SUMMARY MATERIALS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

LAST SEMESTER

By :
Achmad Nur Kahfi

145040201111027

AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI
AGRICULTURE FACULTY
BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY
MALANG

2015

1. SKIMMING AND SCANNING

1. What is Skimming?
Skimming is high speed reading that can save you lots of time. You
skim to get the general sense of a passage or a book.
2. How do you skim?
You should read only the words that will help you get the sense of the
text. Read the first sentences or paragraph quite carefully. The beginning
often contains general information about the rest of the text. If the text is
long, you might also read the second paragraph. Sometimes the first
paragraph is only an introduction and the second paragraph contains the
main idea. You should usually read the last paragraph more carefully.
Skimming is a reading technique that can help you to:

read more quickly

decide if the text is interesting and whether you should read it in more
detail
. When you read the newspaper, you're probably not reading it word-

by-word, instead you're scanning the text. Skimming is done at a speed

three to four times faster than normal reading. People often skim when
they have lots of material to read in a limited amount of time. Use
skimming when you want to see if an article may be of interest in your
research.
3. How do you skim read?

Don't read the whole text word-for-word

Use as many clues as possible to give you some background

information.

There might be pictures or images related to the topic, or an eyecatching title.

Let your eyes skim over the surface of the text and, whilst thinking
about any clues you have found about the subject, look out for key
words.
Follow this procedure for efficient skimming:

Do a minimal preview of length, title, subtitle, publication information,

visual aids, difficulty level.

Read selectively for main ideas.

Time yourself and keep the correct mind-set.

Vary your rate. Read key parts carefully and reread them if necessary;
race past or through unimportant material.

Move your eyes in a wide spiral pattern.

Use a soft focus. Relax your eye and facial muscles, look slightly
above the line of print, and let your eyes float down the page.
Scanning

What is Scanning?
Scanning is very high speed reading. When you scan, you have a
question in mind. You do not read every word, only the words that
answer your question. Scanning is a technique you often use when
looking up a word in the telephone book or dictionary .In most cases; you
know what you are looking for, so you are concentrating on finding a
particular answer. Scanning involves moving you eyes quickly down the

page seeking specific words or phrases. Scanning is also used when you
first find a resource to determine whether it will answer your questions.
When scanning, look for the authors use of organizers such as
numbers, letters, steps or the words: first, second, or next. Look for
words that are boldfaced, italics, or in a different font size, style or color.
Sometimes the author will put key idea in the margin.
2. How can I improve my scanning technique?
Use scanning to help you find information quickly. Here are some tips to
help you improve and maintain your scanning speed without reading the
text in any depth.
Note the arrangement of the information:

Begin by previewing the material if you don't already have a "map" (a

mental outline or visualization) of how it is structured.

Use the index/heading/bold type etc. to find the information you

require.
For scanning more complex material, you'll need a thorough prior
knowledge of the material: the organization, the content, stylistic
devices, and rules of rhetoric and logic.

Prose Material: articles in newspapers and magazines, sections in

encyclopedias or other reference materials. Whatever the source of
reference you are using, you can be sure it is arranged in some logical
way. In order to save reading time, it is important for you to know the
arrangement of the material in the resource you are using. Therefore, to
prepare for scanning, you must take a few minutes to discover the
organizational pattern. This will give you a general idea of the order of
ideas and topics. Once you understand the arrangement of thoughts in
the selection, you will be better able to predict where the information you
want may be located, and you can quickly and efficiently find what you

need.
3. How is 'skimming' different to 'scanning'?
The term skimming is often confused with scanning. Remember:
A. Skimming is used to obtain the gist (the overall sense) of a piece of
text.
E.g. Use skimming to get the gist of a page of a textbook to decide
whether it is useful and should therefore be read more slowly and in more
detail.
B. Scanning is used to obtain specific information from a piece of text.
E.g. Use scanning to find a particular number in a telephone directory.
Sometimes you can use both reading methods.
After you have skimmed a piece of text to decide whether the text is
of interest, you may wish to use scanning techniques to locate specific
information.

