genderi da samarTali

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis
genderuli analizi

kvlevis avtorebi:

ana abaSiZe, ana arganaSvili, nana goCiaSvili,

ana nacvliSvili, Tamar dekanosiZe

partnioroba adamianis uflebebisTvis

PHR
2016

sarCevi
winasityvaoba ............................................................................................... 5
Sesavali ............................................................................................................. 7
winamdebare kvleva momzadebulia aRmosavleT-dasavleTis marTvis institutis (EWMI) programis kanonis uzenaesobis mxardaWera
saqarTveloSi (PROLoG) proeqtis genderuli samarTlianoba xelmisawvdomi marTlmsajulebisTvis farglebSi.
proeqti ganxorcielda, arasamTavrobo organizaciis partnioroba adamianis uflebebisTvis (PHR) mier.

ana arganaSvili
I. feministuri samarTlis Teoriebi ....................................... 19

Tamar dekanosiZe, ana nacvliSvili

sisxlis samarTlis genderuli analizi .............................. 27
II. gaupatiureba da sxva saxis
seqsualuri Zaladoba ............................................................................ 27

garekanis dizaini: be
beqa
qa be
beri
riiZe
damkabadonebeli: gi
givi
vi xara
xarau
ulii
redaqtori: na
naTia
Tia menab
menabde
de
e
Targmani: qeTev
qeTevan
an
n xizaniSvil
xizaniS
xizaniSvili
vilii

es kvleva ganxorcielda amerikeli xalxis daxmarebiT aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) saSualebiT. angariSis
Sinaarsze pasuxismgebloba ekisreba organizacias partnioroba
adamianis uflebebisTvis. dokumenti ar asaxavs USAID-is an aSS
mTavrobis an aRmosavleT-dasavleTis marTvis institutis (EWMI)
mosazrebebs.

III. pornografia ............................................................................................ 46

IV. qalTa mimarT Zaladoba da qalTa mimarT
Cadenili sxva genderuli danaSaulebi................................. 57
V. femicidi da danaSaulebi sicocxlis
winaaRmdeg ....................................................................................................... 71
samoqalaqo da administraciuli samarTlis
calkeuli institutebis genderuli analizi ................. 84

ana abaSiZe
VI. saojaxo samarTali ............................................................................... 84

ana arganaSvili
partnioroba adamianis uflebebisTvis (PHR), 2016
http://www.phr.ge/

VII. diskriminaciis akrZalva ........................................................... 127

wi na sity va o ba

ana arganaSvili
VIII. seqsualuri Seviwroeba .............................................................. 155

ana arganaSvili
IX. ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis samoqalaqoadministraciuli samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi ............ 172

nana goCiaSvili
X. Tvisebrivi kvleva .............................................................................. 193

Tavisufal saqarTvelos sWiria namdvili

moqalaqeni orTave sqesSi,
romelTac esmis saWiroeba xalxisa da
TavianT samSoblos, romlis codnas maT miscemT mxolod sworuflebiani moqalaqeobrivi cxovreba.
am azriT unda gavimsWvaloT dRes yvela
qarTveli qalebi da erTsulovnebiT SeudgeT aRdgenas
Cveni adamianuri uflebisas. 1
kato miqelaZe (1877-1943),
feministi publicisti da sazogado moRvawe

Sejameba ............................................................................................................. 212

danarTebi ......................................................................................................... 214

hainrih biolis fondis samxreT kavkasiis regionuli biurosTvis didi pativi iyo, gveTanamSromla aRmosavleT-dasavleTis marTvis institutTan (EWMI) mis mier inicirebuli kanonis uzenaesobis
mxardaWeris (PROLOG konsultirebaSi, programisaTvis genderuli
ganzomilebis dasamateblad. Cven Tavidanve didi enTuziazmiT CaverTeT winamdebare gamocemis koncefciis ganviTarebasa da dagegmvaSi. am saqmianobam Tavad biolis fondis genderuli demokratiis
programaSic gaaCina axali impulsebi da aqcentebi.

yvela adamiani dabadebiT Tavisufalia da kanonis winaSe Tanasworia ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa,
politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa,- saqarTvelos konstituciis
meToTxmete muxlis msgavs postulats, romelic Tavis mxriv adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracias eyrdnoba, mraval Tanamedrove Teoriasa da sakanonmdeblo aqtSi SevxvdebiT. magram Tanamedrove realoba sxvagvaria: kanoni xSirad ar aris neitraluri.
SesaZloa, formalurad is yvelas erTnairad miemarTebodes, magram ar qmnides gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebisTvis
Tanaswori ganviTarebisa Tu sajaro sikeTeze Tanaswori wvdomis
SesaZleblobas. maT Soris aris qalTa sakiTxic.
1. sityva Tqmuli k. miqelaZis mier 20 marts qalTa sazogado krebaze q.
quTaisSi; ix. melaSvili, TamTa (2013), kato miqelaZe: qarTuli feminizmis ucnobi istoriebi, gv. 29.

wlebis win Zalian martivi iyo amogvecno seqsisturi kanonic,

radgan ena, romelsac kanoni iyenebda, TavisTavad, daufaravad
diskriminaciuli iyo qalTa mimarT. dRes demokratiuli qveynebis
kanonmdebloba ukve aRar iyenebs seqsistur enas. kanonmdeblebma TiTqos gaiges, rom es miuRebelia, Tumca kanonebi rCeba mamakacuri gamocdilebis, kacuri saWiroebis, maTi codnisa da xedvis
manifestaciad. aseT dros, isini ar qmnian materialuri, arsebiTi
Tanasworobis SesaZleblobebs da, SesaZloa, uTanasworobas aRrmaveben kidec.
gamocemis genderi da samarTali: saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis feministuri analizi gansakuTrebuloba is aris, rom aq, qarTuli iurisprudenciisaTvis pirveladaa ganxiluli dasavleTSi
arsebuli feministuri samarTlis Teoriebi da, amasTanave, mkiTxvelisTvis SeTavazebulia istoriuli retrospeqtivac. is Seicavs
rogorc qarTuli normatiuli korpusis Sefasebas, ise samarTlebrivi praqtikis analizsac. winamdebare kvleva amtkicebs, rom
qarTuli kanonmdebloba umetesad genderulad neitraluria,
rac sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom is upirobod atarebs genderulad
mgrZnobiare arss.

piuri koncefcia - romlis mixedviTac mweral qals sWirdeba sakuTari oTaxi da Semosavali, raTa literaturaSi mkafiod ismodes
misi xma - dResac aqtualuria. ocdameerTe saukuneSi qalis avtonomiurobis xarisxs - misi sakuTari oTaxis kedlebis simkvidres da
materialur keTildReobas - swored genderulad samarTliani kanonebi da marTlmsajuleba unda gansazRvravdes.
gamomcemlebi vimedovnebT, rom kvlevis genderi da samarTali: saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis feministuri analizi saSualebiT saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi gamovlenili xarvezebisa da
marTlmsajulebis problemebis gadasalaxad SemoTavazebuli rekomendaciebi qarTveli kanonmdeblebisa da iuristebis yuradRebas miipyrobs. universitetebis iuridiuli fakultetebis studentebisaTvis ki - sqesis ganurCevlad - is unda gaxdes maTi profesiuli ganaTlebis gamravalferovnebis axali SesaZlebloba da
STagonebac, rogorc axali samecniero kvlevebisaTvis samarTalSi, ise Tanasworobis mosapoveblad.

nino leJava
hainrih biolis fondis
samxreT kavkasiis regionuli biuros direqtori

safuZvlianad Catarebuli empiriuli kvlevis damsaxurebaa,

rom mkafiod aris moniSnuli qarTuli marTlmsajulebis praqtikis problemuri velebi da warmoCenilia problemebis kompleqsurobac. is gansakuTrebulad Rirebulia, ramdenadac iurisprudenciis sferoSi Semoaqvs qarTveli iuristebisa da kanonmdeblebisaTvis jer kidev SedarebiT ucnobi genderuli ganzomileba; feministuri prizmidan ganixilavs administraciuli, samoqalaqo da
sisxlis samarTlis normebsa da praqtikas.
darwmunebuli varT, rom gamocema dainteresebul mkiTxvels
daexmareba, ufro mkafiod dainaxos da Semdeg aRiaros kidec saqarTveloSi arsebuli genderuli uTanasworobis suraTi; es ki
aucileblad gaafarToebs im iuristebis wres, romlebic TanaugrZnoben Tanasworobis, feminizmisa da genderuli demokratiis ideebs da iyeneben TavianT saqmianobaSic.
britaneli mwerlis, virjinia vulfis sakuTari oTaxis2 metaforad qceuli, meoce saukunis dasawyisisaTvis (1929) lamis uto-

2. vulfi, virjinia, sakuTari oTaxi, fondi taso 2007.

Se sa va li

miznebi
winamdebare kvleva aris Tanamedrove qarTuli samarTlis
genderul WrilSi gaanalizebis pirveli kompleqsuri mcdeloba.
masSi warmodgenilia rogorc samoqalaqo, aseve sisxlis samarTlisa da administraciuli kanonmdeblobis araerTi aqtualuri da
problemuri sakiTxi. calkea ganxiluli marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis Tema lbt, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone da eTnikuri/religiuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli qalebisaTvis.
kvlevis mizania, Seafasos, ramdenad Tanaswor pirobebSi ayenebs kanonmdebloba da Sesabamisi praqtika qalsa da mamakacs konkretul sferoebSi; gamoavlinos is ZiriTadi xarvezebi da garemoebebi, romlebic qmnian barierebs marTlmsajulebaze qalTa Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis da qalTa uflebebis dacvisTvis.
kvleva exeba rogorc sisxlis, aseve samoqalaqo samarTlis
sferoebs da moicavs Sesabamisi materialuri da saproceso sakanonmdeblo normebis, aseve sasamarTlo praqtikis analizs.

aqtualuroba
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli kanonmdebloba, umeteswilad,
genderulad neitraluria, kvlevis mixedviT, praqtikaSi misi gamoyenebis Sedegebi gansxvavebulad aisaxeba qalsa da mamakacze da,
rogorc wesi, araproporciulad azianebs qals. warmodgenili analizi da magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom genderulad neitraluri samarTali, bevr SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT tradiciul, konservatorul qveyanaSi, niSnavs genderulad gulgril samarTals.
erTi mxriv, kvleva aCvenebs, rom sakanonmdeblo da marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis procesSi qalTa gamocdilebisa da genderuli Taviseburebebis sistemuri ugulebelyofa xdeba, xolo,
meore mxriv, naTelia, rom genderuli stereotipebi da mikerZoeba gavlenas axdens samarTalSemoqmedebisa da samarTalwarmoebis
procesebze.
axali demokratiis qveynisTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa, aseTi
suraTi albaT logikuricaa.
evropasa da aSS-Si samarTlis mecnierebma da praqtikosebma
adamianis uflebaTa samarTlis ganviTarebis mxolod gviandel
etapze daiwyes genderul WrilSi kanonmdeblobisa da marTlmsa-

julebis procesis Sefaseba, rasac xeli Seuwyo feministuri diskursis ganviTarebam da sxvadasxva jgufis brZolam qalTa TanasworobisaTvis rogorc ojaxSi, ise sazogadoebriv asparezze.
qalis uflebebis TvalsazrisiT, sisxlis samarTali axali gamowvevebis winaSe dadga gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi ruandisa da
yofili iugoslaviis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros qalebze
ganxorcielebuli seqsualuri Zaladobis arnaxuli masStabebis
gamo, ramac am dargSi arsebuli tradiciuli midgomebis gadaxedvis saWiroeba warmoSva.
samarTlebrivi standartebis genderuli reviziis es procesebi me-20 saukunis Suaxanebidan, gansakuTrebiT ki bolo ocwleulSi, intensiurad mimdinareobda. ukanasknel periodamde
saqarTvelo am procesebisagan Zalian distancirebuli iyo. Sedegad, qarTuli kanonmdebloba xSirad Seusabamoa saerTaSoriso
standartebTan da, aSkarad, CamorCeba progresul saerTaSoriso
praqtikas. nawilobriv, bundovani kanonmdebloba, nawilobriv, sakanonmdeblo vakuumi Tu sxva garemoebebi sasamarTlo praqtikis
araswor ganviTarebas ganapirobebs.
Sesabamisad, arc aris gasakviri, rom genderulad sensitiuri
marTlmsajulebis idea saqarTvelosTvis jer kidev novaciaa.
amitomac, kanonmdeblobisa da praqtikis genderuli analizis winamdebare mcdeloba da aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT diskusiis
xelSewyoba gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri da mniSvnelovania mocemul etapze qarTuli samarTlis ganviTarebisTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis principi aRiarebulia saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da kanonebiT, kanonmdebloba saWiroebs fundamentur gadaxedvas rogorc materialur, ise procesualur nawilSi, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes
realuri Tanasworoba normatiuli da praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, rogorc sisxlis, aseve samoqalaqo samarTlis mimarTulebiT, materialuri da saproceso
normebi, efuZneba da ganamtkicebs patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi
uxvad arsebul stereotipebs. Sedegad, nacvlad imisa, rom kanonmdeblobam da praqtikam xeli Seuwyos stereotipebis TandaTanobiT Canacvlebas Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis ideiT, zogjer
moqmedi sistema, praqtikulad, seqsualuri Zaladobis, genderuli
niSniT diskriminaciisa da uTanasworobis legalizacias da waxalisebasac ki uwyobs xels.

magaliTad, kvleva cxadyofs, rom kanonmdebloba da praqtikac

araadekvaturad afasebs da ar reagirebs informaciaze, rom qali
aris Zaladobis msxverpli. es exeba rogorc sisxlissamarTlebriv
(magaliTad, Zaladobis msxverpli qalis mier moZaladis mkvleloba), ise samoqalaqo (bavSvze meurveobis gansazRvris davebi) sakiTxebs. bevri qmedeba, romlebic qalis Tavisuflebas, Tanasworobasa da Rirsebas mniSvnelovan zians ayenebs (magaliTad, adevneba)
ar isjeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, xolo zogierTi danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi magaliTad, gaupatiureba kanonmdebloba saerTod
ar moicavs danaSaulis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs. kerZod, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaupatiurebad (137) ar dakvalificirdeba
oraluri an analuri penetracia damnaSavis sasqeso Tu sxva organos an sagnis meSveobiT - es qmedebebi, Tu Cadenilia ZaladobiT
an Zaladobis muqariT, dasjadia, magram isini Sefasdeba, rogorc
seqsualuri kontaqti Cadenili gaukuRmarTebuli formiT da
ara rogorc gaupatiureba. (gaukuRmarTebuli formiT kontaqtSi ki igulisxmeba muxli 138). aRniSnuli standarti ewinaaRmdegeba
saerTaSoriso samarTalis normebs da sasamarTlo praqtikas. qalze sxvadasxva formiT Zaladobis saqmeebSi sagamoZiebo praqtika,
nacvlad imisa, rom mimarTuli iyos damnaSavis identificirebisa
da misi maxasiaTeblebis dadgenisken, ufro metad swavlobs da ikvlevs msxverpls, gansakuTrebiT mis pirad cxovrebasa da warsuls.
sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom samoqalaqo davebSi genderuli mikerZoebis msxverpli xdebian rogorc qalebi, ise mamakacebi.
magaliTad, bavSvTan dakavSirebul davebze sasamarTlo dedisa da
mamis mimarT gansxvavebul standartebs iyenebs. es midgoma ganpirobebulia winaswari ganwyobiTa da stereotipebiT, romlebic
ukavSirdeba qalisa da mamakacis pirad da sajaro cxovrebas. genderuli stereotipebiTaa nakarnaxevi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvris Taobaze, agreTve
aseT davebSi mxareTa mier dayenebuli moTxovnebi (magaliTad, rogorc wesi, mamebi ar iTxoven bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilad sakuTari samyofelis gansazRvras, aramed mxolod bavSvis naxvis uflebas da sxv.).
kvlevis Sedegebma, kanonmdeblobisa da praqtikis problemebTan erTad, aCvena, rom qalebisaTvis marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiT arsebuli barierebi xSirad imiTac aris ganpirobebuli, rom sistemaSi CarTuli profesionalebi ar iTvaliswineben
am sferoSi arsebul speficikas da qalTa gansxvavebul saWiroebebs.
sabolood, kanonmdeblisa da marTlmsajulebis sistemis mxridan uTanasworo damokidebuleba, araadekvaturoba da mgrZnobelo-

10

bis nakleboba aiZulebs qalebs, iSviaTad mimarTon samarTlebriv

gzebs TavianTi uflebebis dasacavad, rac, principSi, niSnavs imas,
rom sasikeTo cvlilebis magivrad, kanonic da sasamarTlo sistemac
xels uwyobs qalTa diskriminaciis SenarCunebasa da gagrZelebas.

meTodologia
winamdebare kvleva warmoadgens saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis
sxvadasxva dargSi winaswar SerCeuli im sakiTxebis analizs, romlebic, mkvlevarTa azriT, gansakuTrebiT problemuria genderul
WrilSi. kvleva dafuZnebulia am sakiTxebis maregulirebeli erovnuli kanonmdeblobis momoxilvaze. aRniSnuli moicavs rogorc
sakuTriv kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisi muxlebis normatiuli Sinaarsis Seswavlasa da Sefasebas, aseve mis Sedarebas saerTaSoriso
samarTliTa da feministuri midgomebiT damkvidrebul standartebTan da saukeTeso praqtikasTan. Sedarebisas ZiriTadi aqcenti gakeTebulia Tanamedrove feministur Teoriebze, romlebmac
ganapiroba samarTlebrivi midgomebisa da normebis mniSvnelovani
transformacia genderuli samarTlianobis damkvidrebis mizniT.
mniSvnelovania, rom kvleva efuZneba ara marto materialuri,
aramed saproceso kanonmdeblobis analizs. Tumca am ukanasknelis
srulyofili Sefaseba SeuZlebelia praqtikaSi misi gamoyenebis
monitoringis gareSe, rac Sesabamis sasamarTlo procesebze uSualod daswrebas moiTxovs. aRniSnuli ar ganxorcielebula, vinaidan is scdeboda kvlevis farglebs; Sesabamisad, saproceso normebis warmodgenili analizi ar aris srulyofili da mniSvnelovania
am mimarTulebiT muSaobis gagrZeleba.
kanonmdeblobis garda, kvleva efuZneba saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis mier gamotanili ramdenime aTeuli gadawyvetilebis analizs. isini SeirCa SemTxveviTi principiT; amitom kvlevas ara aqvs
pretenzia praqtikis srulyofil Seswavlasa da analizze. mkvlevrebi ar yofilan winaswar mkacrad SezRuduli gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis periodiT an instanciurobis kriteriumiT. gamoyenebulia
rogorc pirveli instanciis, aseve uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier miRebuli sxvadasxva gadawyvetileba. Sesabamisad, miTiTebul gadawyvetilebebs kvlevaSi mxolod sailustracio mniSvneloba aqvs.
kvlevaSi aseve gamoyenebulia specialurad am publikaciis
miznebisTvis organizebuli fokus-jgufebis Sexvedrebisa da dargis specialistebTan da marTlmsajulebis procesSi monawile pirebTan Catarebuli individualuri interviuebis masalebi.

11

kvlevis dros mkvlevarTa jgufi waawyda garkveul siZneleebs. erT-erTi seriozuli dabrkoleba, romelic mas Seeqmna, iyo
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis daStrixva (personaluri monacemebis dacvis mizniT), rac, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebels xdida davis
monawile pirebisa da CarTuli mxareebis sqesis identificirebas
da, Sesabamisad, arTulebda gadawyvetilebebis genderul analizs.
mkvlevarTa jgufma gasaanalizebeli gadawyvetilebebis farglebSi
mosarCeleebis, mopasuxeebisa da sxva mesame pirebis sqesis identificirebis mizniT mimarTa Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos, magram,
rogorc am uwyebis pasuxidan irkveva, amgvari monacemebi sasamarTlos mier ar muSavdeba da SeuZlebelia maTi miwodeba dainteresebuli pirisTvis.34 miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevarTa jgufma SeimuSava
aRniSnuli barieris gadalaxvis strategia da SerCeul saqmeebSi
sqesis identificireba moxda sxvadasxva mimaniSnebeli maxasiaTeblis meSveobiT (magaliTad, mowmeebis mier micemul CvenebaSi gamoikveTa sqesis aRmniSvneli sityva qalbatoni/qali; saqmeSi figurirebda orsulobisa da dekretuli Svebulebis garemoeba da a.S.).
gadawyvetilebebis daStrixvis problema gansakuTrebul sirTuleebs qmnis genderuli niSniT diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebze arsebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis analizis dros.
vinaidan kvlevis ganxorcielebis etapze (2016 wlis ivlisi) ar arsebobda arc erTi gadawyvetileba, romelSic sasamarTlos dadgenili eqneboda genderuli niSniT diskriminacia (diskriminaciis
yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb kanonis safuZvelze), mkvlevarTa jgufs dasWirda genderuli diskriminaciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis moZiebis alternatiuli strategiis SemuSaveba.

ZiriTadi mignebebi

tiureba. (gaukuRmarTebuli formiT kontaqtSi ki igulisxmeba muxli 138). aRniSnuli standarti ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso samarTalis normebs da sasamarTlo praqtikas.
-

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, qmedeba gaupatiurebis Semadgenlobas ar iZleva Tu Zaladobas, Zaladobis muqaras an dazaralebulis umweo mdgomareobas Tan ar axlavs
sqesobrivi kavSiri. qalTa mimarT Zaladobis kanonmdeblobis Taobaze gaeros mier SemuSavebuli gzamkvlevis Tanaxmad,
gaupatiurebis dros Zaladoba an Zaladobis muqara unda ganisazRvros, rogorc danaSaulis damamZimebeli garemoeba da
ara rogorc gaupatiurebis Semadgeneli nawili.

saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da feministuri midgomebis Tanaxmad, msxverplis Tanxmobis ararseboba seqsualur kontaqtze sakmarisia imisTvis, rom qmedeba dakvalificirdes
gaupatiurebad. miuxedavad amisa, ssk-s gaupatiurebis muxli msxverplis Tanxmobis elements saerTod ar moicavs.
mxolod da mxolod msxverplis Tanxmobis ararseboba seqsualur kontaqtze, Tu amasTanave qmedebis Cadenis dros
ar arsebobs Zaladoba, Zaladobis muqara an dazaralebulis umweobis gamoyeneba, ssk-s mixedviT, ar iZleva gaupatiurebis Semadgenlobas.

ssk-s Tanaxmad, pornografiasTan dakavSirebuli qmedebebis dasjadad gamocxadeba emsaxureba sazogadoebrivi zneobis da ara masSi monawile/gamoxatul pirTa uflebebisa
da interesebis dacvas, rac ewinaaRmdegeba feministur da
adamianis uflebaTa samarTlis xedvas am sakiTxze.

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba mTeli rigi mimarTulebebiT ar aris SesabamisobaSi stambolis konvenciasTan, rac qalTa uflebebis dacvisa da pativiscemis
standarts mniSvnelovnad amcirebs praqtikaSic.

arasaTanadod aris aseve ganmartebuli da regulirebuli

seqsualuri Seviwroveba, maT Soris Sromis kanonmdeblobaSi ar arsebobs seqsualuri Seviwrovebis prevenciisa da
reagirebis kuTxiT zedamxedvelobis valdebuleba.

qalTa uflebebis msgavsad, qarTuli kanonmdebloba saTanadod ar icavs bavSvTa interesebsac mTeli rigi mimarTulebebiT. sakanonmdeblo baza ar aZlevs mosamarTles
SesaZleblobas, bavSvis WeSmariti interesis gaTvaliswinebiT, orive mSoblis sacxovrebeli adgili gansazRvros
bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilad. aseve, kanonmdeblobaSi

kvlevam gamoavlina Semdegi ZiriTadi mignebebi:

-

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaupatiurebad (137) ar dakvalificirdeba oraluri an analuri penetracia damnaSavis

sasqeso Tu sxva organos an sagnis meSveobiT. es qmedebebi,
Tu Cadenilia ZaladobiT an Zaladobis muqariT, dasjadia,
magram isini Sefasdeba, rogorc seqsualuri kontaqti Cadenili gaukuRmarTebuli formiT da ara rogorc gaupa-

3. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos korespondencia 05.07.2016(2-06173/1418621

4. sasamarTlos mier saqmiswarmoebaSi monawile pirebis sqesis Sesaxeb
informaciis mouwodebloba mkvlevarTa jgufma gaasaCivra saqarTvelos
saxalxo damcvelTan, razedac amJamad mimdinareobs warmoeba.

12

13

cxadad ar aris mocemuli, rom Zaladobrivi faqtebi aucileblad unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli saojaxo davebis ganxilvis dros. kanonSi. viwrod aris ganmartebuli im pirTa
wre, romlebsac ufleba miecemaT moiTxovon sarCo yofili
meuRlisgan. am mizniT gaTvaliswinebuli iyos sxva qveynebis gamocdileba da principebi. alimentis samarTlebrivi
Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba mxolod fuladi saxsrebiT, rac metad SemzRudveli ganmartebaa.

Teba Tu ara diskriminaciuli motivi), sadac SesaZlebelia,

ssk-s mixedviT aseve ganisazRvros, rogorc damamZimebeli
garemoeba.
-

Zaladobis msxverpli qalis sindromi, yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevaSi, mxedvelobaSi iyos miRebuli qmedebis aucilebel
mogeriebad kvalifikaciisTvis. Zaladobis msxverpli qalis
sindromi yvela SemTxvevaSi ganixilebodes, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba.

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi calke muxlad, an ganzrax

mkvlelobis damamZimebel garemoebad unda gamoiyos danaSaulis Cadena, romlis motivi an konteqsti kavSirSia qalis mimarT genderul ZaladobasTan, diskriminaciasTan, an qalis
daqvemdebarebul rolTan,

msjavrdebulis mier ganzrax mkvlelobamde/janmrTelobis

ganzrax mZime dazianebamde Cadenili ojaxSi Zaladobis/genderuli Zaladobis faqtebis arseboba unda ganisazRvros,
rogorc damamZimebeli garemoeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 109-e (ganzrax mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebebSi) da 117-e (janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba)
muxlebiT

sajaro xelisuflebis warmomadgenlis da, gansakuTrebiT,

samarTaldamcavi organos TanamSromlis, mier femicidis Cadena unda ganisazRvros, rogorc damamZimebeli garemoeba
ssk 109-e da 117-e muxlebSi;

femicidis/ojaxuri danaSaulis/genderuli danaSaulis Cadena samsaxurebrivi saStato iaraRiT unda ganisazRvros, rogor
damamZimebeli garemoeba ssk 109-e da 117-e muxlebSi

saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemaSi Seiqmnas samuSao jgufebi, romlebic Tavad Seiswavlian da daadgenen genderuli
mikerZoebulobis tendenciebs, SeimuSaveben genderuli stereotipebis minimalizebis strategias da procesSi genderuli mikerZoebulobisgan mosamarTleTa dacvis saSualebebs;

aucilebelia sakanonmdeblo doneze ganisazRvros bavSvis

WeSmariti interesis definicia da SemuSavdes misi dadgenis
meTodologia, rac rekomendirebuli gaeros bavSvTa uflebebis komitetis mier

ganxorcieldes sakanondeblo cvlilebebi, raTa sasamarTlos hqondes SesaZlebloba bavSvis WeSmariti interesis gaTvaliswinebiT, orive mSoblis sacxovrebeli adgili gansazRvros bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilad

ZiriTadi rekomendaciebi aris Semdegi

-

14

gaupatiurebis definicia unda gadaixedos da movides SesabamisobaSi saerTaSoriso samarTalTan, maT Soris, calke
gamoiyos gaupatiurebis Cadena intimur urTierTobasa da
qorwinebaSi.

pornografiasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mizani unda Seicvalos, amosavali wertili unda iyos
pornografiis ganxilva qalTa seqsualuri obieqtivizaciis
konteqstSi da pornografiaSi monawile qalTaTvis mavne Sedegebis aRmofxvra.

aseve, pornografia, romelic qals warmoaCens daqvemdebarebul subieqtad, ganisazRvros, rogorc sqesis niSniT diskriminaciis forma anti diskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis
Tanaxmad;

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba SesabamisobaSi unda iqnes moyvanili stambolis konvenciasTan mTeli
rigi mimarTulebebiT da konvenciaSi moyvanil Sesabamis definiciebze dayrdnobiT unda ganisazRvros Semdegi, kerZod:

calke danaSaulad gamoiyos qalis mimarT Zaladoba; aseve,

qalis mimarT maTi sqesis/genderis gamo Cadenili danaSauli
ganisazRvros diskriminaciul danaSaulad

ganimartos genderuli Zaladoba, rogorc Zaladoba qalis

mimarT im mizeziT, rom qalia, an romelic araTanazomier
gavlenas axdens qalebze;

danaSaulis Cadena ojaxis wevris mimarT, ganisazRvros, rogorc danaSaulis damamZimebeli garemoeba;

Zaladobrivi qmedebebis Cadena, romelic win uZRvoda an Tan

erTvoda ukiduresi Zaladoba, ganisazRvros, rogorc damamZimebeli garemoeba;

danaSaulis Cadena genderis niSniT (imis miuxedavad, ikve-

15

kanonmdeblobaSi cxadad Caiweros Zaladobrivi faqtebis

gaTvaliswinebis aucilebloba saojaxo davebis ganxilvis
dros

saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsiT damsaqmeblebs daevaloT genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis politikisa da gaidlainebis SemuSaveba

sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis ganxorcilebis Sedegad gafarTovdes im pirTa wre, romlebsac ufleba miecemaT moiTxovon sarCo yofili meuRlisgan. am mizniT gaTvaliswinebuli
iyos sxva qveynebis gamocdileba da principebi

mosamarTleebisaTvis SemuSavdes specialuri rekomendaciebis genderuli diskriminaciis sakiTxis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT

profesiul wreebSi daiwyos dialogi alimentis samarTlebrivi Sinaarsis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebiT, im mizniT, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes alimentis miznis miRweva rogorc fuladi
SesrulebiT, aseve valdebulebis aramaterialuri Sesrulebis gziT; aseve, kanonqvemdebare normatiuli mowesrigebiT
ganisazRvros alimentis da sarCos kalkulaciis unificirebuli formula, romelic Seqmnis obieqtur kriteriumebs
alimentis raodenobis gansazRvrisTvis

Catardes specialuri treiningebi rogorc mosamarTleebis,

ise advokarebisaTvis, genderuli diskriminaciis Temaze aSS-s
da evrokavSiris samarTlebrivi praqtikis referirebiT.

damsaqmeblebisaTvis kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvros seqsualuri Seviwrovebis faqtebze reagirebis meqanizmebis danergvis valdebuleba, romelTa ugulebelyofac damsaqmebelTa pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli gaxdeba. aseve, damsaqmeblebis mxridan SemuSavdes seqsualuri Seviwrovebis msxverplebisaTvis
gasaCivrebis efeqturi meqanizmebi, romelic xelmisawvdoms
gaxdis administraciul da sasamarTlo marTlmsajulebas.

Sromis inspeqtirebis maregulirebel aqtebSi aisaxos seqsualuri Seviwrovebis prevenciisa da reagirebis kuTxiT zedamxedvelobis valdebuleba

saWiroa ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis, ojaxSi Zaladobis

msxverplTa dacvisa da daxmarebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos
kanonSi ganxorcieldes cvlilebebi, romelic Seexeba kanonis genderulad sensitizacias, Zaladobis msxverplTa
wris gafarToebas, Zaladobis Setyobinebis, reagirebisa da
orderebis zedamxedvelobis meqanizmebSi samarTaldamcavTa proaqtiuli rolis zrdas, Zaladobis gansakuTrebulad
rTul SemTxvevebze (moZalade samarTaldamcavi) specialur
mowesrigebas, umciresobas mikuTvnebul Zaladobis msxverplTaTvis marTlmsajulebisadmi mimarTvis barierebis aRmofxvras, msxverplTa dacvisa da gaZlierebis mizniT damatebiTi garantiebis uzrunvelyofas

kanonis aRsrulebaSi CarTul yvela uwyebisaTvis SemuSavdes

specialuri gaidlainebi, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs reagirebis genderul aspeqtebs da qalTa mimarT Zaladobas ganaxorcielebs sazogadoebaSi genderuli uTanasworobis konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT da ara de-genderuli midgomebiT

sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi, ris Sedegadac davis monawile

mxareebi, romlebic gaTavisuflebulebi arian sasmarTlo
xarjebisagan, aseve ar iqnebian valdebulni gadaixadon mowinaaRmdege mxaris mier gaweuli xarjebi, sarCelis daukmayofileblobis an nawilobriv dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi. aRniSnuli xarjebis gadaxda SesaZloa ganxorcieldes saxelmwifo biujetis xarjze.

ganxorcieldes sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi, romlis Sedegadac Zaladobis msxverpli qalebisTvis garantirebuli iqneba saadvokato momsaxureba yvela tipis samoqalaqo da administraciul davebSi

diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi Sevides cvlilebebi diskriminaciis formebis
dazustebasTan, seqsualuri Seviwrovebis cnebis integrirebasTan, samarTalwarmoebis vadebis gagrZelebasTan da sasarCelo xandazmulobasTan dakavSrebiT. agreTve, moxdes saxalxo damcvelis moTxovnis savaldebulobis gansazRvra kerZo
samarTlis subieqtebsa da fizikuri pirebis mimarT.

16

SemuSavdes savaldebulo principi, romelic uzrunvelyofs

mSobelTa mier SvilebisTvis gankuTvnili drois da xarjebis samarTlian daTvlas, ris Semdegac Sesabamisad moxdeba
alimentis samarTliani gadanawileba

genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi gadaixedos genderuli Tanasworobis da seqsualuri Seviwrovebis cnebebi.

17

ana arganaSvili
Sejameba:
amgvarad, kvlevaSi warmodgenilia rekomendaciebi rogorc
sakanonmdeblo organos, ise sxva saxelmwifo uwyebebis misamarTiT. dokumenti miuTiTebs rogorc materialuri, aseve saproceso kanonmdeblobis gadaxedvis aucileblobaze. zogierTi sakiTxi,
romlebic axla Riad aris datovebuli, unda daregulirdes kanonmdeblobiT; samarTlebrivad ganisazRvros esa Tu is cneba da garemoeba, ganWvretadi gaxdes zogi norma da sxv.
mkvlevarTa jgufi miiCnevs, rom mniSvnelovania, marTlmsajulebis genderuli aspeqtebis kvleva da analizi gagrZeldes da kidev ufro gafarTovdes, ganviTardes rogorc Teoriuli kuTxiT,
aseve sasamarTlo praqtikis monitoringisa da analizis saxiT. imedi gvaqvs, es naSromi gaxdeba mniSvnelovani wyaro Semdgomi kvlevebisaTvis, xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi faqtebsa da mtkicebulebebze dafuZnebuli diskusiis warmarTvas da genderulad sensitiuri marTlmsajulebis ideis advokatirebas.

18

I. fe mi nis tu ri sa mar T lis Te o ri e bi

$Sesavali
feministuri samarTlis Teoriebis warmoSoba im martivi realobidan gamomdinareobs, rom qalebsa da mamakacebs samarTali da
samarTlianoba Tanabrad ekuTvniT. istoriulad, qalebis Cagvra
da, zogadad, uTanasworoba kanonebiT iyo ganmtkicebuli; kanonebi gansxvavebulad epyroboda sxvadasxva sqesis warmomadgenlebs,
vinaidan isini mxolod erTi sqesis (mamakaci) kanonmdeblebis mier
iwereboda. feministi iuristebi uTanasworobis mizezebs qveynis
samarTlebriv sistemasa da kanonmdeblobis genderulad diskriminaciul normebSi eZeben.
feministi iuristebi gansxvavdebian iuristebisagan, romlebic kanonmdeblobaSi genderul aspeqts im winaswari ganwyobiT
ikvleven, rom qalebis mimarT sistemuri Cagvra ar arsebobs. es
mkvlevrebi miiCneven, rom kanoni orive sqesis mimarT neitraluri
unda iyos, xolo feministi iuristebisaTvis kanonis neitraluroba qalebis mCagvreli instrumentia. neitraluroba uTanasworo
garemoSi uTanasworobis gaxangrZlivebas niSnavs.
konservatoruli ganaTlebis mqone mraval iurists genderuli samarTlianobis dResac ar sjera, radgan isini samarTlianobas xSirad idealistur koncefciad aRiqvamen. feministi iuristebisaTvis samarTlianoba yoveldRiur praqtikaSi samarTliani
meTodebis gamoyenebiT miiRweva. samarTliani meTodi iseTi kanonia, romelic Cagvrisa da Zaladobis daZlevisas qalebisaTvis
xelmisawvdomi iqneba. qalebs, feministi iuristebis mxardaWeriT,
Tanaswori brZolis SesaZlebloba miecaT. samarTlianobisTvis qalebisa da kacebis Tanaswori brZola samarTlianobis idealistur
cnebas ki ar warmoadgens, aramed realobaSi mis ganxorcielebas.
me-20 saukune feministuri samarTlis Teoriebis warmoSobis da
maTi gavlenis gaaqtiurebis periodia. feministuri samarTlis Teoriebis Seqmnasa da popularizaciaSi wamyvani roli amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi moRvawe iuristma qalebma Seasrules. isini ibrZodnen rogorc samarTlis dargSi TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis, ise sqesis
niSniT diskriminaciis msxverpli qalebis dasaxmareblad. winamdebare Tavi mimoixilavs am qalebis miRwevebs, feministuri samarTlis
Teoriebs da aSS-is sasamarTloebSi Seqmnil mniSvnelovan precedentebs qalTa uflebebis realizebis kuTxiT. mimoxilva amomwura-

19

vi xasiaTis ar gaxlavT, vinaidan igi pirveli iniciativaa am mimarTulebiT da, sakiTxis globaluri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, mxolod
ZiriTadi tendenciebis identificirebis saSualebas iZleva.

B.

feministuri samarTlis Teoriebis

warmoSoba aSS-Si

aSS-Si feministi iuristebis moZraoba 1970 wels daiwyo, rodesac maT ganaxorcieles pirveli organizebuli samarTlebrivi
kampania sasamarTloebSi sqesis niSnis diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg.5
amave dros, mimdinareobda brZola samarTlis profesiaSi qalebis
integrirebisaTvis.
am brZolaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis aSS-is uzenaesi
sasamarTlos mosamarTles, ruT beider ginsburgs, romelic im periodSi samarTlis profesori da amerikis samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis erToba (ACLU) qalTa uflebebis proeqtis xelmZRvaneli iyo.
ruT ginsburgma 1972 wels sxva feministebTan erTad daaarsa erT
-erTi pirveli samecniero Jurnali qalebisa da samarTlis Temaze
Womens Rights Law Reporter, romelic regularulad beWdavda feministi iuristebis poziciis gamomxatvel statiebs. paralelurad,
amerikis qalebisa da samarTlis erovnul konferenciaze ganixileboda iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa qalebis seqsualuri Seviwroeba, gaupatiureba, msxverpli qalis sindromi da aucilebeli mogeriebis samarTlebrivi cnebebi qalTa uflebebis kuTxiT. iurist
qalebsa da maT mxardamWerebs sasamarTloSi mihqondaT saqmeebi,
romelic exeboda socialuri dacvis, orsulTa diskriminaciis da
dekretuli Svebulebis sakiTxebs. erT-erTi pirveli iyo saqme Reed
v. Reed6, romelSic ruT ginsburgi icavda mosarCele qalis, sali ridis, kanonismieri memkvidreobis Tanaswor uflebas. iuristi mira
bredveli ibrZoda advokatTa asociaciaSi gaerTianebisTvis. advokatebi moiTxovdnen sqesis niSniT diskriminaciis safuZvelze qalTa uTanasworobis daZlevas. xolo pirveli saganmanaTleblo kursi qali da kanoni niu-iorkis universitetSi 1969 wels7 dainerga.

