ng i din nhau.
Khi r to quay, sut in ng xut hin trong mt dy dn xc nh theo biu thc:

Trong di l t thng m dy dn ct qua trong thi gian dt:

dSc l tit din b ct trong khong thi gian dt:

Trong :
l - chiu di dy dn.
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v - vn tc di ca dy.
- vn tc gc ca dy.
r - bn knh quay ca dy.
Biu thc ca sut in ng xut hin trong mt dy:

Sut in ng ng vi mt na s dy bn phi ng trung tnh:

N - tng s dy chnh trn roto.

n - s vng quay trong mt giy.
0 - l t thng xut pht t cc nam chm.
Tng t tnh c sut in ng ng vi mt na s dy bn tri:

(18.1)
Nguyn tc ni dy l ni thnh hai cm, trong mi cm cc dy mc ni tip vi nhau,
cn hai cm th mc ngc pha nhau.
Tc k dng xoay chiu
- My pht ng b:
S cu to ca mt tc k dng xoay chiu kiu my pht ng b biu din trn
hnh 18.2. Thc cht y l mt my pht in xoay chiu nh. Roto (phm cm) ca
my pht l mt nam chm hoc t hp ca nhiu nam chm nh. Phn ng gm cc
cun dy b tr cch u trn mt trong ca stato l ni cung cp sut in ng cm
ng hnh sin c bin t l vi tc quay ca roto.

(18.2)
Trong E=K1, ?=K2, K1 v K2 l cc thng s c trng cho my pht.
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Hnh 18.2: S cu to ca my pht ng b

1) Stato 2) Rto
Gi tr ca c th tnh c theo E hoc ?.
- Xc nh t bin sut in ng:
Cun cm ng c tr khng trong:

Trong Ri, Li l in tr v t cm ca cun dy. in p hai u cun ng vi ti

R c gi tr:

(18.3)
T biu thc (18.3), ta thy in p U khng phi l hm tuyn tnh ca tc quay .
iu kin s dng my pht nh mt cm bin vn tc l R>>Zi sao cho c th
coi U E.
in p u ra c chnh lu thnh in p mt chiu, in p ny khng ph thuc
chiu quay v hiu sut lc gim khi tn s thp. Mt khc, s c mt ca b lc lm
tng thi gian hi p ca cm bin.
- Xc nh bng cch o tn s ca sut in ng: phng php ny c u im l tn
hiu c th truyn i xa m s suy gim tn hiu khng nh hng ti chnh xc ca
php o.
- My pht khng ng b:
Cu to ca my pht khng ng b tng t nh ng c khng ng b hai pha (hnh
18.3).
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Roto l mt a hnh tr kim loi mng v d t quay cng tc vi trc cn o, khi

lng v qun tnh ca n khng ng k.
Stato lm bng thp t tnh, trn b tr hai cun dy, mt cun l cun kch thch
c cung cp in p Vc c bin Ve v tn s e n nh
Vc = Ve cos et.

Hnh 18.3: S cu to my pht khng ng b

1) Cun kch 2) Rto 3) Cun o
Cun dy th hai l cun dy o. Gia hai u ra ca cun ny xut hin mt sut in
ng em c bin t l vi tc gc cn o:

Trong k l hng s ph thuc vo kt cu ca my, l lch pha.

Tc k in t o vn tc di
Khi o vn tc di, vi dch chuyn ln ca vt kho st (> 1m) thng chuyn thnh
o vn tc gc. Trng hp o vn tc ca dch chuyn thng nh c th dng cm bin
vn tc di gm hai phn t c bn: mt nam chm v mt cun dy. Khi o, mt phn
t c gi c nh, phn t th hai lin kt vi vt chuyn ng. Chuyn ng tng
i gia cun dy v nam chm lm xut hin trong cun dy mt sut in ng t l
vi vn tc cn o.
S cm bin c cun dy di ng biu din trn hnh 18.4.

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Hnh 18.4: Cm bin dng cun dy di ng

1) Nam chm 2) Cun dy
Sut in ng xut hin trong cun dy c dng:

N - s vng dy.
r - bn knh vng dy.
B - gi tr ca cm ng t.
v - tc dch chuyn ca vng dy.
l - tng chiu di ca dy.
Tc k loi ny o c dch chuyn vi mm vi nhy ~ 1V/m.s. Khi dch
chuyn ln hn (ti 0,5 m) ngi ta dng tc k c nam chm di ng (hnh 18.5).
Cm bin gm mt nam chm di chuyn dc trc ca hai cun dy qun ngc chiu
nhau v mc ni tip. Khi nam chm di chuyn, sut in ng xut hin trong tng
cun dy t l vi tc ca nam chm nhng ngc chiu nhau. Hai cun dy c
mc ni tip v qun ngc chiu nn nhn c sut in ng u ra khc khng.

Hnh 18.5: Cm bin c li t di dng

a) Cu to b) S nguyn l

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1) Nam chm 2) Cun dy

Tc k xung
Tc k xung thng c cu to n gin, chc chn, chu ng tt trong mi trng
c hi, kh nng chng nhiu v chng suy gim tn hiu cao, d bin i tn hiu sang
dng s.
Tu thuc vo bn cht ca vt quay v du hiu m ho trn vt quay, ngi ta s dng
loi cm bin thch hp.
- Cm bin t tr bin thin: s dng khi vt quay l st t.
- Cm bin t in tr: s dng khi vt quay l mt hay nhiu nam chm nh.
- Cm bin quang cng vi ngun sng: s dng khi trn vt quay c cc l, ng vt,
mt phn x.
Tc k t tr bin thin
Cu to ca cm bin t tr bin thin gm mt cun dy c li st t chu tc ng ca
mt nam chm vnh cu t i din vi mt a quay lm bng vt liu st t trn
c kha rng. Khi a quay, t tr ca mch t bin thin mt cch tun hon lm cho t
thng qua cun dy bin thin, trong cun dy xut hin mt sut in ng cm ng c
tn s t l vi tc quay.

Hnh 18.6: S cu to ca cm bin t tr bin thin

1) a quay (bnh rng) 2) Cun dy 3) Nam chm vnh cu
Tn s ca sut in ng trong cun dy xc nh bi biu thc:

p - s lng rng trn a.

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n - s vng quay ca a trong mt giy.