2. MANURES AND FERTILIZER

ORGANIC FERTILIZER
Organic fertilizers are fertilizers derived from animal matter,
human excreta or vegetable matter. (e.g. compost, manure). In contrast,
the majority of fertilizers are extracted from minerals (e.g., phosphate
rock) or produced industrially (e.g., ammonia). Naturally occurring
organic fertilizers include animal wastes from meat processing, peat,
manure, slurry, and guano.
The types of organic fertilizers
In various types of fertilizers used by farmers in the field. In
general, fertilizers are distinguished by the shape and constituent
materials. In terms of form, there are liquid and solid fertilizers. While
the views of the constituent materials are manure, green manure and
compost.
1. Manure
Manure is organic matter, mostly derived from animal feces except
in the case of green manure, which can be used as organic
fertilizer inagriculture. Manures contribute to the fertility of the soil by
adding organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen, that are
trapped bybacteria in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on
the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life that comprises the soil food
web. It is also a product obtained after decomposition of organic
matter like cow dung which replenishes the soil with essential
elements and add humus to the soil.
2. Green manure
Organic fertilizer from fresh plants embedded or applied while
green or soon after composted. Green manure has suggested that the
C / N ratio is low. Can be a source of green manure legume crops, nonlegumes, crop residues, hedgerows, cover crops, Azola, and Sesbania
rostrata.
3. Compost

Compost is the result of decomposition of plant debris caused by

the activity of decomposing microorganisms. Compost quality is
determined by the magnitude of the ratio between the amount of
carbon and nitrogen (C / N ratio). If the C / N ratio is high, meaning the
building block of compost decomposition perfectly yet. Compost
materials with a C / N ratio is high will decompose longer than the C /
N ratio is low.
INORGANIC FERTILIZER
Inorganic fertilizers or artificial fertilizers is a type of fertilizer made by the
factory by managing various chemicals that have a high percentage of nutrient content.
Based on the content of its elements, inorganic fertilizers are classified as follows:
1. Single Fertilizer
Single fertilizer is a fertilizer containing only one type of nutrients as a fertility
enhancer. Examples of single fertilizer that fertilizer N, P, and K.
a. Nitrogen fertilizer
The function of nitrogen (N) for the plant are:
Accelerate the growth of plants, and stimulate germination.
Improving the quality, especially protein content.
Providing food for microbes (microorganisms)
b. Phosphorus fertilizer
Phosphorus (P) for plants involved in the process:
Respiration and photosynthesis
Preparation of acid nukljeat
Establishment of seed-producing plants and fruit.
c. Potassium Fertilizer
Potassium for plant function is

 Influencing the composition and circulating carbohydrates in plants.

Accelerate the elements nitrogen metabolism
Prevent flowers and fruits that are not easily fall.
2. Compound Fertilizer
Compound fertilizers are fertilizers that contain more than one nutrient elements are used to
increase soil fertility. Examples of compound fertilizers are NP, NK and NPK. Compound
fertilizer is the most widely used compound NPK fertilizer containing ammonium nitrate
(NH4NO3), ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4), and potassium chloride
(KCL).

3. TOPIC OF PARAGRAPH
A paragraph is the smallest unit or cluster of sentences in which one idea can be
developed adequately. Paragraphs can stand alone or function as part of an essay, but each
paragraph covers only one main idea.
Type Paragraph Topic Sentenceby Position
1.

Deduction paragraph
In a deductive paragraph, the claim is usually provided in the first sentence of
the paragraph. The sentence containing the claim, which is the main point of the
paragraph, is often referred to as the topic sentence. The topic sentence is then
developed in the rest of the paragraph with evidence and reasoning supporting the
initial claim.

2.

