CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

MC TIU
- Gii thch ti sao cn phi o
- Hiu v gii thch chc ca cc thnh phn trong mt
h thng o
- Phn tch v la chn phng php o hay kim tra
trong trng hp c th
- Nm v vn dng cc nguyn tc o lng
- Hiu cc c trng tnh ca h thng o
- Hiu cc c trng ng ca h thng o ( bc khng)

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CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

NI DUNG
1. Cu trc ca h thng o
2. Chc nng c bn ca h thng o
3. Phn loi cc phng php o v kim tra
4. Cc nguyn tc c bn trong o lng
5. c trng tnh
6. c trng ng

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CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.1. CU TRC CA H THNG O

o lng l iu cn thit quan st v l khoa hc kim tra.

L nn tng v quan trng trong khoa hc v k thut. C th ni
rng khoa hc ph thuc vo vic o lng. o lng l hnh
ng vi mt chc nng nht nh pht hin s thay i ca
i lng vt l ( hoc hnh hc) nh cm bin. H thng o bao
gm tt c cc thnh phn cn thit thc hin vic o
Trong k thut, h thng o c dng vi 3 mc ch chnh :
1. thu thp cc d liu
2. pht hin hoc kim tra
3. L mt phn t ca h thng iu khin

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CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.1. CU TRC CA H THNG O

Tn hieu vao
Gia tr
thc

Phan t cam
bien (Chuyen
oi)
Tiep xuc vi qua
trnh, tn hieu ra
phu thuoc vao
bien o c . Co
the co nhieu trang
thai.
Thermocouple
Strain Gage

Phan t x ly
tn hieu

Phan t x
ly tn hieu

Chuyen tn hieu
thanh dang thch
hp bang cach bien
oi A/D hoac D/A
hoac khuyech ai ,
loc (Bridge
Circuit)
Filters

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Bien oi tn hieu
thanh dang thch
hp cho hien th
ADC

Phan t thu
thap d lieu

Phan t hien
th d lieu

Man hnh
hien th, bao
cao va lu
tr
4

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.1. CU TRC CA H THNG O

Ngi quan sat

Tn hieu vao
Qua trnh,
May hoac
he thong

Tn hieu ra

He thong o

Gia tr
thc

Chnh
xac va
tin cay

Gia tr
o

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CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.1. CU TRC CA H THNG O

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CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.2.CHC NNG C BN CA H THNG O LNG

Gim st cc qu trnh v cc nguyn cng.

iu khin cc qu trnh.
Phn tch thc nghim cc qu trnh k thut.

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CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.2.CHC NNG C BN CA H THNG O LNG

Chc nng gim st

V d cc dng c nh nhit k, p k, cc
ng h nc, ng h in.v.v

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CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.2.CHC NNG C BN CA H THNG O LNG

Chc nng iu khin

L thnh phn ca h thng iu khin.

iu khin mt thng s no trong h

thng iu khin phn hi, vic u tin l cn
phi o n. H thng iu khin c th cn thng
tin t nhiu dng c o, v d nh trong h thng
iu khin my bay.

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CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.2.CHC NNG C BN CA H THNG O LNG

Phn tch thc nghim cc qu trnh k thut

- gii quyt cc vn trong qu trnh nghin cu c

th tin hnh theo c l thuyt v thc nghim nhm mc
ch: Kim tra li gi tr ca phn l thuyt.
- V d nh Christian Doppler ( 1803- 1853)

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10

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3. PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

NH NGHA O LNG

1.
2.