Bin E ca sut in ng trong cun dy ph thuc hai yu t:
- Khong cch gia cun dy v a quay: khong cch cng ln E cng nh.
- Tc quay: Tc quay cng ln, E cng ln. Khi tc quay nh, bin E rt b
v kh pht hin, do vy tn ti mt vng tc quay khng th o c, ngi ta gi
vng ny l vng cht.
Di o ca cm bin ph thuc vo s rng ca a. Khi p ln, tc nmin o c c
gi tr b. Khi p nh, tc nmax o c s ln. Th d vi p = 60 rng, di tc o
c n = 50 - 500 vng/pht, cn vi p =15 rng di tc o c 500 - 10.000 vng/
pht.
Tc k quang
Hnh 18.7 trnh by s nguyn l ca mt tc k quang o tc quay.
Ngun sng pht tia hng ngoi l mt diot pht quang (LED). a quay, t gia ngun
sng v u thu, c cc l b tr cch u trn mt vng trn. u thu l mt photodiode
hoc phototranzitor. Khi a quay, u thu ch chuyn mch khi ngun sng, l, ngun
pht sng thng hng. Kt qu l khi a quay, u thu quang nhn c mt thng
lng nh sng bin iu v pht tn hiu c tn s t l vi tc quay nhng bin
khng ph thuc tc quay.

Hnh 18.7: S nguyn l ca tc k quang

1) Ngun sng 2) Thu knh hi t 3) a quay 4) u thu quang
Trong cc cm bin quang o tc , ngi ta cng c th dng a quay c cc vng
phn x nh sng b tr tun hon trn mt vng trn phn x nh sng ti u thu
quang.
Phm vi tc o c ph thuc vo hai yu t chnh:
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- S lng l trn a.
- Di thng ca u thu quang v ca mch in t.
o tc nh (~ 0,1 vng/pht) phi dng a c s lng l ln (500 - 1.000 l).
Trong trng hp o tc ln ( ~ 105 - 106 vng/pht) phi s dng a quay ch mt
l, khi tn s ngt ca mch in xc nh tc cc i c th o c.

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Gia tc k p in
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
Cu to chung ca gia tc k p in gm mt khi lng rung M v mt phn t p
in t trn gi cng, v ton b c t trong mt v hp kn.
Thng thng cn phi o gia tc theo hai hng dc theo trc nhy cm. Tu thuc vo
bn cht lc tc dng (nn, ko hoc ct) trong b cm bin phi c b phn c kh to
ng lc c hc t trc ln phn t p in m rng di o gia tc theo hai chiu.
Trn hnh 18.8 trnh by s cu to ca cc gia tc k p in kiu nn.

Hnh 18.8: S cu to gia tc k p in kiu nn

1) Khi lng rung 2) Phin p in 3) ai c 4) 5) V hp
Cm bin loi ny c tn s cng hng cao, kt cu chc chn, nhy vi ng lc ca
.
S cu to ca gia tc k kiu un cong trnh by trn hnh 18.9.
Phn t p in ca cm bin gm hai phin p in mng dn vi nhau, mt u gn
c nh ln v hp cm bin, mt u gn vi khi lng rung. Cm bin loi ny cho
nhy rt cao nhng tn s v gia tc rung o c b hn ch.

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Hnh 18.9: S cu to gia tc k p in kiu un cong

1) Khi lng rung 2) Phin p in 3) V hp

c trng ca cm bin
nhy c biu din bi biu thc:

Trong :
a - gia tc ca cm bin.
Q - in tch c to ra khi cm bin rung vi gia tc a.
S1 - nhy c ca h thng khi lng rung.
S2 - nhy in ca cm bin.
Gi tr ca S1 v S2 xc nh nh sau:

Trong :
d - hng s in mi.
c - cng ca phn t nhy cm.

- tn s tt di ca h thng cm bin - mch o.

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Gia tc k p tr
Cu to chung ca mt gia tc k p tr gm mt tm mng n hi mt u gn vi
gi , mt u gn vi khi lng rung, trn c gn t 2 n 4 p trmc trong mt
mch cu Wheatstone. Di tc dng ca gia tc, tm n hi b un cong, gy nn bin
dng trong u o mt cch trc tip hoc gin tip qua b khuch i c.
Trn hnh 18.10 gii thiu s nguyn l ca mt cm bin gia tc p tr.

Hnh 18.10: S nguyn l ca cm bin gia tc p tr

1) Khi rung 2) Tm n hi 3) p tr 4)
nhy ca cm bin c biu din bng biu thc:

- nhy in ca cu Wheatstone S1: v 4 u o u c cng mt bin dng || nn

in p ra Vm ca u o bng:

Suy ra:

Trong :
es - in p nui cu (10 - 15 V).
K - h s u o p tr.

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R - in tr mt u o.
- nhy c S1 ca h thng c kh xc nh theo biu thc:

Gi tr ca A v 0 ph thuc vo kt cu ca h chu un, v d vi cm bin cho

hnh 18.10:

Trong Y l mun Young.

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Cm bin o tc rung
S cm bin o tc rung trnh by trn hnh 18.11.

Hnh 18.11: S nguyn l cm bin o vn tc rung

1) V hp 2) Khi rung 3) Li nam chm 4) Cun dy
5) L xo 6) Gim chn
Trong cm bin loi ny, i lng o s cp m1 l tc rung dh0/dt, i lng o th
cp m2 l dch chuyn tng i z. nhy s cp S1 xc nh bi biu thc:

tin li trong s dng, ngi ta cng s dng i lng o th cp m2 l tc dch

chuyn tng i dz/dt.
Vic chuyn i tc tng i ca khi lng rung so vi v hp thnh tn hiu in
thc hin bi mt cm bin v tr tng i kiu in t gm mt cun dy v mt li
nam chm. Cun dy gn vi khi lng rung, li nam chm t bn trong cun dy v
gn vi v cm bin. Bng cch o sut in ng ca cun dy c th nh gi c
tc rung cn o.
Mt iu cn quan tm khi s dng cm bin loi ny l phn ng ca cm bin th
cp i vi chuyn ng ca khi lng rung th hin thng qua phn lc f = B.l.i tc
ng ln cun dy khi cun dy chuyn ng trong t trng cm ng B. Gi thit b
qua tr khng ca cun dy L, khi phn lc f t l vi tc tng i:

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Lc ny chng li chuyn ng ca khi lng rung, lm thay i h s tt dn ca

chuyn ng.