Inductive paragraph
An inductive paragraph begins with either evidence or reasons leading to the
statement of the Writers claim at the end of the paragraph. Inductive paragraphs are
therefore conclusion-oriented. The main conclusion is the most important part of
the reasoning and usually comes at the end of a paragraph.
3. Paragraph mix

The paragraphs blend is a combination of paragraphs deduction andparagraph

induction, so that this paragraph has the main thoughts expressed in the main
sentence is located at the beginning and at the end of the paragraph. The main
sentences at the end of the paragraph is rehashthe main phrase at the beginning of
the paragraph. While the other sentences in the paragraph was explanatory sentence.
Type a paragraph according to its function in the Bouquet :
Based on the function in the bouquet, the paragraph can be distinguished over
three kinds, namely:
a. Opening paragraph
Opening paragraph contains the basic issues relating to the problem we are going to
write. The opening paragraph should be able to attract interestand the reader's attention, and
was able to hook the reader's mindthe issues that will be presented next. Because of his
attitudethe introduction paragraph is the problem, it will informWhat will we write.
b. The contents of paragraphs (development)
The contents of the paragraph is a paragraph containing a continuation of the idea.
Paragraph.This is a staple of conversation develop stronger designed. With the wordin
another development, paragraph suggests the core issue that will put forth.

C. Concluding paragraphs
The closing paragraph is a paragraph at the end byor at the end of a smaller entity in
the bouquet.Normally, the closing paragraph of the conclusion that all the talkhave been
described in previous sections
According to Paragraph Type Functions
a) Narrative Paragraph

Narrative paragraphs tell stories. They differ from short stories or novels in length as
well as in the amount of detail provided; they sometimes are little more than brief
vignettes. True narrative paragraphs, however, are similar to short stories in that they
feature characters, follow a plot line, include a conflict which is resolved and are told from
an identifiable point of view. They may also establish a setting or include a moral.
b) Descriptive Paragraph
The purpose of a descriptive paragraph is to allow the reader to experience the item,
phenomenon or event being described as vividly as possible without physically sensing it.
That is, the reader cannot see it, but knows what it looks like; cannot taste it, but knows
whether it is salty or sweet; cannot touch it, but knows its texture. Descriptive paragraphs
typically include modifiers (ex., adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases) and figurative
language (ex., metaphors, personification, similes) to help enrich the "experience" for the
reader.
c) Expository Paragraph
An expository paragraph explains something; its purpose is to help the reader
understand. Exposition often includes techniques such as the use of examples or
illustrations to support a point or the use of some kind of ordering (chronological
or numerical, for example) to help a reader follow a process. Exposition needs to be clear;
language is often quite direct although sometimes a writer may use language devices to
help illustrate a point.
d) Persuasive Paragraph
The purpose of a persuasive paragraph is to convince the reader of something, such
as the writer's position on a controversial topic or a proposal for a new project. The
structure is often similar to that of an expository piece, as it is usually helpful to explain a
little bit about the subject, but rhetorical devices are often employed to help sway the
reader's opinion. The language can be highly charged; the intent is to get a reaction.
e) Literary Paragraph
Literary paragraphs are paragraphs written about literature; they are part of a genre

known as "literary criticism." This does not mean they are supposed to find fault with a
piece of literature; criticism, in this sense, is an analytical examination of a poem, story,
novel, play, essay, or other literary work. The writer of a literary paragraph must choose a
specific aspect of the text to examine and then focus on that aspect, always referring back
to the literature. Literary paragraphs do not make references to real life the protagonist
may be just like the writers Great-aunt Gertrude, but this observation has no place in a
literary paragraph. Quotations are often used to support the observations and evaluations
made by the writer.

How To Write Good Paragraphs

A good paragraph is a mini-essay. It should demonstrate three components:
a. Introduction, i.e., a topic sentence
b. Body, i.e., supporting details
c. Conclusion or a transitional sentence to the paragraph that follows.

A Good Paragraph Is Characterized By Unity, Coherence, And Adequate

Development.
Unity:
State the main idea of the paragraph in a clearly constructed topic sentence. Make
sure each sentence is related to the central thought.
Coherence:
Arrange ideas in a clear, logical order. Provide appropriate transitions to the
subsequent paragraph.
Adequate development:
Develop your paragraphs with specific details and examples.