5. Chamallas, M. (1999). Introduction to Feminist Legal Theory. Aspen Law and Business

feministuri samarTlis Teoriebis zogadi

klasifikacia

feministuri samarTlis Teoriebma ganviTarebis 3 ZiriTadi

safexuri gaiara:8
x Tanasworobis safexuri - saukunis 70-iani wlebi;
x gansxvavebulobis safexurisaukunis 80-iani wlebi;
x mravalferovnebis safexurisaukunis 90-iani wlebi.

1. Tanasworobis safexuri
Tanasworobis safexuris mamoZravebel ideas qalis kacTan
msgavseba warmoadgens. am periodis feministebs miaCndaT, rom qalebis mimarT arsebuli yvela SezRudva da sagamonakliso norma
qalebis diskriminacias emsaxureboda. maTi azriT, qalebs unda
hqonodaT zustad kacebis msgavsi xelmisawvdomoba uflebebze, sajaro sivrceebsa da SesaZleblobebze.
Tanasworobis periodis feministebs xSirad liberalur feministebs an asimilaciis momxre feministebsac uwodeben. maTi argumentebi ar iyo mimarTuli arsebuli kanonebisa da wesebis Secvlisaken; isini cdilobdnen, uflebebze xelmisawvdomoba arsebul
samarTlebriv CarCoSi moepovebinaT.
marTalia, Tanasworobis Teoria erTgvarad moZvelebulia, qalebs is araerTxel gamouyenebiaT, rogorc Cagvrisa da diskriminaciis daZlevis saSualeba. 1971 wlis martSi profesional qalTa
jgufma (Professional Womens Caucus) Seitana koleqtiuri sarCeli
aSS-Si arsebuli federalur dafinansebaze myofi yvela samarTlis skolis winaaRmdeg, romlebic krZalavdnen an zRudavdnen qalebis mier iuridiuli ganaTlebis miRebas. am sarCelis Sedegad,
samarTlis specialobis student qalTa raodenoba 8.5%-dan (1970)
33.5%-mde (1980) gaizarda. XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, mas Semdeg,
rac uolstritis iuridiulma firmebma oficialurad ganacxades uari iuristi qalebis daqiravebaze, kidev erTxel gasaCivrda
qalebis mimarT arsebuli diskriminaciuli praqtika formaluri
Tanasworobis midgomaze dayrdnobiT, rac qalebis gamarjvebiT
dasrulda. im droSi instituciuri barierebis gadasalaxavad yvelaze ufro efeqturi saSualeba swored formaluri Tanasworobis midgoma iyo.

6. US Supreme Court, 404 U.S. 71 (1976)

7. Bartlett, T.K. (2012). Feminists Legal Scholarship: a history through the lens of the
California Law Review. California Law Review, vol.100. issue 2

20

8. Chamallas, M. (1998). Introduction to Feminist Legal Theory, Aspen Law and

Business. p. 23

21

2. gansxvavebulobis safexuri
gansxvavebulobis mxardamWeri Teoriis saWiroeba dadga mas
Semdeg, rac iuristma qalebma formalurad SeaRwies iuridiul
firmebSi, Tumca es adamianebi diskriminaciis kidev ufro daxvewili formebiT Seviwroebuli aRmoCndnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom
damsaqmeblebs axla isini samuSaoze ahyavdaT, maT damsaxurebis mixedviT ar awinaurebdnen. maT winaaRmdeg iyenebdnen SuSis Weris
bariers da Zalauflebis ierarqiaSi minimaluri poziciis dakavebis
Sanssac ki ar aZlevdnen. qalebis tradiciulad ganmtkicebuli rolebi (bavSvebsa da moxucebze zrunva) iuridiul firmebSi damkvidrebul korporaciul kulturasTan SeuTavsebeli aRmoCnda. meore
mxriv, korporaciebSi damkvidrebulma dominanturma maskulinurma kulturam dasaqmebuli qalebi Cagvris myar sistemaSi moaqcia da
maT TviTrealizaciis SesaZleblobebi mniSvnelovnad SeuzRuda.
Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulobis safexuri cnobilia ori ZiriTadi feministuri Teoriis, kulturuli feminizmisa da dominanturobis feminizmis, saxeliT.
kulturuli feminizmis mier SemoTavazebuli gansxvavebulobis cnebis SemuSaveba umeteswilad dakavSirebulia qalebisaTvis
unikalur fexmZimobisa da dedobis gamocdilebasTan, romelic ar
jdeba Tanasworobis meqanikur definiciaSi. aRniSnuli mosazrebis ganviTarebaze didi zegavlena iqonia aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos 1974 wlis gadawyvetilebam9 (Geduldig v. Aiello), romlis Tanaxmadac, miiCneoda, rom orsulobis safuZvelze diskriminacia ar iyo
Tanasworobis muxlis darRveva konstituciis me-14 Sesworebis
farglebSi. aRniSnulma gadawyvetilebam sazogadoebaSi didi rezonansi gamoiwvia, ris sapasuxodac 1978 wels miiRes orsulobis
niSniT diskriminaciis aqti, romelic aRniSnul safuZvels swored
sqesis niSniT diskriminaciad miiCnevda. keri menkel-midoum10 gamoiyena kulturuli feministis, karol giligenis, Teoria qalebis mimarT samarTlis profesiaSi barierebis arsebobis asaxsnelad. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, qalebi iyeneben gansxvavebul moralur
kriteriumebs, aqvT sxvanairi azrovnebis stili; am yvelafers igi
zrunvis eTikas uwodebs. midous azriT, es gansxvavebuli midgoma qalebs met diskomforts uqmnis SejibrebiTobis, wageba-mogebis
9. US Supreme Court, 417 U.S. 484 (1974)
10. Menkel-Meadow, C. (1985). Porita in a different voice: speculations on a womans
lawyering process. Barkeley Womens L.J.

22

wesis gamoyenebisas. Sesabamisad, qalebi upiratesobas aniWeben yvela mxaris interesebis gaTvaliswinebas da did resursebs xarjaven
mxareebs Soris mediaciis ganxorcielebaze - davis alternatiuli
mogvarebis meqanizmebze. igi miiCnevda, rom qalebi amjobineben, samuSao adgilas naklebad sastiki Sejibrebisa da konkurenciis garemo hqondeT da upiratesobas aniWeben TanamSromlobaze dafuZnebul xedvas, romelic iTvaliswinebs piradi da sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis sferoebs Soris balansis damyarebas samuSao adgilze.
midous kulturuli feminizmis midgoma, romelic saWiroebda Semdgom gaRrmavebas, rend jekma da dana kroul jekma ganavrces. am
mecnierebma Caatares empiriuli kvleva 36 iuristze da mividnen
daskvnamde, rom genderi ukavSirdeboda eTikuri dilemebis gadaWris gansxvavebul gzas, oRond im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac maTi
samarTlebrivi mogvarebis gza calsaxad gansazRvruli11 ar iyo.
amave mkvlevarTa mosazrebiT, sastiki konkurenciis pirobebSi
moxvedril iurist qalebs, romelTac, amave dros, sxvebze zrunvis tradiciuli tvirTi awevT, arCevanis gakeTeba uwevT problemis gadaWris 3 tipis strategiebs Soris: (1) zogi maTgani irCevs
maskulinur, samarTlis normebze dafuZnebul xist midgomas da
Tavis profesiul cxovrebas uqvemdebarebs im subordinaciul da
ierarqiul models, romelsac ukve kargad damkvidrebuli samuSao garemo sTavazobs; (2) sxva qalebi ixliCebian iuristis profesiuli saqmianobisa da ojaxze zrunvis erTdroulad da srulfasovnad ganxorcielebis miswrafebebs Soris; (3) arian iseTebic,
romlebic cdiloben iuristis rolis xelaxal determinacias da
Zalauflebis struqturaSi cvlilebebis inicirebas sakuTar Sinagan rwmenasa da profesiul simwifeze dayrdnobiT.
dominanturobis feministuri Teoria asaxavs im negatiur zemoqmedebas, romelsac qalebi kacebisagan gansxvavebulad ganicdian, magaliTad, Zaladobis, gaupatiurebis, seqsualuri Seviwroebis da pornografiis Sedegad. formaluri Tanasworobis Teoria
ar iTvaliswinebda am zianis masStabs da qalebis gansakuTrebul
mowyvladobas, radgan ver xedavda maT gamomwvev faqtorebs Zalauflebis patriarqalur struqturebs Soris. Sesabamisad, es Teoria warmoiSva kacebis dominaciisa da privilegiebis samarTlebriv
CarCoSi gaazrebis Sedegad.
dominanturobis Teoriis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli, ketrin makkinoni, qalebis gansxvavebulobis safuZvels qalebis seqsualobis kontrolSi xedavda. misi azriT, mamakacebi
11. Jack, R & Jack D.C. (1989). Moral vision and professional decisions: the changing
values of women and men lawyers

23

qalebis seqsualobis marTviT maTze dominacias inarCunebdnen12.

makkinoni miiCnevda, rom qalebis seqsualoba iyo ara biologiuri
mocemuloba, aramed socializaciis produqti, romelic maT aiZulebda, mamakacebisTvis sasurvel obieqtad Camoyalibebuliyvnen.
aRniSnulis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo qalebis seqsualuri Seviwroeba
samuSao adgilebzec, sadac isini, genderulad diskriminaciuli
da neitraluri kanonebis gamo, mamakacebTan arsebiTi Tanasworobis miRwevas ver axerxebdnen.

3. mravalferovnebis safexuri
mravalferovnebis safexuris ganviTareba gamoiwvia adreuli
feministuri Teoriebis kritikam, romlis Tanaxmadac, feministi
avtorebi, ZiriTadad, koncentrirebulni iyvnen TeTrkaniani heteroseqsuali qalebis problemebze da ar iTvaliswinebdnen qalebs,
romlebic umciresobis sxvadasxva an ramdenime jgufs warmoadgendnen.
mravalferovnebis aRiarebis periodis feministuri Teoriebia antiesencialisturi Teoria da postmodernistuli feminizmi.
es Teoriebi moiTxoven feministuri perspeqtivebis gamravalferovnebas, rac gaiTvaliswinebs sxvadasxva erovnebis, rasis, religiis, genderuli identobisa da seqsualuri orientaciis, aseve amgvar kulturasa Tu sazogadoebaSi mcxovreb qalebs. am midgomis
TvalsaCino magaliTia kimberli krenSousa13 da anjela harisis14
moRvaweoba, romlebic akritikebdnen feministuri samarTlis Teoriis xarvezebs (magaliTad, afroamerikeli qalebis gaupatiurebis SemTxvevebis Sefaseba). maTi azriT, afroamerikeli qalebi ganicdidnen diskriminacias rogorc sqesis, ise rasis niSniT; maTi
da TeTrkaniani qalebis mdgomareoba, simZimisa da intensiurobis
TvalsazrisiT, Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeboda. dasaqmebaSi diskriminaciis akrZalvis aqtis farglebSi, sqesisa da rasobrivi niSnis
safuZvelze ormagi diskriminaciis saTanadod Sefasebis problemebze miuTiTebda polet kolduelic.15
12. MacKinnon, C. A. (1982). Feminism, Marxism, Method and the State: An Agenda
for Theory, 7 signs: Women in Culture & Soc.
13. Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black
Feminists critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist
politics. U.Chi. Legal F.
14. Harris, A.P. (1990). Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory, 42 Stan.L.Rev. 581
15. Caldwell, P.M. (1991). A hair piece: perspectives on the intersection of race and
gender. Duke L.J 365

24

ganxilul feministur Teoriebs, umetes SemTxvevaSi, Tanmimdevrulad an zogjer paralelurad iyenebdnen feministi iuristebi maskulinuri samarTlis normebisa da praqtikis analizisTvis. imis mixedviT, Tu genderuli mgrZnobelobisa da mimReblobis
ra xarisxi hqonda sazogadoebas, saWiro xdeboda sxvadasxva feministuri Teoriis situaciur Sesabamisobaze muSaoba. TiToeulma
midgomam garkveuli roli Seasrula uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg
samarTlebriv brZolaSi da, erTianobaSi, Seqmna, rogorc mas stang
dali uwodebs, feministuri iurisprudencia.
stang dalis naSromi16 ganixilavs qalebisaTvis Seqmnili kanonmdeblobis Teoriul da meTodologiur safuZvlebs. igi warmoadgens qalebze orientirebuli iurisprudenciis dasabuTebas,
romlis centrSic dgas qalTa Cagvris gamocdileba da qalebis xedva samarTlianobisa da marTlmsajulebis Sesaxeb. dalis mosazrebis Tanaxmad, qalebisaTvis Seqmnili kanonmdeblobis mizania, aRweros, axsnas da ganmartos qalebis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba,
romlis daniSnulebaa, gaaumjobesos qalebis mdgomareoba rogorc
marTlmsajulebis farglebSi, ise mTlianad sazogadoebaSi. misi
meTodologiuri midgoma eyrdnoba empiriul gamocdilebas qalTa
Cagvrisa da marginalizaciis Sesaxeb, rac kargad aris dasabuTebuli sociologiuri kvlevis tradiciiT. rodesac qalebi zrunaven
sxva adamianebze (bavSvi, xandazmuli, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis
mqone piri), isini am dros Sromoben uxilav Sromis bazarze, romelic swored kanonmdeblobiT aris uxilavi, vinaidan dauregulirebeli da samarTlebriv doneze ignorirebulia. avtors kanonmdebloba ganxiluli aqvs kacebis mier Seqmnil produqtad, romelic
Tavisi materialuri SinaarsiTa da struqturiT kacebis interesebsa da prioritetebs emsaxureba. is kacebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT aris Seqmnili; gansxvavdeba qalebis gamocdilebisagan da
Seesabameba realobis Sesaxeb kacebis Sexedulebebs.
genderuli kanonmdeblobis ZiriTadi mizania specialuri
kvlevebis Catareba, romelic gamoaaSkaravebs im subieqturobas,
tendenciurobas, samarTliani midgomis naklebobasa da Cagvris
praqtikas, riTac gamsWvalulia kanonmdebloba da, piriqiT, zemoaRniSnuli mankierebebi amave kanonmdeblobis meSveobiT agrZelebs arsebobas. es ukanaskneli erTmaneTisagan gamijnavs samarTlebriv doqtrinas da zogad samarTlebriv mecnierebas; aseve, gamoyofs am sferos politikuri zegavlenis sakiTxs. dali xelaxla
gansazRvravs samarTlianobisa da Tavisuflebis cnebebs politi16. Dahl, T.S. (1987). Womens Law: An Introduction to Feminist Jurisprudence,
Norwegian University Press

25

kis doneze, cdilobs ra, maTSi Seitanos qalebis mosazreba Tanasworobaze, Rirsebaze, keTilsindisierebaze, TviTdeterminaciasa
da TviTrealizaciaze. dalis kvleva gansakuTrebiT usvams xazs
qalebis mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobas, rac specifikurad aisaxeba im samarTlebriv regulaciebSi, romlebic awesrigebs qorwinebas, Sromis anazRaurebasa da socialur dacvas. misi azriT, am
sami sferos samarTlebrivi regulireba uCinrad da, amave dros,
radikalurad aris SeWiduli sqesis faqtorTan. misi azriT, qalebi, romlebic dasaqmebas ver axerxeben, radgan maT mTeli cxovreba miuZRvnes sxva adamianebze zrunvas (rac aunazRaurebeli da
samarTlebrivad ganufasebeli Sromaa), sapensio asakSi ganicdian
diskriminacias. dalis naSromi miuTiTebs, rom kanonmdeblobis
suliskveTeba gamsWvalulia Semdegi Sinaarsis gzavniliT (romelic sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul kulturul normebs efuZneba):
Tu gsurT, Tqveni Sroma saTanadod iyos aRiarebuli, nu miuZRvniT Tqvens Tavs bavSvebis aRzrdas.

Tamar dekanosiZe, ana nacvliSvili

sis x lis sa mar T lis gen de ru li ana li zi

II. gaupatiureba da sxva saxis seqsualuri Zaladoba

A.

Sesavali

am TavSi gaanalizebulia saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis (ssk) adamianis sqesobrivi Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Semdegi danaSaulebi: muxli 137. gaupatiureba; muxli 138. seqsualuri xasiaTis ZalmomreobiTi moqmedeba;
muxli 139. sqesobrivi kavSiris an seqsualuri xasiaTis sxvagvari
moqmedebis iZuleba; 141. garyvnili qmedeba; muxli 19. danaSaulis
mcdeloba

B.

feministuri midgomebi gaupatiurebasa da sxva saxis

seqsualur ZaladobasTan mimarTebiT

ketrin makkinoni miiCnevs, rom gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb arsebuli kanonebi icavs gaupatiurebis Camdenebs da dawerilia im xedviT,
rom gaupatiurebebis umetesoba dausjeli darCes.17 mecnieris azriT, amis mizezi isaa, rom gaupatiurebas, umeteswilad, mamakacebi
sCadian da kanonmdebelTa umetesobac mamakacia. gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb kanonebi maSin Seiqmna, roca qalebs xmis micemis uflebac ki ar
hqondaT... gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb kanonebis Semqmnelebs SesaZloa,
Tavad ar hqondaT gaupatiureba Cadenili, magram isini miekuTvnebodnen im jgufs [kacebs], romelic gaupatiurebas sCadioda.18
makkinonsa da siuzan estrixs miaCniaT, rom gaupatiurebis
SemTxvevebSi, damnaSavis ganzraxvis gamokvlevis nacvlad, aqcenti gadatanilia msxverplze, rac mcdari midgomaa.19 imis magivrad,
rom gaupatiurebis faqtis dasadgenad moZaladis ganzraxva Seiswavlon, ikvleven imas, iyo Tu ara msxverpli Tanaxma seqsualur
kontaqtze da arsebobda Tu ara imis albaToba, rom igi msxverpli
gamxdariyo. Tu gaupatiurebis faqtis dadgenisas gamoZieba koncentrirebuli aRar iqneba msxverplis Tanxmobaze, es, judit a. ba17. MacKinnon, C. A. (2006) Are Women Human? Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press
18. ix. zemoT

26

19. ix. zemoT

27

eris azriT, gamoiwvevs aRniSnul sferoSi gabatonebuli midgomebis Zirfesvian cvlilebas.20

gaupatiurebis SemTxvevebSi, arsebuli midgomebis Tanaxmad,
msxverplis Tanxmobis ararsebobis dadgenasTan erTad, unda dadasturdes gaupatiurebis Camdenis braleuloba (mens rea). piris
braleulobis Sesafaseblad iyeneben obieqturi piris (reasonable person) standarts - ramdenad SeeZlo obieqtur pirs (msgavs garemoebebSi moxvedril sxva obieqtur adamians) imis Sefaseba, rom
msxverpli ar iyo Tanaxma seqsualur kontaqtze.21
vinaidan qalebi da mamakacebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen seqsualur kontaqtTan dakavSirebul situaciebs
(magaliTad, is, rac, mamakacis gagebiT, ubralod, yuradRebisa da
mowonebis demonstrirebaa, SesaZloa, qalisTvis Seuracxmyofeli
da saSiSic iyos), marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis dros, patriarqaluri damokidebulebebis gavleniT, obieqturi piris standarti, umeteswilad, ganimarteba, rogorc obieqturi mamakacis standarti.22 am mizezis gamo, rogorc makkinoni aRniSnavs, gaupatiurebisa da qalTa mimarT Zaladobis saqmeebSi saWiroa obieqturi qalis
(reasonable woman) standartis SemuSaveba.23 genderulad neitraluri standartis - obieqturi piris - interpretacia sistematurad
ugulebelyofs qalTa gamocdilebas mamakacebis sasargeblod.
Sesabamisad, gaupatiurebis saqmis gamoZiebisa da dasjis dros
unda aRmoifxvras damkvidrebuli patriarqaluri midgomebi da
qalTa survilebis, qcevis stereotipuli aRqma. marTlmsajuleba
unda warimarTos qalTa gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT da msxverplis mier garemoebebis obieqturi Sefasebis upiratesi gaTvaliswinebiT.

gaupatiureba da seqsualuri Zaladoba

saerTaSoriso samarTalSi

1. gaupatiurebis Semadgenloba
qalTa mimarT Zaladobisa da ojaxSi Zaladobis winaaRmdeg
brZolisa da prevenciis Sesaxeb evropis sabWos konvencia (SemdgomSi stambolis konvencia), seqsualuri Zaladobis saxeebs, maT
Soris gaupatiurebas, Semdegnairad gansazRvravs:

a) sxva adamianis sxeulTan seqsualuri xasiaTis arakonsensualuri25 vaginaluri, analuri an oraluri kavSiris
damyareba sxeulis nebismieri nawiliT an raime sagniT;
b) sxva adamianTan seqsualuri xasiaTis sxva arakonsensualuri aqtebis damyareba;
g) sxva adamianis iZuleba, mesame adamianTan daamyaros seqsualuri xasiaTis arakonsensualuri aqti.26
stambolis konvenciis ganmarteba Seesabameba sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier yofili iugoslaviisa da
ruandis tribunalebis praqtikaze dayrdnobiT SemuSavebul definicias. saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, gaupatiureba aris msxverplis sxeulis nebismieri
nawilis Tundac umniSvnelo penetracia... damnaSavis sasqeso organoTi, sagniT an sxeulis nebismieri sxva nawiliT.27

gaupatiureba seqsualuri Zaladobis erT-erTi formaa. igi

seqsualuri Zaladobis sxva formebisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom ga-

24. International Commission of Jurists, Womens Access to Justice for Gender-based

Violence A Practitioners Guide, September, 2013, p.10. ix. bmulze: http://www.icj.
org/womens-access-to-justice-for-gender-based-violence-icj-practitioners-guide-n-12launched/

20. Baer J. A., Feminist Theory And The Law, The Oxford Handbook of Political Science,
Edited by Robert E. Goodin ix. bmulze: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/
oxfordhb/9780199604456.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199604456-e-016

25. arakonsensualuri - moqmedebis ganxorcieleba piris Tanxmobis gareSe

21. Whisnant, R. Feminist Perspectives on Rape, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,

13.05.2009, ix. bmulze: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-rape/
22. ix. zemoT
23. ix. zemoT

28

upatiurebis dros xdeba msxverplis seqsualuri penetracia (sxeulSi SeRweva).24 gaupatiurebisa da seqsualuri Zaladobis sxva
danaSaulebTan mimarTebiT kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaSi gavrcelebuli calkeuli midgomebi xels uSlis danaSaulis msxverpli qalebis uflebebis dacvas da kanonis winaSe maTi Tanasworobis
realizebas. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso
standartebis mimoxilva gaupatiurebis Semadgenlobasa da seqsualur kontaqtze msxverplis Tanxmobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

26. qalTa mimarT Zaladobisa da ojaxSi Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolisa

da prevenciis Sesaxeb evropis sabWos konvencia (stambolis konvencia),
muxli N36
27. International Criminal Court, Elements of Crimes (2011), p. 8. ix. bmulze: https://
www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/336923D8-A6AD-40EC-AD7B-45BF9DE73D56/0/
ElementsOfCrimesEng.pdf

29

gaupatiurebis klasikuri ganmartebis garda, saxelmwifos

kanonmdebloba da praqtika gaupatiurebis definiciaSi unda moiazrebdes yvela im qmedebas, romlebic Tavisi xasiaTiT gaupatiurebis tradiciul aRqmas utoldeba; magaliTad, qalis sasqeso
organos nawilobrivi penetracia mamakacis sasqeso organos meSveobiT; oraluri penetracia; analuri penetracia mamakacis sasqeso
organoTi; vaginaluri an analuri penetracia TiTebis, muStis an
damnaSavis sxeulis sxva organos gamoyenebiT; vaginaluri an analuri penetracia sagnis gamoyenebiT.28
zemoxsenebuli standartebi cxadyofs, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali aRiarebs gaupatiurebas, rogorc nebismier seqsualuri
xasiaTis vaginalur, analur an oralur SeRwevas msxverplis sxeulSi, imis miuxedavad, riT xorcieldeba SeRweva - damnaSavis sasqeso organos, sxeulis nebismieri sxva nawilisa Tu sagnis meSveobiT. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, sxeulSi SeRweva srulad moxdeba damnaSavis mier sasqeso an sxva organoTi/sagniT, Tu nawilobriv.

2. msxverplis Tanxmobis sakiTxi

gaupatiurebasTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva sistemaSi arsebobs qalis mimarT diskriminaciuli praqtika, romlis Tanaxmadac,
Tu seqsualur kontaqts Tan ar axlavs mamakacis mier fizikuri Zalis gamoyeneba an/da msxverplis mier yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT
misTvis fizikuri winaaRmdegobis gaweva, ivaraudeba, rom msxverplma ganacxada Tanxmoba da qmedeba gaupatiurebad ar kvalificirdeba. aseT dros dacvis mxare (braldebuli) xSirad apelirebs
xolme, rom msxverpli Tanaxma iyo seqsze, radgan man dauSva es da
winaaRmdegoba ar gauwevia; xolo misi tansacmeli da qceva cxadyofda, rom mas undoda seqsualuri kontaqti.29 amis miuxedavad,
seqsualuri aqtebi, romlebic Cadenilia fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis gareSe - iZulebis an muqaris meSveobiT - aseve warmoadgens
gaupatiurebas.30
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom saqmeSi M.C. v.
Bulgaria (2003) aRniSna, rom sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri faqtoris
an damnaSavis mimarT SiSis gamo, seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplni - gansakuTrebiT arasrulwlovani gogonebi - xSirad damna-

28. International Commission of Jurists, p. 204

29. ix. zemoT, p. 196-197
30. ix. zemoT, p. 199

30

Saves fizikur winaaRmdegobas ar uweven.31 sasamarTlom miuTiTa,

rom seqsualuri Zaladobis saqmis mimarT mkacri midgoma da yvela SemTxvevaSi msxverplis mier fizikuri winaaRmdegobis gawevis
mtkicebulebis moTxovna gamoiwvevs gaupatiurebis zogierTi SemTxvevis dausjelobas da safrTxes Seuqmnis individis seqsualuri avtonomiis dacvas... saxelmwifo valdebulia, moaxdinos nebismieri arakonsensualuri seqsualuri aqtis kriminalizeba da misi
efeqtiani gamoZieba da dasja, im SemTxvevaSic, Tu msxverpls ar gauwevia fizikuri winaaRmdegoba.32
amave saqmeze Interights-is mier evropul sasamarTloSi wardgenili me-3 mxaris intervenciis Tanaxmad, Tanasworobis midgoma
iTvaliswinebs ara imis gansazRvras, Tqva Tu ara qalma ara, aramed imisa, Tqva Tu ara man diax. qalebi ar imyofebian mudmivi Tanxmobis reJimSi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca isini amboben aras,
an winaaRmdegobas uweven maTTan seqsualuri urTierTobis damyarebis msurvel pirebs. fizikuri da seqsualuri avtonomiis ufleba niSnavs, rom maT mtkicebiTi formiT unda ganacxadon Tanxmoba
seqsualur aqtivobaze.33

3.

msxverplis nebis damTrgunveli garemoebebi (coercive

circumstances) da nebayoflobiTi da WeSmariti Tanxmoba

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi praqtikis mier dadgenilia, rom

msxverplis nebis damTrgunveli garemoebebis arsebobis dros gaupatiurebis dasadastureblad ar aris saWiro Zaladobis an Zaladobis muqaris arseboba. am dros mxedvelobaSi ar unda miiRebodes
seqsualur kontaqtze msxverplis mier gacxadebuli Tanxmobac.
sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo, yofili iugoslaviisa da ruandis tribunalis praqtikaze dayrdnobiT,34 ganmartavs, rom gaupatiureba Cadenilia, Tu damnaSavem mimarTa Zalas,
Zalis gamoyenebis muqaras, iZulebas, aseve, Tu igi sargeblobda
31. M.C. v. Bulgaria, Application N 39272/98, European Court of Human Rights, 4
December 2003, para. 164.
32. M.C. v Bulgaria, para. 166.
33. Interights, Third Party Intervention in M.C. v Bulgaria, 12 April 2003, para. 12.
34. magaliTad, ruandis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunalma
Akayesu-s saqmeSi ganmarta gaupatiureba, rogorc piris mimarT seqsualuri xasiaTis fizikuri SeRweva msxverplis nebis damTrgunveli
garemoebebis arsebobis dros (under circumstances which are coercive) - ganmartebis Tanaxmad, damnaSavis mier Zalis gamoyeneba aucilebeli ar aris.
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No ICTR-96-4, Trial Judgment, 02.09,1998, par. 596-598

31

msxverplis nebis damTrgunveli garemoTi (taking advantage of a coercive environment). sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, msxverplis
mier gamoxatuli Tanxmoba ar unda miiRebodes mxedvelobaSi, Tu
arsebulma garemoebebma msxverpls waarTva nebayoflobiTi da
WeSmariti Tanxmobis (voluntary and genuine consent) gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba. msxverplis siCume an winaaRmdegobis gauwevloba ar
niSnavs mis Tanxmobas.35 aqedan gamomdinare, gamokvleul unda iqnes ara, ubralod, Tanxmobis, aramed nebayoflobiTi da WeSmariti
Tanxmobis arsebobis sakiTxi.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis
Tanaxmad, imis miuxedavad, rom saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis
tribunalebis mier Camoyalibebuli gaupatiurebis definicia exeba
uSualod SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros Cadenil gaupatiurebas, igi Tanxmobis sakiTxTan mimarTebiT universaluri da relevanturia yvela sxva konteqstSi.36 sasamarTlos mosazrebis Tanaxmad,
rodesac damnaSavem ganzrax Seiyvana SecdomaSi msxverpli da gaityua ukacriel adgilas, amiT Seqmna msxverplis nebis damTrgunveli garemo, rac sakmarisi iyo misi seqsualuri avtonomiis gadasalaxavad. sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom nebismieri seqsualuri penetracia msxverplis Tanxmobis gareSe warmoadgens gaupatiurebas; rom
Tanxmoba unda iyos nebayoflobiTi, gamoxatavdes piris Tavisufal
nebas da is unda Sefasdes arsebuli garemoebebis konteqstSi.37
saqmeSi Karen Tayag Vertido v. the Philippines gaeros qalTa mimarT
yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris komiteti (CEDAW) aseve
eyrdnoba saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebis mier ganviTarebul standartebs da adgens, rom saxelmwifom unda amoiRos Zaladobis kriteriumi gaupatiurebis definiciidan da SeimuSaos gaupatiurebis
ganmarteba, romelic a) moiTxovs piris mkafio da nebayoflobiTi
Tanxmobis arsebobas da braldebulisgan imis dadasturebas, Tu
ra nabijebi gadadga, raTa darwmunebuliyo seqsualur kontaqtze
msxverplis TanxmobaSi; an b) iTvaliswinebs aqtis ganxorcielebas
msxverplis nebis damTrgunvel garemoebebSi da gansazRvravs amgvari garemoebebis farTo wres.38
stambolis konvencia aseve ganamtkicebs, rom Tanxmoba unda

iyos nebayoflobiTi, piris Tavisufali nebis gamoxatvis Sedegi,

rac unda Sefasdes arsebuli garemoebebis konteqstSi.39
qalTa mimarT Zaladobis kanonmdeblobis Taobaze gaeros mier
SemuSavebuli gzamkvlevis Tanaxmad, gaupatiurebis dros Zaladoba unda ganisazRvros, rogorc danaSaulis damamZimebeli garemoeba da ara rogorc gaupatiurebis Semadgeneli nawili...40 Sesabamisad, gaupatiureba unda ganisazRvros, rogorc sqesobrivi kavSiri
msxverplis Tanxmobis gareSe, xolo Tu danaSuli ZaladobiT aris
Cadenili - aRnSnuli warmoadgens damamZimebel garemoebebSi Cadenil gaupatiurebas.
gaeros gzamkvlevi aseve aRniSnavs, rom rig qveynebSi gaupatiureba da seqsualuri Zaladoba ar aris kriminalizebuli, rodesac
igi xdeba qorwinebaSi an intimur urTierTobaSi,41 an, maTi kriminalizebis miuxedavad, praqtikaSi amgvari danaSaulebis gamoZieba da
dasja iSviaTad xdeba. Sesabamisad, gaeros gzamkvlevis rekomendaciiT, kanonmdeblobaSi calke unda gamoiyos gaupatiurebis Cadena
intimur urTierTobasa da qorwinebaSi, raTa qorwineba an sxva saxis intimuri urTierToba gamoyenebul ar iqnes marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel garemoebad.42

35. International Criminal Court, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, UN Doc ICCASP/1/3 (2002), rule 70 a-c.

41. ix. zemoT. gv. 27

36. M.C. v Bulgaria, para. 163

37. M.C. v Bulgaria, para. 102-107 and 163
38. Karen Tayag Vertido v. The Philippines, CEDAW, Communication N18/2008, UN
Doc CEDAW/C/46/D/18/2008 (2010), para. 8.9(b)(ii). ix. bmuli: http://pcw.gov.ph/
VLWHVGHIDXOWOHVGRFXPHQWVHOHVZHEPDVWHUFHGDZRSNDUHQYHUWLGRFDVHSGI

32

gaupatiureba da sqesobrivi Tavisuflebisa da

xelSeuxeblobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sxva
danaSaulebi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi43

1. gaupatiureba - ssk 137-e muxli

a) gaupatiurebis Semadgenloba
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis (ssk) 137-e muxlis 1-li
nawilis Tanaxmad, gaupatiureba aris sqesobrivi kavSiri ZaladobiT, Zaladobis muqariT an dazaralebulis umweobis gamoyenebiT.
gaupatiureba adamianis sqesobrivi Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeb39. stambolis konvencia, muxli N36.3
40. Handbook for Legislation on Violence against Women, United Nations Department
for Economic and Social Affairs, Division for the Advancement of Women, p. 26
42. ix. zemoT
43. muxli 137. gaupatiureba, muxli 138. seqsualuri xasiaTis
ZalmomreobiTi moqmedeba; muxli 139. sqesobrivi kavSiris an seqsualuri
xasiaTis sxvagvari moqmedebis iZuleba; muxli 140. sqesobrivi kavSiri
an seqsualuri xasiaTis sxvagvari moqmedeba Teqvsmeti wlis asaks
miuRwevelTan; muxli 141. garyvnili qmedeba

33

lobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulebs miekuTvneba da misi akrZalvis mizania adamianis sqesobrivi Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis dacva.44 vinaidan muxli genderulad neitraluria, gaupatiurebis Camdeni (subieqti, amsrulebeli) aris nebismieri 14 wels miRweuli piri (mamakaci Tu qali) da misi Cadena SesaZloa rogorc qalis, ise mamakacis (srulwlovani an arasrulwlovani) winaaRmdeg.

b) gaupatiurebis elementebi: sqesobrivi kavSiri

sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawilis komentaris Tanaxmad, gaupatiurebis dros sqesobrivi kavSiri niSnavs mxolod da mxolod
qalsa da mamakacs Soris, maTi sasqeso organoebis meSveobiT damyarebul e.w. normalur, fiziologiur aqts.45 gaupatiureba ar
aris iseTi qmedeba, rodesac msxverplis sxeulSi (sasqeso Tu sxva
organoSi) SeRweva moxda ara damnaSavis sasqeso organos, aramed
misi sxva organos an sagnis meSveobiT. Sesabamisad, gaupatiurebad
ar dakvalificirdeba oraluri an analuri penetracia damnaSavis
sasqeso Tu sxva organos an sagnis meSveobiT - es qmedebebi, Tu Cadenilia ZaladobiT an Zaladobis muqariT, kanoniT isjeba (ix. qvemoT), magram isini Sefasdeba, rogorc seqsualuri kontaqti, Cadenili gaukuRmarTebuli46 formiT (ssk muxli 138) da ara rogorc
gaupatiureba.47
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ssk-Si gaupatiurebis definicia
ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso standartebs da feministur midgomebs, romelTa Tanaxmadac, gaupatiurebad ganisazRvreba nebismieri seqsualuri xasiaTis vaginaluri, analuri an oralur SeRweva msxverplis sxeulSi, imis miuxedavad, SeRweva xorcieldeba
damnaSavis sasqeso organos, sxeulis nebismieri sxva nawilisa Tu
44. sqesobrivi Tavisufleba aris piris ufleba, sakuTari surviliT
airCios sqesobrivi partniori; xolo sqesobrivi xelSeuxebloba niSnavs,
rom konkretul pirTan (magaliTad, mcirewlovanTan) misi Tanxmobis
SemTxvevaSic ki sqesobrivi kavSiri ikrZaleba (ix.lekveiSvili m., Todua
n., gvenetaZe n., mamulaSvili g., sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni I,
me-6 gamocema, 2016 w., gv. 211).
45.lekveiSvili m., Todua n., gvenetaZe n., mamulaSvili g., sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili (wigni 1-li), me-6 gamocema, 2016 wwigni I, gv. 212
46. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi arsebuli homofobiuri termini,
romelic yvela saxis araheteronormatiul seqsualur kontaqts
gaukuRmarTebul qcevad miiCnevs
47. aRniSnuli muxli da gaupatiurebis muxli analogiur sasjelebs iTvaliswinebs.

34

raime sagnis meSveobiT (ix. zemoT).

c) danaSaulis Cadenis xerxi

ssk 137-e muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, gaupatiurebis Cadena
SesaZlebelia 3 xerxis meSveobiT: a) Zaladoba; b) Zaladobis muqara;
g) dazaralebulis umweobis gamoyeneba.
Tu Zaladobas (magaliTad, cema, xel-fexis Seborkva, kidurebis gadagrexa) mohyva janmrTelobis msubuqi an naklebad mZime
dazianeba, qmedeba kvlav gaupatiurebis danaSaulis farglebSi eqceva. Tumca, Tu qmedebam janmrTelobis mZime dazianeba gamoiwvia,
maSin arsebobs danaSaulTa erToblioba (gaupatiureba da masTan
erTad sxva sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli).48 Zaladoba SesaZloa,
mimarTuli iyos rogorc msxverplis, ise sxva piris mimarT, romlis bediTac dainteresebulia msxverpli, an iseTi piris mimarT,
romelic cdilobda danaSaulisTvis xelis SeSlas.49
Zaladobis aRiareba gaupatiurebis Semadgenel elementad ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso standartebs (ix. zemoT), romelTa Tanaxmadac, Zaladoba unda iyos gaupatiurebis damamZimebeli garemoeba da ara gaupatiurebis Semadgeneli nawili.
Zaladobis muqara (mkvlelobis, janmrTelobis dazianebis,
sxva piris gaupatiurebis, mniSvnelovani qonebis ganadgurebis muqara), sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis komentaris Tanaxmad, unda iyos
realuri da safuZvliani; muqara unda iyos imwuTieri da unda arsebobdes misi dauyovnebliv ganxorcielebis safuZveli. ara aqvs
mniSvneloba, damnaSave apirebda Tu ara muqaris ganxorcielebas mTavaria, ramdenad realuri Canda is. muqara SeiZleba mimarTuli
iyos dazaralebulisken, an sxva pirisken, romlis bediTac dainteresebulia dazaralebuli, an romelic danaSaulis CadenaSi xelis
SeSlas cdilobda.50
komentaris Tanaxmad, Tu muqara realuri da safuZvliania,
magram is mimarTulia momavlisken, qmedeba SeiZleba dakvalificirdes, rogorc sqesobrivi kavSiris an seqsualuri xasiaTis
sxvagvari moqmedebis iZuleba (ssk 139-e muxli) an iZuleba (ssk 150e muxliT).51
Sesabamisad, rodesac arsebobs momavlisken mimarTuli muqara,
48.sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni I, gv. 212-213
49.ix. zemoT, gv. 213
50.ix. zemoT, gv. 213
51.ix. zemoT, gv. 213-214

35

an rodesac muqara ar aRiqmeba, rogorc realuri da, miuxedavad

amisa, moxda msxverplTan seqsualuri kontaqti misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod, qmedeba, konmentaris Tanaxmad, gaupatiurebad ar dakvalificirdeba, vinaidan iZuleba ar miiCneva gaupatiurebis Cadenis
xerxad. es midgoma Semdeg problemebs warmoSobs:
1.