3.

o lng la khoa hoc ve ky thuat o, v dng c. o lng rat

quan trong tat ca cac cong oan cua viec che tao, qua trnh nghien
cu va thiet ke n nh hng ti chat lng cua san pham. o la v:
o lng se giup cho viec am bao o chnh xac va chat lng cua
san pham trong mot pham vi ln va qua trnh che tao.
Cac yeu cau nghiem ngat e cac he thong dan ong lam viec chnh
xac cho cac thanh phan che tao , can thiet phai co khoa hoc ve o
lng va ky thuat o e co the cung cap viec o chnh xac s thay
oi cac bien va ac tnh cua no.
Cong nghiep che tao may ong mot vai tro quan trong , nen ky
thuat o can phai c nang cao e nang cao tnh canh tranh cua
san pham.
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11

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3..PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

NH NGHA O LNG

o l qu trnh so snh.
i lng
cn o

Chun

Qu trnh so snh

Kt
qu

KT QU CA PHP O
L GI TR BNG S
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CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

PHN LOI PHNG PHP O

a. Da vo quan h gia cc gi tr cn tm v
i tng o:
o trc tip.
o gin tip.

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13

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

PHN LOI PHNG PHP O

b. Da vo quan h gia gi tr ch th trn dng c (

my o ) v gi tr ca i lng o :
o tuyt i.
o so snh.

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14

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

PHN LOI PHNG PHP O

O TUYET OI
o

Ca lp

oc

Dung
cu

Dung cu
Chi tiet

Kch thc = oc

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15

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

O SO SANH

Ca lp

Gi tr c
Dng c
Cn mu

Chieu dai
chuan

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DNG C

San pham (
chi tiet)

16

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

PHN LOI PHNG PHP O

c. Da vo quan h gia u o v b mt chi tit.

o tip xc .
o khng tip xc

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17

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

PHN LOI PHNG PHP KIM TRA

Kim tra mt i lng l vic nh gi gi tr

ca i lng o c nm trong gii hn cho php
hay khng.
Vy khi no ta s p dng
O HAY KIM TRA

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18

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

PHN LOI PHNG PHP KIM TRA

a. Da vo tnh cht s dng ca kt qu kim tra.

Kim tra b ng.
Kim tra ch ng.
b. Da vo ni dung kim tra
Kim tra tng yu t.
Kim tra tng hp.

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19

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

PHN LOI CM BIN

Cc cm bin c phn loi theo nhng nguyn tc sau

Yu cu ca ngun nng lng cung cp
- B ng v ch ng
Dng ca tn hiu ra
- S v tng t
Mode hot ng ca vic o
- Lch (Deflection) v Khng (null )
Quan h ng hc gia tn hiu vo/ tn hiu ra
- Bc khng, bc 1, bc 2, v.v...
Nguyn tc o
- C, nhit, t, phng x, ho
Cc bin o
- in tr, cm ng, in dung, .
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20

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

PHN LOI CM BIN

a/ PHN LOI THEO NGUN NNG LNG CUNG CP

Chuyn i b ng: to ra tn hiu in trc tip p

ng cc tc ng t bn ngoi m khng yu cu cung cp
nng lng t bn ngoi. V d: cm bin cp nhit in,
cm bin p in
Chuyn i ch ng: L chuyn i yu cu nng lng
t bn ngoi. V d cm bin Strain gauges, cm bin laser

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21

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

PHN LOI CM BIN

b/DNG RA CA TN HIU

Cc cm bin dng tng t

Cung cp tn hiu lin tc (

ln theo thi gian hoc

khng gian)
Hu ht cc i lng vt l l dng tng t
- V d nh: Nhit , dch chuyn

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22

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

PHN LOI CM BIN

b/DNG RA CA TN HIU
Cc cm bin dng s
Tn hiu ra ca n dng bc ri rc hoc dng trng thi
Cc tn hiu dng s c kh nng lp li nhiu, tin cy v d dng truyn
V d: cc encoder m s vng quay ca cc trc, cc cng tc tip xc

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23

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

PHN LOI CM BIN

c/ Mode LM VIC

Mode Lch (Deflection mode)

- Cm bin hoc dng c s to ra s p ng vi lch hoc
dao nfg do tnh trng ban u ca dng c
- lch t l vi i lng cn o

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24

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

PHN LOI CM BIN

c/ Mode LM VIC

Mode khng (Null mode)

- Cm bin hoc dng c s dng nh hng ca h thng o tc ng
ngc li vi i lng o
-nh hng ca h thng o v i lng cn o c cn bng ( thng thng
l qua h thng phn hi)
- i vi phng php ny dng c c chnh xc rt cao nhng khng nhanh