4. THE CONTROL OF WEEDS AND PLANT DISEASES

Weed control
Weeds are weeds that can be detrimental to the growth and yield of plants and aquatic
environment and other aspects. Some general properties of weeds is to have the ability to adjust
(adaptation) is strong and has a high power competition. Weeds are weeds for farmers it is
necessary to attempt to control it. Weed control (control) must be differentiated with eradication
(Eradication). Control of weeds (weed control) can be defined as the process of limiting weed
infestations such that the plant can be cultivated in a productive and efficient.
In weed control there is no necessity to kill all weeds, but simply suppress or reduce
population growth and to the extent that production decline that occurred does not mean or
gains from the suppression of weeds as much as possible by the efforts or costs incurred. In
other words, control aims merely suppress weed population to population levels that are not
harmful to the economic or do not exceed the economic threshold (economic threshold), so that
did not aim suppress weed population to zero.
While eradication is a business off all existing weeds are growing well and reproductive
tools, so that the weed population as much as possible reduced to zero. Weed eradication may
be good when done on a narrow area and not skewed, because in large areas in this way is
something that is expensive and the land sloping likely cause erosion. Eradication is generally
only done against weeds that are very detrimental and in certain places.
Weed control in principle is an effort to improve the competitiveness of staple crops and
undermine the competitiveness of weeds. Excellence staple crops must be such that weeds are
not able to develop its growth by side or at the same time with the main plant.
Implementation of weed control should be constituted with enough knowledge about the weed
in question. Is the life-cycle of weeds is annual, biennial or perennial, how breeding, how the
distribution system, how it can adapt to the environment and anywhere distribution, how to
react to changes in the environment and how the response to certain treatments include the use
of chemicals such as herbicides,
Mechanical weed control
1. MECHANICAL CONTROL
Mechanical control is an attempt suppress weed growth by damaging the parts so
that the weeds are dead or stunted growth. Mechanical control techniques rely on
physical or mechanical strength. In practice traditionally done by hand, with a simple
tool to use more modern heavy equipment.
Some factors to consider in selecting equipment to be used in weed control is the

root system, the age of the plant, the depth and spread of the root system, age and
extensive infestations, soil type, topography, as well as the conditions
2. CONTROL OF TECHNICAL CULTURE
Control of technical culture is a way of controlling weeds by using farming
practices, among others:
1. Planting plants that fit the type of soil conditions.
2. Planting the meeting in order to immediately close the plant canopy empty space.
3. Proper fertilization to accelerate plant growth which enhance crop competitiveness
against weeds.
4. Setting time of planting to allow weeds to grow first and then controlled by certain
farming practices.
5. The use of plant competitors (competitive crops) are growing fast and wide canopy to
provide shelter quickly on the area beneath it.
6. Modifications involving the environment becomes better plant growth and suppressed
weed growth.
CHEMICAL CONTROL
Controlling weeds with a chemical substance without disturbing the main crop
known as "Herbicide".
The advantages and benefits of the use of herbicides in weed control, among others:
1. herbicides to control weeds that grow alongside cultivated plants that are difficult
rivaled.
2. The pre-emergence herbicides to control weeds early on.
3. The use of herbicides can reduce root damage than earthworks time weeded
mechanically.
4. Erosion can be reduced by allowing weeds (grass) growing on a limited basis with the
use of herbicides.
5. Many weeds that are tree more easily eradicated with herbicides.
6. More effectively kill annual weeds and shrubs.
7. Can raise crop yields compared with regular weeding treatment.
Besides the advantages and benefits, herbicides have negetives affect-deficiency
which can be detrimental to, among others, could cause: The side effects of resistant
weed species can be toxic to plants Residue Pollution.
Successful use of herbicides heavily dependent ability to eradicate some types of weeds
and not eradicate other species (crop). This selective way of working is the most
important factor for the success of a herbicide.
Plant disease
Plant Pathology is study of damage caused by organisms that belong to the world
of plants such as High Parastis Plants, algae, fungus, bacteria, Mycoplasma and viruses.
This damage can occur both in the field and after harvest.
Plant diseases can be viewed from two angles, namely the angle of biological and
economic angle, as well as plant disease. In addition to studying the Plant Pathology

need to know some important terms and definitions.