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Bi 20: CM BIN O P SUT V LU

LNG CHT LU
p sut v nguyn l o p sut
p sut v n v o
p sut l i lng c gi tr bng t s gia lc tc dng vung gc ln mt mt vi
din tch ca n:

(20.1)
i vi cc cht lng, kh hoc hi (gi chung l cht lu), p sut l mt thng s quan
trng xc nh trng thi nhit ng hc ca chng. Trong cng nghip, vic o p sut
cht lu c ngha rt ln trong vic m bo an ton cho thit b cng nh gip cho
vic kim tra v iu khin hot ng ca my mc thit b c s dng cht lu.
Trong h n v quc t (SI) n v p sut l pascal (Pa): 1 Pa l p sut to bi mt
lc c ln bng 1N phn b ng u trn mt din tch 1m2 theo hng php tuyn.
n v Pa tng i nh nn trong cng nghip ngi ta cn dng n v p sut l bar
(1 bar = 105 Pa) v mt s n v khc.
Bng 20.1 trnh by cc n v o p sut v h s chuyn i gia chng.
Bng 20.1
n vp
pascal(Pa) bar(b)
sut

kg/cm 2 atmotsphe(atm)

mmH 2
O

mmHg

mbar

1Pascal

10-5

1,02.10-5 0,987.10-5

1,02.10-1 0,75.10-2 10-2

1 bar

10-5

1,02

0,987

1,02.104

750

103

1,02

0,986

104

735

9,80.102

1 kg/cm2 1,02.10-5
1 atm

0,987.10-5 0,987

1,02.104 1

1,033.104 760

1,013.103

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1mmH2O 1,02.10-1

0,75.10-2 104

1,033.104

0,0735

0,098

760

0,0735

1,33

0,098

1,33

1mmHg

0,75.10-2

750

735

1mbar

10-2

103

9,80.102 1,013.103

Nguyn l o p sut
i vi cht lu khng chuyn ng, p sut cht lu l p sut tnh (pt):

(20.2)
Do vy o p sut cht lu thc cht l xc nh lc tc dng ln mt din tch thnh
bnh. i vi cht lu khng chuyn ng cha trong mt ng h t thng ng, p
sut tnh ti mt im M cch b mt t do mt khong (h) xc nh theo cng thc sau:

(20.3)
Trong :
p0 - p sut kh quyn.
- khi lng ring cht lu.
g- gia tc trng trng.
o p sut tnh c th tin hnh bng cc phng php sau:
- o p sut cht lu ly qua mt l c khoan trn thnh bnh nh cm bin thch hp.
- o trc tip bin dng ca thnh bnh do p sut gy nn.
Trong cch o th nht, phi s dng mt cm bin t st thnh bnh. Trong trng
hp ny, p sut cn o c cn bng vi p sut thu tnh do ct cht lng mu to
nn hoc tc ng ln mt vt trung gian c phn t nhy cm vi lc do p sut gy
ra. Khi s dng vt trung gian o p sut, cm bin thng trang b thm b phn
chuyn i in. sai s o nh, th tch cht ca knh dn v cm bin phi khng
ng k so vi th tch tng cng ca cht lu cn o p sut.
Trong cch o th hai, ngi ta gn ln thnh bnh cc cm bin o ng sut o bin
dng ca thnh bnh. Bin dng ny l hm ca p sut.
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i vi cht lu chuyn ng, p sut cht lu (p) l tng p sut tnh (pt) v p sut
ng (p) :

(20.4)
p sut tnh tng ng vi p sut gy nn khi cht lng khng chuyn ng, c o
bng mt trong cc phng php trnh by trn. p sut ng do cht lu chuyn ng
gy nn v c gi tr t l vi bnh phng vn tc cht lu:

(20.5)
Trong l khi lng ring cht lu.
Khi dng chy va p vung gc vi mt mt phng, p sut ng chuyn thnh p sut
tnh, p sut tc dng ln mt phng l p sut tng. Do vy, p sut ng c o thng
qua o chnh lch gia p sut tng v p sut tnh. Thng thng vic o hiu (p - pt)
thc hin nh hai cm bin ni vi hai u ra ca mt ng Pitot, trong cm bin (1)
o p sut tng cn cm bin (2) o p sut tnh.

Hnh 20.1 : o p sut ng bng ng Pitot

C th o p sut ng bng cch t p sut tng ln mt trc v p sut tnh ln mt
sau ca mt mng o (hnh 20.2), nh vy tn hiu do cm bin cung cp chnh l chnh
lch gia p sut tng v p sut tnh.

Hnh 20.2: o p sut ng bng mng

1) Mng o 2) Phn t p in

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p k vi sai da trn nguyn tc cn bng thu tnh

Nguyn l chung ca phng php da trn nguyn tc cn bng p sut cht lu vi p
sut thu tnh ca cht lng lm vic trong p k.

p k vi sai kiu phao

p k vi sai kiu phao gm hai bnh thng nhau, bnh ln c tit din F v bnh nh c
tit din f (hnh 20.3). Cht lng lm vic l thu ngn hay du bin p.
Khi o, p sut ln (p1) c a vo bnh ln, p sut b (p2) c a vo bnh nh.
trnh cht lng lm vic phun ra ngoi khi cho p sut tc ng v mt pha ngi ta
m van (4) v khi p sut hai bn cn bng van (4) c kho li.
Khi t s cn bng p sut, ta c:

Trong :
g - gia tc trng trng.
m - trng lng ring ca cht lng lm vic.
- trng lng ring ca cht lng hoc kh cn o.
Mt khc t cn bng th tch ta c:

Suy ra:

Khi mc cht lng trong bnh ln thay i (h1 thay i), phao ca p k dch chuyn v
qua c cu lin kt lm quay kim ch th trn ng h o. Biu thc (20.6) l phng
trnh c tnh tnh ca p k vi sai kiu phao.

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Hnh 20.3 : p k vi sai kiu phao

p k vi sai kiu phao dng o p sut tnh khng ln hn 25MPa. Khi thay i t s
F/f (bng cch thay ng nh) ta c th thay i c phm vi o.
Cp chnh xc ca p sut k loi ny cao (1; 1,5) nhng cha cht lng c hi m khi
p sut thay i t ngt c th nh hng n i tng o v mi trng.

p k vi sai kiu chung

Cu to ca p k vi sai kiu chung gm chung (1) nhng trong cht lng lm vic
cha trong bnh (2).