2.

ewinaaRmdegeba gaupatiurebis definicias adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTalSi (ix. zemoT) - im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac muqara momavlisken aris mimarTuli, magram
miuxedavad amisa pirTan mainc xdeba misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod sqesobrivi kavSiris damyareba, qmedeba unda dakvalificirdes gaupatiurebad;
akninebs Cadenili qmedebis simwvaves - nacvlad 6-dan 8
wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTisa, rac SesaZloa, pirs gaupatiurebisTvis miesajos, damnaSave Seusabamod msubuqi sasjeliT isjeba. ssk 139-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebisTvis (sqesobrivi kavSiris an seqsualuri xasiaTis sxvagvari moqmedebis iZuleba) gaTvaliswinebulia jarima anda
Tavisuflebis aRkveTa vadiT sam wlamde, xolo ssk 150-e
muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba (iZuleba) isjeba jarimiT an gamasworebeli samuSaoTi vadiT erT wlamde, anda mas
Seesabameba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa imave vadiT.

dazaralebulis umweobis gamoyeneba, rac gaupatiurebis Cadenis erT-erTi xerxia, gvxvdeba maSin, rodesac msxverpls ara
aqvs unari, winaaRmdegoba gauwios damnaSaves Tavisi fizikuri Tu
fsiqikuri mdgomareobis gamo (magaliTad, Rrma moxucebuli, SSm
piri, Rrma ZilSi myofi an alkoholis an sxva nivTierebis zemoqmedebis qveS myofi piri).52
gaupatiureba damTavrebulad (Cadenilad) iTvleba maSin, rodesac damnaSave iwyebs sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas. ara aqvs
mniSvneloba, moaxerxebs Tu ara piri mis damTavrebas - qmedeba mainc gaupatiurebas warmoadgens.53
gaupatiurebad ar miiCneva qmedeba, rodesac damnaSave msxverplTan sqesobriv kavSirs daamyarebs motyuebiT - magaliTad, daqorwinebis dapirebiT.54 vinaidan saqarTveloSi arsebuli kultu-

ruli normebi da patriarqaluri damokidebulebebi xels uSlis

qals, hqondes sqesobrivi kavSiri qorwinebamde (es amcirebs qalis
daqorwinebis Sanss momavalSi), qorwinebis dapireba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, gamoyenebuli iyos mamakacis mier, rogorc erTaderTi saSualeba qalis sqesobriv kavSirze dasaTanxmeblad. amis
miuxedavad, kanonmdebloba da praqtika msgavs garemoebaSi momxdar qmedebas sakmarisad mwvaved ar aRiqvams saimisod, rom igi gaupatiurebad daakvalificiros.

d) msxverplis Tanxmobis sakiTxi

saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da feministuri midgomebis Tanaxmad, msxverplis Tanxmobis ararseboba seqsualur kontaqtze sakmarisia imisTvis, rom qmedeba gaupatiurebad dakvalificirdes.
miuxedavad amisa, ssk-is gaupatiurebis muxli msxverplis Tanxmobis elements saerTod ar moicavs. mxolod da mxolod msxverplis
Tanxmobis ararseboba seqsualur kontaqtze, Tu, amasTanave, qmedebis Cadenis dros ar mimarTaven Zaladobas, Zaladobis muqaras,
an ar iyeneben dazaralebulis umweobas, ssk-is mixedviT, gaupatiurebis Semadgenlobas ar iZleva.

2. seqsualuri xasiaTis ZalmomreobiT moqmedeba

(ssk 138-e muxli)
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi gaupatiurebis danaSaulisgan ganasxvavebs seqsualuri xasiaTis ZalmomreobiT moqmedebas (ssk 138-e muxli). muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, isjeba mamaTmavloba, lesboseloba an sxvagvari seqsualuri kontaqti gaukuRmarTebuli formiT, Cadenili ZaladobiT, Zaladobis muqariT
an dazaralebulis umweobis gamoyenebiT. aRniSnuli muxli gaupatiurebisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom gaupatiurebis dros sqesobrivi kontaqti xdeba mxolod qalsa da mamakacs Soris da mxolod
da mxolod maTi sasqeso organoebis meSveobiT. Tu sqesobrivi
kontaqti (ZaladobiT, Zaladobis muqariT, an dazaralebulis umweobis gamoyenebiT) xdeba erTi da imave sqesis warmomadgenelTa
Soris, an qalsa da mamakacs Soris - mamakacis sasqeso organos da

52. ix. zemoT, gv. 171

53. ix. zemoT, gv. 171-172
54. ix. zemoT, gv. 171. zogierTi qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi motyuebiT
damyarebuli sqesobrivi kavSiri ganisazRvreba, rogorc gaupatiureba

36

(magaliTad, belgiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, muxli 375. ix. bmulze:

http://eige.europa.eu/gender-based-violence/regulatory-and-legal-framework/legalGHQLWLRQVLQWKHHXEHOJLXPUDSH

37

qalis sxeulis sxva organos meSveobiT55 - qmedeba seqsualuri xasiaTis ZalmomreobiT moqmedebad kvalificirdeba da ara gaupatiurebad.56
aRniSnuli muxlis gaupatiurebis muxlisgan gamoyofa ewinaaRmdegeba gaupatiurebis arss adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT, romelic gansazRvravs gaupatiurebas,
rogorc nebismieri saxis seqsualur penetracias msxverplis Tanxmobis gareSe (ix. zemoT). vinaidan msxverplis sxeulSi nebismieri
saxis SeRweva warmoadgens gaupatiurebas, 138-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulic aseve unda kvalificirdebodes, rogorc gaupatiureba.

3. sqesobrivi kavSiris an seqsualuri xasiaTis

sxvagvari moqmedebis iZuleba (ssk 139-e muxli)
ukiduresad problemuria sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 139e muxlis gaupatiurebisagan gancalkevebulad ganxilva - muxlis
mixedviT, isjeba sqesobrivi kavSiri an sxvagvari moqmedebis iZuleba. muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, isjeba sqesobrivi kavSiris,
mamaTmavlobis, lesboselobis an sxvagvari seqsualuri kontaqtis
iZuleba saxelgamtexi cnobis gaxmaurebis an qonebrivi dazianebis
muqariT, anda materialuri, samsaxurebrivi an sxvagvari damokidebulebis gamoyenebiT.
komentaris Tanaxmad, materialuri damokidebuleba arsebobs
maSin, rodesac dazaralebuli arsebobisTvis aucilebel saxsrebs
iRebs damnaSavisgan (kveba, Cacma, swavlis Tu mkurnalobis xarjebi da a.S.). iZuleba unda gamoixatos piris materialuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis muqaraSi; magaliTad, ojaxis erTi wevri meores
sTavazobs sqesobriv kavSirs da uaris SemTxvevaSi wyvets mis materialur uzrunvelyofas, raTa daiTanxmos igi sqesobriv kontaqtze; anda samsaxurebriv damokidebulebaSi myof pirs zemdgomi
piri pirdapir an miniSnebiT agrZnobinebs, rom igi gaauaresebs mis
samsaxurebriv mdgomareobas, Tu qvemdgomi ar daTanxmdeba seqsua-

55. kvlevis farglebSi gaanalizebuli sasamarTlo praqtikidan

gamomdinareobs, rom, Tu sqesobriv kontaqtSi ar monawileobs mamakacis
sasqeso organo, danaSauli ar kvalificirdeboda arc gaupatiurebad
da arc seqsualuri xasiaTis ZalmomreobiT moqmedebad. danaSauli
kvalificirdeboda gaupatiurebis mcdelobad an garyvnil qmedebad
(Tu msxverpli arasrulwlovania).
56. ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni I, gv. 226-228

38

lur kontaqtze, rasac mohyveba kontaqtze msxverplis Tanxmoba.57

upirveles yovlisa, ar aris mkafiod gamijnuli, Tu riT gansxvavdeba muqara (aRniSnuli 139-e muxlSi) Zaladobis muqarisgan,
romelic, ssk-is mixedviT, gaupatiurebis (137-e muxli) Semadgeneli nawilia. komentaris Tanaxmad, am danaSaulis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroeba aSkarad naklebia, vidre gaupatiurebisa, radganac
gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi safrTxe ar emuqreba piris sicocxles an
janmrTelobas. garda amisa, pirs aqvs dro, dafiqrdes damnaSavis
winadadebaze, awon-dawonos viTareba, sxva pirebs mimarTos saSvelad da a.S.
aRniSnuli danaSulis (sqesobrivi kavSiris an seqsualuri xasiaTis sxvagvari moqmedebis iZuleba, romelsac mohyva sqesobrivi
kavSiri, anu, rodesac iZuleba gamoyenebulia danaSaulis Cadenis
xerxad) gaupatiurebisagan gamijvna ewinaaRmdegeba zemoT ganxilul feministur midgomebs da gaupatiurebis ganmartebas adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT. danaSauli
Cadenilia msxverplis nebis paralizebiT, msxverplis nebis damTrgunveli garemoebebis gamoyenebiT, ris gamoc qmedeba gaupatiurebad unda dakvalificirdes (ix. zemoT).
garda zemoxsenebuli qmedebis SeuTavseblobisa gaupatiurebis saerTaSoriso ganmartebasTan, danaSaulis dakvalificireba
sqesobrivi kavSiris an seqsualuri xasiaTis sxvagvari moqmedebis
iZulebad (ssk 139-e muxli) gamoiwvevs damnaSavisTvis ukiduresad
lmobieri sasjelis Sefardebas - maSin, rodesac gaupatiureba isjeba 6-dan 8 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, aRniSnuli danaSaulisTvis gansazRvruli sasjelia jarima an 3 wlamde Tavisuflebis
aRkveTa.
Tu damnaSave Zaladobis samomavlo muqariT aiZulebs pirs, daamyaros masTan seqsualuri kontaqti, qmedeba SeiZleba saerTod
aRar dakvalificirdes sqesobriv danaSaulad da piri ssk 150-e muxlis farglebSi (iZuleba) daisajos.58 muqaris myisierobas ar unda
hqondes kvalifikaciisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. mniSnvnelovania damnaSavis ganzraxva daamyaros seqsobrivi kavSiri, romlis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSic qmedeba unda moeqces 139-e muxlis farglebSi. Tu muqara momavlisken aris mimarTuli, aman SeiZleba imoqmedos sasjelis gansazRvraze da ara danaSaulis kvalifikaciaze.

57. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni I, gv. 230

58. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni I, gv. 234

39

4. garyvnili qmedeba (ssk 141-e muxli)

ssk 141-e muxlis Tanaxmad, isjeba garyvnili qmedeba, anu Zaladobis gareSe garyvnili qmedeba damnaSavisaTvis winaswari SecnobiT Teqvsmeti wlis asaks miuRwevelTan.59 danaSaulis msxverpli
SeiZleba gaxdes 16 wels miuRweveli piri.
komentaris Tanaxmad, garyvnili qmedebis dros damnaSave ar
amyarebs dazaralebulTan sqesobriv kavSirs, romelic garegnulad sqesobrivi kavSiris imitaciiT xasiaTdeba, aramed seqsualuri
xasiaTis qmedebas axorcielebs dazaralebulis sxeulze, an Tavis
sxeulze dazaralebulis TandaswrebiT, an uCvenebs pornografiul
nawarmoebs, an esaubreba seqsualuri cxovrebis iseT detalebze,
ramac SesaZloa, mozardSi seqsualuri ltolva gamoiwvios.60
aRniSnuli ganmartebis miuxedavad, sasamarTlo praqtikaSi
xSiria gaupatiurebis Semadgenlobis mqone qmedebis kvalifikacia
garyvnil qmedebad (ix. qvemoT).
dRes arsebuli kanonmdeblobiT, qmedebis araswori kvalifikacia aRniSnuli muxliT aRar iwvevs damnaSavisTvis ufro lmobieri sasjelis Sefardebas - ssk-Si 2013 wels ganxorcielebuli
cvlilebis Tanaxmad, gaupatiurebisa da garyvnili qmedebisTvis
TiTqmis Tanabari sasjelia gaTvaliswinebuli - 5-dan 7 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTa garyvnili qmedebisTvis, xolo 6-dan 8 wlamde
Tavisuflebis aRkveTa gaupatiurebisTvis.

E.

gaupatiureba, sxva saxis seqsualuri Zaladoba da

saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtika

sqesobriv danaSaulebze sajaro informaciis saxiT mopovebuli, pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebis mier 2012 wlidan 2016
wlamde gamotanili 12 ganaCenis analizis mixedviT Semdegi tendenciebi ikveTeba:
msxverplis an moZaladis sxeulze fizikuri dazianebebis da
sxva mtkicebulebebis aucilebloba gaupatiurebis faqtis dadgenisTvis:
miuxedavad imisa, rom gaupatiurebis da sxva saxis seqsualuri
Zaladobis dros fizikuri dazianebis miyeneba ar aris danaSaulis
aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawili, gaupatiurebis faqtis dadgena,
zemoxsenebul ganaCenebSi, umeteswilad, dazianebis damadasture59. qmedeba isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 5-dan 7 wlamde.
60. ix. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis komentari, gv. 192

40

beli mtkicebulebebis arsebobis gamo moxda. Tu saqmeSi amgvari

mtkicebulebebi ar aris, mniSvnelovania gamokvleva, aRwevs Tu ara
amgvari saqmeebi sasamarTlomde - prokuratura sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas ar iwyebs, an devnas xom ar wyvets devnas arasakmarisi mtkicebulebebis gamo.
gaanalizebuli ganaCenebis Tanaxmad, gaupatiurebis da sxva
seqsualuri Zaladobis saqmeebze, romlebsac piris msjavrdeba
mohyva, Zaladobis Semdegi mtkicebulebebi arsebobda: moZaladisTvis msxverplis mier gaupatiurebis dros miyenebuli dazianebebi;61 msxverplis sxeulze moZaladis mier miyenebuli dazianebebi
- dazianebebi saqalwule apkTan62; mravlobiTi sisxlnaJRenTebi da
darRveuli saqalwule apki63; dazianebebi msxverplis sxeulze64;
dazianebebi sxeulze da ukana tanidan da saSodan aRebuli nacxi,
romelic braldebulis genetikuri profilis identuri aRmoCnda65; gaupatiurebis mcdelobis dros dazaralebulis mier braldebulisTvis miyenebuli sxeulis dazianebebi66; darRveuli saqalwule apki da sisxlnaJRenTebi sxeulze67; dazianeba arasrulwlovnis ukana tanze gareT da swori nawlavis naskdomebi;68 dazaralebulis sxeulze aRmoCenili braldebulis sperma69.
zog SemTxvevaSi, imis miuxedavad, rom dazaralebuls hqonda
fizikuri dazianebebi da arsebobda gaupatiurebis damadasturebeli sxva mtkicebulebebi, gaupatiurebis faqti sasamarTlom mainc ver dainaxa. magaliTad, baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlos erTerT saqmeSi Semdegi garemoebebia aRwerili: braldebuli uaryofs
gaupatiurebis faqts; msxverplis saqalwule apki mTelia, xolo
dazianebebi miyenebulia saSos SesasvlelTan; rogorc eqsperti
aRniSnavs, dazianeba SeiZleba miyenebuli yofiliyo rogorc mamakacis sasqeso organoTi, ise sagniT; dazaralebulis sacvalze
61. mcxeTis raionuli sasamarTlo, 2012 wlis 8 maisis ganaCeni
62. zestafonis raionuli sasamarTlo, 2012 wlis 26 seqtembris ganaCeni
63. bolnisis raionuli sasamarTlo, 2013 wlis 21 ivnisis ganaCeni
64.baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, 2014 wlis 9 ivlisis ganaCeni; samtrediis raionuli sasamarTlo, 2015 wlis 12 oqtombris ganaCeni
65. baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, 2014 wlis 19 martis ganaCeni; baTumis
saqalaqo sasamarTlo, 2014 wlis 25 noembris ganaCeni
66. xaSuris raionuli sasamarTlo, 2015 wlis 9 ivnisis ganaCeni
67. Telavis raionuli sasamarTlo, 2016 wlis 12 Tebervlis ganaCeni
68. goris raionuli sasamarTlo, 2013 wlis 21 oqtombris ganaCeni
69. baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, 2014 wlis 19 martis ganaCeni; baTumis
saqalaqo sasamarTlo, 2014 wlis 25 noemberis ganaCeni; samtrediis
raionuli sasamarTlo, 2015 wlis 12 oqtombris ganaCeni

41

42

qmedebisTvis araswori (saerTaSoriso standartebis sawinaaRmdego) kvalifikaciis micemasTan erTad, ganaCenebSi aRwerili
faqtebi miuTiTebs sisxlis samarTlis procesSi gaupatiurebasTan dakavSirebuli stereotipebis arsebobaze:

aseve aRmoCnda braldebulis sperma; TviT dazaralebuli Tavdapirvelad malavda gaupatiurebis faqts.70 imis miuxedavad, rom a)
gaupatiurebis SemTxvevaSi ar aqvs mniSvneloba, msxverplis sxeulSi SeRweva moxdeba nawilobriv Tu mTlianad, damnaSavis sasqeso
organoTi Tu sxva sagniT; da b) msxverplis mier gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb Tavdapirvelad informaciis miwodebaze uaris Tqma ar unda
miiCneodes gaupatiurebis ararsebobis mtkicebulebad, - sasamarTlom gamamarTlebel ganaCens, umeteswilad, swored es faqtebi
daudo safuZvlad.
danaSaulis araswori kvalifikacia gaupatiurebis dros:
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, imis miuxedavad, rom dasturdeba damnaSavis mier msxverplis sxeulSi Zaladobrivi SeRweva, qmedeba gaupatiurebad mainc ar kvalificirdeba. magaliTad, baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo adasturebs, rom moxda damnaSavis mier msxverplis
(14 wlis gogonas) saSoSi SeRweva xelis meSveobiT da damnaSavem
xeliT awvala saqalwule apkis mimdebare teritoria. amis miuxedavad, qmedeba gaupatiurebad ar dakvalificirda, radgan penetracia ar momxdara damnaSavis sasqeso organos meSveobiT. is dakvalificirda, rogorc gaupatiurebis mcdeloba.71
saqmeze, romelSic dasturdeba, rom damnaSave ramdenjerme
TiTiT Sevida sasqeso organoSi, radgan misi sasqeso organos eregireba ar moxda, braldeba mimdinareobda gaupatiurebis muxliT.
Tumca, sasamarTlom qmedeba gaupatiurebis mcdelobad gadaakvalificira, vinaidan danaSauli ar iyo Cadenili damnaSavis sasqeso
organos meSveobiT da, aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, ar warmoadgenda normalur, fiziologiur
aqts, romelsac adgili SeiZleba hqondes mxolod qalsa da mamakacs Soris sasqeso organoebis meSveobiT.72
saqmeSi, romlis mixedviTac bavSvis piris Rrusa da swor nawlavSi SeRweva moxda mamakacis sasqeso organos meSveobiT, danaSauli dakvalificirda, rogorc seqsualuri xasiaTis ZalmomreobiTi moqmedeba da ara gaupatiureba (vinaidan qmedeba ar iyo vaginaluri SeRweva).73
mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis dros gamovlenili stereotipebi,
romlebic gavlenas axdens/SesaZloa, gavlena moaxdinos sisxlis
samarTlis procesze:

gaanalizebuli ganaCenebi ar moicavs iseT SemTxvevas, romlis

drosac sqesobrivi kavSiri Zaladobis gamoyenebis gareSe, Zaladobis muqariT moxda. aqedan gamomdinare, gaupatiureba savaraudod aRqmulia, rogorc danaSauli, romelic yvela SemTxvevaSi
Zaladobis ganxorcielebis Sedegia da romlis dasadasturebladac msxverplis (an zog SemTxvevaSi moZaladis) sxeulze fizikuri
dazianebebebis arsebobaa saWiro. im SemTxvevebSi ki, Tu gaupatiureba fizikuri Zaladobis gamoyenebiT ar aris Cadenili, SesaZloa
sasamarTlo da braldebis organoebi qmedebas saTanado kvalifikacias ar aZelvdnen - ar miiCnevdnen danaSauls gaupatiurebad saTanado mtkicebulebebis ararsebobis gamo. .

70. baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, 2016 wlis 21 martis ganaCeni

74. baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, 2014 wlis 19 ivlisis ganaCeni

71. zestafonis raionuli sasamarTlo, 2012 wlis 26 seqtembris ganaCeni

72. bolnisis raionuli sasamarTlo, 2013 wlis 21 ivnisis ganaCeni

75. zestafonis raionuli sasamarTlo, 2012 wlis 26 seqtembris ganaCeni

73. goris raionuli sasamarTlo, 2013 wlis 21 oqtombris ganaCeni

77. Telavis raionuli sasamarTlo, 2016 wlis 12 Tebervlis ganaCeni

msjavrdebulis gancxadebiT, mas dazaralebulTan adre

hqonda sqesobrivi kavSiri; aqedan gamomdinare, amtkicebda,
rom aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iyo gaupatiurebis
arseboba;74

dacvis mxare amtkicebda, rom msxverpli (arasrulwlovani

gogona) cruobda gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb, radgan igi xSirad
atyuebda maswavlebelsac, rom gakveTils iswavlida (sasamarTlom es argumenti Seafasa, rogorc Zalian ususuri);75

dazaralebuli aRniSnavs, rom igi Tavs ikavebda, gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb policiisTvis Seetyobinebina, radgan Tavisi reputaciis Selaxvis eSinoda;76

saqmeSi, romelic 14 wlis gogonas gaupatiurebas exeba, aRwerilia, rom skolis saswavlo nawilis gamgem, romelic braldebulis naTesavi iyo, daureka gogonas da uTxra, rom gaupatiurebis Camdeni mas colad SeirTavda da, aqedan gamomdinare, gogonas saTanado organoebis winaSe pretenzia aRar
unda daeyenebina.77

76. baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, 2014 wlis 19 ivlisis ganaCeni

43

F.

daskvna da rekomendaciebi

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi gaupatiurebis da sxva sqesobrivi danaSaulebis gansazRvreba ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso standartebsa da feministur midgomebs. gaupatiurebis muxli ar iTvaliswinebs msxverplis Tanxmobis gareSe
ganxorcielebul seqsualuri xasiaTis nebismier SeRwevas msxverplis sxeulSi damnaSavis sasqeso organos, sxeulis nebismieri sxva
nawilisa Tu sagnis meSveobiT. Zaladoba gaupatiurebis muxlis Semadgeneli elementia da ara danaSaulis damamZimebeli garemoeba,
xolo momavlisken mimarTuli Zaladobis muqariT Cadenili sqesobrivi kavSiri gaupatiurebad ar kvalificirdeba.
msxverplis Tanxmobis ararseboba seqsualur kontaqtze, Tu
mas ar axlavs Zaladoba an Zaladobis muqara, ar miiCneva sakmarisad imisaTvis, rom qmedeba gaupatiurebad dakvalificirdes. kanonmdebloba da praqtika ar iTvaliswinebs gaupatiurebis dros
msxverplis nebis damTrgunveli garemoebebis gansazRvras da moZaladisgan imis dadasturebis valdebulebas, Tu ra nabijebi gadadga man, rom msxverplis TanxmobaSi darwmunebuliyo.
is sqesobrivi danaSaulebi, romlebic, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, ar warmoadgens gaupatiurebas, xSir SemTxvevaSi
moicavs imgvar elementebs, romlebsac, saerTaSoriso standartebis mixedviT, gaupatiurebis Semadgenloba unda iTvaliswinebdes.
es iwvevs gaupatiurebis miCnevas sxva, ufro msubuq danaSaulad.
sasamarTlos ganaCenebis gaanalizebis Sedegad aseve ikveTeba,
rom msxverplis an damnaSavis sxeulze arsebuli dazianebebi, romlebic mianiSnebs Zaladobrivi sqesobrivi kavSiris arsebobaze, Zireuli mniSvnelobisaa gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gamosatanad. es
gaupatiurebas aviwroebs, aqcevs ZaladobiT Cadenili sqesobrivi
kavSiris farglebSi da saTanado Sefasebis gareSe tovebs muqaris,
msxverplis Tanxmobis ararsebobisa da msxverplis nebis damTrgunvel sxva garemoebebs.
kanonmdebloba gaupatiurebis Taobaze sistematurad ugulebelyofs qalTa gamocdilebas seqsualuri kontaqtis arsisa da
masze Tanxmobis Sesaxeb da yvela pirobas qmnis imisaTvis, rom seqsualuri Zaladobis SemTxvevaTa umetesoba dausjeli darCes. gaupatiurebis Sefaseba mamakacis aRqmis standartiT da msxverplis
nebis damTrgunveli garemoebebis arasaTanado gaanalizeba laxavs
msxverpli qalis seqsualur avtonomias da xels uwyobs qalTa tradiciuli, seqsualuri daqvemdebarebis SenarCunebas. seqsualuri
Zaladobis Taobaze kanonmdebloba da praqtika Zireulad unda Se-

44

icvalos, raTa gamoaSkaravdes Zaladobis yvela forma, yuradReba

mieqces msxverplis Rirsebis pativiscemas da kanonmdeblobis meSveobiT aRmoifxvras qalTa seqsualuri eqspluatacia da Cagvra.
rekomendaciebi
-

stambolis konvenciis Sesabamisad, gaupatiureba ganisazRvros, rogorc a) sxva adamianis sxeulTan seqsualuri xasiaTis
arakonsensualuri vaginaluri, analuri an oraluri kavSiris
damyareba sxeulis nebismieri nawiliT an raime sagniT; b) sxva
adamianTan seqsualuri xasiaTis sxva arakonsensualuri aqtebis damyareba; g) sxva adamianis iZuleba, mesame adamianTan daamyaros seqsualuri xasiaTis arakonsensualuri aqti.

arakonsensualuri sqesobrivi aqti ganimartos, rogorc nebismieri sqesobrivi aqti, Cadenili msxverplis Tanxmobis gareSe, maT Soris msxverplis motyuebiT (magaliTad, qorwinebis Sesaxeb cru dapirebiT);

Zaladoba amoRebul iqnes gaupatiurebis Semadgenlobidan.

gaupatiurebis Cadena Zaladobis gamoyenebiT ganisazRvros,
rogorc damamZimebeli garemoeba;

CEDAW-is praqtikis Sesabamisad, gaupatiurebis SemTxvevaSi, unda damtkicdes msxverplis mkafio da nebayoflobiTi
Tanxmobis arseboba danaSaulis gamosaricxad; braldebulma unda daadasturos, Tu ra nabijebi gadadga, raTa darwmunebuliyo msxverplis TanxmobaSi seqsualur kontaqtze;

CEDAW-is da evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikis Tanaxmad, gaupatiurebis da sxva saxis seqsualuri Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi, gamokvleul unda iqnes msxverplis nebis damTrgunveli
garemoebebi da ganisazRvros aseT garemoebaTa farTo wre;

kanonmdeblobaSi calke gamoiyos gaupatiurebis Cadena meuRlis, intimuri partnioris, aseve seqsmuSakis/prostituciiT dakavebuli piris mimarT;

Zaladobis muqariT Cadenil gaupatiurebad unda dakvalificirdes qmedeba, romlis drosac muqara iyo ara mxolod myisieri, aramed momavlisken mimarTulic. iZuleba unda gamoiyos gaupatiurebis Cadenis xerxad. Zaladobis muqariT Cadenili sqesobrivi aqtebi, yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevaSi, braldebisa da sasamarTlo organoebis mier dakvalificirdes
gaupatiurebad da ara sxva sqesobriv danaSaulad;

qalTa mimarT Zaladobis SemTxvevebze, Sesabamisi mtkicebulebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, gamoZieba unda warimarTos im

45

xedviT, rom SesaZloa, Cadenilia seqsualuri Zaladoba. seqsualuri Zaladobis gamoricxvis Semdeg gamokvleul unda
iqnes, arsebobda Tu ara sxva saxis SesaZlo Zaladoba.

III. pornografia
A.

Sesavali

Tavi aanalizebs pornografiasa da masTan dakavSirebul sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulebs: ssk 255-e muxli. pornografiuli nawarmoebis an sxva sagnis ukanonod damzadeba an gasaReba; ssk 255-e
(prima) muxli. arasrulwlovnis Cabma pornografiuli nawarmoebis
an pornografiuli xasiaTis sxva sagnis ukanonod damzadebasa da gasaRebaSi; ssk 143-e (prima) muxli. adamianiT vaWroba (trefikingi); ssk
143-e (me-2 prima) muxli. arasrulwlovniT vaWroba (trefikingi).

B.

feministuri midgomebi pornografiasTan mimarTebiT

radikali feministebis azriT, pornografia qalebze Zaladobisa da diskriminaciis iaraRi da qalis eqspluataciis formaa. seqsis
mimarT pozitiurad ganwyobil feministebs ki miaCniaT, rom pornografiis garkveuli saxeoba qalis seqsualuri TviTgamoxatvis
gaZlierebas emsaxureba.
pornografiis mowinaaRmdege feministebi - ketrin makkinoni,
andrea dvorkini da diana raseli amtkiceben, rom pornografia
xels uwyobs qalTa mimarT Zaladobas da is qalis eqspluatacias
emsaxureba. makkinonis azriT, pornografia masSi monawile qalze
axdens fizikur, fsiqologiur an/da ekonomikur Zaladobas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu pornografiul nawarmoebSi warmoCenilia, rom qali monawileobis procesisgan siamovnebas iRebs.78
makkinonisa da dvorkinis azriT, pornografia qalis daqvemdebarebis demonstrirebaa, rac iwvevs mamakacebSi qalebis mimarT
seqsisturi damokidebulebis gaZlierebas da seqsualur obieqtebad maT aRqmas. robin morgani ki fiqrobs, rom pornografiis yureba gaupatiurebisa da sxva saxis seqsualuri Zaladobis gamomwvevi
mizezia - pornografia Teoriaa, xolo gaupatiureba - praqtika.79
78. MacKinnon, C. (1983). Not a moral issue. Yale Law and Policy Review, pp. 321345. Available in JSTOR
79. Morgan, R. (1978). "Theory and practice: pornography and rape". In Morgan,

46

pornografiis mowinaaRmdege feministebs aseve miaCniaT, rom

pornografia iwvevs qalisa da mamakacis sxeulebisa da sqesobrivi aqtis damaxinjebul aRqmas, axdens qalebze dominirebis, maTze
Zaladobisa da, zogadad, qalis dakninebis erotizacias. es, makkinonis azriT, iwvevs gaupatiurebasTan dakavSirebuli miTebis (magaliTad, mosazreba, rom qalebs undaT/iTxoven gaupatiurebas;
rom maTi uari Tanxmobas niSnavs da a.S.) ganmtkicebis meSveobiT
seqsualuri Zaladobis zrdas da qalebze Zaladobis sakiTxis mimarT ayalibebs arasensitiur damokidebulebas. Sedegad, qalze Zaladoba gamoyenebulia, rogorc seqsualuri aRgznebis gamomwvevi
saSualeba.80
meore mxriv, seqsis mimarT pozitiurad ganwyobil feministebs
miaCniaT, rom pornografiis sawinaaRmdego diskursi axdens qalis, rogorc seqsualuri agentis, ignorirebasa da trivializebas.
elen uilisis azriT, pornografiis miCneva qalTa mimarT Zaladobis formad imeorebs neoviqtorianul mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom
seqsiT mxolod kacebi iReben siamovnebas, xolo qalebi mas movaleobis gamo itanen.81 seqsis mimarT pozitiurad ganwyobili feministebis azriT, pornografias SeuZlia, Secvalos qalis seqsualobis
tradiciuli, stereotipuli aRqma, romlis Tanaxmadac, zogadad,
qalebs seqsi ar moswonT, an seqsi mxolod TavianT partniorTan da
mxolod mokrZalebuli formebiT ainteresebT. maTi azriT, zogjer
pornografia qals ara daqvemdebarebul, aramed dominantur subieqtad warmoaCens, rac mas Tavisi seqsualuri identobisa da survilebis Tavisufali gamoxatvis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.
pornografiis mowinaaRmdege da seqsis mimarT pozitiurad
ganwyobili feministebi Tanxmdebian, rom pornografia ar unda
iqnes gamoyenebuli qalTa daqvemdebarebis saSualebad, an Zaladobis meSveobiT seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. pornografiis mowinaaRmdege feministebisTvis yvela saxis
heteroseqsualuri pornografia qalis daqvemdebarebis demonstrireba da misi Cagvris iaraRia, xolo seqsis mimarT pozitiurad
ganwyobili feministebi emxrobian pornografiis meSveobiT qalis
Robin. Going too far: the personal chronicle of a feminist. New York: Vintage Books.
pp. 163169
80. Jeffries, S. (12.04.2006). "Are women human? - Interview with Catharine MacKinnon. The Guardian. ix. bmulze: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/12/
gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety
81. Willis, E. (18.10.2005). "Lust horizons: the 'voice' and the women's movement", Village Voice. ix. bmulze: http://www.villagevoice.com/news/lust-horizons-6401720

47

seqsualur TviTgamoxatvas da mas qalis seqsualuri emansipaciis

saSualebadac ki aRiqvamen.

C.

adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali da

pornografia

adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTalSi srulwlovani

adamianis pornografiul nawarmoebSi nebayoflobiTi monawileoba adamianis uflebaTa darRvevad ar miiCneva. srulwlovani qali/
mamakaci, an misi seqsualuri avtonomia, ar aris pornografiisgan
dacvis obieqti da misi nebayoflobiTi monawileobiT pornografiuli nawarmoebis Semqmneli danaSauls ar sCadis. isjeba bavSvis
monawileobiT an bavSvis gamosaxulebis gamoyenebiT pornografiuli nawarmis Seqmna da srulwlovani adamianis pornografiaSi Cabma misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod.
pornografiis Sesaxeb debulebebs ar Seicavs qalTa uflebebis dacvis saerTaSoriso instrumentebi, maT Soris gaeros qalTa mimarT yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris konvencia
da evropis sabWos konvencia qalTa mimarT Zaladobisa da ojaxSi
Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da prevenciis Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTalSi TviT
pornografia (Tu igi ar ukavSirdeba sxva sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls) ar miiCneva qalis diskriminaciis, eqspluataciis an masze Zaladobis formad. ar arsebobs aseve gamijvna erTi da imave da
sapirispiro sqesis adamianTa seqsualuri moqmedebis gamomxatvel
pornografiul nawarmTa Soris.
meore mxriv, saerTaSoriso samarTali icavs bavSvs pornografiaSi rogorc iZulebiTi, ise nebayoflobiTi monawileobisgan.
gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifom unda
miiRos yvela zoma, raTa Tavidan aicilos eqspluataciis mizniT
bavSvis gamoyeneba pornografiasa da pornografiul masalebSi.82
bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis fakultaturi oqmi bavSvebiT vaWrobis, bavSvTa prostituciisa da bavSvTa pornografiis Sesaxeb
moiTxovs, rom saxelmwifom akrZalos bavSvTa pornografiis warmoeba, distribucia, gavrceleba, importi, eqsporti, SeTavazeba,
gayidva an Senaxva aRniSnuli mizniT,83 xolo bavSvTa pornogra82. gaeros generaluri asamblea, bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia, 20 noemberi, 1989 w. muxli 34 (g)
83. gaeros generaluri asamblea, bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis fakultaturi oqmi bavSvebiT vaWrobis, bavSvTa prostituciisa da bavSvTa

48

fia ganimarteba, rogorc bavSvis, romelic asrulebs realur, an

simulirebul aSkara seqsualuri xasiaTis moqmedebas, gamosaxvas
nebismieri saSualebiT an nebismieri saxiT, an bavSvis sasqeso organoebis nebismieri formiT gamosaxvas, ZiriTadad, seqsualuri
miznebisaTvis.84
oqmi ar moiTxovs, rom bavSvTa pornografiis Senaxva isjebodes, Tu Senaxvas ara aqvs gavrcelebis an sxva saxiT misi xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofis mizani. amis miuxedavad, bavSvis uflebaTa komiteti urCevs saxelmwifoebs, rom bavSvTa pornografiis
Senaxva dasjadi gaxadon, miuxedavad Senaxvis miznebisa.85 oqmi ar
ganixilavs bavSvis Tanxmobis sakiTxs pornografiaSi monawileobaze, rogorc masalis kanonierebis safuZvels.
feministuri midgomebis integrirebis mcdeloba pornografiis Sesaxeb aSS-is da kanadis erovnul kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaSi
amerikeli feministebis, andrea dvorkinisa da ketrin makkinonis mier 1983 wels Sedgenili antipornografiuli gankargulebis
modelis safuZvelze amerikis ramdenime StatSi moxda qalebisa da
bavSvebis samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis sxvadasxva aqtis inicireba.
gankargulebis modeli pornografias Semdegnairad ganmartavs:
pornografia niSnavs qalis grafikul, seqsualuri Sinaarsis
daqvemdebarebul gamoxatvas suraTebis an/da sityvebis meSveobiT,
rac moicavs erT an ramdenime Semdeg elements:
a.

qali warmoCenilia, rogorc dehumanizebuli seqsualuri

obieqti, nivTi an saqoneli;

b.

qali warmoCenilia, rogorc seqsualuri obieqti, romelsac siamovnebs damcireba an tkivili;

c.

qali warmoCenilia, rogorc seqsualuri obieqti, romelic ganicdis seqsualur siamovnebas gaupatiurebis, incestis an sxva saxis seqsualuri Zaladobis gamo;

d.

qali warmoCenilia, rogorc seqsualuri obieqti, romelic dabmuli, daWrili an dasaxiCrebulia, an mas fizikuri ziani aqvs miyenebuli;

pornografiis Sesaxeb, 16 marti, 2001 w. A/RES/54/263

84. bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis fakultaturi oqmi bavSvebiT vaWrobis,
bavSvTa prostituciisa da bavSvTa pornografiis Sesaxeb, muxli 2 (g)
85. ix. UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Handbook on the Optional Protocol on
the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, p. 12, ix. bmulze:
https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/optional_protocol_eng.pdf

49

e.

qali warmoCenilia seqsualuri daqvemdebarebis, monobis

an eqsponatis pozaSi an mdgomareobaSi;

qalis sxeulis nawilebi - maT Soris vagina, mkerdi an ukana

tani - ise aris warmodgenili, rom qali aRqma dayvanilia
am organoebamde;
g. warmoCenilia qalis penetracia sagnebis an cxovelebis
meSveobiT;
h. qali warmodgenilia degradaciis, damcirebis, dazianebis,
wamebis scenebSi; naCvenebia, rogorc binZuri an damcirebuli; mosdis sisxli; aqvs dazianebebi, an ganicdis tkivils
iseT konteqstSi, romelic am mdgomareobas seqsualuri
Sinaarsis mqoned warmoaCens.
2. am ganmartebis a-h punqtebSi kacebis, bavSvebis an transseqsualebis gamoyeneba qalebis nacvlad aseve warmoadgens pornografias am kanonis miznebisTvis.
3. piri moicavs bavSvs, aseve transseqsuals.86
gankargulebis modelis Tanaxmad, pornografia aris sqesis
niSniT diskriminaciis forma da sqesis safuZvelze eqspluataciisa da subordinaciis sistematuri praqtika, rac gansakuTrebiT
vnebs da zians ayenebs qalebs.87 gankargulebis modelis Tanaxmad,
pornografiiT dazaralebuls SeuZlia, idavos samoqalaqo wesiT
zianis anazRaurebaze.88 mniSvnelovania, rom modeli, ZiriTadad,
qalTa gamocdilebas eyrdnoba, magram aseve aRiarebs, rom mamakaci, bavSvi an transgenderi adamianic SesaZloa, msxverpli gaxdes.
im StatebSi, romlebSic aRniSnuli gankargulebis modeli kanonis saxiT miiRes, es kanonebi SemdgomSi gauqmda im argumentis
safuZvelze, rom isini ewinaaRmdegeboda gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas da, Sesabamisad, arakonstituciuri iyo.89
saqmeSi R. v. Butler (1992 w.) kanadis uzenaesma sasamarTlom imsjela dvorkinisa da makkinonis midgomebze da daadgina, rom uxamsobis winaaRmdeg kanadis kanoni arRvevda uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb kanadis qartiiT garantirebul gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebas, Tu mas iyenebdnen moralTan da sazogadoebriv znef.