Damage caused by plant diseases can cause huge losses to the public. This
damage is attributed to the loss of yield because it also can through other ways that
cause disruption to consumers by the toxins produced by fungi in agricultural products
such
PLANT DISEASES CAUSE
a. Plant diseases caused by bacteria
1. Wilt Disease
This wilt disease attacks the patchouli disease is caused by the bacterium
Ralstoniasolanacearum and can reduce the production of patchouli 60%. The initial
symptoms of disease in the form of one of the leaves wilted shoots and leaves followed
by the bottom. After the visible symptoms of the attack continued with intensity above
50%, the plants will die within 7 days.
2. Rice Leaf blight disease
The disease attacks the rice plants. This plant attack on the leaves of rice. The
disease is caused by OLR bacteria called Xanthomonasoryzae. Losses incurred are very
real, the resulting decline in production reached 50%. This disease starts with symptoms
of yellow to white patches began the formation of an aqueous bruising lines at the edges
of the leaf blade. Spotting starts at one or both edges of the leaves helaia, or on any part
damaged leaf blade and developed to cover all parts of the strands
Leaf
B. Plant Disease Caused Fungus
1. Diseases yellow lines on the leaves
The cause of this disease is a fungus called Fusariumoxysporum. This fungus
attacks the leaves of the plant are not yet open. Attacking on coconut plants mainly
bibit.Gejala attack Infectious diseases are caused already occurred by the time the leaves
have not been opened, after the leaves open will appear the dots oval pale yellowish
brown color around the place conidiophores, portions were then dried up.
2. White Root Disease
The cause is a fungus that bernamanRigidoporuslignosus. This fungus attacks
the rubber plant. Symptoms that can be observed is affected plants become pale color of
leaves, twigs dead ends, and sometimes the young plants are flowering earlier teserang.
The roots of affected plants are white fungal hyphae. White root disease transmission
occurs through contact between the roots of the rubber with the remnants of the old
plant roots.
C. Plant Disease Caused Virus
1. Disease Virus Belang
Mottle virus diseases attack on groundnut plants. Basil lost due to disease mottle
virus ranges from 10 -60% depending on the type of peanut. Mottle disease caused by a

virus that is identified as a virus Striped Peanut or groundnut mottle virus. Symptoms
are often encountered in the field are the symptoms of a dark green colored striped area
surrounded by a lighter or yellowish green. In general, early symptoms in young leaves
terluhattheir chlorotic spots which later developed into a circular mottled. A body found
on diseased plant seeds.
2. Disease Tungro
This disease attack on paddy rice leaves exactly in part. The intensity of the attack
depends on the level of resistance of rice varieties and the age of the plant at the time of
infection. Symptoms appear on the young leaves change color to yellow orange starts from
the tip of the leaf, reduced number of tillers, plant dwarf and stunted growth. Symptoms of
the disease are spread in groups, the expanse of the rice plant looks like a bumpy because of
differences in plant height between healthy and infected plants.

5. PARAPHRASING, SUMMARISING & QUOTING

6. Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is a way of presenting a text, keeping the same
meaning, but using different words and phrasing.
Example:

The original sentence:

Until recently, criminologists could not afford to analyze DNA

evidence for all homicide cases.

An effective paraphrase of this sentence:

Crime labs now cannt use DNA for all murder cases.

The Importance of Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is fundamental to studying, note taking, and essay
writing. The hardest task in paraphrasing is striking the balance between
changing enough of the authors wording into your own without losing
the accuracy of the content or the authors intentions and tone.
When to Paraphrase ?

Paraphrase short sections of work only; a sentence or two or a short

paragraph.
As an alternative to a direct quotation.
To rewrite someone else's ideas without changing the meaning.
To express someone else's ideas in your own words.
To support claims in, or provide evidence for, your writing.

How to Paraphrase

Read the source carefully.

Identify the main point(s) and key words.

Cover the original text and rewrite it in your own words. Check that
you have included the main points and essential information.

Write the paraphrase in your own style.

Review your paraphrase checking that it accurately reflects the

original text but is in your words and style.

Record the original source (including the page number) so that you
can provide a reference.

7. Summary
A summary is an overview of a text. The main idea is given, but
details, examples and formalities are left out. Used with longer texts, the
main aim of summarising is to reduce or condense a text to it's most
important ideas.
When to Summarise?

Summarise long sections of work, like a long paragraph, page or

chapter.

To outline the main points of someone else's work in your own words,
without the details or examples.