Hnh 20.4: p k vi sai kiu chung

1) Chung 2) Bnh cha 3) Ch th
Khi p sut trong bung (A) v (B) bng nhau th np chung (1) v tr cn bng
(hnh8.4a), khi c bin thin chnh p d(p1-p2) >0 th chung c nng ln (hnh
8.4b). Khi t cn bng ta c:

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(20.8)
Vi:

Trong :
F - tit din ngoi ca chung.
dH - di chuyn ca chung.
dy - dch chuyn ca mc cht lng trong chung.
dx - dch chuyn ca mc cht lng ngoi chung.
f - din tch tit din thnh chung.
- din tch tit din trong ca bnh ln.
dh - chnh lch mc cht lng ngoi v trong chung.
f - din tch tit din trong ca chung.
Gii cc phng trnh trn ta c:

Ly tch phn gii hn t 0 n (p1 - p2) nhn c phng trnh c tnh tnh ca p k
vi sai kiu chung:

(20.9)
p k vi sai c chnh xc cao c th o c p sut thp v p sut chn khng.

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Cm bin p sut da trn php o bin dng

Nguyn l chung ca cm bin p sut loi ny da trn c s s bin dng n hi ca
phn t nhy cm vi tc dng ca p sut. Cc phn t bin dng thng dng l ng
tr, l xo ng, xi phng v mng mng.

Phn t bin dng

ng tr
S cu to ca phn t bin dng hnh ng tr trnh by trn hnh 20.5. ng c dng
hnh tr, thnh mng, mt u bt kn, c ch to bng kim loi.

Hnh 20.5: Phn t bin dng kiu ng hnh tr

a) S cu to b) V tr gn cm bin
i vi ng di (L>>r), khi p sut cht lu tc ng ln thnh ng lm cho ng bin
dng, bin dng ngang (1) v bin dng dc (2) ca ng xc nh bi biu thc:

Trong :
p - p sut.
Y - m un Young.
- h s poisson.

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r - bn knh trong ca ng.

e - chiu dy thnh ng.
chuyn tn hiu c (bin dng) thnh tn hiu in ngi ta dng b chuyn i in
(th d cm bin lc).
L xo ng
Cu to ca cc l xo ng dng trong cm bin p sut trnh by trn hnh 20.6.
L xo l mt ng kim loi un cong, mt u gi c nh cn mt u t do. Khi a
cht lu vo trong ng, p sut tc dng ln thnh ng lm cho ng b bin dng v u
t do dch chuyn.
Trn hnh (20.6a) l s l xo ng mt vng, tit din ngang ca ng hnh tri xoan.
Di tc dng ca p sut d trong ng, l xo s gin ra, cn di tc dng ca p sut
thp n s co li.

Hnh 20.6: L xo ng
i vi cc l xo ng thnh mng bin thin gc tm () di tc dng ca p sut (p)
xc nh bi cng thc:

(20.10)
Trong :
- h s poisson.
Y - m un Young.

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R - bn knh cong.
h - b dy thnh ng.
a, b - cc bn trc ca tit din van.
, - cc h s ph thuc vo hnh dng tit din ngang ca ng.
x = Rh/a2- tham s chnh ca ng.
Lc thnh phn theo hng tip tuyn vi trc ng (ng thnh mng h/b = 0,6 - 0,7)
u t do xc nh theo theo biu thc:

(20.11)
Lc hng knh:

(20.12)
Trong s v cc h s ph thuc vo t s b/a.
Gi tr ca k1, k2 l hng s i vi mi l xo ng nn ta c th vit c biu thc xc
nh lc tng hp:

(20.13)
Vi

Bng cch thay i t s a/b v gi tr ca R, h, ta c th thay i c gi tr ca ,

N v nhy ca php o.

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L xo ng mt vng c gc quay nh, tng gc quay ngi ta dng l xo ng nhiu

vng c cu to nh hnh (20.6b). i vi l xo ng dng vng thng phi s dng
thm cc c cu truyn ng tng gc quay.
to ra gc quay ln ngi ta dng l xo xon c tit din van hoc hnh rng kha
nh hnh 20.6c, gc quay thng t 40 - 60o, do kim ch th c th gn trc tip trn
u t do ca l xo.
L xo ng ch to bng ng thau c th o p sut di 5 MPa, hp kim nh hoc thp
di 1.000 MPa, cn trn 1.000 MPa phi dng thp gi.
Xiphng
Cu to ca xiphng trnh by trn hnh 20.7.

Hnh 20.7: S cu to ng xiphng

ng xiphng l mt ng hnh tr xp np c kh nng bin dng ng k di tc dng
ca p sut. Trong gii hn tuyn tnh, t s gia lc tc dng v bin dng ca xiphng
l khng i v c gi l cng ca xiphng. tng cng thng ngi ta t
thm vo trong ng mt l xo. Vt liu ch to l ng, thp cacbon, thp hp kim ...
ng knh xiphng t 8 - 100mm, chiu dy thnh 0,1 - 0,3 mm.
dch chuyn (d) ca y di tc dng ca lc chiu trc (N) xc nh theo cng
thc:

(20.14)
Trong :
h0 - chiu dy thnh ng xiphng.

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n - s np lm vic.
- gc bt kn.
- h s poisson.
A0, A1, B0 - cc h s ph thuc Rng/Rtr, r/R+r.
Rng, Rtr - bn knh ngoi v bn knh trong ca xi phng.
r - bn knh cong ca np un.
Lc chiu trc tc dng ln y xc nh theo cng thc:

(20.15)
Mng
Mng dng o p sut c chia ra mng n hi v mng do.
Mng n hi c dng trn phng hoc c un np c ch to bng thp.

Hnh 20.8: S mng o p sut

Khi p sut tc dng ln hai mt ca mng khc nhau gy ra lc tc ng ln mng
lm cho n bin dng. Bin dng ca mng l hm phi tuyn ca p sut v khc nhau
tu thuc im kho st. Vi mng phng, phi tuyn kh ln khi vng ln, do
thng ch s dng trong mt phm vi hp ca dch chuyn ca mng.
vng ca tm mng phng di tc dng ca p sut tc dng ln mng xc nh
theo cng thc sau:

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(20.16)
Mng un np c c tnh phi tuyn nh hn mng phng nn c th s dng vi
vng ln hn mng phng. vng ca tm mng un np xc nh theo cng thc:

(20.17)
Vi a, b l cc h s ph thuc hnh dng v b dy ca mng.
Khi o p sut nh ngi ta dng mng do hnh trn phng hoc un np, ch to t
vi cao su. Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta dng mng do c tm cng, khi tm
mng c kp cng gia hai tm kim loi.

Hnh 20.9: S cu to mng do c tm cng

i vi mng do thng, lc di chuyn to nn tm mng xc nh bi biu thc:

(20.18)
Vi D l ng knh mng.
i vi mng do tm cng, lc di chuyn to nn tm mng xc nh bi biu thc:

(20.19)
Vi D l ng knh mng, d l dng knh a cng.

