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Lecture1 PDF
Lecture1 PDF
m
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Concept and Model of Communications
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e
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Analogy Signal and Digital n
Signal
i and Bandwidth
Signal Frequency, Spectrum
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System FrequencyE
Response and Bandwidth
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Transmissiono
Media and Types
D Modes
a
Transmission
a
F & Serial Transmission
- Parallel
- Asynchronous & Synchronous Transmissions
- Simplex & Duplex Transmission
Lecture 1
m
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c
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Our Focus Computer Communication
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General Communication Model in
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S(t)
T(t) Transmission
T (t)
S (t)
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Source
Transmitter
Receiver
Destination
O
System
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D
a
a
F
r
Microphone
Telephone
Computer
Scanner
Transformer
Encoder
Compress
Modulator
Line/Cable
Fiber/Air
Satellite
Network
Transformer
Decoder
Uncompress
Demodulator
Speaker
Earphone
Computer
Printer
Lecture 1
m
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c
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rs
s(t) voltage
Text, voice
Video, etc
Converter
Encoder
Digital
n
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g
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Text, voice
Video, etc
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O
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Analog
D General
a
a Communication
s 2(t)dt
Component H()
Digital-to-Digital
Analogy-to-Digital
Digital-to-Analogy
Analogy-to-Analogy
Digital Signal
s(t) voltage
t
Analogy Signal
Lecture 1
cos2f1t
Transformation
Periodic
t
T
period
s(t)
s(t)
c
.
rs
T=1/f1
e
e
in
f: frequency
g
n
S(f)
1,
Digital Signal
S(f)=s(t)e
-j2f
f1
A
Aperiodic
Analogy Signal
m
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S(f)
E
s(t)=Acos2f t + Bcos2f t T=LCM(1/f
1/f )
O
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D
a
a
F t Fourier Transform
1
df
f1
f2
S(f)
S(f)
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Lecture 1
Frequency Domain
Low Frequency
High Frequency
m
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Signal Bandwidth
small
large
e
e
in
c
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rs
Frequency Unit: Hertz (Hz), Kilohertz (KHz), Megahertz (MHz), Gigahertz (GHz), Terahertz (THz)
g
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Lecture 1
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Output
Spectrum: Y(f)
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System: H()
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O
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D
a
a System Bandwidth
Lecture 1
Transmission Media
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Unguided
(Wireless) Media
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i (air, vacuum, water, etc.)
g
n
(lines)
- Twisted pair (0~10MHz)
- Coaxial cable (100K~500MHz)
- Optical fiber (180~370THz)
E
O
a
a
F
o
D
LF (30~300KHz, Navigation)
MF/HF (300~3000KHz, AM/SW radio)
VHF (30~300MHz, TV & FM radio)
UHF (0.3~3GHz, TV, mobile phone)
SHF (3~30GHz, satellite, microwave)
EHF (30~300GHz, experimental com.
Infrared (no frequency allocation)
Lecture 1
m
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c
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LF
30kHz
10km
MF
VHF
HF
300kHz
1km
3MHz
30MHz
100m
10m
1 kHz
1 MHz
1m
ee
n
i
g
300MHz
n
E
O
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D
a
a
UHF
SHF
3GHz
EHF
30GHz
300GHz
1cm
100mm
10cm
X rays
infrared visible UV
1 GHz
1 THz
1 PHz
Gamma rays
1 EHz
Lecture 1
Sender
Parallel Transmission
Sender
e
e
in
Serial Transmission
g
n
E
O
aa
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D
Receiver
Sender
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0110001
P/S converter
m
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c
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rs
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
Receiver
0
1
1
0 Receiver
0
0
1
S/P converter
Lecture 1
m
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Asynchronous transmission:
1)
2)
3)
4)
c
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rs
g
n
e
e
in
1 0110001 0
1 1001100 0
E
O
o
D
1 0011101 0 1 1011100 0
Receiver
independent
Synchronous transmission:
1)
2)
3)
4)
a
a
F
A bit stream is segmented into relative large groups/blocks many characters or bytes
Add control bits at the beginning and end of each block
Frame=H_control_bits+character+T_control_bits
No gap between two characters in a data block
Sender
Con_bits 0110001
...
Receiver
Lecture 1
Half Duplex
Transmission
c
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s
Device A
r
e
Device B
e
in
g
n
E
O
Device A
Device B
o
D
a
a
F
Full Duplex
Transmission
m
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Direction of data
Device A
Device B
Both can send and receive simultaneously
Lecture 1
Communication Standards and Related Organizations
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rs
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- ISO (International Standards Organization): ISO number
n
i
- ITU (International Telecommunication
Union): V.num & X.num
g
- EIA (Electronic Industries Association):
EIA-num
n
E
- IEEE (Institute of Electronics
Engineers): IEEE.num
O
- ANSI (American National
Standards Institute): ASCII, etc.
o
D
- ATM Forum and ATM
Consortium
a
- IETF (Internet
Society and Internet Engineering Task Force): RFC num
a
F Wide Web Consortium): HTTP, HTML, XML,
- W3C (World
Standard Organizations:
Lecture 1
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e
e
in
g
n
E
O
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D features
Their common
a
- Serial
& asynchronous transmission
a
-F
Transmissions of ASCII code, byte, char
Lecture 1
EIA/RS-232 Standard
Waveform of +, 2B or 0101101
m
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e
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in
g
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Device A
E
O
a
a
F
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D
Device B
Lecture 1
m
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e
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in
g
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E
O
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D
a
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F
Lecture 1
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Exercise 1
1. Two signals are given in the following figures. Whose bandwidth is large? Why?
s(t)
m
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s(t)
(a)
ee
c
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rs
n
i
g
(b)
n
E
2. Draw the RS-232 waveform diagrams of ASCII letters of R (1010010) and S (1110011).
O
o
3. Give at least one example for each of the following transmission/communication modes:
parallel transmission, serial transmission, simplex transmission and duplex transmission.
D
a
a
4. Suppose one sent 10000 7bit characters across an EIA-232 or RS-232 connection that
operated at 9600 bps. How long will the minimum transmission time be required?
(Hint: remember to add a start bit and a stop bit on each character.)