86. Model Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance. ix. bmulze: http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/other/ordinance/newday/AppD.htm

obasTan dakavSirebuli argumentebis gaTvaliswinebiT. amis miuxedavad, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom uxamsobis Sesaxeb kanoni mainc
unda iqnes gamoyenebuli pornografiis zogierT saxeobasTan mimarTebiT, raTa qartiiT garantirebuli sqesTa Soris Tanasworoba daculi iyos.90

E.

pornografia da masTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebi

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi (ssk 255-e, 255-e (prima), 143-e
(prima), 143-e (meore prima) muxlebi)

ssk-is Tanaxmad, pornografiasTan dakavSirebuli qmedebebis

dasjadad gamocxadeba emsaxureba sazogadoebrivi zneobis da ara
masSi monawile/gamoxatul pirTa dacvas.91 saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba gansxvavebulad aregulirebs amgvar qmedebebs srulwlovan
da arasrulwlovan pirebTan mimarTebiT.
ssk 255-e muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, isjeba pornografiuli
nawarmoebis, nabeWdi gamocemis, gamosaxulebis an pornografiuli
xasiaTis sxva sagnis ukanonod damzadeba, gavrceleba an reklamireba, agreTve aseTi sagniT vaWroba anda misi Senaxva gayidvis an
gavrcelebis mizniT.
Sesabamisad, srulwlovani adamianis gamosaxulebiT Seqmnili
pornografiuli nawarmoebis SeZena, Senaxva piradi sargeblobisTvis, piradi moxmareba da Cvenebaze daswreba daiSveba da dasjadi
ar aris. vimeorebT, kanoni miuTiTebs, rom isjeba pornografiuli
nawarmoebis ukanonod damzadeba, gavrceleba an reklamireba da
Senaxva gayidva-gavrcelebis mizniT. vinaidan muxliT ikrZaleba
amgvari qmedebebis ukanono Cadena, es miuTiTebs kanonis farglebSi maTi ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobaze - anu, garkveul garemoebebSi SesaZloa, kanonieri iyos pornografiuli nawarmis damzadeba, gavrceleba da a.S.
zemoxsenebulis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi
ar arsebobs normatiuli aqti, romelic gamijnavs erTmaneTisgan
pornografiis ukanono da kanonier damzadebas an gavrcelebas.
mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb kanonis 56-e muxlis me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad,
ikrZaleba pornografiis, aseve adamianis da moqalaqis Rirsebisa
da ZiriTad uflebaTa Semlaxavi iseTi programis an reklamis gan-

87. Model Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance. Section N1, parts N1 and N2

88. Model Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance. Section N3

89. Sandler, W. A. (1984). The Minneapolis Anti-Pornography Ordinance: A Valid
Assertion of Civil Rights? Fordham Urban Law Journal. ix. bmulze: http://ir.lawnet.
fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1271&context=ulj

50

90.R. v. Butler, File N 22191, Supreme Court of Canada, decision date 1992, 27.02 ix.
bmulze: http://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/844/index.do
91. ssk Tavi XXXII - danaSauli mosaxleobis janmrTelobisa da sazogadoebrivi zneobis winaaRmdeg

51

Tavseba, romelic Seicavs uxamsobas. amis miuxedavad, kanoni exeba

pornografiis mxolod satelevizio sivrceSi ganTavsebas da igi
ar gansazRvravs, ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos pornografiuli nawarmoebis Seqmna ukanono an kanonieri.
ssk 255-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, rogorc damamZimebeli garemoeba, dasjadia arasrulwlovnis gamosaxulebis Semcveli
pornografiuli nawarmoebis ara mxolod SeZena/Senaxva, aramed nebismieri saxiT maTi xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa: arasrulwlovnis gamosaxulebis Semcveli pornografiuli nawarmoebis SeZena, Senaxva, Cvenebaze daswreba, SeTavazeba, gavrceleba, gadacema,
reklamireba, xelmisawvdomobis sxvagvari uzrunvelyofa an aseTi
nawarmoebiT sargebloba. gansxvavebiT srulwlovnis gamosaxulebis Semcveli pornografiuli nawarmoebisa, isjeba arasrulwlovnis gamosaxulebis Semcveli pornografiuli nawarmoebis SeZena,
Senaxva, mis Cvenebaze daswreba da misiT sargebloba. arasrulwlovanTa gamosaxulebis Semcveli pornografiuli nawarmoebis Senaxva
im SemTxvevaSic isjeba, Tu pirs ara aqvs misi gavrcelebis mizani. aRniSnuli qmedebebi, Tu isini ukavSirdeba arasrulwlovnis gamosaxulebis Semcvel masalas, yvela SemTxvevaSi ukanonoa.
ssk 255-e muxlis me-3 nawilis mixedviT, rogorc damamZimebeli
garemoeba, isjeba winaswari SecnobiT arasrulwlovnis gamosaxulebis Semcveli pornografiuli nawarmoebis damzadeba an gasaReba.
aqedan gamomdinare, ar arsebobs arasrulwlovnis gamosaxulebis
Semcveli pornografiuli nawarmoebis kanonieri da ukanono damzadeba an gasaReba - aseTi qmedebebi yvela SemTxvevaSi ukanonoa.
isjeba aseve arasrulwlovnis Cabma pornografiuli nawarmoebis an pornografiuli xasiaTis sxva sagnis ukanonod damzadebaSi, aseTi masalis gavrcelebaSi, reklamirebaSi an misiT vaWrobaSi,
an am qmedebisagan sargeblis miReba (ssk 255-e (prima) muxli). pornografiuli nawarmoebis damzadebasa da sxva qmedebebSi arasrulwlovnis Cabmis xerxebi dakonkretebuli ar aris; es SeiZleba moxdes iZulebiT, muqariT, SantaJiT, dayoliebiT da a.S.92
ssk 255-e muxlis SeniSvna bavSvTa pornografias Semdegnairad
ganmartavs: arasrulwlovnis gamosaxulebis Semcveli pornografiuli nawarmoebi aris nebismieri meTodiT Seqmnili vizualuri an
audiovizualuri masala, agreTve dadgmuli warmodgena, romelSic
sxvadasxva saSualebiT warmodgenilia arasrulwlovnis an arasrulwlovnis gamosaxulebis mqone piris monawileoba namdvil, simulirebul an kompiuteruli teqnologiis meSveobiT generirebul
92. lekveiSvili m., Todua n., mamulaSvili g., sisxlis samarTlis kerZo
nawili (wigni 1-li), me-6 gamocema, 2016 w., gv. 730.

52

seqsualur scenebSi, an naCvenebia arasrulwlovnis genitaliuri

organoebi momxmareblis seqsualuri moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis mizniT. muxli aseve miuTiTebs, Tu ra ar warmoadgens bavSvTa
pornografias: pornografiulad ar CaiTvleba nawarmoebi, romelsac aqvs samedicino, samecniero, saganmanaTleblo an saxelovnebo
Rirebuleba. arasrulwlovnis pornografiis gansazRvreba Seesabameba bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis da misi damatebiTi oqmis moTxovnebs, Tumca, kanonmdebloba ar akonkretebs SemTxvevebs, rodesac
SeiZleba bavSvis gamomsaxveli nawarmoebis samedicino, samecniero, saganmanaTleblo an saxelovnebo miznebiT gamoyeneba.
pornografia SesaZloa, iyos adamianiT vaWrobis - trefikingis
- Semadgeneli nawili, Tu xdeba piris eqspluatacia, rac gamoixateba piris pornografiaSi CabmiT (ssk 143-e (prima) muxli - adamianiT vaWroba (trefikingi),93 ssk 143-e (meore prima) muxli - arasrulwlovniT vaWroba (trefikingi)94. eqspluataciad miiCneva damnaSavis mier materialuri an sxva sargeblis miRebis mizniT... danaSaulebriv saqmianobaSi, prostituciaSi, pornografiaSi an sxva
antisazogadoebriv qmedebaSi Cabma.95 trefikingi, romlis Cadena
piris pornografiaSi Cabmis meSveobiT xdeba, gansakuTrebiT mZime
danaSaulebs miekuTvneba rogorc arasrulwlovan, ise srulwlovan adamianebTan mimarTebiT.96 pornografiasTan dakavSirebuli
93. ssk 143-e (prima) muxlis Tanaxmad, adamianiT vaWroba (trefikingi)
aris adamianis yidva an gayidva, an mis mimarT sxva ukanono garigebis
ganxorcieleba, agreTve muqariT, ZaladobiT an iZulebis sxva formiT,
motacebiT, SantaJiT, TaRliTobiT, motyuebiT, umweo mdgomareobis an
Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebiT, sazRauris anda sargeblis micemis
an miRebis gziT im piris Tanxmobis misaRwevad, romelsac sxva pirze zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia, adamianis gadabireba, gadayvana, gadamalva,
daqiraveba, transportireba, gadacema, Sefareba anda miReba eqspluataciis mizniT.
94. ssk 143-e (meore prima) muxlis Tanaxmad, arasrulwlovniT vaWroba
(trefikingi) aris arasrulwlovnis yidva an gayidva, an mis mimarT sxva
ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba, agreTve misi gadabireba, gadayvana,
gadamalva, daqiraveba, transportireba, gadacema, Sefareba anda miReba
eqspluataciis mizniT.
95. ssk 143-e (prima) muxli (adamianiT vaWroba - trefikingi), SeniSvna g
96. ssk 143-e (prima) muxli (adamianiT vaWroba - trefikingi) sasjelis saxiT iTvaliswinebs Tavisuflebis aRkveTas vadiT Svididan Tormet wlamde, Tanamdebobis dakavebis an saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeviT vadiT
sam wlamde. 143-e (meore prima) muxli (arasrulwlovniT vaWroba trefikingi) sasjelis saxiT gansazRvravs Tavisuflebis aRkveTas vadiT
rvidan Tormet wlamde, Tanamdebobis dakavebis an saqmianobis uflebis
CamorTmeviT vadiT sam wlamde.

53

sxva zemoxsenebuli danaSaulebi msubuqi danaSaulebia.97

E.

pornografia da saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtika

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier 2013-2015 wlebSi98 gamotanilma ganaCenebma (5 ganaCeni) ssk 255-e muxlis safuZvelze (pornografiuli nawarmoebis an sxva sagnis ukanonod damzadeba an gasaReba) cxadyo, rom, rodesac pornografiuli nawarmoebi damzadebulia srulwlovani piris monawileobiT, damnaSave pasuxisgebaSi
mxolod am nawarmoebis gavrcelebisTvis (da ara damzadebisTvis)
miecema.99 aRniSnuli periodi ar moicavs SemTxvevas, rodesac piris pasuxismgebloba dadga srulwlovani adamianis monawileobiT
pornografiuli masalis damzadebis mizeziT.
2005-2016 wlebSi Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom gamoitana
erTi ganaCeni, romlis Tanaxmadac, piri pasuxisgebaSi mieca arasrulwlovani (12 wlis) gogonas monawileobiT pornografiuli videomasalis damzadebisa da gavrcelebis gamo.100
pornografiuli masala yvela zemoxsenebul SemTxvevaSi gavrcelebul iqna internetis meSveobiT. im saqmeebSi, romelTa ganxilvisas piris mimarT sasamarTlom ganaCeni gamoitana pornografiuli nawarmoebis gavrcelebis gamo, ucnobia, Tavad iyvnen Tu
ara aRniSnuli pirebi pornografiuli nawarmoebis Semqmnelebi.
97. ssk 255-e (prima) muxli (pornografiuli nawarmoebis an sxva sagnis
ukanonod damzadeba an gasaReba) isjeba jarimiT an gamasworebeli
samuSaoTi vadiT or wlamde, anda Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT imave vadiT.
me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli isjeba jarimiT an gamasworebeli samuSaoTi vadiT or wlamde an/da Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT
sam wlamde. me-3 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli isjeba jarimiT an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT samidan xuT wlamde. ssk 255-e
(prima) muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli (arasrulwlovnis Cabma
pornografiuli nawarmoebis an pornografiuli xasiaTis sxva sagnis
ukanonod damzadebasa da gasaRebaSi) isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT
vadiT oridan xuT wlamde.
98.gamoTxovnil iqna ganaCenebi, gamotanili 2005 wlidan 2016 wlamde periodis ganmavlobaSi. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier mowodebuli ganaCenebidan 1 aris gamotanili 2013 wels, xolo 4 2015 wels.
99. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 5 agvistos ganaCeni;
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 14 maisis ganaCeni; Tbilisis
saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 5 ivnisis ganaCeni; Tbilisis saqalaqo
sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 18 dekembris ganaCeni
100. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 23 ianvris ganaCeni

54

sasamarTlo ar mijnavs pornografiuli nawarmoebis kanonier da

ukanono damzadebas Tu gavrcelebas. yvela SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
masala internetSi ganTavsda, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom es ukanono
qmedeba iyo.

F.

daskvna da rekomendaciebi

pornografiasTan dakavSirebuli sisxlis samarTlis debulebebi arasrulwlovnebTan mimarTebiT sruliad Seesabameba ganxilul feministur midgomebsa da adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso
samarTlis standartebs. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba aviTarebs
gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa komitetis mier rekomendebul umaRles
standarts, romlis Tanaxmadac, bavSvTa pornografiasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri qmedeba, maT Soris pornografiis Senaxva, isjeba, miuxedavad Senaxvis miznebisa.
qalebis pornografiul nawarmoebSi monawileobasTan mimarTebiT saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso instrumentebs, magram igi ar iTvaliswinebs
feministebis midgomebs qalebze pornografiis madegradirebeli
gavlenis Sesaxeb. pornografiuli nawarmoebis damzadeba da pornografiaSi qalebis nebayoflobiTi monawileoba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaSi ar ganixileba, rogorc qalTa diskriminaciis, eqspluataciis an raime saxiT uflebebis darRvevis forma.
pornografiaSi qalis iZulebiTi Cabma, an SemTxveva, rodesac
pornografia aseve ukavSirdeba sxva saxis danaSauls, kriminalizebulia saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad. pornografiis
nebismieri ukanono gziT xelmisawvdomad gaxda isjeba, rac Seesabameba feministur standartebs, Tumca kanonmdebloba uSvebs pornografiis kanonieri damzadebisa da xelmisawvdomobis SesaZleblobasac. kanonmdebloba ar mijnavs, Tu ras moicavs kanonieri da
ukanono pornografia da kanonieri pornografiis dasaSveboba (rac
Sinaarsobrivad gansazRvruli ar aris) SesaZloa, ar eTanxmebodes
pornografiis mowinaaRmdege feministebis midgomebs. am mxriv, gamijnuli ar aris erTi da imave da sapirispiro sqesis adamianTa seqsualuri kontaqtis gamomxatveli pornografiuli nawarmoebebi.
pornografiis mowinaaRmdege feministebis standartebis sawinaaRmdegod, gaanalizebuli sasamarTlo ganaCenebi ar moicavs
SemTxvevas, romlis gamoc pirs Sefardebia sasjeli srulwlovani qalis monawileobiT pornografiuli nawarmoebis damzadebis
gamo. Seswavlil sasamarTlo ganaCenebSi pirebs sasjeli SeefardaT mxolod pornografiuli nawarmoebis ukanono gavrceleba in-

55

ternetis meSveobiT. pornografiasTan dakavSirebuli qmedebebis

akrZalva da dasja emsaxureba sazogadoebrivi moralis da ara im
qalis uflebebis dacvas, romelic monawileobs pornografiul nawarmoebSi.
pornografiasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis
amosavali wertili unda iyos pornografiis ganxilva qalTa seqsualuri obieqtivizaciis konteqstSi da pornografiaSi monawile qalTaTvis mavne Sedegebis aRmofxvra. saWiroa, ganxorcieldes
kanonmdeblis midgomis fundamenturi cvlileba, raTa gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebis Rirebulebebze dayrdnobiT ar moxdes qalis mimarT Zaladobis, mis seqsualur obieqtad aRqmis legitimacia da
kanonmdebloba emsaxurebodes seqsisturi damokidebulebebis,
qalze dominirebisa da misi dakninebis erotizaciis aRmofxvras.

rekomendaciebi
-

ssk 255-e muxlis Tanaxmad, yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevaSi da

qmedebis simZimis Sesabamisad, aikrZalos iseTi pornografiuli nawarmoebis damzadeba, gavrceleba an reklamireba,
agreTve aseTi sagniT vaWroba, anda misi Senaxva, romelic
qals warmoaCens daqvemdebarebul, seqsualur obieqtad,
an, romelSic qali ganicdis fizikur Tu fsiqologiur
tanjvas an tkivils. muxlis meSveobiT dasjadad gamocxaddes imave qmedebis Cadena mamakacis an transgenderi adamianis mimarT;
kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvros pornografiis kanonieri
damzadebis SemTxvevebi;

pornografia, romelic qals warmoaCens daqvemdebarebul

subieqtad, ganisazRvros, rogorc sqesis niSniT diskriminaciis forma (antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad);

pornografiis danaSaulebisgan dacvis obieqtad, sxva SesaZlo ob

ieqtebTan erTad, ganisazRvros pornografiaSi monawile, maT Soris nebayoflobiT monawile,
srulwlovani qali/piri, romelic pornografiis meSveobiT warmoCenilia daqvemdebarebul obieqtad, an/da ganicdis tanjvas.

IV. qal Ta mi marT Za la do ba da qal Ta mi marT

Ca de ni li sxva gen de ru li da na Sa u le bi

A.

Sesavali

es Tavi erToblivad aanalizebs adamianis janmrTelobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul Semdeg danaSaulebs:

ssk 117-e muxli. janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba; ssk 118e muxli. janmrTelobis ganzrax naklebad mZime dazianeba; ssk 120-e
muxli. janmrTelobis ganzrax msubuqi dazianeba; ssk 121-e muxli.
janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime an naklebad mZime dazianeba uecari,
Zlieri sulieri aRelvebis mdgomareobaSi; ssk 122-e muxli. janmrTelobis mZime an naklebad mZime dazianeba aucilebeli mogeriebis
farglebis gadacilebiT; ssk 124-e muxli. janmrTelobis naklebad
mZime an mZime dazianeba gaufrTxileblobiT; ssk 125-e muxli. cema;
ssk 126-e muxli. Zaladoba; ssk 126-e (prima) muxli. ojaxSi Zaladoba.
amasTanave, zemoxsenebuli muxlebis konteqstSi, Tavi aanalizebs ssk-is Semdeg muxlebs: 11-e (prima) muxli. pasuxismgebloba
ojaxuri danaSaulisaTvis; 19-e muxli. danaSaulis mcdeloba; 28-e
muxli. aucilebeli mogerieba; 53-e muxli. sasjelis daniSvnis zogadi sawyisebi

B.

feministuri midgomebi qalTa mimarT Cadenil

danaSaulebze

feministi avtori diana raseli aRniSnavs, rom, sazogadoebaSi

damkvidrebuli mosazrebiT, qali ufro nazi da susti sqesis arsebaa; amitom mamakaci mas gansakuTrebulad epyroba. is fiqrobs, rom
msgavsi Sexeduleba, umetes SemTxvevaSi, miTia da, gansakuTrebuli
mopyrobis nacvlad, qalebi xSirad Zaladobis msxverplni xdebian.
qalebze marto maSin ar Zaladoben, rodesac isini ar emorCilebian
sazogadoebis mier dadgenil normebs. mamakacebisTvis qalebis mimarT Zaladoba maTze Zalauflebisa da kontrolis SenarCunebisa
da ganmtkicebis saSualebaa.101
qalze ojaxSi Zaladobis gamomwvevi mizezi patriarqaluri
ojaxis arsebobaa, rac qmrebis colebze dominirebis instituci101. Diana Russel and Nicole Van de Ven, Crimes Against Women: Proceedings of
the International Tribunal, 1976, p. 81. ix. bmulze: http://www.dianarussell.com/f/
Crimes_Against_Women_Tribunal.pdf

56

57

onalizacias emsaxureba.102 vinaidan kacebi qalze Zaladobis gamo

xSir SemTxvevaSi dausjeli rCebian, maT aqvT SesaZlebloba, borotad gamoiyenon TavianTi Zalaufleba da gamoxaton sakuTari Tavis, sxva pirebisa Tu TavianTi cxovrebis gamo imedgacrueba qalze
Zaladobis meSveobiT.103
ojaxSi ZaladobasTan mimarTebiT feministebis mTavari mizani
iyo Zaladobis piradidan sajaro sivrceSi gatana, misi sistematurobis Cveneba da politikur Temad gadaqceva.104 ojaxSi Zaladoba,
rac, umetesad, dafaruli rCeba, aris qalTa seqsualuri da ekonomikuri subordinaciis forma - xSir SemTxvevaSi ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba, orsulobasa da SvilebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
qals SesaZleblobas ar aZlevs, Tavi daaRwios Zaladobas.105 mamakacebis mxridan qalTa mimarT ojaxSi Zaladoba aris seqsualizebuli im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac Zaladobis konkretuli aqti ar
Seicavs seqsualur Zaladobas, magaliTad, qmris mier colis gaupatiurebas.106
Tanamedrove feministebi avtorebi aseve aRiareben, rom ojaxSi Zaladoba ar aris eqskluziurad heteroseqsualuri urTierTobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlena da, zog SemTxvevaSi, Zaladoba lesboselTa urTierTobaSic seriozuli problemaa.107 kristin liTltonis azriT, lesbosel wyvilebSi Zaladobis arseboba
ar niSnavs imas, rom ojaxSi Zaladoba ar aris damokidebuli sqesze;
es garemoeba miuTiTebs, rom sqesobrivi rolebi da biologiuri
rolebi erTi da igive ar aris, da fizikuri Zaladoba, iseve, rogorc gaupatiureba, aris socialurad mamrobiTi sqesis damaxasiaTebeli qmedeba, Tumca zogjer mas sCadis biologiurad qali.108
Sesabamisad, ojaxSi Zaladoba da qalTa mimarT genderuli Zaladoba qalebze Zalauflebisa da maTi kontrolis formaa, romelic ugulebelyofs qalis avtonomias da cdilobs, mamakacebis mier qalTa subordinacia normalur, patriarqalur struqturebSi moaqcios.
102. ix. zemoT, gv. 48
103. ix. zemoT, gv. 81
104. Chamallas, M. Introduction to Feminst Legal Theory. Third edition, 2013. Printed:
Wolters Kluwer Law&Business, New York, p. 251
105. ix. zemoT, p. 251 -252
106. ix. zemoT
107. ix. zemoT, p. 251
108. Littleton, C. Womens Experience and the Problem of Transition: Perspectives on
Male Battering of Women, 1989

58

C.

qalTa mimarT danaSaulebi adamianis uflebaTa

saerTaSoriso samarTalSi

evropis sabWos konvenciis Tanaxmad, qalTa mimarT Zaladobisa

da ojaxSi Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da prevenciis Sesaxeb
(stambolis konvencia), qalebze Zaladoba aris qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris istoriulad Camoyalibebuli araTanaswori Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis gamovlineba, ramac gamoiwvia kacebis
mier qalebis diskriminacia, maTze dominireba da qalebis sruli
TviTrealizaciisTvis xelis SeSla. genderuli Zaladoba aris qalebze Zaladobis struqturuli forma da erT-erTi mTavari socialuri meqanizmi, romelic qalebs kacebTan mimarTebiT daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs.109
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali normebi (maT
Soris adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlosa da inter-amerikuli sasamarTlos praqtika) qalze Zaladobas qalis diskriminaciis erT-erT formad miiCnevs.110 gaeros qalTa diskriminaciis
aRmofxvris komitetis me-19 zogadi rekomendacia ganmartavs, rom
genderuli Zaladoba aris diskriminaciis forma, rac mniSvnelovnad aferxebs qalis SesaZleblobas, isargeblos uflebebiTa da
TavisuflebebiT mamakacebTan Tanasworobis safuZvelze.111
stambolis konvencia aRiarebs, rom qalebi xSirad xdebian Semdegi danaSaulebis msxverpli: ojaxSi Zaladoba, adevneba, gaupatiureba, iZulebiT qorwineba, e.w. Rirsebis saxeliT Cadenili danaSaulebi, genitaliebis dasaxiCreba.112 yvela am danaSauls konvencia
miiCnevs Zaladobis formebad, adamianis uflebaTa mniSvnelovan
darRvevad da mTavar dabrkolebad qalebsa da kacebs Soris Tanasworobis miRwevis gzaze. konvencia aseve aRiarebs, rom ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplni SesaZloa, gaxdnen rogorc qalebi, ise kacebi,
109. stambolis konvencia, preambula
110.gaeros qalTa mimarT yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris
komiteti, zogadi rekomendacia N19, 1992 w. abzaci N1; ix. aseve evropis
sabWos konvencia qalTa mimarT Zaladobis da ojaxSi Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da prevenciis Sesaxeb (stambolis konvencia), stamboli,
11.05.2011, muxli 3(a); Opuz v. Turkey, saCivari N33401/02, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo, 09.06.2009, abzaci N200
111. gaeros qalTa mimarT yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris komitetis me-19 zogadi rekomendacia, ix. bmulze: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/recomm.htm
112. stambolis konvencia, preambula

59

magram Zaladobis es forma qalebze araTanazomierad aisaxeba.113

gaeros qalTa mimarT yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris konvencia ar iTvaliswinebs qalTa mimarT Cadenili sisxlis
samarTlis danaSaulebis definicias. meore mxriv, stambolis konvencia moiTxovs, rom saxelmwifom sisxlis samarTlis wesiT dasajos qalTa sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
danaSaulebi, maT Soris:
- qalTa mimarT Zaladoba - unda miiCneodes, rogorc adamianis
uflebebis darRveva da qalTa diskriminaciis forma. gulisxmobs
genderis safuZvelze Cadenil yvela saxis Zaladobas, romlebsac
Sedegad moaqvs, an, savaraudod, SeiZleba Sedegad moitanos qalebis mimarT fizikuri, seqsualuri, fsiqologiuri an ekonomiuri
ziani an tanjva, maT Soris aseTi qmedebebis Cadenis muqara, iZuleba an Tavisuflebis TviTneburi xelyofa, Cadenili sazogadoebaSi
Tu pirad cxovrebaSi (stambolis konvencia, muxli N3.a)
genderuli Zaladoba qalTa mimarT, stambolis konvenciis Tanaxmad, aris Zaladoba qalis mimarT im mizeziT, rom is qalia, an,
rac araTanazomier gavlenas axdens qalebze (stambolis konvencia, muxli N3.g).
- ojaxSi Zaladoba - yvela saxis fizikuri, seqsualuri, fsiqologiuri an ekonomikuri Zaladoba, romelic xdeba ojaxSi an ojaxur erTeulSi, yofil an amJamindel meuRleebs an partniorebs
Soris, imis miuxedavad, cxovrobs Tu ara moZalade msxverplTan
erTad (stambolis konvencia, muxli N3.b).
vinaidan qalis mimarT ojaxSi Zaladoba, umeteswilad, xdeba
imis gamo, rom msxverpli aris qali, da es araTanazomierad aisaxeba qalTa sqesze (ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplTa Soris qali metia,
vidre mamakaci) is aris qalis mimarT genderuli Zaladobis forma.
- fsiqologiuri Zaladoba - piris fsiqologiuri xelSeuxeblobisTvis mniSvnelovani zianis ganzrax miyeneba iZulebis an muqaris meSveobiT kriminalizebuli unda iyos (stambolis konvencia,
muxli N33).
- adevneba - muqaris Semcveli ganzraxi, gangrZobadi qmedeba
sxva piris mimarT, rac am pirs uCens SiSis grZnobas sakuTari usafrTxoebis mimarT, kriminalizebuli unda iyos (stambolis konvencia, muxli N34).
- fizikuri Zaladoba - fizikuri Zaladobis ganzrax Cadena sxva
piris mimarT kriminalizebuli unda iyos (stambolis konvencia,
muxli N35).
- seqsualuri Zaladoba (ix. winamdebare naSromis II Tavi)
- qorwinebis iZuleba - ganzraxi qmedeba, mimarTuli srulw113. stambolis konvencia, preambula

60

lovnis an bavSvis iZulebisken, Sevides qorwinebaSi, kriminalizebuli unda iyos.

stambolis konvenciis Tanaxmad, qalTa mimarT Cadenil danaSaulebTan mimarTebiT damamZimebel garemoebebad unda ganisazRvros Semdegi garemoebebi:
a) danaSauli Cadenilia yofili an amJamindeli meuRlis, an
erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli partnioris mimarT, ojaxis wevris mier, msxverplTan mcxovrebi piris mier,
an piris mier, romelmac Tavisi Zalaufleba borotad gamoiyena;
b) danaSauli an masTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebi Cadenilia
araerTgzis;
g) danaSauli Cadenilia piris mimarT, romelic garkveuli garemoebebis gamo daucveli gaxda;
d) danaSauli Cadenilia bavSvis TandaswrebiT;
e) danaSauli Cadenilia ori an meti adamianis mier erToblivad;
v) danaSauls win uswrebda an Tan sdevda ukiduresi Zaladoba;
z) danaSauli Cadenilia iaraRiT, an iaraRis muqariT;
T) danaSaulma mZime fizikuri an fsiqologiuri travma miayena msxverpls;
i) danaSaulma msxverpls miayena mZime fizikuri an fsiqologiuri ziani;
k)damnaSave winaTac yofila msjavrdebuli msgavsi saxis danaSaulebisTvis (stambolis konvencia, muxli N46).
stambolis konvencia da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb sxva saerTaSoriso aqtebi ar iTvaliswinebs femicidis - genderis niSniT Cadenili qalis mkvlelobis - definicias.
qalTa mimarT Cadenili danaSaulebis definicia exeba monoliTur qalebs. amis miuxedavad, saWiroa, kanonmdeblobam gaiTvaliswinos im qalTa gamocdileba, romlebic TavianTi rasis, eTnikuri
kuTvnilebis, religiis, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis, seqsualuri
orientaciis, genderuli identobis, asakis, socialuri an ekonomikuri statusisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis gamo SesaZloa, araproporciulad xdebodnen genderuli danaSaulebisa da interseqciuri diskriminaciis msxverpli.114
114. interseqciurobis Taobaze ix. gaeros qalTa mimarT yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris komitetis zogadi rekomendacia N28,

61

msxverpli qalis sindromi (battered women syndrome)

rodesac qalebi mimarTaven Zaladobas moZalade qmrisgan/partniorisgan Tavis dasacavad, maTi qmedeba iSviaTad kvalificirdeba aucilebel mogeriebad. amis mizezi SesaZloa, is iyos, rom fizikuri winaaRmdegobis gaweva da Tavis dasacavad fizikuri Zalis
gamoyeneba, rogorc wesi, aRiqmeba mamakacisTvis da ara qalisTvis
damaxasiaTebel moqmedebad.115
msxverpli qalis sindromi axasiaTebs qalebs, romlebic, intimuri partnioris ganmeorebadi Zaladobis gamo, SesaZloa ganicdidnen depresias, ar hqondeT damoukideblad moqmedebis SesaZlebloba, rac maT miscemda Zaladobisgan Tavis daRwevis SesaZleblobas, da uars ambobdnen saCivris Setanaze an daxmarebis
miRebaze.116 Zaladobis msxverpli qalis sindromis mqone piri zogjer klavs moZalades im mizeziT, rom Zaladobisgan Tavis daRwevis
sxva gza mas ar gaaCnia. rogorc wesi, qali sCadis mkvlelobas maSin,
roca uSualod Zaladoba an fizikuri dapirispireba ar xdeba - magaliTad, roca qmars sZinavs.117
Tu ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverpli qali iyenebs sasikvdilo Zalas, dgeba sakiTxi imis Taobaze, gardacvlilis qmedeba iyo Tu ar
imdenad saSiSi, rom igi amarTlebdes Zalas; warmoadgens Tu ara qali WeSmarit msxverpls; aRiqmeboda Tu ara qalis mimarT safrTxe
sakmarisad myisierad da unda daisajos Tu ara (da ra moculobiT)
qali Tavisi qmedebis gamo.118 gaeros generaluri asambleis mier miRebuli saxelmZRvanelo dokumenti, romelic aanalizebs saukeTeso saerTaSoriso praqtikas, acxadebs, rom Zaladobis msxverpli
qalis argumentebi Tavis dacvis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT - Zaladobis
msxverpli qalis sindromis SemTxvevaSi, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes
miRebuli gamoZiebis, sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnisa da sasjelis
Sefardebis dros.119
abzaci N18
115. qalTa marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba genderuli Zaladobis
SemTxvevaSi (ix. zemoT), gv. 214
116. gaeros generaluri asambleis rezolucia 65/228, A/RES/65/228,
31.03.2011, p. 11, f. N23. ix. bmulze: https://www.unodc.org/documents/justiceand-prison-reform/crimeprevention/Model_Strategies_and_Practical_Measures_on_
the_Elimination_of_Violence_against_Women_in_the_Field_of_Crime_Prevention_
and_Criminal_Justice.pdf

saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba qalTa mimarT

Cadenil danaSaulebTan mimarTebiT

saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar icnobs stambolis konvenciiT

gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulebs - qalis mimarT Zaladobas da genderul Zaladobas/genderul danaSauls. imis miuxedavad, rom calkeuli danaSaulebi qalis mimarT im mizeziT xdeba, rom igi qalia,
an danaSauli araproporciulad exeba qalebs, ssk-is muxlebi genderul specifikas ar iTvaliswinebs. qalis mimarT Cadenili Zaladoba da ojaxSi Zaladoba, stambolis konvenciis da saerTaSoriso
instrumentebis moTxovnebis sapirispirod, ar ganisazRvreba, rogorc qalis diskriminaciis forma.
genderulad neitraluri muxlebis farglebSi eqceva qalTa
janmrTelobis winaaRmdeg genderis niSniT Cadenili danaSaulebi, rodesac maTi gamoZieba da dasja xorcieldeba: ssk 117-e muxli.
janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba; ssk 118-e muxli. janmrTelobis ganzrax naklebad mZime dazianeba; ssk 120-e muxli. janmrTelobis ganzrax msubuqi dazianeba; ssk 121-e muxli. janmrTelobis
ganzrax mZime an naklebad mZime dazianeba uecari, Zlieri sulieri
aRelvebis mdgomareobaSi; ssk 122-e muxli. janmrTelobis mZime an
naklebad mZime dazianeba aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebis gadacilebiT; ssk 124-e muxli. janmrTelobis naklebad mZime an mZime
dazianeba gaufrTxileblobiT; ssk 125-e muxli. cema; ssk 126-e muxli. Zaladoba; ssk 126-e (prima) muxli. ojaxSi Zaladoba. genderuli
niSniT danaSaulis Cadena aseve ar aris gamoyofili ssk-is aRniSnul muxlebSi, rogorc damamZimebeli garemoeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ssk 53-e muxlis me-3 nawili (prima) iTvaliswinebs sasjelis damZimebas, rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia diskriminaciuli (maT Soris sqesis niSniT diskriminaciuli) motiviT,
am muxls praqtikaSi ar iyeneben.120 im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu aRniSnul
muxls gamoiyeneben sasamarTlo an/da braldebis organoebi, genderuli niSniT Cadenili yvela saxis danaSaulis identificireba mainc
ver moxdeba, vinaidan SesaZloa, diskriminaciis niSani yvela genderul danaSaulSi ar gamoikveTos. Sesabamisad, dResdReobiT kanonmdebloba da praqtika saSualebas ar iZleva, ganxorcieldes genderuli niSniT Cadenili danaSaulebis statistikis warmoebac ki.
ojaxSi Zaladoba da sxva ojaxuri danaSaulebi:

117. Sesavali feministuri samarTlis TeoriaSi (ix. zemoT), gv. 256

SemTxvevaSi (ix. zemoT), gv. 214

118. ix. zemoT, gv. 255

120. saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebidan gamoTxovnili sajaro informacia 2016 wlis ianvris mdgomareobiT

119. qalTa marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba genderuli Zaladobis

62

D.