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Cc b chuyn i in
Khi s dng cm bin o p sut bng phn t bin dng, chuyn i tn hiu c
trung gian thnh tn hiu in ngi ta dng cc b chuyn i. Theo cch chuyn i
ngi ta chia cc b chuyn i thnh hai loi:
- Bin i s dch chuyn ca phn t bin dng thnh tn hiu o. Cc chuyn i loi
ny thng dng l: cun cm, bin p vi sai, in dung, in tr...
- Bin i ng sut thnh tn hiu o. Cc b chuyn i l cc phn t p inhoc p
tr.
B bin i o p sut kiu in cm
Cu to ca b chuyn i kiu in cm biu din trn hnh 20.10. B chuyn i gm
tm st t ng gn trn mng (1) v nam chm in c li st (2) v cun dy (3).

Hnh 20.10: B chuyn i kiu cm ng

1) Tm st t 2) Li st t 3) Cun dy
Di tc dng ca p sut o, mng (1) dch chuyn lm thay i khe h t (d) gia tm
st t v li t ca nam chm in, do thay i t cm ca cun dy. Nu b qua
in tr cun dy, t thng tn v tn hao trong li t th t cm ca b bin i xc
nh bi cng thc sau:

(20.20)
Trong :
W - s vng dy ca cun dy.

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ltb, Stb: chiu di v din tch trung bnh ca li t.

, S0 - chiu di v tit din khe h khng kh .
, 0 - t thm ca li t v khng kh.
Thng thng ltb/(Stb) << d/(0S0), do c th tnh L theo cng thc gn ng:

Vi = kp, ta c phng trnh c tnh tnh ca cm bin p sut dng b bin i cm

ng:

(20.21)
o t cm L ngi ta dng cu o xoay chiu hoc mch cng hng LC.
B bin i kiu bin p vi sai
B bin i p sut kiu bin p vi sai (hnh 20.11) gm mt l xo vng (1) v phn t
bin i (2). Phn t bin i gm mt khung cch in trn qun cun s cp (7).
Cun th cp gm hai cun dy (4) v (5) qun ngc chiu nhau. Li thp di ng ni
vi l xo (1). u ra ca cun th cp ni vi in tr R1, cho php iu chnh gii hn
o trong phm vi 25%.

Hnh 20.11: S cu to nguyn l ca b bin i kiu bin p vi sai

1) L xo vng 2) Phn t bin i 3&4) Cun th cp

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5) Li thp 6) Cun s cp
Nguyn l lm vic: dng in I1 chy trong cun s cp sinh ra t thng bin thin
trong hai na cun th cp, lm xut hin trong hai na cun dy ny cc sut in ng
cm ng e v e :

Trong M1
v M2 l h cm gia cun s cp v cc na cun th cp.
Hai na cun dy u ngc chiu nhau, do sut in ng trong cun th cp:

(20.22)
i vi phn t bin i chun c in tr ca ra R1 v R2 th in p ra ca b bin
i xc nh bi cng thc:

(20.23)
Gi tr h cm Mra ph thuc dch chuyn ca li thp:

Trong Mmax l h cm ln nht ca cun s cp v cun th cp ng vi dch

chuyn ln nht ca li thp.
T phng trnh (8.23) v (8.24), tm c in p ra ca b bin i:

(20.24)

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B bin i kiu in dung

S cm bin kiu in dung trnh by trn hnh 20.12

Hnh 20.12: B chuyn i kiu in dung

1) Bn cc ng 2&3) Bn cc tnh 4) Cch din 4) Du silicon
Hnh 20.12a trnh by cu to mt b bin i kiu in dung gm bn cc ng l
mng kim loi (1), v bn cc tnh (2) gn vi bng cch in thch anh (4).
S ph thuc ca in dung C vo dch chuyn ca mng c dng:

(20.25)
Trong :
- hng s in mi ca cch in gia hai bn cc.
0 - khong cch gia cc in cc khi p sut bng 0.
- dch chuyn ca mng.
Hnh 20.12b l mt b bin i in dung kiu vi sai gm hai bn cc tnh (2) v (3) gn
vi cht in mi cng (4), kt hp vi mng (1) nm gia hai bn cc to thnh hai
t in C12 v C13. Khong trng gia cc bn cc v mng in y bi du silicon
(5).
Cc p sut p1 v p2 ca hai mi trng o tc ng ln mng, lm mng dch chuyn
gia hai bn cc tnh v to ra tn hiu im (cung cp bi ngun nui) t l vi p sut
gia hai mi trng:
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(20.26)
bin i bin thin in dung C thnh tn hiu o lng, thng dng mch cu xoay
chiu hoc mch vng cng hng LC.
B cm bin kiu in dung o c p sut n 120 MPa, sai s (0,2 - 5)%.

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Cm bin o lu lng
Lu lng v n v o
Lu lng cht lu l lng cht lu chy qua tit din ngang ca ng trong mt n v
thi gian. Tu theo n v tnh lng cht lu (theo th tch hoc khi lng) ngi ta
phn bit:
- Lu lng th tch (Q) tnh bng m3/s, m3/gi ...
- Lu lng khi (G) tnh bng kg/s, kg/gi ...
Lu lng trung bnh trong khong thi gian t = t2 - t1 xc nh bi biu thc:

(20.27)
Trong V, m l th tch v khi lng cht lu chy qua ng trong thi khong
gian kho st.
Lu lng tc thi xc nh theo cng thc:

(20.28)
o lu lng ngi ta dng cc lu lng k. Tu thuc vo tnh cht cht lu, yu
cu cng ngh, ngi ta s dng cc lu lng k khc nhau. Nguyn l hot ng ca
cc lu lng k da trn c s:
- m trc tip th tch cht lu chy qua cng t trong mt khong thi gian xc nh
t.
- o vn tc cht lu chy qua cng t khi lu lng l hm ca vn tc.
- o gim p qua tit din thu hp trn dng chy, lu lng l hm ph thuc
gim p.
Tn hiu o bin i trc tip thnh tn hiu in hoc nh b chuyn i in thch hp.