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25

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

PHN LOI CM BIN

d/ THEO THNG S O

o dch chuyn
- Cm bin in tr
- Cm bin in dung
- Cm bin in cm.
o lc v gia tc
- Strain gauges
- Cm bin dng dm
o nhit
- in tr
- Cp nhit in
- Gin n
V.v
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26

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

PHN LOI CM BIN

e/THEO NGUYN L
Cng tc hnh trnh

Cc cm bin lc

Cng tc tim cn

Cc cm bin tc

Cc cm bin khong cch

Nhit

Cc cm bin v tr (bao gm encoders)

p sut

Cm bin v tr gc

Cc cm bin gia tc.

dng in/ in th
Lu lng

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27

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

PHN LOI CM BIN

g/ THEO QUAN H VI THI GIAN

Tnh Khng thay i theo thi gian

ng: Thay i theo thi gian

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28

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.3.PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP O V KIM TRA.

VIC LA CHN CM BIN

Khi la chn cm bin thng da vo nhng yu t sau:

Phm vi lm vic
Chuyn i cn phi c phi c phm vi yu cu nm trong php vi cho php ca
n v c phn gii tt
nhy
Chuyn i cn phi c nhy cho php tn hiu ra c hiu qu
Tn s p ng
Tn s p ng ca cm bin phi tha mn yu cu
Mi trng lm vic
Nhit , cht lng n mn, p sut, rung ng, v s tip xc ca n vi i
tng, kch thc ..?

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29

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.4.CC NGUYN TC C BN TRONG O LNG.

Nguyn tc ABBE:
Khi kch thc o v kch thc mu ni tip nhau
th php o t c chnh xc cao nht.

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30

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.4.CC NGUYN TC C BN TRONG O LNG.

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31

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.4. CC NGUYN TC C BN TRONG O LNG.

Nguyn tc chui kch thc ngn nht.

D1

D2

L = L1 +
L = L2 -

L1
L

L=

D1 D 2
2
D D
1

L1 L 2
2

L2

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32

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.4.CC NGUYN TC C BN TRONG O LNG.

Nguyn tc chun thng nht.

B

V d o o ca vnh rng

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33

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.4.CC NGUYN TC C BN TRONG O LNG.

Nguyn tc kinh t
Nguyen tac kinh te nham am bao o chnh xac o lng
trong ieu kien kinh te nhat, tc la yeu cau ve ieu kien o thap
nhat vi nang suat cao nhat, hp ly nhat, cng c ngha la :
- o chnh xac cua phng tien o va u dung.
- De ieu chnh, ga at, thao tac, de c kh hoa, t ong hoa,
o hang loat vi nang suat cao.
- Yeu cau ve bac th ieu chnh va thao tac thap.
- Chu ky ieu chnh o, sa cha ngn.
- Thiet b o n gian, re tien, pho thong, de kiem, de che
tao, co ieu kien t trang t che.

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34

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

Vic o c th chia lm hai dng ( tnh v ng).

o tnh l tng i d do cc i lng vt l
khng thay i theo thi gian (v d kch thc,khi
lng c c nh). Nu i lng vt l thay i
theo thi gian th trong trng hp ny c th gi l
o ng v cn phi phn tch cc bin vt l.
V d khi o nhit

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35

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

PHM VI O
Phm vi ca dng c l gii hn gia cc gi tr c c th thc hin c.
Phm vi ca cm bin l gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca thng s tc ng
m n c th o c.
Cc gii hn trn hoc gii hn di ca tn hiu vo hoc tn hiu ra tng
ng cho vic duy tr mc chnh xc yu cu ca vic o

Phm vi tn hiu vo:

Phm vi ca tn hiu ra:

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I MIN , I MAX
O MIN , O MAX

36

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

KHONG O

Khong o ca tn hiu vo: IMax Imin

Khong o ca tn hiu ra:

OMax-Omin

Gi tr [Minimum, Maximum] ca tn hiu vo l cc gii

hn ca dng c dng c c th ca lp hp l. Gi tri
ln nht ca tn hiu vo cho php gi l Full Scale (FS)
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37

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

KHONG CHT dead space/backlash/hysteresis

Khong cht ca dng l phm vi ca cc gi tr ca i lng

o m n khng a ra mt gi tr c no..
Tn hiu ra c c

i lng o

Khang cht
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Tn hiu ra c c

i lng o

Khong cht
38

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

CHNH XC ( accuracy)

L s khc nhau gia gi tr thc v gi tr l tng.