63

ssk ojaxSi Zaladobisa da sxva ojaxuri danaSaulebis kodificirebas Semdegnairad axdens:

ssk 126-e (prima) muxli dasjadad acxadebs ojaxSi Zaladobas
- ojaxis erTi wevris mier meoris mimarT Zaladoba, sistematuri
Seuracxyofa, SantaJi, damcireba, ramac gamoiwvia fizikuri tkivili an tanjva da rasac ar mohyolia am kodeqsis 117-e, 118-e an 120-e
muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegi. 126-e (prima) muxlSi miTiTebuli qmedeba, ssk-is Tanaxmad, naklebad mZime danaSaulia da is sasjelis saxiT iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblo Sromas,
an Tavisuflebis aRkveTas 1 wlamde vadiT.
Tu ojaxSi xdeba adamianis janmrTelobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sxva danaSaulebi, romelic ar eqceva 126-e (prima) muxlis farglebSi, maSin danaSauli kvalificirdeba Sesabamisi muxliT (magaliTad, 117-e muxli. janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba; 118-e
muxli. janmrTelobis ganzrax naklebad mZime dazianeba; 120-e muxli. janmrTelobis ganzrax msubuqi dazianeba) da ssk me-11 (prima)
muxlze miTiTebiT (pasuxismgebloba ojaxuri danaSaulisaTvis).
ssk me-11 (prima) muxlis funqciaa ojaxur danaSaulebze statistikuri monacemebis Segroveba. stambolis konvenciis moTxovnebis
sawinaaRmdegod, arc me-11 (prima), arc sxva muxli ar iTvaliswinebs
ojaxis wevris mimarT danaSaulis Cadenis damamZimebel garemoebad miCnevas.
ssk me-11 (prima) muxli ojaxis wevris (piri, romlis mimarTac
SesaZloa, Cadenil iqnes ojaxuri danaSauli) farTo definicias
icnobs. muxlis miznebisTvis ojaxis wevrad iTvleba: meuRle, deda, mama, papa, bebia, Svili (geri), Svilobili, mSvilebeli, mSvileblis meuRle, naSvilebi, mimRebi ojaxi (dedobili, mamobili), meurve, SviliSvili, da, Zma, meuRlis mSoblebi, siZe, rZali, yofili
meuRle, agreTve pirebi, romlebic mudmivad ewevian an eweodnen
erTian saojaxo meurneobas. muxlis Tanaxmad, ojaxuri danaSaulebia sicocxlis, janmrTelobis, sqesobrivi Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis, adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, ojaxisa
da arasrulwlovnis, janmrTelobisa da sazogadoebrivi zneobis
winaaRmdeg, aseve, sasamarTlo aqtebis aRsrulebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli is danaSaulebi, romlebsac ojaxis erTi wevri meoris mimarT sCadis.121
121. ssk me-11 (prima) muxli. pasuxismgebloba ojaxuri danaSaulisaTvis. ojaxuri danaSaulisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba
ganisazRvreba am muxlSi aRniSnuli saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis Sesabamisi muxliT, am muxlze miTiTebiT. ojaxuri danaSauli
niSnavs ojaxis erTi wevris mier ojaxis sxva wevris mimarT am kodeqsis

64

miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonmdebloba calke gamoyofs ojaxur

danaSaulebs, is ar azustebs qalis mimarT ojaxSi Cadenil genderul danaSaulebs da formulirebaSi ar iTvaliswinebs genderul
specifikas, rodesac ojaxuri danaSauli qalis mimarT xdeba. ojaxuri danaSaulebis kodificireba genderulad neitraluria da
maTi msxverpli SeiZleba gaxdnen rogorc qali, ise kaci da bavSvebi. aseTi danaSaulebis mimarT kanonis normebi neitralurad gamoiyeneba.
amasTanave, miuxedavad imisa, rom, stambolis konvenciidan gamomdinare (rasac saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar iziarebs), qalis
mimarT ojaxSi Zaladoba aris qalis mimarT genderuli Zaladobis
forma, ojaxSi Zaladoba ar moicavs genderuli Zaladobis yvela im
SemTxvevas, rac qalis mimarT misi cxovrebis manZilze xdeba. qali
SesaZloa, genderul Zaladobas daeqvemdebaros iseTi piris mier,
romelic, kanonmdeblis gagebiT, ar aris misi ojaxis wevri; magaliTad, qalze Zaladoba Tayvanismcemlis mier, seqs-muSakze Zaladoba
klientis mier, an Zaladoba mezoblis mxridan, romelsac qalTan intimuri urTierTobis damyareba surs da a.S. es problema gansakuTrebiT iCens Tavs, roca cxadi xdeba, rom amgvar genderul Zaladobaze Semakavebeli da damcavi orderebis gamowera SeuZlebelia (Semakavebel da damcav orderebze ix. winamdebare naSromis IX Tavi).
amasTanve, stambolis konvenciis moTxovnebis sapirispirod
(muxli 46-e, v), ssk damamZimebel garemoebad ar miiCnevs danaSaulis
Cadenamde ukiduresi Zaladobis faqtebis arsebobas. TiToeul danaSaulebriv qmedebas eZleva individualuri Sefaseba da warsulSi Cadenili Zaladobis SemTxvevebi (Tu piri ar aris nasamarTlevi
maT gamo) ar ganixileba, rogorc axali danaSaulis damamZimebeli
garemoeba. amis miuxedavad, es ar uSlis xels mosamarTles, gaiTvaliswinos msgavsi garemoebebi sasjelis gansazRvris dros.
kanonmdebloba calke ar gamoyofs fsiqologiur Zaladobas.
amis miuxedavad, ssk 126-e muxli (Zaladoba) iTvaliswinebs sistematur cemas an sxvagvar Zaladobas, ramac dazaralebulis fizikuri an fsiqikuri tanjva gamoiwvia, magram ar mohyolia am kodeqsis
117-e an 118-e muxliT (janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime da ganzrax naklebad mZime dazianeba) gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegi. sxvagvari Zaladoba ganimarteba, rogorc fsiqologiuri Zaladoba.122
108-e, 109-e, 115-e, 117-e, 118-e, 120-e, 125-e, 126-e, 137-ee, 143-e, 144-e
(me-3 prima), 149-ee, 160-e, 171-e, 253-e, 255-e, 255-e (prima), 381-e (prima)
da 381-e (me-2 prima) muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Cadenas.
122. lekveiSvili, m., Todua, n., mamulaSvili, g. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo
nawili, wigni 1-li, me-6 gamocema. gamomcemloba meridiani, 2016 w.,
gv.162-163

65

kriminalizebuli ar aris adevneba - muqaris Semcveli ganzraxi,

gangrZobadi qmedeba sxva piris winaaRmdeg, rac am pirs uCens SiSis
grZnobas sakuTari usafrTxoebis mimarT.
qorwinebis iZuleba (ssk 150 (prima) muxli) kriminalizebulia
stambolis konvenciis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.123 muxlis Tanaxmad, isjeba qorwinebis (maT Soris araregistrirebulis) iZuleba,
xolo arasrulwlovnis mimarT danaSaulis Cadena ganisazRvreba,
rogorc damamZimebeli garemoeba. danaSaulis arsebobisTvis ar
aris savaldebulo, dadges qorwinebis faqti - piri daqorwindes
Tavisi nebis sawinaaRmdegod. danaSauli damTavrebulia piris iZulebis momentidan, imis miuxedavad, Seasrula Tu ara man damnaSavisTvis sasurveli qmedeba.124
aucilebeli mogerieba da Zaladobis msxverpli qalis sindromi
Zaladobis msxverpli qalis sindroms, rogorc aucilebeli
mogeriebis pirobas, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTali ar iTvaliswinebs. ssk 28-e muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, aucilebeli mogerieba
aris marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxavi garemoeba - marTlsawinaaRmdegod ar moqmedebs is, vinc am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul
qmedebas Caidens aucilebeli mogeriebis mdgomareobaSi, ese igi,
vinc marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofisas daazianebs xelmyofs Tavisi an sxvisi samarTlebrivi sikeTis dasacavad.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, qmedeba rom aucilebel mogeriebad dakvalificirdes, sxva pirobebTan erTad, aucilebelia, piris mimarT arsebuli safrTxe iyos imwuTieri, realuri da misi ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli unda iyos drois umcires
momentSi.125 imwuTieri safrTxis arsebobis piroba gamoricxavs
msxverpli qalis qmedebis aucilebel mogeriebad dakvalificirebas, Tu igi klavs qmars mis mimarT arsebuli myisieri safrTxis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, imis miuxedavad, Tu qmari mis mimarT sistematurad axorcielebda Zaladobis sxvadasxva formas, safrTxeSi ayenebda mis sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas da mas Zaladobisgan
Tavis daRwevis SesaZlebloba ar hqonda. qmedeba aucilebel mogeriebad aseve ar dakvalificirdeba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu qalma icis,
rom qmari samomavlod mis mkvlelobas gegmavs.
imisaTvis, rom msxverpli qalis sindromis mqone piris mier

E.

saqarTvelos sasamarTloTa praqtika qalTa

mimarT Zaladobriv danaSaulebze

saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mier miRebulma ganaCenebma 2014-2016 wlebSi qalTa mimarT Cadenil Zaladobriv danaSaulebze (20 ganaCeni)126 cxadyo, rom yvela ganxilul SemTxvevaSi moxda
danaSaulis ojaxur danaSaulad klasifikacia, rodesac igi Cadenili iyo kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli ojaxis wevris mimarT. danaSauli kvalificirdeba ssk-is Sesabamisi muxliT da, amasTanave, ssk
me-11 (prima) muxliT (pasuxismgebloba ojaxuri danaSaulisTvis).
amis miuxedavad, sasamarTlo/braldebis organoebi ar gamokveTen qalis mimarT Cadenil genderul danaSaulebSi, maT Soris ojaxur danaSaulebSi, genderuli diskriminaciis niSans da ar iyeneben
mas damamZimebel garemoebad sasjelis daniSvnis dros. amasTanave,
ar xorcieldeba bralad wardgenili danaSaulis Cadenamde piris
mier genderuli Zaladobis Cadenis sxva faqtebis gamokvleva da ar
iyeneben maT damamZimebel garemoebad. magaliTad, Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 10 ivlisis ganaCeniT, ikveTeba qmris
mxridan colis qcevis kontroli, mis mimarT mesakuTruli damokidebuleba da eWvianoba, ris safuZvelzec damnaSavem msxverpls
TavSi najaxiT miayena mZime dazianebebi. miuxedavad genderuli
niSniT diskriminaciuli motivis mimaniSnebeli garemoebebisa, ganaCeni am kuTxiT msjelobas ar moicavs.127
danaSaulis motivis Seswavlis dros, kvlevis farglebSi gaanalizebuli ganaCenebidan arc erTSi ar gamokveTila genderuli

124. iZulebis Taobaze ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni I (ix.
zemoT), gv. 316-318

126.kvlevis farglebSi gaanalizebulia saerTo sasamarTloebis mier

(pirveli instanciis da saapelacio sasamarTlo) 2014-2016 wlebSi gamotanili, sajaro informaciis saxiT gamoTxovnili 20 ganaCeni ojaxur
danaSaulebze. analizi ar moicavs aRniSnul wlebSi ojaxur danaSaulebze gamotanil yvela ganaCens.

125. sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, avtorTa koleqtivi, gamomcemloba meridiani, Tbilisi, 2007 w., gv. 248

127. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 10 ivlisis ganaCeni, saqme N1/b-285-14

123. ssk-Si Sesabamisi cvlileba Sevida 2014 wlis 17 oqtombris kanoniT.

66

Cadenili Zaladoba dakvalificirdes aucilebel mogeriebad, saTanadod unda Sefasdes qalTa mimarT Zaladobis sistematuroba,
simwvave da gafarTovdes amgvar saqmeebTan mimarTebiT aucilebeli mogeriebis cneba. aucilebeli mogeriebis SemTxvevis dros gamokvleul unda iqnes safrTxis subieqturi da obieqturi mxareebi
qalTa mimarT Zaladobis zogadi konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT. yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, msxverpli qalis sindromi unda ganixilebodes, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba.

67

diskriminacia an daqvemdebarebuloba, rogorc danaSaulis Cadenis motivi an misi maprovocirebeli faqtori.

zog SemTxvevaSi qalTa mimarT ojaxSi Cadenil danaSaulebze
sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli sasjeli Seusabamod lmobieria. magaliTad, Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 16 dekembris
ganaCenis Tanaxmad,128 pirs, romelmac meuRles gul-mkerdisa da
muclis areSi miayena Wrilobebi, msjavri daedo janmrTelobis
ganzrax mZime dazianebis gamo (ssk me-11(prima)-117-e muxlebi). sasamarTlom damnaSaves miusaja 3 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa (muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli minimaluri sasjeli, sadac maqsimaluri
sasjeli 6 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTaa), rac CauTvala pirobiTad
da dauniSna 3-wliani gamosacdeli vada. pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebel garemoebad mosamarTlem danaSaulis aRiareba da monanieba miiCnia da aRniSna, rom saqmeSi damamZimebeli garemoebebi ar
arsebobs.
Seusabamod lmobier sasjelze metyvelebs aseve Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 18 dekembris ganaCeni,129 romelic
Semdeg saqmes exeba: yofilma meuRlem qals Tavis areSi SuSis sayvavilis CartymiT miayena janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba (ssk
me-11(prima)-117-e muxlebi). sasamarTlom mas miusaja 3 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, rac CauTvala pirobiTad da dauniSna gamosacdeli 3-wliani vada da jarima 7000 laris odenobiT. pasuxismgeblobis
Semamsubuqebel garemoebad sasamarTlom miiCnia danaSaulis aRiareba, xolo, rac Seexeba damamZimebel garemoebebs, aRniSna, rom isini msjavrdebulis qmedebas ar hqonda.130
kvlevis farglebSi Seswavlil arc erT ganaCenSi qalis mimarT
Zaladobis/qalis mimarT ojaxSi Zaladobis/ojaxuri danaSaulebis
Cadena miCneul ar iqna qalis diskriminaciis formad.

F.

rekomendaciebi:
-

qalTa mimarT diskriminaciul danaSaulebad ganisazRvros iseTi qmedebebi, romlebic Cadenilia qalis mimarT
maTi sqesis/genderis gamo. diskriminaciul danaSaulebad
ganisazRvros aseve iseTi danaSaulebi, romlebSic, konkretuli garemoebebis Tanaxmad, ver ikveTeba diskriminacia, magram danaSauli araTanazomierad exeba qalebs (magaliTad, ojaxSi Zaladoba da sxva ojaxuri danaSaulebi);

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, stambolis konvenciis definiciaze dayrdnobiT, calke danaSaulad gamoiyos qalis
mimarT Zaladoba: genderis safuZvelze Cadenili yvela saxis Zaladoba, romlebsac Sedegad moaqvs, an, savaraudod,
Sedegad SeiZleba moitanos qalebis mimarT fizikuri, seqsualuri, fsiqologiuri an ekonomikuri ziani an tanjva;
maT Soris aseTi qmedebebis Cadenis muqara, iZuleba an Tavisuflebis TviTneburi xelyofa, Cadenili sazogadoebaSi
Tu pirad cxovrebaSi;

daskvna da rekomendaciebi

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba dasjadad

acxadebs Zaladobriv danaSaulebs, Tumca arc erTi danaSaulis
128. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 16 dekembris ganaCeni, saqme N1/6333-14
129. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 18 dekembris ganaCeni, saqme N1/6028-14
130. 2014 wlis 18 dekembris mdgomareobiT; aseve, danaSaulis Cadenis momentSi moqmedi ssk 117-e muxlis pirveli nawilis redaqcia iTvaliswinebda
sasjelis saxiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas samidan xuT wlamde.

68

SemTxvevaSi ar iTvaliswinebs genderul specifikas da garkveuli

danaSaulebis (magaliTad, ojaxSi Zaladoba) araproporciul gavlenas qalebze. zogierTi danaSauli, romelTa msxverpli, umeteswilad, qalebi arian da is gamoxatavs qalTa gamocdilebas, sisxlis
samarTlis wesiT, dasjadi ar aris - magaliTad, adevneba, qalis mimarT Zaladoba (ojaxis gareT), genderuli Zaladoba. kanonmdebloba qalTa mimarT Zaladobasa da sxva genderul danaSaulebs ar
acxadebs qalis diskriminaciis formad. aucilebeli mogeriebis
Semadgenloba Zaladobis msxverpli qalis sindromis SemTxvevebs
Sefasebis gareSe tovebs.
qalis mimarT genderuli Cagvra, kanonmdeblis gagebiT, mxolod ojaxSi ZaladobiT Semoifargleba (rac aseve genderulad
neitraluria), ojaxSi Zaladoba ki praqtikaSi kvlav aRiqmeba
msxverplisa da moZaladis pirad saqmed, romelic ufro lmobier
Sefasebas imsaxurebs, vidre imave simZimis sxva danaSaulebi. sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobas unda hqondes transformaciuli
midgoma - aRiaros genderuli danaSaulebi (Cadenili ojaxSi da mis
gareT), rogorc qalis mimarT Zalauflebisa da kontrolis, seqsualuri da ekonomikuri subordinaciis forma, romelic patriarqaluri kulturisa da qalTa daqvemdebarebuli rolis SenarCunebis
mTavari socialuri meqanizmia.

69

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, stambolis konvenciis definiciaze dayrdnobiT, ganimartos genderuli Zaladoba,
rogorc Zaladoba qalis mimarT im mizeziT, rom is qalia,
an rac araTanazomier gavlenas axdens qalebze;

genderuli Zaladoba, saerTaSoriso standartebze dayrdnobiT, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi ganisazRvros, rogorc
diskriminaciis forma;

danaSaulis Cadena ojaxis wevris mimarT, stambolis konvenciis moTxovnebze dayrdnobiT, ganisazRvros, rogorc
danaSaulis damamZimebeli garemoeba;

moxdes adevnebis kriminalizeba. stambolis konvenciaze

dayrdnobiT adevneba ganimartos Semdegnairad: muqaris
Semcveli ganzraxi, gangrZobadi qmedeba sxva piris mimarT,
rac am pirs uCens SiSis grZnobas sakuTari usafrTxoebis
mimarT;

Zaladobrivi qmedebebis Cadena, romlebsac win uZRoda an

Tan erTvoda ukiduresi Zaladoba, stambolis konvenciis
moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, ganisazRvros, rogorc damamZimebeli garemoeba;

danaSaulis Cadena genderis niSniT (imis miuxedavad, ikveTeba Tu ara diskriminaciuli motivi), sadac SesaZlebelia,
ssk-is mixedviT, aseve ganisazRvros, rogorc damamZimebeli garemoeba;

Zaladobis msxverpli qalis sindromi, yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevaSi, gaTvaliswinebul iqnes qmedebis aucilebel mogeriebad kvalifikaciisTvis. Zaladobis msxverpli qalis
sindromi yvela SemTxvevaSi ganixilebodes, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba.

V. fe mi ci di da da na Sa u le bi si cocx lis wi na aR m deg

A.

Sesavali

es Tavi aanalizebs qalTa mimarT Cadenil Semdeg danaSaulebs:

ssk 108-e muxli. ganzrax mkvleloba; ssk 109-e muxli. ganzrax mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebaSi; ssk 111-e muxli. ganzrax mkvleloba uecari, Zlieri sulieri aRelvebis mdgomareobaSi; ssk 115-e
muxli. TviTmkvlelobamde miyvana; ssk 53-e muxli. sasjelis daniSvnis zogadi sawyisebi.

B.

feministuri midgomebi qalTa mkvlelobebze

termini femicidi - genderis niSniT Cadenili qalis mkvleloba - daamkvidra diana raselma 1970-iani wlebis feministuri
brZolis dros. raselis ganmartebiT, femicidi aris qalis seqsisturi mkvlelobis yvela forma, romlebic motivirebulia qalze
uflebebis qonis surviliT an masTan SedarebiT upiratesi mdgomareobiT, siamovnebis miRebis an sadisturi survilebiT, anda qalis
mimarT mesakuTruli damokidebulebiT.131
laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi femicidi ganmartebulia, rogorc kacebis mier qalebis mizoginiuri mkvleloba, genderuli
Zaladobis ukiduresi forma, romelic gamoixateba mamakacis mier
qalis mimarT Cadenil ZaladobaSi masze Zalauflebis, dominaciisa da kontrolis mopovebis mizniT.132 xulia monarezs miaCnia, rom
femicidi aseve moicavs saxelmwifos Semwynareblur damokidebulebas yvela im gangrZobadi Zaladobrivi aqtis mimarT, romlebic
qalis sikvdils iwvevs - fsiqologiuri Zaladoba, fizikuri da
verbaluri Seuracxyofa, wameba, gaupatiureba da seqsualuri Zaladoba, prostitucia, bavSvze Zaladoba, Cvil gogonaTa mkvleloba, qalis sasqeso organos dasaxiCreba, ojaxSi Zaladoba.133
meqsikelma mkvlevarma, marsela legardma, Seqmna femicidisgan gansxvavebuli termini feminicidi - saxelmwifos politikuri nebis ararseboba, gamoiZios da dasajos qalTa mkvlelobebi/
femicidi. feminicidis dros arsebobs qalTa mkvlelobebis far131. Russell, D. E. (2006), p. 77-78, quoted in Latin American Model Protocol, p.13
132. Latin American Model Protocol, p. 13
133. Monarrez Fragoso, J. Feminicidio sexual serial en Ciudad Jurez: 1993- 2001.
Debate Fem., v.13, n.25, p.279-308, 2002

70

71

Tod gavrcelebuli faqtebi, romlebsac saxelmwifo umoqmedobiT

pasuxobs, an maTze reagirebis unari ara aqvs.134
feministebisTvis termin femicids politikuri mizani aqvs qalTa Cagvris patriarqaluri sistemis, qalebze Zaladobis, diskriminaciisa da daqvemdebarebulobis gamoaSkaraveba, ris kulminaciasac warmoadgens qalis mimarT siZulvilis da masze Zaladobis
ukiduresi forma - qalis mkvleloba.

laTinuri amerikis gamocdileba femicidTan mimarTebiT

C.

adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso instrumentebi, maT Soris

stambolis konvencia, femicidis definicias ar moicavs.
laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi genderis niSniT Cadenili mkvlelobebis - femicidis an feminicidis - kodificireba 2007 wlidan
daiwyo. aRniSnuli danaSaulebi Seitanes specialur kanonebSi (bolivia, kolumbia, salvadori, gvatemala, panama, nikaragua, venesuela), sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi (argentina, Cile, kosta-rika, dominikis respublika, meqsika, peru) an meqsikis Statebis
kanonmdeblobaSi.135
laTino-amerikuli saxelmZRvanelo oqmi femicids Semdegnairad ganmartavs: qalis mkvleloba im mizeziT, rom igi qalia, Cadenili ojaxSi, ojaxuri an sxva piradi urTierTobis konteqstSi,
sazogadoebis nebismieri wevris mier, an, rodesac is Cadenilia saxelmwifos an misi agentebis moqmedebis an umoqmedobis Sedegad.136
laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi, sadac kontinenturi samarTlis
sistemaa, arsebobs sisxlis samarTlis sami saxis sakanonmdeblo
midgoma femicidis kodifikaciasTan mimarTebiT:
1.
2.
3.

femicidis gamoyofa calke mdgom danaSaulad;

femicidis gamoyofa damamZimebel garemoebad;
femicidis klasifikacia ojaxur danaSaulad.

1. femicidi, rogorc calke mdgomi danaSauli

laTinuri amerikis qveynebidan femicidi, sisxlis samarTlis
kanonmdeblobiT, calke mdgomi danaSaulia CileSi, kosta-rikaSi,
134. Latin American Model Protocol, p. 13
135. Latin American Model Protocol, p. 157
136. Latin American Model Protocol, p. 14

72

nikaraguaSi, gvatemalaSi, hondurassa da panamaSi, xolo salvadoris, meqsikis, boliviisa da perus kanonmdeblobaSi femicidis nacvlad arsebobs feminicidi. salvadorisa da nikaraguis kanonmdeblobaSi aseve gansazRvrulia damamZimebel garemoebebSi Cadenili
feminicidi, rogorc calke mdgomi danaSauli.137
laTinur amerikaSi Tavdapirvelad femicidad ganisazRvreboda qalis mkvleloba, Cadenili formalur Tu araformalur qorwinebaSi (magaliTad, kosta-rikis kanonmdebloba). SemdgomSi femicidi/feminicidi kanonmdeblobaSi ufro farTod ganisazRvra.
bolivia, femicidis 2013 wels SemuSavebuli definiciiT, dasjadad
acxadebs qalis mkvlelobas (romelic msgavsi deklaraciis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi daisjeboda, rogorc martivi mkvleloba) Semdeg garemoebebSi:
-

damnaSave msxverplis amJamindeli an yofili meuRle an partnioria; dakavSirebulia an dakavSirebuli iyo masTan intimuri an masTan gaTanabrebuli urTierTobiT, im SemTxvevaSic, Tu Tanacxovrebis faqti ar arsebobda;

msxverplis mier damnaSavesTan partnioruli, sasiyvarulo, emociuri an intimuri urTierTobis damyarebaze uaris
Tqmis gamo;

msxverplis orsulobis gamo;

msxverpli damnaSavis mimarT daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi an urTierTobaSi imyofeba, an damokidebulia damnaSaveze,

an aqvs damnaSavesTan megobruli, samsaxurebrivi urTierToba an TanamSromloba;

msxverpli umweo mdgomareobaSia;

mkvlelobamde msxverpli imave pirisgan ganicdida fizikur,

fsiqologiur, seqsualur an ekonomikur Zaladobas;

danaSauls win uswrebda piradi Tavisuflebis an seqsualuri

Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli;

mkvleloba ukavSirdeba trefikings an kontrabandas;

mkvleloba xdeba ritualebis, jgufis tradiciebis an kulturuli praqtikis Sedegad.

137. See El Salvador - Special Comprehensive Law for a Life Free from Violence
for Women.Law No. 779. Nicaragua: Comprehensive Law against Violence toward
Women and Reforms to Law No. 641, Criminal Code, 2012.

73

2. femicidi, rogorc ganzrax mkvlelobis damamZimebeli

garemoeba
venesuelaSi, kolumbiasa da argentinaSi femicidi ar aris calke
mdgomi danaSauli - igi ganzrax mkvlelobis muxlSi gansazRvrulia,
rogorc damamZimebeli garemoeba da iTvaliswinebs SemTxvevebs, rodesac damnaSaves msxverplTan hqonda emociuri urTierToba, imyofeboda masTan qorwinebaSi, mkvleloba moxda imis gamo, rom msxverpli qali iyo, an mkvleloba ukavSirdeba genderul Zaladobas.138

3. femicidi, rogorc ojaxuri danaSauli

Cilesa da perus kanonmdeblobaSi femicidi/feminicidi ganxilulia, rogorc ojaxuri danaSaulis saxe. danaSauli femicidad
kvalificirdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu msxverpli qali damnaSavis meuRle an partnioria, an sxvagvarad dakavSirebulia masTan.139
zogierTi qveynis kanonmdebloba danaSaulis definiciaSi moicavs elementebs, romlebic danaSauls akvalificirebs femicidad,
magaliTad:
-

mkvleloba xdeba qalTa da mamakacTa Soris araTanabari Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis farglebSi (gvatemala da nikaragua);
mkvleloba xdeba imis gamo, rom msxverpli qalia (gvatemala da kolumbia);
mkvleloba xdeba msxverplis, rogorc qalis, siZulvilis an
upativcemulobis motiviT (salvadori da hondurasi);
mkvleloba xdeba genderTan dakavSirebuli mizniT (meqsika
da hondurasi);
siZulvilis motivi efuZneba genders an seqsualur orientacias, genderul identobas an TviTgamoxatvas da igi gansazRvrulia, rogorc mkvlelobis damamZimebeli garemoeba

138. Venezuela - Organic Law on the Right of Women to a Life Free from Violence (G.O.
38668 of Apr. 23, 2007); Columba - Law 1257 of 2008 which dictates norms of sensitization, prevention, and punishment of forms of violence and discrimination against women,
reforms the criminal code, the criminal procedure code, Law 294 of 1996, and sets out
other pronouncements.
139. Chile - Law 20480. Modifying the Criminal Code and Law No. 20.066 on Interfamilial Violence, establishing femicide, increasing the sentences applicable to this
crime, and reforming the norms on parricide, 2010.

74

sasjelis nawilSi (argentina).140

femicidi aris ganzraxi danaSauli - damnaSave acnobierebda da
surda qalis mkvleloba. mkvlelobis ganzraxva femicids ganasxvavebs qalTa mimarT sxva saxis danaSaulebisgan - magaliTad, janmrTelobis ganzrax dazianeba.
laTinuri amerikis qveynebis kanonmdebloba femicidisTvis
mkacr sasjels iTvaliswinebs - 15 wlidan uvado Tavisuflebis
aRkveTamde.141 zogierT qveyanaSi kanoni dauSveblad acxadebs aRniSnuli sasjelebis Semcirebas an alternatiuli RonisZiebebis
gamoyenebas (magaliTad, gvatemalaSi). meqsikaSi damnaSave aRniSnuli danaSaulis Cadenis Sedegad kargavs msxverplTan dakavSirebul yvela uflebas. gvatemalas kanonmdeblobiT, dauSvebelia
kulturuli an religiuri tradiciebis gamoyeneba femicidisTvis
bralis gamomricxav an sasjelis Semamsubuqebel garemoebad. salvadorSi amgvar saqmeebze akrZalulia mediacia.142

D.

femicidi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi

saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis kvlevaSi femicidis saqmeebis ganaCenebi - 2014 ganxilulia saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis midgoma msgavsi saxis danaSaulebisadmi:
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba femicids, rogorc danaSauls,
ar icnobs.143 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi ar arsebobs calke muxli, romelic femicids, anu genderis niSniT Cadenil qalis mkvlelobas, dasjadad gamoacxadebda. aseve ar aris gamoyofili mkvlelobis Cadena genderis niSniT, rogorc ganzrax

140. Latin American Model Protocol, Annex N1

141. 15-dan 20 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTa nikaraguasa da peruSi; 20dan 40 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTa kosta-rikaSi, venesuelaSi, salvadorSi, hondurassa da boliviaSi; 30-dan 60 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTa meqsikaSi, gvatemalasa da kolumbiaSi; uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTa
Cilesa da argentinaSi - ix. Latin American Model Protocol, Annex N1
142. ix. zemoT
143. saqarTvelos parlamentSi moxda kanonproeqtis inicireba, romlis
mixedviTac saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss unda damateboda
108-e (prima) muxli, romelic femicids Semdegnairad ganmartavda: femicidi - genderuli niSniT motivirebuli qalis ganzrax mkvleloba meuRlis, yofili meuRlis, partnioris, yofili partnioris an ojaxis sxva
wevris mier; isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT TerTmetidan ToTxmet
wlamde. kanonproeqts 2016 wlis 10 ivniss parlamentma mxari ar dauWira.

75

mkvlelobis damamZimebeli garemoeba.144 Sesabamisad, femicidi danaSaulebis sxva saxis mkvlelobebisgan ar gamoiyofa da statistikac ar warmoebs.
miuxedavad femicidis, rogorc calke mdgomi danaSaulis,
ararsebobisa, dResdReobiT femicidis SemTxvevebis gamoZieba da
dasja mimdinareobs/SesaZloa, mimdinareobdes saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Semdeg muxlebze miTiTebiT:
ganzrax mkvleloba (ssk 108-e muxli); ganzrax mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebaSi (ssk 109-e muxli); ganzrax mkvleloba uecari,
Zlieri sulieri aRelvebis mdgomareobaSi (ssk 111-e muxli); janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba, ramac gamoiwvia sicocxlis mospoba (ssk 117-e (me-2 prima) muxli);145 TviTmkvlelobamde miyvana (ssk
115-e muxli).
zemoxsenebuli muxlebiT SeiZleba kvalificirdebodes rogorc femicidi, ise sxva danaSaulebi, romlebsac araviTari kavsiri
ara aqvs genderul motivTan. aqedan gamomdinare, imisTvis, rom ganisazRvros, iyo Tu ara danaSauli femicidi, Seswavlil unda iqnes
zemoxsenebuli muxlebis safuZvelze miRebuli TiToeuli gadawyvetileba, sadac msxverpli aris qali, da saqmis garemoebebis mixedviT dadgindes, Tu romel SemTxvevaSi aris danaSauli femicidi.
Cadenil danaSaulebSi ojaxuri femicidis identificirebas
amartivebs sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-11 (prima) muxli, romelic gansazRvravs, Tu kodeqsis romeli muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis Cadena warmoadgens ojaxur146 danaSauls. aqedan
gamomdinare, ojaxuri femicidis (meuRlis/colis an yofili meuRlis mkvleloba genderis niSniT) identificireba SesaZlebelia,
144. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 109-e muxlis me-2 nawilis d) qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, danaSaulis damamZimebeli garemoebaa misi
Cadena rasobrivi, religiuri, erovnuli an eTnikuri Seuwynareblobis
gamo. genderuli niSniT danaSaulis Cadena ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli,
rogorc damamZimebeli garemoeba.
145. ssk 117-e (me-2 prima) muxliT dakvalificirebuli danaSauli femicidi aris mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxda danaSaulis araswori kvalifikacia - swori kvalifikaciis SemTxvevaSi danaSauli iqneboda ganzrax
mkvleloba (ssk 108-e muxli), an ganzrax mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebebSi (ssk 109-e muxli).
146. am muxlis miznebisaTvis ojaxis wevrad iTvleba: meuRle, deda, mama,
papa, bebia, Svili (geri), Svilobili, mSvilebeli, mSvileblis meuRle,
naSvilebi, mimRebi ojaxi (dedobili, mamobili), meurve, SviliSvili, da,
Zma, meuRlis mSoblebi, siZe, rZali, yofili meuRle, agreTve pirebi,
romlebic mudmivad ewevian an eweodnen erTian saojaxo meurneobas.

76

Tu zemoxsenebuli danaSaulebi sisxlis samarTalis kodeqsis me-11

(prima) muxlTan erTad aris dakvalificirebuli.
ojaxSi Cadenili qalis yvela mkvleloba, anu meuRlis/yofili meuRlis mier qalis mkvleloba (rac ssk me-11 (prima) muxliT
dakvalificirdeba), avtomaturad ar niSnavs, rom femicidia Cadenili. femicidis gansazRvrisas aucilebelia, rom danaSauls hqondes genderuli niSani, anu damnaSave moqmedebdes qalis genderTan
dakavSirebuli motiviT. amasTanave, femicidi ar aris mxolod da
mxolod ojaxSi Cadenili qalis mkvleloba - meuRlis an yofili
meuRlis mkvleloba. femicidi aris qalis yvela mkvleloba (ojaxSi Tu mis gareT), romlebic ukavSirdeba genderul diskriminacias,
qalis qcevis kontrols, mis mimarT mesakuTrul damokidebulebas,
genderul Zaladobas an/da subordinacias; aseve, qalis TviTmkvlelobamde miyvana (ssk 115-e muxli), ojaxSi Tu ojaxis gareT, zemoxsenebuli mizezebiT. Tumca, amis miuxedavad, yvelaze xSirad,
rodesac xdeba qmris/yofili qmris mier colis/yofili colis
mkvleloba (da danaSauli kvalificirdeba me-11 (prima) muxliT),
danaSaulis garemoebebi aCvenebs, rom Cadenili aris femicidi.
Tu xdeba danaSaulis araswori kvalifikacia femicidis dros
- Cadenilia ganzrax mkvleloba (ssk 108-e muxli) da danaSauli kvalificirdeba janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianebad, ramac sicocxlis mospoba gamoiwvia (ssk 117-e (me-2 prima) muxli), damnaSavisTvis daniSnuli sasjelis yvelaze didi zoma SesaZloa, iyos 7
wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, nacvlad Tavisuflebis aRkveTisa 15
wlis vadiT, rasac ssk 108-e muxli iTvaliswinebs.147
147. ganzrax mkvlelobis (ssk 108-e muxli) SemTxvevaSi, sasjelis minimaluri zoma aris 7 wliT, xolo maqsimaluri - 15 wliT TavisuflebiT aRkveTa. Tu mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebebSia Cadenili, magaliTad, Cadenilia araerTgzis, gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT, winaswari SecnobiT
orsuli qalis mimarT da sxv.(ssk 109-e muxli), damnaSaves SeiZleba sasjelad daeniSnos Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 11 wlidan uvado Tavisuflebis
aRkveTamde, damamZimebeli garemoebis xasiaTisa da specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT. TviTmkvlelobamde miyvana (ssk 115-e muxli) sasjelad iTvaliswinebs Tavisuflebis SezRudvas vadiT 3 wlamde an Tavisuflebis
aRkveTas vadiT 2-dan 4 wlamde. janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba,
ramac sicocxlis mospoba gamoiwvia (ssk 117-e (me-2 prima) muxli), 4-dan
7 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT isjeba. Tu mkvleloba afeqtis mdgomareobaSi moxda (uecari, Zlieri sulieri aRelvebis mdgomareoba,
ssk 111-e muxli), damnaSave 3 wlamde Tavisuflebis SezRudviT, an 1-dan
3 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT isjeba. ssk me-11 (prima) muxls aqvs
ojaxur danaSaulebze statistikis warmoebis funqcia da, calke aRebuli, ver axdens gavlenas sasjelis saxesa da zomaze.

77

amasTanave, ganzrax mkvlelobis damamZimebel garemoebad kanonmdebeli diskriminaciul motivsac moiazrebs - mkvleloba,
romelic Cadenilia rasobrivi, religiuri, erovnuli an eTnikuri
Seuwynareblobis gamo (ssk 109-e (me-2 prima) muxli), ufro mkacrad
isjeba, vidre mkvleloba damamZimebeli garemoebebis ararsebobisas. amgvari mkvlelobisTvis sasjelia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa
vadiT 13-dan 17 wlamde (gansxvavebiT 108-e muxlisgan, romelic
7-dan 15 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTas iTvaliswinebs). Tumca aRniSnuli muxli damamZimebel garemoebad mxolod zemoxsenebuli
motiviT Cadenil diskriminacias moiazrebs da ar iTvaliswinebs
diskriminacias sqesis/genderis safuZvelze, rac femicidis Semadgeneli nawilia. aqedan gamomdinare, genderuli niSniT Cadenili
mkvleloba, sxva damamZimebeli garemoebebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, ssk 109-e muxliT ver dakvalificirdeba.
mniSvnelovania, aRiniSnos, rom, Tu danaSaulis Cadenis motivia
genderis niSniT ganpirobebuli diskriminacia, ssk 53-e (me-3 prima)
muxlis Tanaxmad, es garemoeba amZimebs Cadenili qmedebis xarisxs
da igi mxedvelobaSi miiReba/unda miiRebodes sasamarTlos mier
sasjelis daniSvnis dros. am muxlis Tanaxmad, danaSaulis Cadena
rasis, kanis feris, enis, sqesis, seqsualuri orientaciis, genderuli identobis, asakis, religiis, politikuri an sxva Sexedulebis,
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis, moqalaqeobis, erovnuli, eTnikuri
an socialuri kuTvnilebis, warmoSobis, qonebrivi an wodebrivi
mdgomareobis, sacxovrebeli adgilis an diskriminaciis Semcveli sxva niSniT Seuwynareblobis motiviT, aris pasuxismgeblobis
damamZimebeli garemoeba am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela Sesabamisi danaSaulisaTvis.
Sesabamisad, dRes moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT, femicidis kvalifikaciisa da identificirebisTvis yvelaze relevanturi (Tumca arasakmarisi) saSualebaa ssk-is Sesabamis
muxlTan erTad, 53-e (me-3 prima) muxlze miTiTeba. aRniSnuli muxlis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis is muxli an muxlis nawili, romliTac dakvalificirda konkretuli SemTxveva, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis niSnad ar
iTvaliswinebs diskriminacias damamZimebeli garemoebis saxiT.148
amis miuxedavad, 53-e (me-3 prima) muxli saqarTvelos sasamarTlo
praqtikaSi (sasamarTlos ganaCenebSi) arasodes gamoyenebula arc
qalTa, arc sxva pirTa mimarT Cadenili danaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi.149 Sesabamisad, Tu femicidis dros danaSaulis kvalifikaciisas
148. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi (ssk), 53-e muxlis me-4 nawili
149. saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebidan gamoTxovnili sajaro in-

78

53-e (me-3 prima) muxlze miTiTebis meSveobiT sasjeli damZimdeba,

gaadvildeba femicidis, rogorc qalis mimarT genderis niSniT Cadenili danaSaulis, aRiareba sasamarTlos mier, danaSaulis statistikis Seqmna da damnaSavisTvis qmedebasTan Sesabamisi sasjelis
gamoyeneba.150
saias kvlevis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul femicidis formebs danaSaulis Semdegi definicia Seesabameba: femicidi genderis niSniT Cadenili qalis mkvleloba, anu qalis mkvleloba,
romlis Cadenis motivi an konteqsti kavSirSia qalis mimarT genderul ZaladobasTan, diskriminaciasTan an qalis daqvemdebarebul
rolTan, rac gamoixateba qalze uflebebis qonis surviliT, qalTan SedarebiT upiratesi mdgomareobiT, qalis mimarT mesakuTruli damokidebulebiT, misi qcevis kontroliT, an genderTan dakavSirebuli sxva mizeziT, aseve, qalis TviTmkvlelobamde miyvana
zemoaRniSnuli mizezebiT.151 dResdReobiT saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis kanonmdebloba ar aRiarebs qalTa daqvemdebarebas da
patriarqalur Cagvras, rac femicidis mTavari gamomwvevi mizezia
da SemosazRvravs mas adamianis sicocxlis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
danaSaulebis genderulad neitraluri konteqstiT.