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Mt s loi cm bin o lu lng

Cng t th tch
Cng t th tch o th tch cht lu chy qua cng t bng cc m trc tip lng th
tch i qua bung cha c th tch xc nh ca cng t.
S nguyn l ca cng t th tch kiu bnh rng hnh van trnh by trn hnh 20.13.
Cng t gm hai bnh rng hnh van (1) v (2) truyn ng n khp vi nhau (hnh
20.13a). Di tc ng ca dng cht lng, bnh rng (2) quay v truyn chuyn ng
ti bnh rng (1) (hnh 20.13b) cho n lc bnh rng (2) v tr thng ng, bnh rng
(1) nm ngang. Cht lng trong th tch V1 c y sang ca ra. Sau bnh rng (1)
quay v qu trnh tng t lp li, th tch cht lng trong bung V2 c y sang ca
ra. Trong mt vng quay ca cngt th tch cht lng qua cng t bng bn ln th tch
V0 (bng V1 hoc V2). Trc ca mt trong hai bnh rng lin kt vi c cu m t
ngoi cngt.

Hnh 20.13: S nguyn l cng t th tch

Th tch cht lu chy qua cngt trong thi gian t = t2 - t1 t l vi s vng quay xc
nh bi cng thc:

(20.29)
Trong :
qV - th tch cht lu chy qua cng t ng vi mt vng quay.
N1, N2 - tng s vng quay ca cng t ti thi im t1 v t2.
Thng thng th tch cht lu chy qua cng t c biu din di dng:

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(20.30)
qc - h s cng t (th tch cht lu chy qua cng t ng vi mt n v ch th trn
cng t).
Nc1, Nc2 - s trn ch th cng t ti thi im t1 v t2.
Lu lng trung bnh:

(20.31)
Lu lng tc thi:

(20.32)
Vi

l tc quay trn trc cng t.

m s vng quay v chuyn thnh tn hiu in ngi ta dng mt trong ba cch
di y:
- Dng mt nam chm nh gn trn trc quay ca ca cng t, khi nam chm i qua mt
cun dy t c nh s to ra xung in. m s xung in theo thi gian s tnh c
tc quay ca trc cng t.
- Dng tc k quang.
- Dng mch o thch hp o tn s hoc in p.
Gii hn o ca cng t loi ny t 0,01 - 250 m3/gi, chnh xc cao (0,5 - 1)%, tn
tht p sut nh nhng c nhc im l cht lng o phi c lc tt v gy n khi
lm vic.

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Hnh 20.14: Cng t kh kiu quay

1) V 2, 4,7&8) Cnh 3) Tang
quay 5) Con ln 6) Cam
o lu lng dng kh ngi ta s dng cng t kh kiu quay. Cng t (hnh 20.14)
gm v hnh tr (1), cc cnh (2,4,7,8), tang quay (3) v cam (6). Khi cnh (4) v tr
nh hnh v , p sut cht kh tc ng ln cnh lm cho tang (3) quay. Trong qu trnh
quay cc cnh lun tip xc vi mt ngoi cam (6) nh cc con ln (5). Trong mt vng
quay th tch cht kh bng th tch vnh cht kh gia v v tang. Chuyn ng quay
ca tang c truyn n c cu m t bn ngoi v cng t.
Cng t kh kiu quay c th o lu lng n 100 - 300 m3/gi, cp chnh xc 0,25;
0,5.
b. Cng t tc
Hnh 20.15 trnh by s cu to ca mt cng t tc tuabin hng trc. B phn
chnh ca cng t l mt tuabin hng trc nh (2) t theo chiu chuyn ng ca dng
chy. Trc tuabin c t b chnh dng chy (1) san phng dng ri v loi b xoy.
Chuyn ng quay ca tuabin qua b bnh rng - trc vt (3) truyn ti thit b m (4).

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Hnh 20.15: S cu to cng t tc tuabin hng trc

1) B chnh dng chy 2) Tuabin
3) B truyn bnh rng-trc vt 4) Thit b m
Tc quay ca cng t t l vi tc dng chy:

Trong :
k - h s t l ph thuc cu to cng t.
W- tc dng chy.
Lu lng th tch cht lu chy qua cng t:

(20.33)
Vi:
F - tit din dng chy.
n - tc quay ca tuabin (s vng quay trong mt giy).
Nu dng c cu m m tng s vng quay ca cng t trong mt khong thi gian
t t1 n t2 s nhn c th tch cht lng chy qua cng t:

Hay:

(20.34)

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Cng t tc tuabin hng trc vi ng knh tuabin t 50 - 300 mm c phm vi o

t 50 - 300 m3/gi, cp chnh xc 1; 1,5; 2.
o lu lng nh ngi ta dng cng t tc kiu tip tuyn c s cu to nh
hnh 20.16.
Tuabin cng t (1) t trn trc quay vung gc vi dng chy. Cht lu qua mng lc
(2) qua ng dn (3) vo cng t theo hng tip tuyn vi tuabin lm quay tuabin. C
cu m lin kt vi trc tuabin a tn hiu n mch o.

Hnh 20.16: Cng t tc kiu tuabin tip tuyn

1) Tuabin 2) Mng lc 3) ng dn
Cng t kiu tip tuyn vi ng knh tuabin t 15 - 40 mm c phm vi o t 3 - 20
m3/gi, cp chnh xc 2; 3.
Lu lng k mng chn
* Nguyn l o
Cc cm bin loi ny hot ng da trn nguyn tc o gim p sut ca dng chy
khi i qua mng ngn c l thu hp. Trn hnh 20.17 trnh by s nguyn l o lu
lng dng mng ngn tiu chun.
Khi chy qua l thu hp ca mng ngn, vn tc cht lu tng ln v t cc i (W2)
ti tit din B-B, do to ra s chnh p trc v sau l thu hp. S dng mt p k vi
sai o chnh p ny c th xc nh c lu lng ca dng chy.
Gi s cht lng khng b nn, v dng chy l lin tc, vn tc cc i ca dng chy
ti tit din B-B c xc nh theo biu thc:

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Trong :
p1, p2 - p sut tnh ti tit din Aa v B-B.
- t trng cht lu.
- h s tn tht thu lc.
m - t s thu hp ca mng ngn, m = F0/F1.
- h s thu hp dng chy, = F2 /F0 .