To include an author's ideas using fewer words than the original text.

To briefly give examples of several differing points of view on a topic.

To support claims in, or provide evidence for your writing

8. Quotation
A quotation is an exact reproduction of spoken or written words. Direct
quotes can provide strong evidence, act as an authoritative voice, or
support a writer's statements.
When to Quote?

when the author's words convey a powerful meaning.

when you want to use the author as an authoritative voice in your

own writing.

to introduce an author's position you may wish to discuss.

to support claims in, or provide evidence for, your writing.

Paraphrasing

Summarising

Quotations

does not match the source

does not match the

match the

word for word

source word for word

source word
for word

involves putting a passage

involves putting the

are usually

from a source into your

main idea(s) into your

a brief

own words

own words, but including

segment of

only the main point(s)

the text

changes the words or

presents a broad

appear

phrasing of a passage, but

overview, so is usually

between

retains and fully

much shorter than the

quotation

communicates the original

original text

marks

must be attributed to the

must be attributed to

must be

original source

the original source

attributed

meaning

to the
original
source
The Differences Between Paraphrasing, Summarising, And Quotations

5. MARKET GARDENING
What is Market Gardening?
Market gardening is both a very old way to farm and a very new and popular one. The
market gardener is someone who has a small area of land. The term small can be used in
comparison to most large commercial farms, where acres possessed can be in the tens of
thousands. Typically small could mean anywhere from one to a couple of acres to 50 or
over.
On this land the farmer grows whatever he or she wishes, but instead of growing it for
commercial markets, produce is usually sold at places like farmers markets, or to small
local grocery stores and restaurants. Sometimes the market gardener maintains a sales site
on his or her land and sells directly to customers from the farm.
The farmer and family do much of the work involved in market gardening.
Occasionally if a farm is on the larger side, workers might be hired on a temporary basis to
harvest fruit or for other tasks. Yet just about every market gardener can attest that they
perform hard physical labor to grow fruit and veggies. Part of the appeal of this type of
farming to many consumers is that growing methods used are frequently organic, since this
not only may reduce work, but also reduces costs. However some profits can be lost due to
crop loss that may occur with organic farming, though there are many interventions that
may save crops

Definition of Market Gardening

Market gardening is the practice of growing and selling produce on or near the farm
site, where the farmer is the end seller. While a market garden is more work, it offers greater
per unit returns. Market gardens can be of various sizes. Most, however, are less than 20
hectares (50 acres) in size. Some larger operations can cover over 40 hectares (100 acres).
Market gardening gives growers complete control over sale of their produce.
Market gardening is a home-based business that can pay in this farm-killing economy,
includes small-farm testimonials on growing crops for market and how to survive in the
market gardening business.

How Do I Get Started?

The key to successful market gardening is finding out what produce consumers
want to buy and how large a market there is for each type of vegetable. If there is no visible
market for certain vegetables, then there is no reason to grow them. A good starting point is
to survey your area for an hour's drive in any direction to determine the current competition,
what they are growing and size of the market base. The produce section of local stores also
provides an indication of what vegetables are popular with local clientele.
Once selected crops, determining the optimum location for marketing is the next step.
Select a marketing location that is near to and easily accessible by traffic, allows room for a
building and parking, and is close to your fields. Proximity to fields helps cut down on
transportation costs. An easily accessible location helps ensure that new customers will not
get lost trying to find it.
Although not all of the parking space will be used all the time, peak periods -- such as
when new potatoes and sweet corn first come out -- will require a certain amount of room.
Look at existing markets in area, taking notice of how much room they have for parking.
What Does My Site Need?
The site should be clean, free from debris and have washroom facilities. The facility
should have sufficient shelving to display all the produce. Ensure that produce is adequately
displayed and identified. Label the produce with information on how to use and store the
vegetables. You may want to provide recipes as well.
What Kind of Structure Do I Need?
This is up to the owner. For smaller operations, a building the size of a garden shed with
enough space for the vendor and shelving units to display produce may be sufficient. These
are similar to roadside stands normally found at the end of a driveway.
Larger producers will need a building that has enough room for shelves, cold storage
and for customers to walk through. It should be constructed to keep out the wind and the
rain.