N c th c ch ra theo phn trm ca tan b
thang Full-Scale Output (e.g. 2% FSO), or as X..

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39

Khng chnh xc v chm km

Chnh xc v chm km

Chm tt nhng khng chnh xc

Chnh xc v chm tt

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

QUAN H GIA CHNH XC V PHN TN

phn tn rng
chnh xc thp

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chm cao
chnh xc thp

chm cao
chnh xc cao

44

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

QUAN H GIA CHNH XC V PHN TN

p sut
Gi tr thc

Thi gian
p sut

Chnh xc nhng khng chm

Gi tr thc

Chm nhng khng chnh xc

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Thi gian
45

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

LP LI (REPEATABILITY -RELIABILITY)

Khi nim ca phn tn l mc sao chp

(reproducibility) li ca gi tr o khi cng mt phng
php o v iu kin o, cng mt chnh xc. Cng c
th gi l sao chp hay lp li.
L s khc nhau gia cc gi tr c c ca dng c
trong sut qu trnh o vi cng mt i lng c
xc nh thng qua phn tch thng k.
lp li thng c dng m t s lp li ca
kt qu o khi thc hin o n nhiu ln cng mt
iu kin o.

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46

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

LP LI (REPEATABILITY -RELIABILITY)

Kh nng thay i trong khi thc hin o khi ngi o cng

mt i lng cng mt thit b o. lp li ca dng c l
kh nng th hin cng mt gi tr c khi c cng mt gi tr
ca i lng cn o. V d ampe k o cng mt gi tr
dng in c gi tr l 3,2A, 3,15A, 3,25A v 3,2A v do vy
c th ni n c th c sai s vi bt k gi tr c no do
khng c lp li.
Nu dng c o khi c cng mt gi tr vo th c cng gi tr
ra th ta ni dng c c lp li tt.
Mt h thng khi lp t cn phi m bo lp li ca h
thng, n cn c kim tra mt cch u n mt iu kin
nht nh, nu iu kin s dng thay i th cn phi ca lp li
trnh s ph hng ca dng c .
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47

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

TRI DRIFT- Zero Error or Bias

Tn hiu ra cng c th thay i theo thi gian v ngi ta gi n l

tri. tri c th xy ra do nhiu l do nh nhit v vic hiu chun,
may mn l tri thng xy ra c th xc nh bng cch d on.
Tuy nhin trong sut qu trnh lm vic vic c t dng c cng mt
iu kin o c th khng lp li, trong trng hp ny cn phi kim tra
lp li v s dng k thut thng k.
Sai s Zero l gi tr ca tn hiu ra khi khng c tn hiu vo n thng
c gi l Bias.

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48

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

TRI DRIFT- Zero Error or Bias

S tri im khng thay i theo thi gian, gy ra sai

s zero hoc dc.
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49

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

NHY
nhy ca cm bin l dc ca ng c tnh ra hoc gi tr nh
nht ca tn hiu vo s gy ra s thay i ca tn ra cn pht hin c

nhy ca dng c c nh :

nhy =

S thay i ca dng c c trn thang o

S thay i ca i lng cn o c

V d vn k c nhy l mt vch chia/ 0.05V. Ngha l gi tr

o thay i l 0.05 V dng c s thay i l 1 vch chia.