Hnh 20.17: Phn b vn tc v p sut

ca mt dng chy l tng qua l thu hp
Thng ngi ta khng o gim p p = p1 - p2 tit din Aa v B-B, m o
gim p p = p1 - p2 ngay trc v sau l thu hp. Quan h gia p v p c dng:

Khi :

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v lu lng khi lng ca cht lu:

Hay:

(20.35)
Vi

gi l h s lu lng.
T cc biu thc trn v F0 = d2/4, ta nhn c cng thc xc nh lu lng khi
(G) v lu lng th tch (Q) ca dng cht lu:

(20.36)

(20.37)
Trong trng hp mi trng cht lu chu nn, th khi p sut gim, cht lu gin n,
lm tng tc dng chy so vi khi khng chu nn, do phi a thm vo h s
hiu chnh ( < 1), khi cc phng trnh trn c dng:

(20.38)

176/191

(20.39)
y:

- t trng cht lu ti ca vo ca l thu hp.

i vi cc dng cht lu c tr s Reynol nh hn gi tr ti hn, khi o khng th dng
mng ngn l thu hp tiu chun v khi h s lu lng khng phi l hng s. Trong
trng hp ny, ngi ta dng cc mng ngn c l thu hp c bit nh mng ngn c
l cn (hnh 10.18a), gicl hnh tr (hnh 20.18b), gicl cong (hnh 20.18c) ... Trn c
s thc nghim ngi ta xc nh h s lu lng cho mi l thu hp v xem nh khng
i trong phm vi s Reynol gii hn.

Hnh 20.18: Cu to mng ngn l thu hp c bit

dng o lu lng dng chy cht lu c s Reynol nh
* S h thng o
Tu theo yu cu s dng, ngi ta c th s dng h thng o thch hp. Trn hnh
20.19 trnh by s khi ca mt s h thng o dng mng chn.

177/191

Hnh 20.19: S h thng o lu lng dng mng ngn

1) Mng ngn 2) Lu lng k vi sai 3) B bin i gim p
4) Dng c o th cp5) B tch phn lu lng
6) Dng c tnh khi lng cht lu 7) Thit b tnh ton
8) Bin i t trng cht lu trong iu kin lm vic
9) B bin i nhit 10) B bin i p sut
11) B bin i t trng trong iu kin nh mc
12) B bin i t trng cht lu 20 o C

178/191

Cm bin o v pht hin mc cht lu

Mc ch v phng php o
Mc ch vic o v pht hin mc cht lu l xc nh mc hoc khi lng cht
lu trong bnh cha.
C hai dng o: o lin tc v xc nh theo ngng.
Khi o lin tc bin hoc tn s ca tn hiu o cho bit th tch cht lu cn li trong
bnh cha. Khi xc nh theo ngng, cm bin a ra tn hiu dng nh phn cho bit
thng tin v tnh trng hin ti mc ngng c t hay khng.
C ba phng php hay dng trong k thut o v pht hin mc cht lu:
- Phng php thu tnh dng bin i in.
- Phng php in da trn tnh cht in ca cht lu.
- Phng php bc x da trn s tng tc gia bc x v cht lu.
Phng php thu tnh
Phng php thu tnh dng o mc cht lu trong bnh cha. Trn hnh 20.20 gii
thiu mt s s o mc bng phng php thu tnh.

Hnh 20.20: S o mc theo phng php thu tnh

a) Dng phao cu b) Dng phao tr c) Dng cm bin p sut vi sai
Trong s hnh 20.20a, phao (1) ni trn mt cht lu c ni vi i trng (5) bng
dy mm (2) qua cc rng rc (3), (4). Khi mc cht lu thay i, phao (1) nng ln
179/191

hoc h xung lm quay rng rc (4), mt cm bin v tr gn vi trc quay ca rng rc

s cho tn hiu t l vi mc cht lu.
Trong s hnh 20.20b, phao hnh tr (1) nhng chm trong cht lu, pha trn c
treo bi mt cm bin o lc (2). Trong qu trnh o, cm bin chu tc ng ca mt
lc F t l vi chiu cao cht lu:

Trong :
P - trng lng phao.
h - chiu cao phn ngp trong cht lu ca phao.
S - tit din mt ct ngang ca phao.
- khi lng ring ca cht lu.
g - gia tc trng trng.
Trn s hnh 20.20c, s dng mt cm bin p sut vi sai dng mng (1) t st y
bnh cha. Mt mt ca mng cm bin chu p sut cht lu gy ra:

Mt khc ca mng cm bin chu tc ng ca p sut p0 bng p sut nh bnh cha.

Chnh lch p sut p - p0 sinh ra lc tc dng ln mng ca cm bin lm n bin dng.
Bin dng ca mng t l vi chiu cao h ca cht lu trong bnh cha c chuyn i
thnh tn hiu in nh cc b bin i in thch hp.
Phng php in
Cc cm bin o mc bng phng php in hot ng theo nguyn tc chuyn i
trc tip bin thin mc cht lng thnh tn hiu in da vo tnh cht in ca cht
lu. Cc cm bin thng dng l cm bin d dn v cm bin in dung.
Phng php bc x
Cm bin bc x cho php o mc cht lu m khng cn tip xc vi mi trng o,
u im ny rt thch hp khi o mc iu kin mi trng o c nhit , p sut cao
hoc mi trng c tnh n mn mnh.

180/191

Trong phng php ny cm bin gm mt ngun pht tia (1) v b thu (2) t hai
pha ca bnh cha. Ngun pht thng l mt ngun bc x tia (ngun 60Co hoc
137
Cs), b thu l mt bung ion ho. ch pht hin mc ngng (hnh 20.21a),
ngun pht v b thu t i din nhau v tr ngang mc ngng cn pht hin, chm
tia ca ngun pht mnh v gn nh song song. Tu thuc vo mc cht lu (3) cao hn
hay thp hn mc ngng m chm tia n b thu s b suy gim hoc khng, b thu s
pht ra tn hiu tng ng vi cc trng thi so vi mc ngng.
ch o mc lin tc (hnh 20.21b), ngun pht (1) pht ra chm tia vi mt gc
m rng qut ln ton b chiu cao ca mc cht lu cn kim tra v b thu.

Hnh 20.21: Cm bin o mc bng tia bc x

a) Cm bin pht hin ngng b) Cm bin o mc lin tc
1) Ngun pht tia bc x 2) B thu 3) Cht lu
Khi mc cht lu (3) tng do s hp th ca cht lu tng, chm tia n b thu (2) s b
suy gim, do tn hiu ra t b thu gim theo. Mc suy gim ca chm tia bc x
t l vi mc cht lu trong bnh cha

Mt s loi cm bin o mc cht lu

* Cm bin dn
Cc cm bin loi ny dng o mc cc cht lu c tnh dn in ( dn in ~
50Scm-1). Trn hnh 20.22 gii thiu mt s cm bin dn o mc thng dng.