Think of it as a store and set up the layout accordingly. The aisles should be laid

out allowing easy access to all products. There should be adequate lighting and the facility
should be clean. It is best to have your cash register at the front to allow you to greet people
as they enter, and to reduce customer confusion and/or shoplifting.

What Else Should I Sell?

In addition to a wide variety of vegetables, many market gardens also sell fruits, crafts,
garden tools, soil mixes etc. This permits one-stop shopping for customers. The greater the
variety you offer, the wider range of customers you will attract.
How Do I Get People to Come?
Advertise! The type and amount of advertising required will depend on the size of your
operation as well as the size of your market. Larger operations will have larger advertising
needs. Larger markets may need to use of television or radio ads to make consumers aware
of the selection at your market at peak points in the season. Alternatively, a mid range
market may only require a weekly newspaper advertisement.
Placing the advertisement in the same area of the paper each week will help develop a
regular clientele who will search out your ads. Advertisements should include location,
crops that are being sold, hours of operation and phone number.
If you are a newly opened operation, or have added some new section or innovation, a
news story will help. Approach the local newspapers or radio and television stations to see
if they would be interested in interviewing you on your new business. This is a cheap and
effective form of advertising. Many owners look to advertise around a grand opening or
launching of some event.
They may be more receptive to doing a story if you are purchasing some advertising
from them. If your farm is close to an urban centre, garden tours may be a good form of
advertising. Tours allow people to see how you produce the food they eat. Tours are
especially popular with young children. Many will want to return, and will bring their
parents with them. Schools are often looking for this type of opportunity.

Signs
Signs are one of the most effective tools you can use to promote your market garden.
The sign a producer uses provides information to the consumer about the operation. Even if
it is costly when starting out, a bright, well-displayed sign will pay for itself. If your market

garden is located away from town, you will need to have more than one sign showing how
to get to your property. Ensure that the directions on how to get to your market garden are
clear.
Brand recognition is another key concept. When designing signs, use market logo, if
you have one. This will help customers identify your produce. Brand recognition is also
important if you sell at a farmers' market. Recognition of logo will help you promote your
vegetables to consumers there, and encourage them to come out to your market and
purchase again.
Pricing
This will vary from area to area, the time of year, and from year to year. As a rule, it is
best to see how much is being charged in local stores, and then set your prices accordingly.
Most times, you will have the freshest produce, so your price should reflect that.
Try to maintain a consistent price. If you get a reputation for dropping your price, then
customers will time their purchase accordingly, and you will not be as profitable.
Landmarks
Everyone tends to remember an object that is a little out of the ordinary. If you can
develop one of these, it is to your benefit. A giant replica of a crop you produce, or any
landmark will stick in people's minds. It will also help when giving directions. Other
options include petting zoos or having unusual pets that people will remember.
Labour
Finding and keeping a dependable workforce will be one of your most important tasks.
You will want employees who are not only hardworking and pay attention to details, but
who are also courteous and work well with the public. You may want to assign duties
according to the person's attributes.

Advantages and Disadvantages Market gardening

Advantages

Good for Soil

Market gardening and biologically intensive cultivation focus on building soil

tilth and nutrients. Hand tools minimize impacts on soil structures and allow the soil to
form rich populations of fungi, bacteria and beneficial insects that help plants to grow
better. Organic matter is both food and habitat for soil micro-organisms and these
micro-organisms are going to help grow better food!

Good for the local economy

- they provide an outlet for local produce, helping to start new local businesses and
expand existing
ones.
- they reinforce local job and business networks, maintaining local employment.

Good for consumers

- consumers enjoy the atmosphere and experience of farmers markets.
- consumers get fresh, healthy produce usually at competitive prices.
- they offer increased choice, and can offer extra fresh, affordable produce in areas with
few such
options.
- they strengthen community - a key factor in the quality of life in the UK.

Good for the environment

- food travels less far; there are less food miles.
- food has less packaging.
- they are an important outlet for farmers selling organic and less intensively-produced
food.