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50

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

NHY

nhy l dc ca ng cong calip, n c th l

tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn nh v d trn th n l
khng tuyn tnh. nhy ph thuc vo tn hiu vo

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51

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

NHY

Xem xt quan h gia i lng vo v i lng ra ca

cp nhit in l :
V = c0 + c1T + c2T2
Trong in th l V, T l nhit ca cp nhit (
kelvin) o c. Cc h s ca cp nhit c0, c1, v c2.

nhy S ca cp nhit l .
S

8/22/2016

= dV / dT
= c1 + 2c2T

nhy c th l hng s khi quan

h gia i lng vo v i lng
ra l tuyn tnh, hoc khng phi l
hng s khi quan h gia vo i
lng vo v ra l phi tuyn.
52

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

S TRI NHY ( BIAS SENSITIVITY-OFFSET AND SLOPE ERRORS)

nhy thay i theo thi gian c ngha l thay i

dc ca ng cong calip

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53

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

TNH TR ( hysteresis)

Ph thuc vo hng ca Tn hiu ra v tn hiu vo.

C th do nhiu nguyn nhn: ma st, tnh cht ca vt liu

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54

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

NGNG (THRESHOLD)

Gi tr nh nht ca tn hiu vo m khng c tn hiu ra c th

pht hin c ( Tn hiu vo nh nht c th o c)

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55

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH TNH

PHN GII ( RESOLUTION OR DISCRIMINATION)

phn gii hoc phn bit ca dng c l s thay i nh

nht ca i lng o m n cn to ra c s thay i c th
quan st c ca tn hiu ra ca dng c. V d nhit k c
gi tr vch chia l 1C th khng th xc nh c chnh
xc t 1/4 - 1/2 ca 1C

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56

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

T VN
Mi h thng o s p ng khc nhau vi cc tn hiu vo khc nhau. Do
vy h thng o ring bit c th hoc khng th thch hp vi h thng o thc
thit k.
Tuy nhin mi h thng o s lun c tn hiu ra no , khng ch ti s
th hin ca tn hiu ra thc ca tn hiu o c km nh th no.

iu ngha l cn phi hiu v h thng o

lm vic nh th no?
o tnh tn hiu ra khng thay i (Chiu di ca chi tit, ca si dy), ch
c ln ( bin ) l quan trng.
o ng tn hiu o thay i theo mt hm ca thi gian (tc ca gi),
ln (bin ) l mt hm ca thi gian ), tn s, pha, v.v. tt c tr nn rt
quan trng.
H thng o cn phi p ng .
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57

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

T VN

I
LNG
CN O

DNG C
(CM
BIN)

I
LNG
O C

QUAN H ???

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58

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

T VN

V d 1 Nhit k o nhit c th con ngi.

1. iu kin ban u - Nhit phng

2. t vo c th con ngi
3. Nhit k p ng theo thi gian. Nhit th hin
bi nhit k thay i chm t nhit phng ti
nhit c th con ngi
Ch : Nhit c th con ngi l hng s (tnh), nhng h thng
o thc thay i t ngt v cn phi p ng.

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59

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

T VN

V d : S chm ca tu ngm di bin c o lin

tc v ghi li nh p sut thy tnh.
Hm ca tn hiu ra l g v hm ca tn hiu ra l g?
Qa trnh chm l tn hiu vo.
Chiu su (t) l hm ca tn hiu vo.
p sut thy tnh (t) l hm ca tn hiu ra.
Nu chm ca tu qu nhanh ?

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60

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

T VN

V d Cht lng xe t (h thng gim chn).

H thng gim chn ng v tng tc vi xe s quyt nh

cht lng ca xe.
Tn hiu vo v h thng o tng tc vi nhau to thnh dng
tn hiu ra.
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61

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

M HNH H THNG O

y(0)

iu kin ban u
TN HIU RA
CA H
THNG

Tn hiu vo

F(t)

H THNG O

y(t)

S hiu bit v l thuyt p ng ca h thng o

Cc c im ca cc chyn i thch hp
S hiu bit v cc kt qu ca h thng

Tuy nhin: Vic p ng chnh xc th lun lun c xc

nh v thc hin thng qua vic ca lp
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62