E.

saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtika femicidTan mimarTebiT

saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis kvlevis farglebSi, 2014 wlis manZilze Cadenili femicidis saqmeebze pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebis mier gamotanili ganaCenebi (12 ganaCeni, gamotanili 2014-2015 wlebSi)152 cxadyofs, rom, femicidis
SemTxvevaSi, samarTaldamcavi organoebi an/da sasamarTlo Tavs
arideben, an ver axerxeben saqmis sagamoZiebo da sasamarTlo ganformacia 2015 wlis dekembris mdgomareobiT
150. femicidis saqmeebis ganaCenebi - 2014, saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia,avtori: Tamar dekanosiZe, Tbilisi, 2016. ix. bmulze:
KWWSVJ\ODJHOHVQHZV($&($((
%A1%20%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%
83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90/femicidi_ge.pdf
151. femicidis saqmeebis ganaCenebi - 2014, gv. 10
152. saias kvleva aanalizebs saqarTveloSi moqmed pirveli instanciis
sasamarTloTa 12 ganaCens femicidis saqmeebze. 5 ganaCeni gamoitana
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom, 3 ganaCeni - Telavis raionulma sasamarTlom, 1 ganaCeni - rusTavis da 1 - quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTloebma,
1 ganaCeni - ozurgeTis da 1 - xelvaCauris raionulma sasamarTloebma.
yvela aRniSnuli danaSauli Cadenilia 2014 wels.

79

xilvis etapebze Seafason qalTa mkvlelobebi, rogorc femicidi

- genderis niSniT Cadenili qalis mkvleloba. aseve, ar ikvleven
qalTa mkvlelobis SesaZlo diskriminaciul motivs; ar aZleven
mas saTanado Sefasebas da ganaCenebSi saerTod ar viTardeba msjeloba genderTan dakavSirebuli motivis arsebobis Taobaze - ar
aris Seswavlili, xom ar iTamaSa arsebiTi roli danaSaulis CadenaSi msxverplis misamarTiT diskriminaciuli, seqsisturi, mesakuTruli an stereotipuli damokidebulebis arsebobam.
sasamarTlos ganaCenebSi msxverplis mimarT ganxorcielebuli ojaxSi Zaladoba/genderuli Zaladoba mkvlelobis Cadenis momentamde ar aris miCneuli, rogorc damamZimebeli garemoeba. umetes SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi faqtebi ganaCenis teqstSic saerTod ar
aris aRwerili.
sasjelebi femicidis saqmeebze153
sasjelis gansazRvris dros femicidis saqmeebze sasamarTlo
zog SemTxvevaSi Seusabamod lmobieri iyo. erTaderT damamZimebel garemoebad, rasac is iTvaliswinebda, iyo nasamarTleoba ganzraxi danaSaulisTvis.154 am mxriv gamonakliss warmoadgens Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 23 ianvris ganaCeni,155 roca
sasamarTlom ojaxis wevris mimarT danaSaulis Cadena pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebel garemoebad miiCnia. gamonaklisis saxiT, amave
sasamarTlom danaSaulis Cadena samarTaldamcavi organos TanamSromlis mier miiCnia, rogorc mxedvelobaSi misaRebi garemoeba pasuxismgeblobis damZimebisTvis.156
vinaidan femicidis arc erT saqmeze ar gamokvleula danaSaulis Cadenis sqesis niSniT diskriminaciuli motivi, diskriminacia
arc erT saqmeze ar miCneula damamZimebel garemoebad da, Sesabamisad, ssk 53-e (me-3) muxlze miTiTeba ar momxdara.
pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebel garemoebad sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebda piris mier danaSaulis aRiarebas,157 piris TanamSrom153. femicidis saqmeebis ganaCenebi - 2014, saqarTvelos axalgazrda
iuristTa asociacia, avtori: Tamar dekanosiZe, Tbilisi, 2016. ix. bmulze KWWSVJ\ODJHOHVQHZV($&($((
%83%A1%20%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%
E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90/femicidi_ge.pdf
154. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, 7 aprili 2015 w.; Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, 22 maisi 2015 w. saqme N1/6524-14; Tbilisis saqalaqo
sasamarTlo, 18 agvisto, 2015 w.
155. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, 23 ianvari 2015 w., saqme N1/4942-14

80

lobas gamoZiebasTan158 da faqts, rom msjavrdebuli dadebiTad xasiaTdeboda159 da ar iyo nasamarTlevi.160 msjavrdebulis dadebiTi
daxasiaTeba gvxvdeba im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac msxverpli mkvlelobamde sistematurad xdeboda ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverpli da
amis gamo policiisTvis arc ki miumarTavs161 (es faqtebi ganaCenSi
ar aris aRwerili).
femicidis CadenisTvis dakisrebuli sasjelebi mTlianad
braldebulze, sazogadoebaSi mis usafrTxo integraciasa da axali danaSaulis acilebaze aris orientirebuli. isini ar emsaxureba genderuli uTanasworobisa da ierarqiebis aRmofxvras da istoriulad Camoyalibebuli Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis Secvlas.

F.

daskvna da rekomendaciebi

saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da praqtika ar aRiarebs femicids, rogorc genderis niSniT Cadenil qalis mkvlelobas da danaSauls, romelic genderuli niSniT gamoirCeva sxva saxis mkvlelobebisgan. femicidis definiciis ararseboba, rogorc calke mdgomi
danaSaulisa, an, rogorc ganzrax mkvlelobis damamZimebeli garemoebisa, SeuZlebels xdis, rom saTanado kvalifikacia mieniWos
msgavs danaSaulebs, gamoikveTos danaSaulis motivi da mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli genderis niSniT danaSaulis Cadena, rogorc
damamZimebeli garemoeba. am mizeziT femicidisTvis gansazRvruli sasjelebi zogjer Seusabamod lmobieria.
ojaxuri femicidis dros gansakuTrebiT arsebobs safrTxe, qmedeba dakvalificirdes ufro msubuq danaSaulad - janmrTelobis
ganzrax mZime dazianebad, romelsac sikvdili mohyva - da ara ganzrax
mkvlelobad. TviTmkvlelobamde miyvana, rogorc femicidis forma,
ar ganixilavs patriarqaluri kulturiTa da normebiT gamowveul
Zaladobas, romelic qalis gardacvalebis mizezi xdeba.
qalTa mkvlelobebTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdebloba da praqtika ar aRiarebs femicids, rogorc qalTa mimarT struqturuli
Telavis raionuli sasamarTlo, saqme N200100115702991, 5 agvisto, 2015
w.; ozurgeTis raionuli sasamarTlo, 26 Tebervali, 2015 w.; Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, 7 aprili, 2015 w.
158. rusTavis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme N1-252-14, 7 maisi, 2014 w; ozurgeTis raionuli sasamarTlo, 26 Tebervali, 2015 w.
159. rusTavis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme N1-252-14, 7 maisi, 2014 w.

156. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme N1/4942-14, 23 ianvari, 2015 w.

160. iqve

157. rusTavis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme N1-252-14, 7 maisi, 2014 w.;

161. rusTavis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme N1-252-14, 7 maisi, 2014 w.

81

Zaladobis kulminacias, ar ikvlevs da saTanado Sefasebas ar aZlevs genderuli Zaladobis aqtebsa da qalTa mimarT Zaladobis
zogad konteqsts, romlis kulminaciac femicidi xdeba.
mniSvnelovania, rom sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba qalTa mkvlelobebTan mimarTebiT srulad asaxavdes msxverpl qalTa
gamocdilebas da hqondes transformaciuli potenciali, rac gulisxmobs qalTa mimarT Zaladobis ukiduresi formis, femicidis,
mTavari gamomwvevi mizezis - struqturuli uTanasworobis, subordinaciisa da genderuli ierarqiebis gardaqmnis SesaZleblobas.

rekomendaciebi162
-

sakanonmdeblo cvlilebis meSveobiT sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsSi calke muxlad, an ganzrax mkvlelobis damamZimebel garemoebad gamoiyos danaSaulis Cadena, romlis
motivi an konteqsti ukavSirdeba qalis mimarT genderul
Zaladobas, diskriminacias, an qalis daqvemdebarebul
rols, rac SesaZloa, gamoixatebodes qalze uflebebis qonis surviliT, qalTan SedarebiT upiratesi mdgomareobiT,
qalis mimarT mesakuTruli damokidebulebiT, misi qcevis
kontroliT, an genderTan dakavSirebuli sxva mizeziT.

danaSaulis Cadena ojaxis wevris mimarT (saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-11 (prima) muxliT Cadenili
danaSaulebi) ganisazRvros, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebeli garemoeba (stambolis konvenciis 46-e muxlis a
qvepunqtis Sesabamisad);

msjavrdebulis mier ganzrax mkvlelobamde/janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianebamde Cadenili ojaxSi Zaladobis/
genderuli Zaladobis faqtebis arseboba unda ganisazRvros, rogorc damamZimebeli garemoeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 109-e (ganzrax mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebebSi) da 117-e (janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime
dazianeba) muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebisTvis
(stambolis konvenciis 46-e muxlis v qvepunqtis Sesabamisad);

sajaro xelisuflebis warmomadgenlis da, gansakuTrebiT,

samarTaldamcavi organos TanamSromlis mier femicidis

Cadena unda ganisazRvros, rogorc damamZimebeli garemoeba;

-

femicidis/ojaxuri danaSaulis/genderuli danaSaulis Cadena samsaxurebrivi saStato iaraRiT unda ganisazRvros,

rogor damamZimebeli garemoeba ssk 109-e da 117-e muxlebSi
(stambolis konvenciis 46-e muxlis z qvepunqtidan gamomdinare, romlis Tanaxmadac, damamZimebel garemoebad unda ganisazRvros danaSaulis Cadena iaraRis an iaraRis muqaris
gamoyenebiT);

qalTa mkvlelobebis yvela SemTxvevaSi sagamoZiebo, braldebis da sasamarTlo organoebi unda moqmedebdnen im xedviT, rom Cadenilia femicidi. qalTa mkvlelobebis danaSauli kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaSi unda ganixilebodes
qalTa mimarT Zaladobis, diskriminaciisa da subordinaciis zogadi konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT.

162. ix. femicidis saqmeebis ganaCenebi - 2014, saqarTvelos axalgazrda

iuristTa asociacia, Tbilisi, 2016

82

83

sa mo qa la qo da ad mi nis t ra ci u li sa mar T lis

cal ke u li in s ti tu te bis gen de ru li ana li zi

ana abaSiZe
VI. saojaxo samarTali
A.

Sesavali

saojaxo samarTlis Tavi ganixilavs saojaxo samarTlis sakiTxebs gansxvavebuli, araklasikuri meTodiT; kerZod, mkvlevrebma saojaxo samarTlis zogierTi instituti gaaanalizes feministuri samarTlis Teoriebis Suqze. aRniSnul meTodze dayrdnobiT saqarTvelos saojaxo samarTlis ganxilva erTgvar inovaciur
mcdelobas warmoadgens. avtorebis survilia, sazogadoebis winaSe
samsjelod, sadiskusiod gamoitanon es sakiTxebi da xeli Seuwyon
samarTlis modernizebas Tanamedrove midgomebis SuqzegaTvaliswinebiT.
naSromis aRniSnuli nawili ganixilavs saojaxo samarTlis
iseT mniSvnelovan institutebs, rogoricaa: bavSvze zrunva da
meurveoba, arasrulwlovnis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvra,
alimentis samarTlebrivi Sinaarsi da misi ganxorcieleba, meuRleTa urTierTrCenis valdebulebebi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis
principebi, romlebic exeba saojaxo samarTliT gansazRvrul
sakiTxebs da sxv. is Seexeba aseve saproceso uflebebs, romelTa
ganxorcielebac damokidebulia materialuri SesaZleblobebze.
TavSi mimoxilulia sakanonmdeblo xarvezebi, romlebic sxvadasxva jgufis warmomadgenel qalebs uzRudavs sasamarTloze xelmisawvdomobis konstituciur uflebas. aseve gaanalizebulia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi ufaso iuridiuli daxmarebis sistema da
qveynis saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi am mimarTulebiT.
monakveTis bolos SemoTavazebulia rekomendaciebi, romelTa
ganxorcielebac, mkvlevrebis azriT, mniSvnelovnad ganaviTarebs
qarTul samarTlebriv regulaciebs, midgomebs; aseve, samarTlis
profesionalTa damokidebulebebs genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxTan.

B.

feministuri samarTlis Teoriebi saojaxo

davebTan dakavSirebiT163

1994 wels kaliforniis federalur sasamarTloSi qalTa

jgufma Seitana sarCeli, romliTac aprotestebdnen sasamarTloSi saojaxo davebis ganxilvis da bavSvze meurveobis dawesebis dros
arsebul genderul diskriminacias qalebisa da dedebis winaaRmdeg.
qalebi aprotestebdnen sasamarTlo saqmeebs, romelTa ganxilvis
dros sasamarTlo ar iTvaliswinebda yofili qmrebis Zaladobriv
qmedebebs colebsa da bavSvebze. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebiT
damkvidrebuli iyo praqtika, romlis drosac Svilze meurveoba, ZiriTadad, mamebs gadaecemodaT, rac Sefasda, rogorc araadekvaturi da diskriminaciuli damokidebuleba qalebis mimarT.164
amave periodSi niu-iorkSi kacebis jgufma mimarTa federalur sasamarTlos sarCeliT saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, romliTac
aprotestebdnen sasamarTloTa diskriminaciul midgomas, romlis mixedviTac sasamarTlo bavSvze mzrunvelobis sakiTxs dedebis sasargeblod wyvetda, radgan miaCnda, rom deda iyo bunebrivi
mSobeli.165
orive zemoxsenebuli jgufi Tvlida, rom sasamarTlo iyo mikerZoebuli genderis niSniT, rac axdenda gavlenas mis saqmianobaze. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi kargad asaxavda yvela genderul stereotips, romlebic miuTiTebda orive sqesis bunebasa da
sazogadoebriv rolebze.
aRniSnul periodSi saojaxo samarTali xSirad eyrdnoboda
genderul stereotipebs da sazogadoebas genderulad araneitralur regulaciebs sTavazobda. winaswari ganwyoba, romelic modave
mxareebs hqondaT, maTive gamocdilebidan gamomdinareobda. stereotipebis tyveobaSi iyvnen Tavad mosamarTleebic, romelTa nawilsac uWirda, gamijvnoda pirad gamocdilebas. xolo mosamarTleTa
nawils saojaxo davebi, samarTlis sxva disciplinebTan da institutebTan SedarebiT, saerTod, umniSvnelod miaCnda.

1. dokumentirebuli genderuli mikerZoebuloba

genderuli mikerZoebis dokumentirebas mraval warmatebul
qveyanaSi swored sasamarTlo sistemebSi Seqmnili samuSao jgufe163. Schafran L.H. (1994-1995) Gender Bias in Family Court, Why prejudice permeates the Process. Fam. Adv. 22
164. iqve, gv. 22
165. iqve, gv. 22

84

85

bi axdenen, romlebic analitikuri dokumentebis Seqmnis gziT ikvleven aRniSnul sakiTxebs. es SeiZleba erTgvari TviTrefleqsiac
iyos sasamarTloebis mxridan. aseTi samuSao jgufebis Camoyalibebis idea sasamarTloTa Tavmjdomareebs ekuTvnis. isini afaseben
genderuli stereotipebis bunebas da gavrcelebis diapazons sakuTar sistemebSi, raze dayrdnobiTac Tavad inicireben reformebs sistemaSi.
sasamarTlo sistemebSi samuSao jgufebi Seiqmna aSS-is 40
StatSi, aqedan 22-ma Statma damoukideblad TiTo StatisTvis SeimuSava vrceli dokumenti, romelic gamoica da xelmisawvdomi gaxda yvelasTvis. samuSao jgufebis angariSebi cxadyofs, rom genderuli niSniT mikerZoeba, ZiriTadad, vlindeba saojaxo davebSi da
damazianebelia rogorc qalebisTvis, aseve kacebisTvis. Tumca, saerTo jamSi, genderuli mikerZoebulobis gamo ufro metad qalebi
zaraldebian.
magaliTad, 1987 wels minesotis Statis uzenaesi sasamarTlos
Tavmjdomaris iniciativiT Seiqmna samuSao jgufi, romelic Sedgeboda 30 mosamarTlisgan, iuristebisgan, sajaro moxeleebisgan,
sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebisgan. jgufma intensiurad imuSava 2
wlis ganmavlobaSi, rom daedgina, Tu ra saxis stereotipebi arsebobs sasamarTlo sistemaSi da ra gavlenas axdens isini mosamarTleebze gadawyvetilebebis gamotanis dros.166 mosamarTle rozali
ueilma, saqmeTa Seswavlis Sedegad ganacxada, rom sasamarTlo sistemaSi damkvidrebuli genderuli stereotipebi qmnis instituciur seqsizms da is gautola instituciur rasizms. amiT xazi
gausva problemis simwvaves da sistemurobas.167 mosamarTlem mimoixila samuSao jgufis mignebebi, romelTa mixedviTac, genderuli
mikerZoeba gamoixata ganqorwinebis, qonebis ganawilebis, alimentis dakisrebis, advokatis honoraris, bavSvze meurveobis, bavSvze zrunvis, ojaxSi Zaladobis da bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladobis
saqmeebis ganxilvis dros.

166. Minnesota Supreme Court, Task Force for Gender Fairness in the Courts,William
Mitchell Law Review: Vol. 15: Iss. 4, Article 1. ixileT bmulze:
167. Minnesota Supreme Court, Justice Rosalie E. Wahl, The task force on Gender Bias
in the Court: Establishing a Framework for Change, second national Conference on
Gender Bias in the Court, Williamsburg, Virginia (March 18-21, 1993), pp.6-7

86

2. qalebis marcxi
genderuli mikerZoebis gamovlenis mizniT Seqmnilma samuSao
jgufebma farTod warmoaCines qalTa Cagruli mdgomareoba qonebrivi davebis dros. kvlevebi miuTiTebs saojaxo saqmianobis dros
qonebaTa zrdis maCvenebelze da davebis Sedegad arasamarTlianad
ganawilebul qonebaze, rac, umeteswilad, qalebs azaralebs. mosamarTleebi ar iTvaliswineben saojaxo saqmianobas, rogorc qalTa wvlils dovlaTis dagrovebis dros da, Sesabamisad, qonebrivi
davebis Sedegebi qalebisTvis, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT mZimea, vidre kacebisTvis. am kvlevis Tanaxmad, saxarbielo
mdgomareobaSi arc mdidari qalebi iyvnen. saSualo da saSualoze
maRali Semosavlis mqone qalebi, rogorc wesi, uars ambobdnen yofili qmrebisgan alimentis moTxovnaze. am kategoriis qalTa 39%is SemTxvevaSi, ganqorwinebis Semdeg maTi Semosavali iklebda, xolo maTi yofili qmrebis 45%-is Semosavali imatebda.168
vaSingtonis Statis samuSao jgufma Statebis gareT arsebuli
11 qveynis 700 ganqorwinebis saqme Seiswavla, romelTa mixedviTac,
aRmoCnda, rom alimenti (qalis mimarT) gonivruli droiT dainiSna mxolod saqmeTa 10%-Si, 84%-Si ki dainiSna limitirebuli vadiT.
am SemTxvevaSi wyvilTa ganqorwinebis dros daniSnuli alimenti
emsaxureboda qalis reabilitacias, radgan aRiarebuli iyo, rom
qalebisa da kacebis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ar iyo Tanabari - qalebs, ZiriTadad, uwevdaT saojaxo saqmeebis keTeba; gamocdilebis
uqonlobis gamo ganviTarebuli ar hqondaT samuSao unar-Cvevebi;
xolo bazarze kacis Sroma ufro moTxovnadi iyo, vidre qalisa.169

3. bavSvze zrunva da meurveoba

samuSao jgufebis angariSebma gamoavlina, rom bavSvze zrunvisa da mxardaWeris araadekvaturi praqtika iyo norma da, Sesabamisad, marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi es genderuli mikerZoebulobis
manifestacias warmoadgenda. qalebi iyvnen absoluturad pasuxismgebelni Svilebis mxardaWera/aRzrdaze; maT mTlianad ekisrebodaT es tvirTi maSinac, roca bavSvis daxmarebisa da mxardaWeris
sistema susti iyo. Cven gvjera, rom bavSvze zrunvis sistema aris
genderulad mikerZoebuli, - acxadebs masaCusetsis samuSao jgu168. Schafran L.H. (1994-1995) Gender Bias in Family Court, Why prejudice permeates the Process. pp.24
169. iqve, gv. 24

87

fi. ganqorwinebis Semdeg qalTa meorexarisxovani roli, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, unda ganixilebodes im sirTuleebTan erTad
romlebsac awydeba qali bavSvze zrunvis dros.
bavSvze zrunvis savaldebulo federaluri gaidlainis SemoRebam bevri qalisa da bavSvis cxovrebis xarisxi sagrZnoblad gaaumjobesa. Tumca samuSao jgufi aRniSnavda, rom qalebi bavSvis saWiroebis adekvaturi dakmayofilebis sakiTxSi isev mZime gamowvevis
winaSe idgnen. problemis Semadgenel nawils swored aRniSnuli gaidlaini warmoadgenda, romelic bavSvis aRzrdisTvis mxolod ekonomikur valdebulebebs iTvaliswinebda. niu-iorkis bavSvTa zrunvis komisiis direqtoris, judit reiSelis TqmiT, gaidlainis Semqmnelebma marcxi ganicades bavSvze zrunvis mxolod fizikuri xarjebis daTvlis nawilSi - 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi bavSvze yovelgvari
zrunva isev qals awevs tvirTad da es araproporciuli tvirTia.170
samuSao jgufebis kvlevam aCvena, rom sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvis dros genderuli diskriminaciis msxverpli aris qalic da kacic. dedisa da mamis mimarT gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli standartebi,
romlebic ganpirobebulia winaswari ganwyobiTa da stereotipebiT
qalisa da kacis pirad da sajaro cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT.
mosamarTleTa umravlesobas Tu sxva pirebs, romlebic saojaxo davaTa ganxilvis procesSi iyvnen CarTulni, sjerodaT, rom
qalebis funqcia iyo saojaxo saqmeebis keTeba, bavSvebsa da xandazmulebze zrunva, xolo kacebis Sroma arsebul realobaSi anazRaurebad saqmeebs miekuTvneboda. am ukanasknelT mohqondaT sakvebi
Sin, magram arasdros amzadebdnen mas.
samuSao jgufebma aRmoaCines, rom bevri kaci uars ambobda, bavSvis mTavari mzrunveli yofiliyo, radgan maT amas advokatebi urCevdnen - im motiviT, rom genderuli stereotipebis gavlenis gamo
sasamarTloSi amgvari davis dakmayofilebis minimaluri Sansi arsebobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom bunebrivi mSoblis stereotipi
kacebis winaaRmdeg moqmedebda, isini mainc mniSvnelovan warmatebas aRwevdnen, vidre es mosalodneli iyo. magaliTad, masaCusetsis
samuSao jgufis angariSis Tanaxmad, 70%-ze met SemTxvevaSi mamebi
iRebdnen ZiriTad an erTobliv fizikur meurveobas bavSvebze.171
qalebTan dakavSirebiT Tavs iCenda sxvadasxva saxis stereotipebi; magaliTad, meurveobis saqmis gadawyvetis dros damazianeblad moqmedebda qalis piradi cxovrebis faqtebi, xolo kacis SemTxvevaSi amas mniSvneloba ar eniWeboda. qalebs ar hqondaT ufle-

ba, emuSavaT saxlis gareT, radgan es kargi dedis stereotipul

rols ar Seesabameboda.
bevri qali kargavda bavSvze meurveobis uflebas, roca bavSvis mama meored qorwindeboda, radgan misi axali coli mudmivad
Sin imyofeboda, biologiuri deda ki muSaobda da samsaxurSi did
dros atarebda.172
samuSao jgufebis radikaluri kritikis obieqti gaxda mosamarTleebis damokidebuleba Zaladobis faqtebis mimarT - isini
yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen ojaxSi Zaladobas an Zaladobis faqtebs
bavSvTa meurveobis da Sin vizitebis dros. erT-erTi qali akritikebda sasamarTlos, romelmac bavSvi miakuTvna moZalade mamas, radgan mosamarTleTa umetesoba Tvlida, rom, Tu kaci scems
cols, magram pirdapir ar Zaladobs Svilze, maSin bavSvze meurveobis dakisrebis dros Zaladobas damazianebeli gavlena ar eqneba.
amgvari midgoma akninebs qalze Zaladobis efeqts da ugulebelyofs bavSvisa da qalis usafrTxoebis riskebs. is aseve yuradRebis
miRma tovebs faqts, rom bavSvebi, romlebic cxovroben saxlSi, sadac dedaze Zaladoben, isinic xdebian meoradi msxverplebi; izrdeba maTi fsiqologiuri da fizikuri daavadebebis riski; swavloben Zaladobriv qcevas mamis mxridan da sxv.
Zaladobis eskalacia xdeba maSin, roca mimdinareobs ganqorwinebis procesi. aSS-is iusticiis departamentis cnobiT, 75% mZime kategoriis danaSaulebisa, roca msxverpli aris qali, Cadenilia ganqorwinebis dros an moZaladesTan daSorebis Semdeg.173
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi Zaladobis gamocdilebas ar iTvaliswineben arc advokatebi. ar arsebobs aranairi gamamarTlebeli
mizezi im advokatebisTvis, romlebic ugulebelyofen ojaxSi Zaladobis faqts da mis Sedegebs saojaxo davebis warmoebis dros.
bavSvze meurveobis dava an bavSvis monaxulebis dros zedamxedvelobis ararseboba waaxalisebs moZalade mSobels, ganmeorebiT Caidinos danaSauli yofili colis an Svilis mimarT. gasaTvaliswinebelia advokatebis roli im tragediebSi, roca uamravi qali da
bavSvi iqna gaupatiurebuli, nacemi an mokluli bavSvis monaxulebis dros.174

170. iqve, gv. 26

174.Schafran L.H. (1994-1995) Gender Bias in Family Court, Why prejudice permeates the Process. Fam. Adv. 22. pp.27-28

171. iqve, gv. 26

88

172. iqve, gv. 27

173. Wallerstein, J. and Blakeslee, S. (1989) Second Chances: Men, Women, & Children
a Decade After Divorce New York: Ticknor & Fieldsp.8

89

C.

aSS-isa da evrokavSiris kanonmdebloba

saojaxo samarTalTan dakavSirebiT

1. kanonmdebloba da precedentuli samarTali aSS-Si

a) genderuli preferenciebis aRmofxvris mcdeloba
XIX saukunemde angloamerikuli samarTali asaxavda inglisuri saerTo samarTlis sistemas, romelic awesebda mamis absolutur uflebas Tavisi Svilis meurveobaze. gamonakliss warmoadgenda SemTxvevebi, roca mamas daadanaSaulebdnen Svilis mimarT
ZaladobaSi, mis mitovebaSi an ugulebelyofaSi.
saqmeSi United States v. Green175 sasamarTlom, arsebuli praqtikis
sapirispirod, bavSvis meurveobis sakiTxSi Semoitana dedis, rogorc bunebrivi mSoblis, roli. aRniSnulma saqmem amerikul sasamarTlo sistemebSi daamkvidra genderuli mikerZoeba dedebis sasargeblod. miCneul iqna, rom bavSvis saukeTeso interesia dedasTan cxovreba. amiT Seicvala saerTo samarTlis midgomebi, bavSvis
mimarT sakuTrebiTi damokidebulebis praqtika, Tumca damkvidrda genderuli mikerZoebis tendenciebi.176
mogvianebiT, XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, amerikis 32
StatSi Seiqmna bavSvze meurveobis dawesebis savaldebulo gaidlaini, romelmac saojaxo ganxilvebSi Semoitana bavSvis saukeTeso interesis testi saqmeTa gadawyvetis dros. ufro mogvianebiT
49 Statma miiRo bavSvze zrunvis/meurveobis dawesebis unificirebuli kanoni. masSi materialurad da procesualurad gaiwera yvela savaldebulo wesi, romlebiTac daregulirda bavSvze zrunvis
yvela sakiTxi.
niu-iorkis sasamarTlo praqtika pirvel etapze ganviTarda
bavSvis saukeTeso interesis testis gamoyenebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac, genderuli rolebis gaTvaliswineba gadawyvetilebis miRebisas akrZaluli iyo. Tumca, amave dros, sasamarTlos hqonda farTo
uflebamosileba saqmeTa ganxilvis dros, romelic kvlav uSvebda
genderuli mikerZoebulobis gamovlenis SesaZleblobas. saqmeSi
Louise E.S. v. W. Stephen S. niu-iorkis saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebam gamoavlina, rom farTo diskreciis pirobebSic ki
mxares akrZaluli hqonda gadawyvetilebebis gasaCivreba. niu-i-

90

orkis marTlmsajulebis xedva saojaxo davebze Seajama niu-iorkis saapelacio sasamarTlom saqmeSi Friederwitzer v. Friederwitzer,177
sadac Semoitana axali testi, romlis mixedviTac bavSvze meurveobis saqmeebi erToblivad unda gadawyvetiliyo - mxareTa SefasebiTac da bavSvis WeSmariti interesis testis gamoyenebiTac.
niu-iorkis sasamarTloebma SeimuSaves garemoebaTa garkveuli
erTobliobis modeli, romelic gaTvaliswinebuli unda yofiliyo mosamarTlis mier bavSvis mikuTvnebis saqmeTa ganxilvis dros.
es garemoebebi iyo erTgvari kriteriumebi, romelTa meSveobiTac
Sefasdeboda modave mxareebi da dadgindeboda bavSvis saukeTeso
interesi, rasac daefuZneboda sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba.
es kriteriumebi SeiZleba dajgufdes Semdegi faqtorebis mixedviT:
1.

TiToeuli mSoblis cxovrebis stili da misi gavlena bavSvze;

2.

fsiqologiuri urTierTdamokidebuleba bavSvsa da mSoblebs Soris - kriteriumi moiTxovs TiToeuli mSoblis Sefasebas, Tu ramdenad aqvT maT unari, daakmayofilon bavSvis emociuri da inteleqtualuri saWiroebebi;

3.

mosamarTlis mier orive mSoblis finansebisa da materialuri resursebis Sefasebis aucilebloba;

bolo kriteriumi (romelic iSviaTad gamoiyeneboda da mas

yvelaze ufro minimaluri mniSvneloba eniWeboda) iyo bavSvis survili, Tu romel mSobelTan erCia cxovreba.
qvemoT mocemuli faqtorebi exeba mxolod niu-iorkis sasamarTlo sistemas. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
4.

b) cxovrebis stili
niu-iorkis sasamarTloebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen mSobelTa cxovrebis wess (magaliTad, gansxvavebuli seqsualuri
orientacia da genderuli identoba) da mis maxasiaTeblebs. am
faqtoris SefasebisTvis iyenebdnen e. w. Nexus-is178 tests (Guinan v.
Guinan).179 aRniSnuli testis mixedviT, mSoblis cxovrebis stils
177. New York Court of Appeals. File # 55 N.Y. 2d 89, 432 N.E.2d 765, 447 N.Y.S. 2d
893 (1982)

175. 26 F.Cas.30 (C.C.D. R.I. 1824) (No. 15,256)

178. Nexus - kavSiri, bma, zegavlena

176. Simeone T.J. (1991). Great Expectations: New Yorks Attempt to Eliminate Gender
Preferences Between Parents in Child Custody Dispute. Col. Jour. of Law and Social
Problems. 457

179. Supreme Court of the State of New York. 102 A.D.2d 963, (1984) - mama brals
sdebda dedas, rom is iyo homoseqsuali, ris gamoc ar gaaCnda unari,
saTanadod ezruna Tavis 3 Svilze. sasamarTlom ar gaiziara es azri da

91

(magaliTad, seqsualur partniorTan urTierTobas) gavlena bavSvis mikuTvnebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaze mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
unda hqondes, Tu igi damazianeblad imoqmedebs bavSvis keTildReobaze. swored es iyo Nexus-is testis naklovaneba, radgan mosamarTles SeeZlo, cxovrebis stili subieqturad Seefasebina da, Sedegad, upiratesoba romelime sqesisTvis mieniWebina.
ormagi standartis riskis Sesaxeb miuTiTebda mosamarTle
Sapiro niu-iorkis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier ganxilul saqmeSi
Feldman v. Feldman;180 mamam, romelic iTxovda bavSvis mikuTvnebas,
sasamarTloSi ganacxada, rom yofili colis saxlSi vizitis dros
sawol oTaxSi, magidaze, dainaxa Jurnali; is, misi SefasebiT, amoralur Temebs Seicavda; iqve ido, savaraudod, intimuri Sinaarsis
werilebi. amis gamo mama amtkicebda, rom deda amoraluri qceviT
gamoirCeoda da is ar unda yofiliyo bavSvebze mzrunveli mSobeli. sasamarTlom daakmayofila mamis moTxovna da bavSvi aRsazrdelad mas miakuTvna, Tumca, apelaciis Sedegad sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba Seicvala.181 mosamarTle Sapiros SefasebiT, pirveli
instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gamoxatavda diskriminaciul standarts qalis sazianod. aRmoCnda, rom cxovrebis stilisa da xasiaTis Sefaseba calsaxad diskriminaciuli midgomaa, rac
dedebs azaralebs.
saqmeSi Blank v. Blank182 sasamarTlom meurveoba miakuTvna mamas,
radgan daeyrdno dedis cxovrebis stilisa da xasiaTis faqtors,
kerZod, Seafasa dedis qorwinebis gareSe kavSirebi, rogorc amoraluri qmedeba; aseve, xazi gausva dedis socialur urTierTobebs
ojaxis gareT.183 zemdgomma sasamarTlom Secvala gadawyvetileba
im motiviT, rom sasamarTloze ar iyo warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi, romlebic daadasturebda, rom dedis amgvari xasiaTi akninebda mis mSoblis unarebs. sabolood, zemoaRniSnuli standartiT
mSoblis Sefaseba sasamarTlom Secdomad miiCnia.
miTiTebul saqmeebze dayrdnobiT, cxadi gaxda, rom sasamarTlo diskriminaciulad da zedmetad mkacri standartiT udgeboda
qalebis, rogorc dedebis, Sefasebas, rac nakarnaxevi iyo cxovrefizikur meurved, anu mTavar mzrunvelad, deda daniSna.
180. Supreme Court of the State of New York. 45 A.D.2d. 320, 358 N.Y.S. 2d 407 (1974)
181. iqve
182. Supreme Court of the State of New York. 124 A.D.2d 1010, 509 N.Y.S.2d 217
(1986)
183. iqve

92

bis wesisa da xasiaTis faqtoris Sefasebis testiT. saqmeebma aCvenes, rom aucilebeli iyo sasamarTlo diskreciis SezRudva.

c) fsiqologiuri kavSiri bavSvTan

aRniSnuli faqtoris Semowmebis dros sasamarTlo afasebda
or interess: Zlieri mamakacuri rol-modelis saWiroeba da tendencia imisa, rom bavSvebze dedis meurveoba ufro misaRebia.184
mocemuli indikatoris Sefasebisas sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebda
dedisa da mamis fsiqologiur, emociur kavSirs bavSvebTan da maTi, rogorc mSoblebis, Sesabamisobas. am standartis gamoyenebis
drosac iyo riski imisa, rom sasamarTlo mikerZoebulad Seafasebda dedis da mamis rol-models bavSvTan mimarTebiT.
niu-iorkis sasamarTlos precedentuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT saqmeze State ex rel. Watts v. Watts185 pirvelad dadginda,
rom genderuli mikerZoeba arRvevs samarTliani sasamarTlo procesis princips, romelic garantirebulia amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis konstituciis me-14 SesworebiT. Sesabamisad, aucilebeli xdeboda, sasamarTlo preferenciebisgan gaTavisuflebuliyo.
am tipis davebSi dedisa da mamis rolebs Soris gansxvavebebi unda
gaeTvaliswinebinaT, magram es romelimes privilegiis aRiarebad
ar unda ganxiluliyo.
sasamarTlo saqmeebma aCvena, rom fsiqologiuri kavSirebis
indikatori ufro metad azianebs mamebs, romlebic, praqtikis Tu
tradiciis mixedviT, naklebad Sesaferis pirebad arian aRiarebuli.
amitom es faqtoric Sefasda, rogorc genderulad mikerZoebuli.

d) finansuri da materialuri resursebi

niu-iorkis sasamarTlo iyenebda or standarts, romlebiTac
mowmdeboda mSoblebis finansuri SesaZlebloba da sxva materialuri resursebi. rodesac orive mSobels met-naklebad Tanabari
SesaZlebloba hqonda, am dros wamyvani faqtori bavSvis WeSmariti
interesi iyo; xolo, Tu romelime mSobeli, materialuri TvalsazrisiT, sagrZnoblad nakleb saxsrebs flobda, meurveobis privilegia ekonomikurad uzrunvelyofil mSobels eniWeboda.
184. Simeone T.J. (1991). Great Expectations: New Yorks Attempt to Eliminate Gender
Preferences between Parents in Child Custody Dispute. Col. Jour. of Law and Social
Problems. Pp. 471.
185. niu-iorkis saojaxo davebis ganmxilveli sasamarTlo. 40 A.D.2d 997,
338 N.Y.S.2d 736 (1972)

93

istoriulad ase iyo - qalebi gamoimuSavebdnen gacilebiT naklebs, vidre kacebi; Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli standartiT saqmeTa
ganxilvis dros, marTlmsajulebis saswori, didi albaTobiT, mamisken gadaixreboda.186
Tumca finansuri SesaZleblobis faqtori sasamarTlom ar gaiTvaliswina saqmeSi Roberts v. Roberts,187 sadac aRiniSna, rom SesaZlebelia, upiratesoba mieniWos naklebi finansuri SesaZleblobebis
mqone mSobels, roca misi fsiqologiuri da emociuri kavSiri bavSvTan dadebiTad Sefasdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi am faqtors meti wona
aqvs, vidre ekonomikur mxares.
finansebs ukavSirdeba kidev erTi sakiTxi - TiToeuli mSoblis
dro, romelic SeiZleba daeTmos Svils. saqmeSi Jacobs v. Jacobs188 mamam sasamarTlos ganucxada, rom mas datvirTuli samuSao grafiki
xels ar SeuSlida, Svilze ezruna. misi aryofnis dros bavSvs mouvlida bebia (mamis deda), romelic mamasTan cxovrobda. amave dros,
bavSvis dedas Tavisi samuSao grafiki da finansuri SesaZlebloba
imis saSualebas ar aZlevda, rom didi dro gaetarebina SvilTan.
sasamarTlom meurveoba miakuTvna dedas da ganacxada, rom bavSvis
aRzrdis da masze zrunvis valdebuleba mxolod mSoblebs akisriaT da davaSi upiratesoba ver mieniWeba im mSobels, romelsac mesame pirisgan daxmarebis miReba SeuZlia.

e) bavSvis survili
niu-iorkis uzenaesma sasamarTlom bavSvis survilis standartiT ixelmZRvanela saqmeSi Salk v. Salk,189 romlis ganxilvis drosac
aRiniSna, rom bavSvis asaks, gonebriv momwifebulobas da garemoebebs, romlebic bavSvis survilebs gansazRvravs, aqvs Tanabari
mniSvneloba bavSvis arCevanis Sefasebis dros. sasamarTlos azriT, bavSvis survilis Sefasebisas aucilebeli iyo, mosamarTle
darwmunebuliyo, rom bavSvi ar moqmedebda daufiqreblad, impulsurad an masze gavlenas ar axdenda sxva piri.
sasamarTlo gansxvavebul pozicias aviTarebs saqmeSi People ex
rel, Repetti v. Repetti,190 sadac ganqorwinebis procesSi CarTuli iyo
186. Teitlebaum,L. (2006). Family History and family Law. Utah L. rew.197
187. Supreme Court of the State of New York. 122 A.D. 2d 405, 505 N.Y.S. 2d 215 (1986)
188. Supreme Court of the State of New York.117 A.D.2d 709, 498 N.Y.S.2d 852 (1986)
189. Supreme Court of the State of New York. 89 MiBc. 2d 883, 393 N.Y.S.2d 841 (N.Y.
Sup. Ct. 1975)
190. Supreme Court of the State of New York. 60 A.D.2d 913, 377 N.Y.S.2d 571 (1975)

94

3 bavSvi, 13, 14 da 16 wlisani. is aRniSnavs, rom ufrosi asakis bavSvebi sakmaod momwifebuli arian da gamoxataven TavianT namdvil
survilebs, romelTa gauTvaliswinebloba did zians miayenebda
maT emociur da mentalur janmrTelobas. Tumca sasamarTlos ase
ar umsjelia 7 wlis bavSvze (sxva saqmis ganxilvis dros), romelic
dedasTan cxovrebis survils gamoxatavda. man meurveoba miakuTvna mamas. mosamarTle kuperma, romelsac ekuTvnoda gansxvavebuli
azri, aRniSna, rom, zogadad, aseTi mcirewlovani bavSvis survili
gadamwyveti ar unda iyos;191 Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, 7 wlis gogona
gamoirCeoda mniSvnelovnad ganviTarebuli inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobiT; Sesabamisad, misi azri gaTvaliswinebuli unda yofiliyo.192 aRniSnulma gadawyvetilebam cxadyo, rom mosamarTleTa
midgomebi erTgvarovani ar iyo.

f) erTpirovnuli meurveoba193 (Sole Custody)

erTpirovnuli meurveobis dawesebis dros sasamarTlo eyrdnoba obieqtur da specifikur winapirobebs, rac nakarnaxevia
bavSvis WeSmariti interesiT. amgvari meurveobis daweseba ar gamoricxavs meore mSoblis uflebas, miiRos yovelgvari saWiro informacia bavSvis Sesaxeb, hqondes urTierToba bavSvTan, garda im
SemTxvevebisa, roca, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis Tanaxmad, meore mSobels ekrZaleba amgvari qmedebebi.194

g) erToblivi meurveoba195 (Joint Custody)

erToblivi meurveobis dros arc erT mSobels ara aqvs upira191. iqve
192. iqve
193.erTpirovnulia meurveoba, rodesac romelime erTi mSobeli sasamarTlos mier gansazRvrulia, rogorc bavSvis meurve, anu pasuxismgebeli da uflebamosili, miiRos gadawyvetilebebi bavSvis cxovrebis iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa, magaliTad, janmrTelobaze zrunva,
ganaTleba, religiuri aRzrda da sxv.
194. Family law guideline, Shawnee County, p. 24. 2006 Edition. The guideline was
prepared by the family law committee of the Topeka Bar Association. These guideline
are intended to be used by Attorneys and parties in domestic relations cases in the
Third Judicial District.
195. erToblivi meurveobis instituti qmnis orive mSoblisTvis Tanabar
uflebebsa da movaleobebs, izrunon da miiRon erToblivi gadawyvetilebebi yvela mniSvnelovan sakiTxze SvilTan dakavSirebiT.