Grow A Lot of Food in a Small Space

Biologically intensive growing systems maximize crop yields from a minimum
area of land, while seeking to preserve & improve the quality of the soil. We have not
arranged our garden in the rows typically used in mechanized farming where crops are
spaced according to the dimensions of the tractors and weeding machinery. Instead, we
grow our crops in permanent raised beds. While establishing the beds, we invested in a
large quantity of organic matter with the idea of quickly creating a rich and living soil.

For deep soil cultivation, we use a broadfork (grelinette) which allows us to aerate the
soil without turning it. This makes a nice loose, nutrient dense soil where crops can be
planted closer together they are spaced so that at maturity, the foliage will cover all of
the growing area, effectively creating a living mulch that retains moisture and
discourages weeds. This strategy of closely spacing the crops (in addition to allowing
high yields per square foot) has two main advantages. The first is that it greatly cuts
down on the amount of weeding required, and the second is that it renders many day-today gardening tasks more efficient.
Disadvantages

Seasonal offer
One of the disadvantages of buying at farmers is also the seasonal offer. The
farmers sell their products and goods according to season and for that reason certain
products are not available all the time

High Wages To Be To Foreign Workers

It Did Not Attract Locals To Work In The Business

Farmer Need To Buy Expensive Fertilizers

Farmer Need To Buy Expensive Pesticides To Protect Crops.

6. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
The Digestive System of Farm Animals
Digestive system that have two types are known as ruminants or
polygastrics (these animals store large quantities of feed in their rumen,
and can later on bring it back for re-chewing; when this happens the
animal starts to rummage eaten forage) and non ruminants or
monogastrics (for example pigs and young suckling calf), a simplified
diagram of the stomach cow.

Difference in the digestive system of ruminants, compared to that of non

ruminants (including man), allows ruminants to utilise quite different
types of feed to that eaten by non ruminants. Ruminants are only able to
take advantage of bulky, fibre-rich forages due to their special digestive
system.
The simultaneous effects of rumination and microbial fermentation.
These nutritive elements are placed at the disposal of the animal through
end products from this resonation process; these end products are made
up of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and microbial mailer, which is itself
digested later on by enzymes in the abomasum - the true stomach - and
the large intestine.
Food Requirements

Water has functions to carries nutrients from the intestinal wall to the
cells and tissues.
Carbohydrates, the main functions of this nutrient are as energy that
powers the muscular movement, as a source for body heat, as building
block for other nutrients and its dietary excess is stored as fat.
Lipids (fats or oils), the functions are as energy source (stored at
higher than carbohydrates), as a source of heat, as insulation, as body
protection (cushioning), as carrier of fatsoluble vitamins and has an
immune function trough essential fatty acids.
Proteins (also known as polypeptides) are made of amino acids arranged
in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. Amino acids are
produced when proteins are hydrolyzed by enzymes, acids or alkalis.
Minerals in feed are the chemical elements required by living
organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
oxygen that are present in nearly all organic molecules.
Vitamins are organic compounds required as a nutrient in tiny
amounts by an organism. Most vitamins have multiple functions in body
involving metabolism, enzyme reactions, etc, and both deficiencies and
excesses lead to disease.
Feedingstuffs
Feedingstuff

used on farm cen be devided into two main group: bulk

foods and concertratee. Bulk foods contain a limited a limited amount of

nutrient in a given weight of food. Concentrate are sicher in nutrientboth
these group of foodstuff are used in feeding livestock.
Ruminants are particulary suited to consume bulk foods, because of
there ability to break down fibre, but their diet should be supplemented
with concentrates. The ration of non ruminance consist mainly of
concentrates foods because their simpel stomach canot utilize fibre.
Feedingstuffs

Feedingstuff used on farm cen be devided into two main group: bulk
foods and concertratee. Bulk foods contain a limited a limited amount of

nutrient in a given weight of food. Concentrate are sicher in nutrientboth

these group of foodstuff are used in feeding livestock.
Ruminants are particulary suited to consume bulk foods, because of
there ability to break down fibre, but their diet should be supplemented
with concentrates. The ration of non ruminance consist mainly of
concentrates foods because their simpel stomach canot utilize fibre.
Breeding

Applications and Products

Seedstock

Crossbred animals

Artificial insemination (A.I.)

In vitro fertilization

Cloning