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

M HNH H THNG O
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh vi cc h s khng i
an

d n y (t )
d n 1 y (t )
dy (t )
d m x(t )
d m 1 x(t )
dx(t )

a
y
(
t
)

b
b1
b0 x(t )
n 1
m
m 1
1
0
n
n 1
m
m 1
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt

F(t) = Hm yu cu
Trong
mn
y(t)
= tn hiu ra ca h thng
x(t)
= Tn hiu vo ca h thng
t
= Thi gian
as v bs y(0)= cc thng s vt l cah thng, gi thuyt l hng s
Nghim
x(t)

y (t ) yocf yopi

y(t)
H thng o

Trong yocf = l nghim ca phng trnh thun nht

yopi = Nghim ring
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63

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

M HNH H THNG O
Tn hiu ra 1

Tn hiu vo 1
Tn hiu vo 2
Tn hiu vo 3

H THNG O

Tn hiu ra 2
Tn hiu ra 3

Mi mt tn hiu vo s c mt tn hiu ra tng ng.

Vy lm th no qun l?
Chng ta khng th cung cp ton b kh nng ca tn hiu vo v o cc
tn hiu ra tng ng!!

8/22/2016

64

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

CC DNG TN HIU VO

Chng ta ch nghin cu tnh p ng ca thng o

ng vi mt s dng tn hiu vo tiu chun.
Dng step

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65

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

CC DNG TN HIU VO

Dng Ramp

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66

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

CC DNG TN HIU VO
Dng xung (Impulse)
Thc t nhiu trng thi thay i t ngt nh: va p c hc, ba nc, v.v...
Chng c th c th hin v phn tch dng tn hiu vo dng xung.
Dng xung c th hin bng hm nh hnh bn

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67

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

CC DNG TN HIU VO

Dng tn hiu vo hnh sin (sinusoids) .

Cn thit phi bit thit b o p ng nh th no
i vi dng tn hiu vo dng chu k. V d :
cm bin dng o ti mi?

8/22/2016

68

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

CC DNG TN HIU VO
Tn hiu tun han lin tc

Time

Tn hiu tun hon ri rc

8/22/2016

69

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

CC DNG TN HIU VO

Tn
hiu
lin
tc
khng theo
chu k

Tn hiu nht
thi ri rc

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70

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

CC DNG TN HIU VO
Tn hiu ngu
nhin lin tc

Tn hiu ngu
nhin ri rc. Ch
loi ny tng
t tc thi ri rc
nhng c tnh
ca chng l khc
nhau
8/22/2016

71

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

BC KHNG
Nu tt c cc h s ca a v b u bng khng tr a0 v b0

a0 y(t ) b0 x(t )

y(t ) Kx(t )

K = nhy tnh = b0/a0

L h thng m tnh ng x ca n c lp vi thi gian m ch ph thuc vo
c tnh tch tr nng lng hoc qun tnh .
c tnh ca h thng bc 0
Ch thch hp vi tn hiu tnh
H thng c qun tnh khng ng k
H thng c gim chn khng ng k
Tn hiu ra = hng x tn hiu vo
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72

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

BC KHNG
an

d n y (t )
d n 1 y (t )
dy (t )
d m x(t )
d m 1 x(t )
dx(t )

a
y
(
t
)

b
b1
b0 x(t )
n

m
m

1
1
0
1
n
n 1
m
m 1
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt

Nu tt c cc h s ca a v b u bng khng tr a0 v b0

a0 y(t ) b0 x(t )
a0q0 b0qi

y(t ) Kx(t )
q

b0
q
a0

K = nhy tnh = b0/a0

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73

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V O LNG

1.5.C TNH NG

BC KHNG

Potentiometer thng c dng o v tri v l cm

bin bc khng. Loi ny c tnh p ng ngay lp tc
v cn phi c thang o c trc tip
0 x xm ( eb l in th cung cp
xm
Eb

+
xi

8/22/2016

e0
-

Nu gi e0 l in th ra ( i lng ra)
xi l dch chuyn ca i lng cn o
(i lng vo)
L l chiu di ca bin tr
x
e0 i Eb Kxi
L

74