181/191

Hnh 20.22: Cm bin dn

a) Cm bin hai in cc b) Cm bin mt in cc
c) Cm bin pht hin mc
S cm bin hnh 20.22a gm hai in cc hnh tr nhng trong cht lng dn in.
Trong ch o lin tc, cc in cc c ni vi ngun nui xoay chiu ~ 10V (
trnh hin tng phn cc ca cc in cc). Dng in chy qua cc in cc c bin
t l vi chiu di ca phn in cc nhng chm trong cht lng.
S cm bin hnh 20.22b ch s dng mt in cc, in cc th hai l bnh cha
bng kim loi.
S cm bin hnh 20.22c dng pht hin ngng, gm hai in cc ngn t theo
phng ngang, in cc cn li ni vi thnh bnh kim loi,v tr mi in cc ngn ng
vi mt mc ngng. Khi mc cht lng t ti in cc, dng in trong mch thay
i mnh v bin .
* Cm bin t in
Khi cht lng l cht cch in, c th to t in bng hai in cc hnh tr nhng trong
cht lng hoc mt in cc kt hp vi in cc th hai l thnh bnh cha nu thnh
bnh lm bng kim loi. Cht in mi gia hai in cc chnh l cht lng phn in
cc b ngp v khng kh phn khng c cht lng. Vic o mc cht lu c chuyn
thnh o in dung ca t in, in dung ny thay i theo mc cht lng trong bnh
cha. iu kin p dng phng php ny hng s in mi ca cht lng phi ln
hn ng k hng s in mi ca khng kh (thng l gp i).
Trong trng hp cht lu l cht dn in, to t in ngi ta dng mt in cc
kim loi bn ngoi c ph cch in, lp ph ng vai tr cht in mi cn cht lu
ng vai tr in cc th hai.

182/191

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] L Vn Doanh, "Cc b cm bin k thut o lng v iu khin", NXB Khoa
hc K thut, 2001
[2] Nguyn Vn Ha, Bi ng Thnh, Hong S Hng, Gio trnh o lng v cm
bin o lng, NXB Gio dc, 2005
[3] Phan Quc Ph, Nguyn c Chin, "Cm bin", NXB Khoa hc K thut, 2000

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Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: K THUT CM BIN
Bin tp bi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/13775a37
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: LI NI U
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/823ba9f5
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Khi nim v phn loi cm bin
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/13f5cb07
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: ng cong chun ca cm bin
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/2253b93a
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cc c trng c bn
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/502cfd18
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Nguyn l chung ch to cm bin
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/7add6674
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Mch o
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/9d60e1f9

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Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Dng c v k thut o
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/3b04ab72
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Khi nim c bn
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/a26c9f6e
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Nhit k gin n
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/30f3f9ba
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Nhit k in tr
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/d8f32ab3
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cm bin nhit ngu
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/20aab357
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Ho kt
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/6010122a
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Tnh cht v n v o nh sng
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/16f7d729
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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Module: Cm bin quang dn

Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/22c0dc8b
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Photodiode
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/2910ef39
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Phototransisto
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/1bcddc2b
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Phototransisto hiu ng trng
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/c3e74acb
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Mt s kinh kin khc
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/82308c6b
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Nguyn l o v tr v dch chuyn
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/89b934c2
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cng tc gii hn
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/edfb851c
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: in th k in tr

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Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/7987672d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cm bin in cm
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/30db8ab0
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cm bin in dung
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/7208fc25
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cm bin quang
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/478bbaba
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cm bin o dch chuyn bng sng n hi
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/14300474
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Bin dng v phng php o
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/ba9d2f82
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: u o in tr kim loi
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/66147815
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cm bin p tr silic
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn

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URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/62875188
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: ng sut k dy rung
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/c5f6d7a3
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Nguyn l o lc
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/a038dcbf
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cm bin p in
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/2b14fb1b
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cm bin t gio
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/e930b9d0
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cm bin o lc da trn php o dch chuyn
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/3653014d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cm bin xc gic
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/3f961e08
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Khi nim c bn1
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/8816383a

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Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Cm bin o vn tc
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/ae90e0b9
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Gia tc k p in
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/f9f1a69f
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Gia tc k p tr
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/d3f2b4f0
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cm bin o tc rung
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/bfbc7f7f
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: p sut v nguyn l o p sut
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/7095bcf8
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: p k vi sai da trn nguyn tc cn bng thu tnh
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/be1420da
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cm bin p sut da trn php o bin dng
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/218a6f5d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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Module: Cm bin o lu lng

Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/ebdc60cc
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cm bin o v pht hin mc cht lu
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/ab05f4c7
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: TI LIU THAM KHO
Cc tc gi: Khoa CNTT HSP KT Hng Yn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/94248a1c
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam

Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (Vietnam Open Educational Resources
VOER) c h tr bi Qu Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca chng trnh l xy dng kho
Ti nguyn gio dc M min ph ca ngi Vit v cho ngi Vit, c ni dung phong
ph. Cc ni dung u tun th Giy php Creative Commons Attribution (CC-by) 4.0
do cc ni dung u c th c s dng, ti s dng v truy nhp min ph trc
ht trong trong mi trng ging dy, hc tp v nghin cu sau cho ton x hi.
Vi s h tr ca Qu Vit Nam, Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (VOER) tr thnh
mt cng thng tin chnh cho cc sinh vin v ging vin trong v ngoi Vit Nam. Mi
ngy c hng chc nghn lt truy cp VOER (www.voer.edu.vn) nghin cu, hc
tp v ti ti liu ging dy v. Vi hng chc nghn module kin thc t hng nghn
tc gi khc nhau ng gp, Th Vin Hc liu M Vit Nam l mt kho tng ti liu
khng l, ni dung phong ph phc v cho tt c cc nhu cu hc tp, nghin cu ca
c gi.
Ngun ti liu m phong ph c trn VOER c c l do s chia s t nguyn ca cc
tc gi trong v ngoi nc. Qu trnh chia s ti liu trn VOER tr ln d dng nh
m 1, 2, 3 nh vo sc mnh ca nn tng Hanoi Spring.
Hanoi Spring l mt nn tng cng ngh tin tin c thit k cho php cng chng d
dng chia s ti liu ging dy, hc tp cng nh ch ng pht trin chng trnh ging
dy da trn khi nim v hc liu m (OCW) v ti nguyn gio dc m (OER) . Khi
nim chia s tri thc c tnh cch mng c khi xng v pht trin tin phong
bi i hc MIT v i hc Rice Hoa K trong vng mt thp k qua. K t , phong
tro Ti nguyn Gio dc M pht trin nhanh chng, c UNESCO h tr v c
chp nhn nh mt chng trnh chnh thc nhiu nc trn th gii.

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