95

tesi ufleba bavSvTan mimarTebiT. swored amgvari gaziarebuli da

Tanabari valdebulebebis Sesrulebis dros mSoblebma erTmaneTTan konsultaciisa da konsensusis gziT unda miiRon saukeTeso
gadawyvetileba; Tumca aRniSnuli wesi ar gamoiyeneba gadaudebeli aucileblobiT gamowveuli garemoebebis dros, roca gadawyvetileba saswrafod aris misaRebi.

h) bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvra (Residency)

bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvris dros gamoiyeneba
ori tipis midgoma:
1.

bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvra erT mSobelTan;

2.

bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvra orive mSobelTan.196

erT mSobelTan bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvris

SemTxvevaSi, bavSvi umetes dros masTan atarebs da, ZiriTadad,
swored aRniSnuli mSobeli zrunavs Svilze. aseT dros ded-mamas
Soris bavSvze zrunva Tanabrad ar nawildeba da, visTanac bavSvi
cxovrobs, is mSobeli metad itvirTeba, radgan es ukanaskneli valdebulia, meti dro dauTmos Svilis aRzrda-ganviTarebas, aanazRauros bavSvis yoveldRiuri xarjebi, rac aseve SeiZleba moicavdes
sacxovrebeli adgilis qiras, komunalur gadasaxadebs, mimdinare
samedicino momsaxurebas da sxv. am dros sasamarTlo garkveuli
xarjebis anazRaurebas akisrebs meore mSobelsac, romelTanac ar
cxovrobs bavSvi. am xarjebs alimenti ewodeba.
erToblivi sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvra ki orive mSobels akisrebs TiTqmis Tanabar uflebebsa da valdebulebebs, rogorc drosTan, ise uSualod xarjebTan dakavSirebiT. erToblivi
sacxovreblis gansazRvris dros, rogorc wesi, unda iqmnebodes
zrunvis gegma, romelic moicavs xarjebis detalurad, samarTlianad ganawilebas orive mSobelze. es xarjebi SeiZleba iyos sacxovreblis qira, komunaluri da sxva tipis gadasaxadebi, sakvebi, transportireba da sxv. Tumca erToblivi sacxovreblis gansazRvra
moiTxovs maRali xarisxis TanamSromlobasa da komunikacias mSoblebs Soris, rac mimarTulia bavSvis saukeTeso interesebis dakmayofilebisken.197
196. erToblivi sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvris dros ar aris
aucilebeli, mSoblebi erT saxlSi cxovrobdnen, Tumca aseTi SemTxvevebic moiazreba.
197. Family law guideline, Shawnee County, page 24. 2006 Edition. The guideline was

96

erToblivi sacxovreblis gansazRvra gansakuTrebiT sargebliania bavSvisTvis, radgan mas SesaZlebloba aqvs, Tanabari urTierToba hqondes orive mSobelTan yovelgvari SezRudvebis gareSe.
mSoblebisTvis ki erToblivi sacxovreblis gansazRvra mWidrod
aris dakavSirebuli genderuli Tanasworobis konstituciuri
principis ganxorcielebasTan. gansakuTrebiT iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelSic genderuli rolebi imgvaradaa gadanawilebuli, rom
bavSvze zrunvisa da movlis umetesi tvirTi qalebs awevT (rogorc
finansuri, ise drois TvalsazrisiT), erToblivi sacxovreblis
gamoyeneba saukeTesod aregulirebs orive mSoblis rolsa da valdebulebebs SvilebTan mimarTebiT.
orive mSobelTan bavSvis sacxovreblis gansazRvra aseve sargebliania sasamarTlosTvisac, radganac mosamarTles aRar uwevs
gadawyvetilebis miReba, SearCios ukeTesi mSobeli da gansazRvros bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgili mxolod erTTan (rac sirTuleebs
ukavSirdeba). es yovelive aseve amcirebs sasamarTlo davebSi daxarjul drosa da sxva xarjebs; aneitralebs konfliqtebs modave mxareebs Soris, romlebic, umeteswilad, swored bavSvis sacxovrebeli
adgilis gansazRvris da alimentis daniSvnis dros warmoiSoba.
miuxedavad dadebiTi aspeqtebisa, erToblivi meurveobis daweseba problemuria garkveul SemTxvevebSi da, Sesabamisad, mosamarTlem SesaZloa, am saSualebas ar mimarTos. aseTi garemoebebia:
1.

mSoblebis sacxovrebeli adgilebi teritoriulad mniSvnelovnad daSorebulia erTmaneTisgan;

2.

mSoblebs Soris aris mwvave konfliqturi urTierTobebi;

3.

erTi mSobeli aris Zaladobis msxverpli meore mSoblis

mxridan;

4.

roca erT-erTi mSobeli mavne zegavlenas axdens bavSvze;

5.

roca arsebobs sxva obieqturi mizezebi.198

2. evrokavSiris da evropis sabWos regulaciebi

bavSvze meurveobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT
winamdebare TavSi ganxiluli iqneba evrokavSirisa da evrosabprepared by the family law committee of the Topeka Bar Association. These guideline
are intended to be used by Attorneys and parties in domestic relations cases in the
Third Judicial District.
198. Becker M. (1992)Maternal Feelings Myth, Taboo, and Child Custody; S. Cal.
Rev. L. & Women's Stud. 133 p.184-187

97

Wos regulaciebi saojaxo samarTliT mosawesrigebel sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebiT. warmodgenili iqneba gamosayenebeli samarTali da ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi principebi, romlebsac mimarTavs sasamarTlo saojaxo davebis dros.
precedentuli samarTlis Suqze ganxiluli iqneba bavSvTan
komunikaciis wesi da pirobebi, rac moicavs bavSvze meurveobis,
mzrunvelobisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvris sakiTxebs.

a) evrokavSiris samarTali saojaxo davebTan

dakavSirebiT
evrokavSiris samarTlis mixedviT, aRiarebulia, rom orive
mSobels aqvs Tanabari ufleba SvilTan/SvilebTan mimarTebiT; amave dros, aRiarebulia bavSvis upiratesi ufleba, Tanabari urTierToba iqonios orive mSobelTan. bavSvis gancalkeveba romelime
mSoblisgan warmoadgens gamonakliss Tanasworobis principidan
da is SeiZleba gamarTldes mxolod bavSvis WeSmariti interesiT.
evrokavSiris qartia199 adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis
Sesaxeb mkafiod ayalibebs bavSvis uflebas, regularuli urTierToba hqondes orive mSobelTan; aseve, yovelgvari SezRudvis
gareSe SeZlos personaluri urTierTobis damyareba TiToeul
maTganTan. aRniSnuli ufleba gamomdinareobs bavSvis uflebaTa
konvenciis suliskveTebidan.200
saojaxo davebis regulirebisas, ZiriTadad, evrokavSiris
samarTlis ori instrumenti gamoiyeneba. es aris sabWos regulacia (EC) 2201/2003201 da evropis parlamentisa da sabWos direqtiva
2008/52/EC (mediaciis direqtiva).202 adamianis uflebaTa TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania briuselis II bis regulacia.
199. EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, Article 24(3)
200. gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia miRebulia gaeros asambleis
mier 1989 wlis 20 noembers; saqarTvelos parlamentma konvenciis
ratificireba moaxdina 1994 wels.
201. Council of European Union (2003), Council regulation (EC) No. 2201/2003 of 27
November 2003 concerning jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of judgment
in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, repealing Regulation
(EC) No 1347/2000, OJ 2003L 338 (Brussels II bis)
202. European Parliament, Council of European Union (2008), Directive 2008/52/EC
of the European Parliament and the Council of 21 May 2008 on certain aspects of
mediation in civil and commercial matters, OJ 2008 L 136/3 (Mediation Directive)

98

is gamoiyeneba yvela gadawyvetilebaSi, romlebic exeba mSobelTa

pasuxismgeblobas Svilebis mimarT; aseve mSoblebs Soris davebTan
dakavSirebiT. wesebi, romlebic iurisdiqciasTan aris dakavSirebuli, mTavar principad bavSvis WeSmarit interess asaxelebs; dokumentSi arsebobs sagangebo aRniSvna bavSvis azris gaTvaliswinebasTan dakavSirebiT.203
evrokavSiris sasamarTlos standartebis mixedviT, erTaderTi argumenti, ris gamoc SeiZleba SeizRudos mSobelTa uflebebi
bavSvTan mimarTebiT da, Sesabamisad, bavSvis uflebac, regularuli urTierToba hqondes orive mSobelTan, aris isev da isev bavSvis
WeSmariti interesi. aseT SemTxvevebSi bavSvis interesi gadawonis
yvela sxva pirTa fundamentur uflebebs (Jasna Deticek v. Mauzirio
Sgueglia).204 aRniSnuli xedva bavSvTa uflebebis dacvasTan aris dakavSirebuli da garantirebulia briuselis II bis regulaciis me-20
muxliT. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi efuZneba yvela modave mxaris interesTa dabalansebis principebs, ra drosac mSobelTa uflebebis SezRudvis sakiTxi mxolod gonivruli da obieqturi kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda gadawydes, raTa dakmayofildes
bavSvis saukeTeso interesi.205
xSirad mSoblebs Soris dava warmoiSoba bavSvis sacxovrebeli
adgilis gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT, rodesac erTi mSobeli tovebs qveyanas da gadadis sacxovreblad sxva qveyanaSi. aseT davebze
gamosayenebel samarTals warmoadgens briuselis II bis regulacia
haagis konvenciasTan erTad, romlebic gansazRvravs iurisdiqcias, gamosayenebel samarTals, aRsrulebas da TanamSromlobas mSobelTa movaleobebTan dakavSirebiT.206 aseT SemTxvevebSi mTavari
principi, romliTac xelmZRvanelobs evrokavSiris sasamarTlo,
aris bavSvis bunebrivi, Cveuli sacxovreblis gansazRvreba.
magaliTad, saqme Mercredi v. Chaffe207 inglisisa da uelsis saapelacio sasamarTlom gadagzavna evrokavSiris sasamarTloSi. is
203. magaliTad, sabWos regulacia # 2201/2003, preambula (par. 5, 12, 13,19)
aseve muxli 8, 41(2) C; 42(2) (A).
204. evrokavSiris marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlo. CJEU, C-403/09 PPU 23
December 2009, para. 59
205. iqve. para. 60
206. The World Organization for Cross-border Cooperation in Civil and Commercial
Matters (1996), Hague Conference on private international Law, Convention on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Co-operation in respect of
Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children, 19 October 1996
207. Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), C-497/10 PPU, 22.12, 2010

99

exeboda dedis mier gaerTianebuli samefodan 2 Tvis bavSvis safrangeTSi sacxovreblad wayvanas. sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom briuselis II bis regulaciis me-8 da me-10 muxlis miznebisTvis bavSvis
bunebrivi sacxovreblis koncefcia ganimarteba, rogorc adgili,
sadac garkveuli xarisxiT moxda bavSvis integrireba sazogadoebasTan da ojaxur garemosTan. faqtorebi, romlebic gaiTvaliswina sasamarTlom, iyo Semdegi:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

cxovrebis xangrZlivoba;
regularuloba;
pirobebi;
adgilis Secvlis mizezebi;
bavSvis asaki;
dedis piradi da ojaxuri warmomavloba;
bavSvisa da dedis ojaxuri da socialuri kavSirebi.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom evropis kavSiris samarTali mTavar

principad bavSvis WeSmarit interess gansazRvravs, ris dakmayofilebac yvela modave mxaris valdebulebaa. amave dros, cxadia, rom
yvela sxva pirTa uflebebi SesaZloa, SeizRudos kidec, roca es
ganpirobebulia bavSvis saukeTeso interesiT da aucilebelia misi
dakmayofilebisTvis. yvela sxva obieqturi Tu subieqturi garemoeba, romlebic SesaZloa, arsebobdes modave mxareTa Soris, gamoyenebuli iqneba, rogorc mxolod damatebiTi saSualeba bavSvis
WeSmariti interesis dasadgenad.

b) evropis sabWos regulaciebi saojaxo davebTan dakavSirebiT

evropis sabWos standartebis mixedviT, ojaxur urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi garantirebulia adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciis me-8 muxlis208
farglebSi. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali ganmartavs konvenciis me-8 muxlis farglebs da
ayalibebs erTian midgomebs saojaxo davebTan dakavSirebiT.
sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, mSoblebis mxridan pasuxismgeblobebisa da uflebebis erToblivi ganxorcieleba Svilebis mimarT
da maTi erTmaneTTan Tavisufali urTierToba warmoadgens ojaxuri cxovrebis fundamentur elements (K. and T. v. Finland);209 Tumca
208. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxli. piradi da
ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba
209. adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTlo. ECTHR, No. 25702/94, 12

100

aqve dasZens, rom aRniSnuli ufleba SesaZloa, SeizRudos bavSvis

WeSmariti interesis dakmayofilebis mizniT. aRniSnuli principebi aris mTavari kriteriumi sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas iseT Temebze, rogoricaa bavSvze meurveoba da bavSvTan
komunikacia mSoblebis mxridan.
magaliTad saqmeSi Schneider v. Germany210 aplikants urTierToba hqonda daqorwinebul qalTan da amtkicebda, rom iyo bavSvis biologiuri mama, magram samarTlebrivad bavSvis mamad aRiarebuli
iyo dedis meuRle. aplikanti aprotestebda erovnuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas, romliTac mas ufleba ar mieca, kontaqti
hqonoda Tavis SvilTan da mieRo sruli informacia bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, rac arRvevda mis uflebas ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom daadgina me-8 muxlis211 darRveva,
radgan germaniis saxelmwifom ver daadastura, Tu ra obieqturi
da gonivruli garemoebebi arsebobda biologiuri mamis winaaRmdeg, rac ganapirobebda Svilisa da mamis erTmaneTTan kontaqtis
akrZalvis aucileblobas. sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom mamisTvis bavSvis Sesaxeb yvela saxis saWiro informaciis miuwodebloba
ar iyo ganpirobebuli bavSvis WeSmariti interesiT da, Sesabamisad, Careva uflebaSi gaumarTleblad iqna aRiarebuli.
gansakuTrebiT saintereso standarts amkvidrebs sasamarTlo bavSvze meurveobis sakiTxebze im SemTxvevaSi, roca davaSi ori
an meti arasrulwlovani monawileobs. magaliTad, saqmeSi Mustafa
and Armagan Akin v. Turkey212 ganmcxadeblebma, mama-Svilma, gaasaCivres erovnuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romliTac ganisazRvra Svilebze meurveobis pirobebi. TurqeTis sasamarTlom da-Zma erTmaneTs daaSora. biWze meurveoba ganusazRvra mamas, xolo
gogonaze - dedas, riTac, ganmcxadeblebis azriT, daarRvia maTi
ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba. adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom da-Zmis erTmaneTisgan daSorebiT TurqeTis saxelmwifom daarRvia konvenciis me-8 muxli, rogorc arasrulwlovani biWis, ise mamis mimarT, radgan, erTi mxriv,
daaSora bavSvebi erTmaneTs, meore mxriv, mamas ar misca ufleba,
erTdroulad hqonoda urTierToba orive SvilTan. bavSvze meurivlisi, 2001 w., par. 151
210. adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTlo. ECTHR, No. 17080/07, 15
seqtemberi, 2011 w.
211. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxli. piradi da
ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba
212. adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTlo, Mustafa and Armagan Akin
v. Turkey, No. 4694/03, 6 aprili, 2010 weli

101

veobis da bavSvTan romelime mSoblis urTierTobis gansazRvris

saqmeebSi strasburgis sasamarTlo kategoriulad amowmebs, xom
araa darRveuli konvenciis me-14 muxli, romelic krZalavs yovelgvar diskriminacias konvenciiT garantirebuli uflebebiT
sargeblobis dros.
sasamarTlo, bavSvis WeSmariti interesis principidan gamomdinare, mSoblis uflebis SezRudvas legitimurad miiCnevs gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac bavSvis mimarT raime saxis Zaladoba xdeba. magaliTad, saqmeSi Levin v. Sweden213 3 Svilis deda aprotestebda
bavSvebis saxelmwifo zrunvaSi gadayvanas, ris gamoc mas aekrZala
kontaqti SvilebTan. sasamarTlom Seiswavla uflebis SezRudvis
winapirobebi, magaliTad, bavSvebis WeSmariti interesi. saqmeSi arsebuli mtkicebulebebiT dasturdeboda, rom bavSvebi dedasTan
cxovrebis periodSi ugulebelyofis msxverplni iyvnen da amis
gamo masTan urTierTobis survili ar hqondaT. sasamarTlom aplikantis moTxovna ar daakmayofila da daadgina, rom SvedeTis saxelmwifos ar daurRvevia konvenciis me-8 muxli, radgan mSoblis
uflebebis SezRudva eyrdnoboda legitimur mizans (bavSvebis
WeSmariti interesi), iyo proporciuli da gamarTlebuli.

D.

saojaxo samarTlis sakiTxebi saqarTvelos

kanonmdeblobaSi da sasamarTlo praqtika

winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT

gaTvaliswinebuli saojaxo samarTlis materialuri da procesualuri regulireba, xarvezebi; aseve SemoTavazebulia rekomendaciebi, romlebze msjelobis dawyeba aucilebelia Semdgomi reformebis gatarebis mizniT.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad214, orive mSobels
aqvs Tanabari ufleba da, amave dros, valdebuleba, izrunos Svilis
aRzrdasa da ganviTarebaze, rogorc fizikuri da materialuri, ise
emociuri TvalsazrisiT. rac Seexeba meurveobis sakiTxs, mSoblebs
Tanabari ufleba-movaleobebi aqvT, rac niSnavs maT erTobliv samarTlebriv meurveobas Svilze, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, romelime mSobels SezRuduli
an CamorTmeuli aqvs mSoblis erTi, ramdenime an yvela ufleba.215
213. adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTlo, ECTHR No. 35141/06, 15
marti, 2012 weli, par. 57 and 69; adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTloECTHR, K. and T. v. Finland No. 25702/94, 12 ivlisi, 2001 weli, par. 151

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1201-e muxli aregulirebs

ganqorwinebul an sxva mizezis gamo gancalkevebiT mcxovreb mSobelTa Svilebis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvris wess.
1.

2.

Tu ganqorwinebis gamo an sxva mizeziT mSoblebi cal-calke

cxovroben, maT SeTanxmebazea damokidebuli, Tu vis eqneba
ufleba, gadawyvitos, visTan unda cxovrobdes arasrulwlovani Svili.
SeuTanxmeblobis SemTxvevaSi, davas imis Taobaze, Tu visTan unda cxovrobdes arasrulwlovani Svili, wyvets sasamarTlo bavSvis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

kanoni imperatiulad ganmartavs, rom bavSvis sacxovrebel

adgilad mxolod erTi mSoblis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvra SeiZleba. aRniSnuli regulacia ar gamoricxavs meore mSoblis
(romelTanac ar cxovrobs bavSvi) uflebebs, urTierToba hqondes
SvilTan da yofil meuRlesTan erTad axorcielebdes erTobliv
meurveobas bavSvis mimarT; aseve mis Tanabrad iyos valdebuli, izrunos mis aRzrdasa da ganviTarebaze.216
amgvari imperatiuli sakanonmdeblo danawesi sasamarTlos ar
utovebs SesaZleblobas, bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilad gansazRvros orive mSoblis sacxovrebeli da amiT daakmayofilos bavSvis
WeSmariti interesi, Tanabari urTierToba iqonios orive mSobelTan. garda amisa, bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilad mxolod romelime
erTi mSoblis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvra xSirad genderuli diskriminaciis da genderulad mikerZoebuli gadawyvetilebis
gamotanis winapirobas warmoadgens, rasac aseve adasturebs sasamarTlo praqtikis ganxilva.
mniSvnelovania, daiwyos msjeloba sakanonmdeblo regulaciebis cvlilebis mimarTulebiT, raTa, Tanasworobis ideidan da bavSvis saukeTeso interesebidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlos hqondes
SesaZlebloba, bavSvis mimarT yoveldRiur mzrunvelobaSi orive
mSobeli CarTos, rac, umeteswilad, miiRweva sacxovrebeli adgilis gaziarebiT mSoblebs Soris.

1. bavSvze zrunva da meurveoba

a) bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvra
sasamarTlos mier
kvlevis miznebisTvis gaanalizda saqarTvelos pirveli, meore
da mesame instanciis sasamarTloebis mier miRebuli 200 gadawyve-

214. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, muxli 1197; 1198

215. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, muxli 1205; 1206

102

216. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, muxli 1197; 1198

103

tileba, romlebic swored saojaxo davebs exeba. gadawyvetilebebis ganxilvam gamoavlina problema, romelic ukavSirdeba erTiani standartebisa Tu kriteriumebis ararsebobas bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvris dros. aseve gamoikveTa, rom modave
mSoblebis unarebis, keTilsindisierebisa da bavSvze zrunvis SesaZleblobis Sefasebis erTiani da, amave dros, obieqturi Sefasebis kriteriumebi ar aris SemuSavebuli, rac zrdis genderulad
mikerZoebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis risks praqtikaSi.
miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis gaanalizebis saSualebiT vecdebiT, gamovyoT is ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, romlebic ganixileba procesze, da is kriteriumebi, romlebsac eyrdnoba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis dasabuTebis dros.
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis absolutur umravlesobaSi
sasamarTlo bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilad dedis sacxovrebels miuTiTebs. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mamebi iSviaTad ayeneben
moTxovnebs bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilad TavianTi sacxovreblis
gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT. maTi moTxovnebi, ZiriTadad, Seexeba Svilis monaxulebis dReebis dadgenas, rac aseve SeiZleba moicavdes Ramis saaTebSi mamis saxlSi bavSvis darCenis uflebasac.
im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac sasamarTlo bavSvis monaxulebis da
urTierTobisTvis gamoyofil dReebs (rac gulisxmobs erT-erTi
mSoblis saxlSi bavSvis RamiT darCenasac) Tanabrad yofs orive
mSobels Soris (iSviaT SemTxvevaSi da bavSvis survilis arsebobis
dros), is, praqtikulad, amkvidrebs erToblivi sacxovreblis gansazRvris instituts, rac mxareTa interesebis Tanaswori dabalansebis erT-erT karg saSualebas warmoadgens.
bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilad mxolod dedis sacxovreblis
gansazRvra mniSvnelovnad azianebs, pirvel rigSi, qalebs, romlebic saqarTveloSi, faqtobrivad, erTaderTi mSoblebi arian,
romlebic, genderuli rolebis stereotipuli gadanawilebis Sedegad, marto zrdian Svilebs, riTac warmoudgenlad did tvirTs
iReben sakuTar Tavze. es tvirTi ganisazRvreba araproporciulad daxarjuli droiTa da materialuri xarjebiT, rac bavSvis
aRzrda-ganaTlebasTan da sxva tipis momsaxurebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. movaleobaTa amgvari usamarTlo gadanawileba ki aTavisuflebs mamakacebs im valdebulebebis Sesrulebisgan, romlebic maT Svilis winaSe aqvT. meore mxriv, aRniSnuli midgoma diskriminaciulia im mamakaci mSoblebis mimarT, romlebic, survilis,
obieqturi SesaZleblobebis da pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic
ki, ver moipoveben uflebas, monawileobdnen Svilis aRzrdaSi, an

104

moiTxovon, sasamarTlos gziT TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgili ganesazRvroT Svilis sacxovrebel adgilad, anda, ganesazRvroT erToblivi sacxovrebeli adgili.
sasamarTlo praqtikiT Camoyalibda ramdenime kriteriumi,
romelTa mixedviTac unda Sefasdes mSoblebi davis dros. esenia:
1.
2.
3.

materialuri pirobebi;
moraluri garemo;
mSobelTan bavSvis mijaWvulobis xarisxi.

materialuri pirobebis gansazRvris/Seswavlis dros sasamarTlo mniSvnelobas aniWebs konkretuli mSoblis Semosavals da
am mSoblis ojaxis materialur SesaZleblobas. Tumca aRniSnuli
kriteriumis ukeTesi dakmayofileba bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvris dros sasamarTlosTvis mTavar safuZvels ar
warmoadgens. magaliTad, Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlom erTerT saqmeSi217 aRniSna: ukeTesi sacxovrebeli pirobebis qona yovelTvis ver iqneba gadamwyveti bavSvebis sacxovrebeli adgilis
gansazRvrisas. am dros agreTve gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes, rogori moraluri garemos Seqmnas SeZleben mSoblebi bavSvisTvis maTi materialuri mdgomareobis, asakis, moraluri saxis, inteleqtualuri donis da bavSvis aRzrdaSi monawileobis xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT.
moraluri garemos Sefasebis dros sasamarTlos msjeloba
standartizebuli TiTqmis ar aris. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebSi moraluri garemos Sefasebis standartis mkafiod amokiTxva Znelia. amave dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebebi, Tu ramdenad
iqneba mosamarTle SeboWili samarTlebrivi moralis definiciiT.
colebis winaaRmdeg yofili qmrebis argumentebi, ZiriTadad, mimarTulia moraluri da fizikuri/fsiqikuri SesaZleblobis winaaRmdeg, riTac xdeba qalis, rogorc mSoblis, diskreditacia.
magaliTad, roca qali ama Tu im saxis SezRuduli SesaZleblobis
mqonea, amtkiceben, rom is ver SeZlebs Svilis aRzrdas; Tu qalis
piradi cxovreba dakavSirebulia sxva adamianTan (mamakacTan), miuTiTeben mis amoralur saqcielze da sxv. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos,
rom saqmeebSi, romlebSic mamakacebis mxridan amgvari mizezebi iqna dasaxelebuli, sasamarTlom isini ar gaiziara da, Sesabamisad,
safuZvlad ar daudo gadawyvetilebebs. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT
dadebiTad xasiaTdeba baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi da midgomebi, romlebsac aviTareben mosamarTleebi saoja217. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlo, saqme #2b/3720-10, 13 dekemberi,
2011 weli

105

xo davebis ganxilvis dros. magaliTad, baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlom erT-erT saqmesTan dakavSirebiT218 ganacxada: sasamarTlo ver
gaiziarebs mopasuxis (yofili qmari) mosazrebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom deda ise wavida saxlidan, arc ki uTqvams misTvis (qmrisTvis) mizezi, ar gaumJRavnebia, rom iyo fexmZimed da amis Sesaxeb
gaigo mxolod sarCelis aRZvris Semdgom, ris gamoc aqvs eWvi, rom
mesame bavSvis mama TviTon ar aris da rom dedas garkveuli urTierTobebi aqvs mesame pirebTan. sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom
adamianis piradi cxovreba xelSeuxebelia da miTiTebul garemoebebs qalis pirad cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT mimdinare davaSi ver
gaiTvaliswinebda. miuxedavad moraluri kriteriumis Sefasebis
met-naklebad samarTliani praqtikisa, is garemoeba, rom zogadad,
mSobelTa Sefasebis mkafio da erTiani kriteriumi gansazRvruli
ar aris, xels uwyobs araerTgvarovani saerTo suraTis arsebobas.
mSobelTan bavSvis mijaWvulobis xarisxis Sefasebis dros sasamarTlo genderuli stereotipebis mkafio gavleniT gamoirCeva,
rac aisaxeba kidec saboloo gadawyvetilebebze.
rogorc wesi, sasamarTlo iziarebs da eyrdnoba davis procesSi eqspertad/specialistad mowveul pirTa Sefasebebs, rac dakavSirebulia dedis, rogorc bunebrivi mSoblis,219 koncefciis CamoyalibebasTan da dedisa da bavSvis urTierTobis upirates mniSvnelobasTan. magaliTad, erT-erT saqmeSi220 gurjaanis raionulma
sasamarTlom srulad gaiziara fsiqologis rekomendacia da ganmarta, rom zogadad, bavSvis biologiuri kavSiri dedasTan ufro
mWidroa, vidre mamasTan, Tumca, biologiur kavSirTan erTad, erT-erTi mSoblisTvis Svilis aRsazrdelad gadacemis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas dedas unda mieniWos upiratesoba im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki
mas ukeTesad SeuZlia Svilis srulfasovan moqalaqed aRzrda da
mSoblis movaleobis Sesruleba, vidre mamas; an, am TvalsazrisiT,
dedisa da mamis SesaZlebloba met-naklebad Tanabaria... bavSvis
asakis gaTvaliswinebiT, udedobisgan miRebuli emociuri stresis
Tavidan asacileblad umjobesia, igi iyos pirveladi mijaWvulobis obieqtTan - dedasTan.
218. baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme #2/1437-2014, 24 ivnisi, 2015 weli
219. aRniSnuli koncefciis mTavari mizania, xazi gausvas qalis privilegirebul, upirates rols bavSvis cxovrebaSi, rac TiTqos obieqturad unda amarTlebdes mamakacTa uflebriv SezRudvebs SvilebTan
mimarTebiT.
220. gurjaanis raionuli
oqtomberi, 2015

106

sasamarTlo,

saqme

#340210015731676,

27

rogor unda moiqces mosamarTle maSin, roca orive mSoblis

mdgomareoba srulad Seesabameba bavSvis interesebs da SesaZloa,
arasrulwlovanma nebismier maTganTan icxovros? swored aseTi
rTuli kiTxvis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, rom sasamarTlom Tavi aaridos mikerZoebul msjelobas, ramac, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli myari genderuli stereotipebis gamo fexi moikida yvela profesiul sferosa Tu dawesebulebaSi. aseTi stereotipuli koncefciaa qali, rogorc bunebrivi
mSobeli, da deda, rogorc bavSvisTvis pirveladi mijaWvulobis
obieqti.221 am SemTxvevaSi xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom genderuli
mikerZoebis msxverplni arian is mamebi, romelTa mdgomareoba obieqturad, srulad iZleva safuZvels, ufleba bavSvis aRzrdaze maT
dedebis Tanasworad moipovon. es warmoadgens bavSvis WeSmarit interessac, Tanabrad hqondes urTierToba orive mSobelTan. Sesabamisad, droa, sasamarTlo gaTavisufldes damazianebeli stereotipebisagan.

b) meurveobis dros mesame pirTa roli (bebia, papa da sxv.)

sainteresoa, rogor msjelobs sasamarTlo mesame pirebis
rolze im davebSi, romlebic exeba romelime mSobelTan bavSvis
sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvras. ra xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca
dedas an mamas Svilebis aRzrdaSi exmarebian sxva mesame pirebi, magaliTad, bebia an papa? unda iyos Tu ara es ganmartebuli romelime
mSoblis privilegiad da, Sesabamisad, unda iqnes Tu ara gamotanili
gadawyvetileba im mSoblis sawinaaRmdegod, visac ar hyavs ojaxis
wevrebi, romlebic damatebiT mzrunvelobas gamoiCenen bavSvebze?
sasamarTlo praqtika am SemTxvevaSi calsaxad mikerZoebulia.
gadawyvetilebebis gaanalizebis dros gamovlinda SemTxvevebi, roca erT-erTi mSobeli cxovrobs sazRvargareT, bavSvi ki
- bebia/papasTan. aseT saqmeebSi sasamarTlos midgoma diskriminaciulia, radgan ar akmayofilebs mamebis moTxovnas bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilad maTi sacxovreblis gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT,
magram dedebis imave moTxovnis Semcveli sarCelebi kmayofildeba.
erT-erT saqmeSi222 Telavis raionulma sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila mamis moTxovna Svilis sacxovrebel adgilad sakuTari
221. pirveladi mijaWvuloba, rogorc ganzogadebuli termini, gamoricxavs mSoblebis Tanasworobas bavSvTan mimarTebiT; agreTve zRudavs
mamakacebisa da qalebis individualuri Sefasebis SesaZleblobas, imis
aRiarebiT, rom, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, bavSvi mijaWvulia dedaze da, Sesabamisad, qali upiratesobiT unda sargeblobdes.
222. Telavis raionuli sasamarTlo, #2/441-14, 20 ivlisi, 2015 weli

107

sacxovreblis gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT. saqmeSi utyuarad

iyo dadasturebuli faqti, rom deda imyofeboda sacxovreblad
sxva qveyanaSi, xolo bavSvi izrdeboda dedis mSoblebTan TbilisSi. socialuri muSakis mier dadebiTad Sefasda rogorc mamis, ise
dedis mSoblebis sacxovrebeli pirobebi, Tumca sasamarTlom ar
daakmayofila mamis moTxovna da sacxovrebel adgilad ganisazRvra dedis mSoblebis sacxovrebeli.
arsebiTad gansxvavebuli msjeloba ganaviTara ozurgeTis raionulma sasamarTlom erT-erT saqmeSi,223 sadac aRniSna: aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli is garemoeba, rom mamis ojaxSi
darCenis SemTxvevaSi bavSvi aRsazrdelad, faqtobrivad, gadaecema bebias da babuas (mamis mxridan), radgan mama periodulad muSaobs sazRvargareT da dRis ganmavlobaSi bavSvTan ar aris, gasulia
ojaxidan samuSaod da Svils utovebs dedamiss. sasamarTlo mocemul SemTxvevaSi ar akninebs bebia-papis rols bavSvis aRzrdaSi,
magram aRniSnuli veranairad ver Secvlis dedasTan Svilebis urTierTobis aucileblobas. sasamarTlom bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilad gansazRvra dedis sacxovrebeli.
zemoT mocemuli ori saqmis analizi sakmarisi ar aris imisaTvis,
rom ganzogaddes genderuli preferenciebi am mimarTulebiT, Tumca sakmarisi safuZvelia imisTvis, rom profesiul wreebSi daiwyon
fiqri msgavsi genderulad mikerZoebuli praqtikis Secvlaze.

c) meurveobis gansazRvris dros Zaladobis

faqtebis gaTvaliswineba
bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilad romelime mSoblis sacxovreblis gansazRvrisas arsebiTad mniSvnelovania, sasamarTlom yuradReba gaamaxvilos mSoblis SesaZlo Zaladobriv qcevaze. rogorc saerTaSoriso praqtika gviCvenebs, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis erT-erTi mTavari miRweva Zaladobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
moqmedebebia, ris yvelaze Zlier damcvelad da garantad swored
sasamarTloebi gvevlineba. rogorc feministuri Teoriebis ganxilvis dros aRvniSneT, ojaxSi Zaladobis gamocdilebis arsebobas didi yuradReba unda daeTmos saojaxo davebis ganxilvis
dros, maT Soris, bavSvTan urTierTobis saqmeTa gadawyvetisas.
saqarTveloSi, bolo wlebis statistikis mixedviT, ojaxis
wevrTa Soris Zaladobis SemTxvevebSi moZaladeTa umetesoba mamakacia, xolo msxverpli - qali. magaliTad, 2015 wels moZaladeTa
223. ozurgeTis raionuli sasamarTlo, 2/476-14, 30 ianvari, 2015 weli

108

93% iyo mamakaci, xolo msxverplTa 87% qali;224 msxverplTa umetesoba aseve qali iyo 2014 welsac. Sesabamisad, ojaxis wevrebis
mxridan ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba, ZiriTadad, qalebis winaSe
arsebul gamowvevas warmoadgens da logikuria, rom misi gaTvaliswineba davebis ganxilvis dros swored qalTa dacvis saSualebad iqneba miCneuli.
Zaladobrivi moqmedebebi damazianebel gavlenas axdens arasrulwlovanze, imis miuxedavad, vis mimarT xorcieldeba is - meuRlis, yofili meuRlis Tu Tavad bavSvis winaaRmdeg. amitom mosamarTlem unda gaiTvaliswinos qalis mimarT ganxorcielebuli
Zaladoba bavSvTan kontaqtis pirobebis Tu bavSvis sacxovrebeli
adgilis gansazRvris dros, raTa bavSvis WeSmariti interesi dakmayofildes.
Tumca saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo baza konkretulad ar miuTiTebs standartze, romelic unda gamoiyenebodes Zaladobrivi
moqmedebis dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi, da romelic gavlenas moaxdenda mosamarTleTa gadawyvetilebebze. dauxveweli kanonmdeblobis Sedegi aris sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi, romlebSic mxareebi
Riad saubroben Zaladobis faqtebze; xSirad aseTi faqtebi dokumentirebulia Sesabamisi uflebamosili uwyebis mxridan (policiis
mier gacemuli orderi, sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna da a.S.), Tumca
es garemoebebi gavlenas ar axdens gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsze.
sailustraciod warmovadgenT ramdenime gadawyvetilebas.
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlom erT-erT saqmeSi225 mamas, romelic Zaladobda yofil meuRlesa da Svilebze, ufleba misca, urTierToba hqonoda SvilebTan yovelgvari damatebiTi garantiebisa da valdebulebebis gareSe. aRniSnul saqmeSi saqalaqo sasamarTlom dadasturebulad miiCnia faqti, rom mamakacs seriozuli
uTanxmoeba hqonda yofil colTan. yofil meuRleebs Soris arsebuli konfliqtis seriozuloba daadastura skolis direqtormac, romelmac ganmarta, rom skolaSi a.f.-s (mama) gamoCenaze bavSvebi kankaleben da SeSinebulebi arian. 226
baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlom saqmeSi227 dadgenilad miiCnia faqti, rom mosarCelem (mama) colze fizikurad iZalada, rasac adasturebs sapatrulo policiis mier gacemuli Semakavebeli
224.saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis 2015 wlis saparlamento angariSi,
gv. 1013
225. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme #2b/64-07, 21 seqtemberi, 2007 weli
226. iqve, gv. 2
227. baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme 2/1214, 21 oqtomberi, 2015 weli

109

orderi. Tumca bavSvebTan mamis urTierTobis gansazRvris dros

mxedvelobaSi ar miiRo misi qmedebis Zaladobrivi xasiaTi da daakmayofila mamis moTxovnebi. ufro metic, sasamarTlom ganmarta:
sasamarTlosaTvis raime mtkicebuleba, damadasturebeli imisa,
rom mamis urTierToba SvilebTan ewinaaRmdegeba bavSvebis interesebs da zians ayenebs maT, aseve, xels uSlis bavSvebis normalur aRzrdas da cud gavlenas moaxdens maTze, mxares ar warmoudgenia.228
arsebiTad gasaTvaliswinebel garemoebas sasamarTlosTvis
arc uSualod bavSvis mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba warmoadgens. magaliTad, erT-erT saqmeSi229 Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlom, faqtobrivad, Seusabamod ganmarta bavSvis uflebaTa
konvenciis zogierTi standarti da bavSvis WeSmariti interesi.
aRniSnul saqmeSi udavod iyo cnobili mamis mxridan arasrulwlovani Svilis mimarT orjer ganxorcielebuli fizikuri Zaladobis
faqtebi, rac Sefasda, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli. mamam aRiara Zaladobrivi qmedeba, ris gamoc prokurorma gamoiyena diskreciuli uflebamosileba da Sewyvita devna mamis mimarT.
bavSvi, socialuri muSakis moTxovniT, gadayvanil iqna saxelmwifo
zrunvaSi, kerZod, mindobiT aRzrdis programaSi. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlom daakmayofila mamis moTxovna Svilis biologiur ojaxSi dabrunebasTan dakavSirebiT; man piroba dado, rom
aRar ganaxorcielebda Zaladobas Svilze. sasamarTlom ar gaiTvaliswina socialuri muSakis mosazreba bavSvis ojaxSi dabrunebis
riskebis Sesaxeb.
zemoaRniSnuli saqmeebi cxadyofs - aucilebelia kanonmdeblobis daxvewa imgvarad, rom sasamarTlom saojaxo davebis ganxilvis dros Zaladobrivi danaSaulebi adekvaturad Seafasos da
aRniSnuls samarTliani Sefaseba misces. dRes arsebuli praqtika
ki calsaxad warmoaCens genderuli mikerZoebulobis problemas
sasamarTloebSi, rac kidev ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi ayenebs qalebs, rogorc Zaladobis msxverplebs.
sasamarTlos mxridan Zaladobrivi gamocdilebis ignorireba waaxalisebs moZalade mamakacebs, ganmeorebiT Caidinon aRniSnuli qmedebebi; ganumtkicebs mosazrebas, rom maTi Zaladobrivi
qmedebebi qalis winaaRmdeg sulac ar aris gasakicxi da - miT ufro - gasaTvaliswinebeli sasamarTlo davis dros. Sesabamisad,
migvaCnia, rom droa, sasamarTlom da kanonmdebelma Seicvalon
pozicia - uari Tqvan stereotipul xedvaze, rom SesaZloa, piri

iyos sisxlis samarTlis damnaSave da moZalade qmari, magram, amave

dros, kargi mama.

2. bavSvis alimenti da meuRleTa urTierTrCenis

valdebuleba qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi
a) saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba Svilis mimarT
gadasaxdel alimentTan dakavSirebiT
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi aregulirebs ramdenime saxis saalimento (sarCo) instituts, romlebsac moTxovnis uflebis
mqone subieqtebis kanonier uflebad aRiarebs. kodeqsiT aseve daregulirebulia alimentis moTxovnis, gansazRvris da misi gadaxdevinebis wesi.230
alimentis/sarCos moTxovnis uflebiT mosargeble subieqtTa wre sakmaod farToa. Tumca winamdebare dokumenti ganixilavs
mxolod or SemTxvevas: a) mSoblebis saalimento valdebulebebs
Svilebis mimarT da b) meuRleTa urTierTrCenis valdebulebebs.
bavSvis mimarT daniSnuli alimentis mizania moTxovnis uflebiT aRWurvil subieqtTa aRzrda-ganviTareba, maTi sacxovrebeli
pirobebis uzrunvelyofa, janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze zrunva,
yoveldRiuri saWiroebebis dakmayofileba da sxv.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, alimenti kanonismier valdebulebas warmoadgens, romlisganac gaTavisufleba
SesaZlebelia mxolod sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT. bavSvis alimentis daniSvnis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi kriteriumebi:
-

gonivruloba

samarTlianoba

normaluri rCena-aRzrdis mizani

alimentis gadamxdeli piris realuri materialuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswineba231

zogjer alimentis gadamxdel mSobels ekisreba damatebiTi

xarjebis anazRaurebaSi monawileobac, rac SesaZloa, gamowveuli
iyos gansakuTrebuli garemoebebiT (bavSvis avadmyofoba, dasaxiCreba da sxv.).
alimentis institutis samarTlebrivi Sinaarsis mixedviT,
alimenti aris fuladi Tanxa, romelic miemarTeba bavSvis saukeTe-

228. iqve, par. 6.1(4)

229. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlo, saqme 2b/3978-12, 4 dekemberi,
2012 weli

110

230. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, me-3, me-4 da me-5 Tavi

231. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, muxli 1214

111

112

so interesebis dacvas da SeiZleba gamoxatuli iyos mxolod materialuri saxiT. swored sakiTxis amgvari regulireba warmoadgens
erTgvar gamowvevas. rodesac mxareebs an erT-erT mxares ara aqvT
obieqturi SesaZlebloba, kanonismieri valdebuleba Seasrulon
fuladi saxiT, ra SeiZleba moimoqmedos sasamarTlom aseT SemTxvevebSi? obieqturi SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo aTavisuflebs modave mxares yovelgvari materialuri valdebulebis
Sesrulebisagan,232 radgan ar arsebobs sakanonmdeblo regulacia
imisTvis, rom sasamarTlom uzrunvelyos alimentis gadaxdis valdebulebis mqone mSoblis mxridan bavSvis aRzrda-ganviTarebis
movaleobis aramaterialuri Sesruleba. Sesabamisad, finansebis
uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi, erTi mxare usamarTlod Tavisufldeba
valdebulebebisgan, rac niSnavs imas, rom meore mxares awveba yovelgvari valdebuleba bavSvis mimarT. umetes SemTxvevaSi, aseT
mxares qalebi warmoadgenen.
unda aRiniSnos, rom es sakiTxi efeqturad arc sxva samarTlis
sistemebSi mowesrigebula. zogierTi qveyana sakiTxis mogvarebas
represiuli meTodebiT cdilobs, rac gamoixateba im pirebis mimarT Tavisuflebis aRkveTaSi, romlebic ver asruleben fulad
valdebulebebs Svilis mimarT. amgvari damokidebuleba ar aris mimarTuli bavSvis WeSmariti interesis dakmayofilebisken; is arc
mSobelTa valdebulebebis Tanabari gadanawilebis miRwevisTvis
gamosadegi RonisZiebaa.
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, samsjelod gamogvaqvs sruliad axleburi midgoma alimentis, rogorc iuridiuli cnebis, Sinaarsis gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT. saqarTvelos samarTlebriv
sistemaSi es midgoma inovacias warmoadgens. misi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom kanonmdeblobaSi alimentis samarTlebrivi definicia unda gafarTovdes; kerZod, maSin, rodesac dadgenili iqneba
faqti, rom mxares finansuri valdebulebebis Sesrulebis obieqturi SeuZlebloba aqvs, sasamarTlo uflebamosili iyos, finansuri valdebulebebis Sesrulebis sanacvlod, gansazRvros valdebulebebis aramaterialuri Sesruleba, ris mizanic iqneba bavSvis aRzrda-ganviTarebaSi, mis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi im mSoblis
CarTva, romelsac sasamarTlom alimentis gadaxdis valdebuleba
daakisra. gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis monitorings ganaxorcielebs Sesabamisi saxelmwifo uwyeba.
rac Seexeba fuladi alimentis raodenobis gamoTvlis wess, kanonmdebels ramdenime subieqturi da zogadi cneba Semoaqvs - esaa

mxareTa materialuri SesaZleblobebis gonivruli da samarTliani

Sefaseba. amgvari zogadi gansazRvrebebis gamo sasamarTlo praqtika araerTgvarovania da ar qmnis erTian standarts alimentis raodenobis gamoTvlis mizniT; xolo ganviTarebul qveynebSi SemuSavebulia savaldebulo da yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi formula,
romlis saSualebiTac obieqturad gamoiTvleba alimentis raodenoba konkretuli adamianis SemTxvevaSi. saqarTvelos sasamarTlo
praqtikaSi arc alimentis minimaluri raodenobaa gansazRvruli.
Sesabamisad, rTuldeba rogorc mxaris mier alimentis obieqturi
raodenobis moTxovna, aseve sasamarTlos mier misi samarTliani
dakmayofileba. xSirad amgvari arastandartizebuli midgomebi
SedegebSi azianebs davis monawile mxareebs da Tavad bavSvs.

232. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, muxli 1237

233. baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme #2/4191-2015, 29 Tebervali, 2016 weli

b)

arasrulwlovani Svilis mimarT alimentis

raodenobis gansazRvris wesi - sasamarTlo praqtika

saojaxo davebis ganxilvis dros modave mxareTa mTavari motivatori xSirad bavSvis alimenti da sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvris interesia, mosarCeleebi ki, ZiriTadad, dedebi arian.
alimentis moTxovnis sarCelebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis
Seswavlis dros gamovlinda, rom alimentis raodenobis gansazRvrisas Tavad mosarCelis moTxovna iSviaTad (TiTqmis arasdros)
eyrdnoba obieqtur kriteriumebs. alimentis raodenoba efuZneba
mopasuxe mxaris (ZiriTadad, mamis) materialur SesaZleblobebs.
magaliTad, erT-erT saqmeSi233 mosarCele iTxovda, rom mamas alimentis saxiT dakisreboda yovelTviurad 1500-1500 (3000) dolaris
gadaxda ori Svilis sasargeblod. aseTi didi moculobiT alimentis moTxovnis mizezi iyo mamis soliduri Semosavali, romelic Seadgenda 9000 aSS dolars. aseTi moTxovnebis dros sasamarTloebis
msjeloba efuZneba mosazrebas, rom alimentis Tanxis raodenoba
ar unda iyos damokidebuli im piris Semosavlis sidideze, romelsac ekisreba alimenti; unda dadgindes gonivruli raodenoba, rac
saWiroa bavSvis normaluri aRzrda-ganviTarebisTvis. Tumca mosarCeleebis mxridan aragonivruli Tanxis moTxovna SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos swored alimentis gamoTvlis obieqturi formulis ararsebobiT qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi.
mniSvnelovania sasamarTlos midgomebi alimentis samarTliani dakisrebis dros. baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlom erT-erT saq-

113

meSi,234 sadac mosarCele (deda) mopasuxisgan (mama) ori arasrulwlovani SvilisTvis iTxovda 200-200 (400) laris odenobis aliments,
ganmarta, rom alimentis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas sasamarTlom unda gaiTvaliswinos rogorc mSoblebis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba,
ise Svilis rCenisaTvis saWiro Tanxis gonivruli raodenoba. ekonomikuri problemebi ar gamoricxavs mopasuxis movaleobas, meore
mSoblis, anu mosarCelis, Tanabrad miiRos monawileoba Svilebis
aRzrdaSi... Tu Svilebis mimarT orive mSobeli Tanaswori da Tanabaria, maSin Svilis rCenasa da aRzrdaSi mamam unda miiRos monawileoba, miuxedavad misi Semosavlisa. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom
mopasuxes unda daekisros 200 laris gadaxda (TiToeul bavSvze
100 lari). sasamarTlo ganmartavs, rom 2 Svilis normaluri rCena-aRzrdisTvis saWiroa soliduri Tanxebi, da rom 2 Svilis rCenisaTvis 200 lari araa sakmarisi, magram alimentis odenoba unda
ganisazRvros mSoblebis materialuri SesaZleblobebisa da Svilis rCenisTvis savaldebulo xarjebis Tanafardobis farglebSi,
da ara imis mixedviT, Tu ra Tanxebi sWirdeba Svilis aRzrdas, an
ra Tanxa gaaCnia mopasuxes Semosavlis saxiT. aseT situaciaSi 100
laris alimentis saxiT dadgena aris gonivruli. es aris ara marto Svilis rCenisa da aRzrdisTvis saWiro minimaluri odenobis
Tanxa, is, aseve, SerCeulia mopasuxis materialuri SesaZleblobis
zRvris gaTvaliswinebiT.
aRniSnul gadawyvetilebaSi calsaxad ikiTxeba mosamarTlis
damokidebuleba Svilis mimarT mSoblebis movaleobebTan dakavSirebiT, rac unda ganisazRvros materialuri problemebis miuxedavadac, Tumca logikur msjelobas Sedegad mxolod is mohyva, rom
alimenti Semcirebuli raodenobiT dainiSna, rac bavSvis minimalur saWiroebebs akmayofilebs, xolo kanonmdeblis moTxovna, rom
alimentma unda daakmayofilos ara minimaluri, aramed normaluri
aRzrdis standarti, ver iqna miRweuli; verc moTxovnili materialuri valdebulebebi Seivso sxva aramaterialuri valdebulebebis
dakisrebiT. mizezi ki aris swored alimentis fuladi Sinaarsi.
mniSvnelovan gamowvevas vawydebiT alimentis gadanawilebis
gonivrulobis standartis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis dros. sasamarTloebi gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi iTvaliswineben im garemoebas, rom mSobeli, romelTanac cxovrobs bavSvi, gacilebiT met
234. baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, saqme #01021001
45437462-1427/14, 21 oqtomberi, 2014 weli

114

drosa da resurss xarjavs, vidre piri, romelsac sasamarTlom

alimenti unda daakisros. Tanasworobis principis gaTvaliswinebiT, logikuria, rom amgvari danaxarjebi samarTlianad unda iyos
gadanawilebuli orive mSobelze, rogorc materialurad, ise aramaterialurad. rogorc wesi, mSobeli, romelTanac ar cxovrobs
bavSvi, alimentis dakisrebisas itvirTeba mxolod fuladi valdebulebebiT, gansxvavebiT im mSoblisgan, romelTanac cxovroben
Svilebi. amitom alimentis odenobis gansazRvris dros sasamarTlom unda gaiTvaliswinos aRniSnuli garemoeba da gamoiyenos is
alimentis raodenobis gansazRvris dros, riTac, arsebiTad, araTanabar mdgomareobaSi myof pirebs moepyroba araTanabrad da Tavidan aicilebs diskriminacias, romelic SedegebSi azianebs mxolod qalebs.
erT-erT saqmesTan dakavSirebiT,235 sadac deda iTxovda, bavSvis mamas alimentis saxiT yovelTviurad dakisreboda 300 lari,
axalqalaqis raionuli sasamarTlos mosamarTlem aRniSna, rom
saqarTveloSi arsebuli saarsebo minimumis gansazRvrisTvis saWiro sasursaTo kalaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlos mizanSewonilad miaCnia, rom bavSvis rCenisa da gazrdisaTvis TveSi, rogorc minimum, sWirdeba (dedas) 200 lari, saidanac naxevari unda
daekisros mopasuxes, rogorc mSobels, romelTanac ar cxovrobs
bavSvi. aRniSnul gadawyvetilebaSi calsaxad ikveTeba, rom mosamarTlem ar gaiTvaliswina dedis xarjebis raodenoba da alimentis Tanabrad gayofis gziT diskriminaciul mdgomareobaSi Caayena qali. araTanaswori mopyrobis prevenciisTvis aucilebelia,
mkafiod Camoyalibdes principi, an gaiweros wesi, Tu rogor da ra
garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda ganisazRvros alimentis raodenoba. es xels Seuwyobs erTgvarovani da samarTliani praqtikis
Camoyalibebas marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi.

d) meuRleTa urTierTrCenis valdebuleba

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1129-e muxlis Tanaxmad, im
meuRlis TxovniT, romelsac ufleba aqvs, miiRos sarCo meore meuRlisgan, sasamarTlo valdebulia, ganqorwinebis saqmis gadawyvetasTan erTad, gansazRvros im saxsrebis odenoba, rac unda gadaxdes meore meuRles. kodeqsis me-5 Tavi srulad eTmoba meuRleTa urTierTrCenis sakiTxebs.
meuRlisgan (maT Soris yofili meuRlisgan) sarCos miRebis
subieqtia:
235. axalqalaqis raionuli sasamarTlo, saqme #2/119-14; 15 agvisto, 2014 weli

115

1.

Sromisuunaro meuRle, romelic materialur daxmarebas

saWiroebs;

2.

coli orsulobis periodSi da bavSvis dabadebidan 3 wlis

ganmavlobaSi.

kanonmdebeli sarCos miRebisTvis pirvel SemTxvevaSi 2 kumulaciur pirobas debs (Sromisuunaroba da materialuri daxmarebis saWiroeba); rac Seexeba meore SemTxvevas (orsuloba an/da 3
wlamde bavSvis yola), am dros mniSvneloba ara aqvs qalis Sromisuunarobas an materialuri daxmarebis saWiroebis aucileblobas.
Sromisuunaro meuRles ufleba aqvs, sarCos Sesaxeb moTxovna daayenos qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi an ganqorwinebis Semdeg, Tu
Sromisuunaro gaxda ganqorwinebamde an erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
ganqorwinebis dRidan.
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT alimentis moTxovnis uflebis mqone subieqtebze, aseve alimentis raodenobis gansazRvris wessa da
arsebul praqtikaze.
Tanamedrove samarTlis sistemebSi meuRleTa urTierTrCenis
valdebuleba samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis aRiarebuli sferoa da,
rogorc wesi, arsebobs minimaluri winapirobebi imisaTvis, rom yofilma meuRleebma isargeblon alimentis (sarCos) moTxovnis uflebiT.
magaliTad, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, meuRleebi valdebulni arian, arCinon erTmaneTi daSorebis Semdeg garkveul pirobebsa da vadaSi. ZiriTadad, es is SemTxvevebia, roca:
1.

meuRle dakavebulia bavSvis aRzrda-ganaTlebiT;

2.

xandazmulia;

3.

avadmyofobs;

4.

ar gaaCnia adekvaturi samsaxuri.236

sarCo agreTve SesaZloa, iyos moTxovnili saganmanaTleblo

treningebis Tu sxva kursebis dafinansebis mizniT. xangrZlivoba ganisazRvreba saWiroebidan gamomdinare, aseve dakavSirebulia
imasTan, Tu ramdeni weli cxovrobdnen qorwinebaSi yofili meuRleebi da wydeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gardaicvala romelime mxare,
daojaxda, samuSaoze dasaqmda, an sxva mizezis gamo alimentis gadaxdis aucilebloba aRar arsebobs.237
236. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, muxli 1569; 1570-1575
237. iqve, muxli 1579

116

garda germanuli samarTlis sistemisa, amerikuli kanonmdeblobac aseve aRiarebs yofili meuRleebis mier erTmaneTisTvis sarCos gadaxdis samarTlebriv instituts. gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobisgan, vadis TvalsazrisiT, mowesrigebulia droebiTi da ZiriTadi sarCos instituti. ganqorwinebis procesSi myof meuRles eniSneba droebiTi sarCo, romelic aseve konkretuli formuliT gamoiTvleba da SemdgomSi, sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetilebiT, iniSneba ZiriTadi sarCo, romelic gadamxdeli mxaris
Semosavlis daaxloebiT 17%-s Seadgens.238
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, meuRleebs Soris rCenis valdebulebis warmoSobis dakavSireba mxolod SromisuunarobasTan,
orsulobasTan an/da 3 wlamde bavSvis yolasTan aris aRniSnuli
uflebis limitireba, rac ewinaaRmdegeba ganviTarebuli samarTlis sistemebis midgomebs da amitom sasurvelia, gadaixedos.

e) meuRlis mier sarCos moTxovnis sasamarTlo praqtika

rogorc aRiniSna, meuRles mxolod maSin SeuZlia, moiTxovos
sarCo, Tu mas ara aqvs materialuri SesaZlebloba da, amave dros,
aris Sromisuunaro; an aris orsulad; an hyavs 3 wlamde Svili. Tu
CamoTvlilTagan pirvel SemTxvevaSi - orive, meore SemTxvevaSi
ki romelime piroba ar arsebobs, sarCos moTxovnis uflebiT verc
erTi meuRle ver sargeblobs.
ganvixiloT Sromisuunarobis koncefcia. saqarTvelos kanoni
samedicino-socialuri eqspertizis Sesaxeb gansazRvravs Sromisuunarobis xarisxebs (muxli 22),239 rac pirdapir dakavSirebulia
238. Douglas County, Family Law guidelines. The edition of 2012, prepared by the
family law guidelines committee of the Douglas County Bar Association. Section 3.003.04 p. 8-10
239. muxli 22 1. Tu dazaralebuls aqvs organizmis funqciis gamoxatuli darRveva, rac SeuZlebels xdis an abrkolebs nebismieri Sromis
Sesrulebas, maT Soris, specialurad Seqmnil pirobebSic ki, udgindeba profesiuli Sromisunarianobis dakargva 100 (asi) procentiT.
2. Tu dazaralebuls SeuZlia, Seasrulos samuSao mxolod specialurad Seqmnil pirobebSi, profesiuli Sromisunarianobis
dakargva ganisazRvreba aranakleb 70 (samocdaaTi) procentiT.
3. Tu dazaralebuls SromiTi dasaxiCrebis Sedegad SeuZlia Seasrulos Tavisi profesiuli saqmianoba, magram naklebi moculobiT an
kvalifikaciis daqveiTebiT da anazRaurebis SemcirebiT, an man dakarga kvalifikacia, magram SeuZlia, Seasrulos SedarebiT dabali kvalifikaciisa da mcire anazRaurebis sxva profesiis samuSao,
profesiuli Sromisunarianobis dakargvis xarisxi ganisazRvreba

117

janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gauaresebasTan.

kanonmdebeli meuRleebs Soris rCenis valdebulebebs ukavSirebs organizmis funqciis garkveuli xarisxiT darRvevis SemTxvevebs da materialur siduxWires. amgvari valdebuleba unda warmoiqmnebodes konkretuli obieqturi mizezebis gamo, romlebic
SesaZloa, iyos rogorc janmrTelobis arsebuli gamowvevebi, ise,
magaliTad, SemTxvevebi, roca meuRle wlebis manZilze aris ekonomikuri an sxva saxis Zaladobis msxverpli; akrZaluli hqonda muSaoba; aseve, genderuli stereotipebidan gamomdinare, iZulebuli iyo,
mxolod saojaxo saqmeebiT dakavebuliyo da sxv. aRniSnuli midgoma
ar Seesabameba, zogadad, meuRleTa rCenis valdebulebis mizans.
winamdebare dokumentis momzadebis dros ganxilul saqmeTagan (200-mde sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba) arc erTi ar exeboda meuRleebs an yofil meuRleebs Soris sarCos moTxovnebs, rac SesaZloa, mianiSnebdes, rom mxareebi ar cdiloben, aRniSnuli uflebis
realizebas sasamarTlos gziT miaRwion. es SeiZleba ganapirobos
swored viwro sakanonmdeblo regulaciis arsebobam. aseve, unda
aRiniSnos, rom meuRlisgan sarCos moTxovnis safuZvlebi, ZiriTadad, qalebs warmoeSobaT da, roca misi miReba SeuZlebelia, mxolod isini zaraldebian. sarCos instituti genderulad gansazRvrulia, radgan, umetes SemTxvevaSi, saWiroeba, romelic warmoSobs
sarCos miRebis uflebas, nakarnaxevia konkretul sazogadoebaSi
qalebisTvis mikuTvnebuli socialuri rolebiT. magaliTad, muSaobis SezRudva gamomdinareobs bavSvis aRzrdis mxolod qalisTvis gansazRvruli rolidan da sxv.
mniSnelovania, gafarTovdes wre im subieqtebisa, romlebsac
kanonmdebeli SesaZleblobas miscems, obieqtur SemTxvevebSi, moiTxovos sarCo gonivruli vadiT da es moTxovna iyos aRsrulebadi. ZiriTadi mizezi, romlis gamoc unda iniSnebodes sarCo, aris
materialuri saWiroeba da is kumulaciurad ar unda iyos dakavSirebuli SromisuunarobasTan. Tumca es midgoma ar unda gamoricxavdes gonivruli vadiT sarCos daniSvnas Sromisuunarobis
safuZvelzec.

25 (ocdaxuTi)-dan 60 (samoc) procentamde, samuSaos moculobis,

anazRaurebis Semcirebisa da kvalifikaciis daqveiTebis mixedviT.
4. Tu dazaralebuls SeuZlia muSaobis gagrZeleba Tavisi profesiiT,
rasac Tan sdevs anazRaurebis Semcireba, an Tavisi profesiiT, magram
winandelze ufro meti daZabulobiT, profesiuli Sromisunarianobis
dakargvis xarisxi dgindeba 25 (ocdaxuT) procentamde.

118

3. saproceso xarjebi qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi

a) sasamarTlo da sasamarTlos gareSe xarjebi
saqarTvelos saproceso kodeqsis 37-e muxlis Tanaxmad, gaTvaliswinebulia ori saxis saproceso xarjebi:
1.
2.

sasamarTlo xarjebi;
sasamarTlos gareSe xarjebi.

sasamarTlo xarjebs Seadgens saxelmwifo baJi, romelic unda

iqnes gadaxdili mosarCelis mier sarCelis Setanamde; aseve, saqmis
ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli sxva xarjebi, romelTa gaangariSebis
wesi da odenoba daregulirebulia saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos gadawyvetilebebiT. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 44-e muxlis
Tanaxmad, saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs warmoadgens:
1. mowmeebis, specialistebisa da eqspertebisaTvis gadasaxdeli Tanxebi;
2. Tarjimnis xarji;
3. adgilobriv daTvalierebaze gaweuli xarjebi;
4. sasamarTlos davalebiT faqtebis konstataciaze gaweuli
xarjebi;
5. mopasuxis moZebnis xarjebi;
6. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi;
7. advokatisaTvis saxelmwifo salarodan gadaxdili Tanxebi;
8. specialur saeqsperto dawesebulebaSi sasamarTlo eqspertizis Catarebis xarjebi.
sasamarTlos gareSe xarjebs warmoadgens advokatisaTvis gaweuli xarjebi, dakarguli xelfasi (ganacduri), mtkicebulebaTa
uzrunvelsayofad gaweuli xarjebi, agreTve mxareTa sxva aucilebeli xarjebi.
sasamarTlo xarjebTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom saproceso kanonmdebloba iZleva saSualebas, mxarem rTuli materialuri mdgomareobis SemTxvevaSic ki SeZlos sasamarTlosTvis
mimarTva. saojaxo davebis umetesoba (bavSvze mzrunveloba, alimenti) gaTavisuflebulia saxelmwifo baJis gadaxdisgan; aseve SesaZlebelia, sasamarTlom gadaavados, gaanawilvados, an sruliad
gaaTavisuflos mxare sxva sasamarTlo xarjebisgan. Tumca barieri
Cndeba maSin, roca mxares ar SeuZlia sasamarTlos gareSe xarjebis
(advokatze gaweuli xarjebi, ganacduri, mtkicebulebaTa uzrun-

119

velsayofad gaweuli xarjebi da sxv.) gaweva. TavisTavad, aseTi tipis

xarjebi arcTu ise mcire SeiZleba iyos. magaliTad, roca sasamarTlo davis sagans warmoadgens qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili qonebis gayofa (romelic sakmaod Zvirad aris Sefasebuli), yovelgvari xarji, rogorc wesi, sarCelis fasis mixedviT gamoiTvleba. amas
emateba zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloebSi warmoebuli saqmeebi,
sadac Tavs iCens damatebiTi xarjebi.
kvlevam aCvena, rom Tavad mosamarTleebi miuTiTeben qalTa
winaSe arsebul problemebze xarjebis anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebiT. gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans es eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli da SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qalebis SemTxvevaSi. xSirad isini uars amboben sarCelis wardgenaze sasamarTloSi, mas Semdeg, rac maTTvis cnobili xdeba, savaraudod, ra xarjebia gasawevi. an SesaZloa, qalma mimarTos sasamarTlos da davis
dros sakuTari poziciebis myarad dacva ver SeZlos, radgan sasamarTloSi mis interesebs ar icavs advokati.240
aseT SemTxvevebSi gamosavals warmoadgens qalebisTvis saojaxo davebze ufaso iuridiuli momsaxurebis (maT Soris saadvokato momsaxurebis) arseboba qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, vinc
eTnikur umciresobebs warmoadgens, an SezRuduli SesaZleblobis
mqonea.241 iq qals gauweven ufaso da kvalificiur momsaxurebas, riTac marTlmsajuleba xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba sxvadasxva umciresobis Tu mowyvladi jgufis warmomadgeneli qalebisTvis (SSm qalebi,
eTnikuri/religiuri/erovnuli sxva saxis umciresobaTa warmomadgeneli qalebi, Zaladobis msxverpli qalebi).
Zaladobis msxverpli qalebisTvis ufaso iuridiuli daxmarebis servisis arseboba saqarTvelos saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli
valdebulebaa, romelic gamomdinareobs evrosabWos konvenciidan qalTa mimarT Zaladobis da ojaxSi Zaladobis prevenciisa
da aRkveTis Sesaxeb.242 konvenciis 57-e muxlis Tanaxmad, monawile saxelmwifoebi Zaladobis msxverpli qalebisTvis qmnian ufaso
iuridiuli konsultaciebisa da daxmarebis servisebs qveynis Sida
kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas, iuridiuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni gansazRvravs wres im pirebisa,
240. ixileT winamdebare naSromis IX Tavi - Tvisobrivi kvleva, 1.5.
241.konkretuli jgufis warmomadgenelTa winaSe arsebul barierebze
ix. informacia iqve, 1.2., 1.3., 1.5.
242. Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against
women and domestic violence, Istanbul, 2011

120

romlebmac SeiZleba isargeblon ufaso iuridiuli daxmarebiT.

kanoni amgvari uflebiT sargeblobis SesaZleblobas aniWebs, ZiriTadad, gadaxdisuunaro pirebs, aseve, im pirebs, romlebsac,
amave dros, saqmis gansakuTrebuli sirTulidan gamomdinare,
esaWiroebaT advokatis daxmareba. rac Seexeba am TavSi aRniSnul
mowyvladi jgufis warmomadgenel qalebs, maT Soris Zaladobis
msxverpl qalebs, am adamianebze, samoqalaqo da administraciuli
davebis SemTxvevaSi, ufaso iuridiuli daxmarebis garantiebi ar
vrceldeba, Tu isini, amave dros, ar arian gadaxdisuunaroebi (rac
ganmartebulia, rogorc saxelmwifos socialurad daucveli ojaxebis erTian bazaSi registrirebuli pirebi) da, amasTan, maTi dava
sasamarTlo sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli sirTuliT ar gamoirCeva.
aucilebelia, kanonmdebloba genderulad imgvarad mgrZnobiare iyos, rom qalebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi dabalanazRaurebad
muSaxels warmoadgenen, an/da genderuli stereotipebis gamo maTi
ZiriTadi saqmianoba aris ojaxze zrunva (rac anazRaurebadi saqmianoba araa), sargeblobdnen minimaluri dacvis standartebiT sasamarTloSi davebis warmoebis dros.

b) sasamarTlo xarjebis ganawileba mxareTa Soris

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos saproceso kanonmdebloba
mosarCeles, romelsac ara aqvs xarjebis gadaxdis SesaZlebloba,
aZlevs saSualebas, isargeblos sasamarTlo xarjebisagan gaTavisuflebis sxvadasxva safuZvliT, imave kanonmdeblobaSi arsebobs
daTqma, ra pirobebSic zemoaRniSnuli SesaZlebloba sruliad
kargavs azrs im qalebTan mimarTebiT, romlebsac aqvT finansuri
problemebi.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 53-e muxlis Tanaxmad, im mxaris mier gaRebuli xarjebis gadaxda, romlis sasargeblodac iqna gamotanili gadawyvetileba, ekisreba meore mxares,
Tundac es mxare gaTavisuflebuli iyos saxelmwifo biujetSi sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisgan. Tu sarCeli nawilobriv dakmayofilda, maSin am muxlSi aRniSnuli Tanxa mosarCeles miekuTvneba
sarCelis im moTxovnis proporciulad, romelic sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebiT iqna dakmayofilebuli, xolo mopasuxes - sarCelis moTxovnis im nawilis proporciulad, romelzedac mosarCeles uari eTqva. im mxaris warmomadgenlis daxmarebisaTvis gaweul
xarjebs, romlis sasargeblodac iqna gamotanili gadawyvetileba,
sasamarTlo daakisrebs meore mxares gonivrul farglebSi, magram
araumetes davis sagnis Rirebulebis 4 procentisa, xolo araqo-

121

nebrivi davis SemTxvevaSi - gansaxilveli saqmis mniSvnelobisa da

sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT, 2000 laramde odenobiT.
sasamarTloSi sarCelis aRZvris mizani konkretuli darRveuli uflebis aRdgenaa, romelic, bunebrivia, garantirebulad
ar gulisxmobs mosarCelis poziciis siswores, aramed moiazrebs
uflebaTa aRdgenis surviliT sarCelis wardgenas damoukidebel,
miukerZoebel da Tavisufal sivrceSi, sadac SesaZloa, sarCeli
dakmayofildes an warumateblad dasruldes. es niSnavs, rom sasamarTloSi sarCelis aRZvra mogebis albaTobiT xasiaTdeba, rac
gamoixateba sarCelis nawilobriv an srul dakmayofilebaSi, an sasarCelo moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaze uaris TqmaSi. Sesabamisad,
kanonmdebelma potenciuri mosarCele ar unda daayenos arCevanis
winaSe. SeiZleba am ukanasknelma waradginos sarCeli da wardgenis
etapze is gaTavisufldes yovelgvari sasamarTlo xarjebisagan,
magram, davis warumateblad dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi, mas daekisros mopasuxe mxaris mier gaweuli yvela xarjis gadaxda. advokatebi valdebulni arian, gaafrTxilon klientebi xarjebis anazRaurebis safrTxis Sesaxeb, xolo modave mxare, romelsac materialuri siduxWiris gamo baJis gadaxdis SesaZlebloba isedac ara
aqvs, didi albaTobiT, uars ityvis sasamarTlo gziT sakuTari da
Svilis uflebis dacvaze.
magaliTad, warmovidginoT qali, romelic wlebis manZilze
ganicdida Zaladobas meuRlis mxridan, ekrZaleboda muSaoba da
socialur garemoSi yofna; amitom mas ara aqvs samuSao gamocdileba da praqtikuli unarebi; Sesabamisad, ar gaaCnia Semosavali.
sabolood, am adamianma Tavi daaRwia Zaladobriv garemos da unda, meuRlesTan Tanacxovrebis dros SeZenili qonebis gayofaze an
saojaxo samarTliT gaTvaliswinebul sxva sakiTxebze mimarTos
sasamarTlos. Tumca, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlo ar daakmayofilebs, an nawilobriv daakmayofilebs qalis moTxovnas qonebis
gayofis Sesaxeb, mas, kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, daevaleba meore
mxaris mier gaweuli yvela xarjis anazRaureba. am dros xarjebi
izrdeba Tavad sadavo qonebis sabazro Rirebulebis sididesTan
erTad. Sedegad, es qali sasamarTloSi davis aRZvris gamo imdenad
arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba, rom SesaZloa, misTvis
sasamarTloze xelmisawvdomobis pirveladma garantiebma (sarCelis Setanis dros sasamarTlo xarjebisagan gaTavisufleba) azric
ki dakargos.

122

F.

daskvna, mignebebi da rekomendaciebi

daskvnis saxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo baza ver pasuxobs Tanamedrove gamowvevebs, rogorc materialuri regulirebis TvalsazrisiT, ise praqtikaSi normaTa araerTgvarovani ganmartebis gamo. sasamarTlo gamocdileba, romelic bolo wlebis tendenciebze metyvelebs, warmoaCens calkeuli
mosamarTleebis progresul midgomebs, Tumca gamonaklisis saxiT,
risi ganzogadebac SeuZlebelia. procesSi aRmoCenili problemebis nawili ukavSirdeba kanonmdeblobas, praqtikaSi normaTa relevanturi gamoyenebis naklebobas, aseve, genderuli Tanasworobis konstituciuri principis Sesaxeb profesiuli wreebis warmomadgenelTa cnobierebis arasaTanado dones da mgrZnobelobas.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mignebebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad
Camoyalibdes:
-

bavSvze zrunvisa da meurveobis mniSvnelovani nawili, romelic bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvras ukavSirdeba, ar Seesabameba bavSvis WeSmariti interesis dakmayofilebis mizans, rac gamoixateba limitirebul sakanonmdeblo
regulaciaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, sasamarTlo iZulebulia,
davis dros bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilad mxolod erTi
mSoblis sacxovrebeli adgili gansazRvros;

saqmeTa praqtikuli gaanalizebis Sedegad, dadginda, rom sasamarTlo sistema ar eyrdnoba erTian, unificirebul standartebs meurveobisa da bavSvze zrunvis sakiTxebis gadawyvetis dros; Sesabamisad, sistema ar aris daculi subieqturobisgan, rac xSirad genderuli mikerZoebulobis mizezi xdeba;

sasamarTlo praqtika mowmobs, rom is mSobeli, romelsac

mxars uWeren ojaxis wevrebi, garkveuli privilegiebiT sargeblobs saojaxo davebis ganxilvisas, im mSobelTan SedarebiT, romelsac amgvari Zlieri mxardamWerebi ojaxis wevrebis saxiT ar hyavs. garda amisa, gadawyvetilebebma calsaxad
gamoavlina genderuli mikerZoebuloba dedebis sasargeblod, roca isini fizikurad ar imyofebian SvilebTan da sasamarTlos mier gansazRvrulni arian bavSvis fizikur aRmzrdelebad mamis interesebis nivelirebis fonze;

sasamarTloebi aviTareben moZvelebul xedvas, roca saojaxo davebis ganxilvis dros ar iTvaliswineben warsulSi momxdar Zaladobis faqtebs ojaxis wevrebs Soris, ris gamoc
azianeben rogorc Zaladobis msxverpl qalTa, ise bavSvTa

123

WeSmarit interesebs;
-

bavSvis alimentis fuladi Sinaarsi qmnis praqtikul riskebs

alimentis miznis miRwevasTan dakavSirebiT; kerZod, pirebi,
romlebsac ar SeuZliaT valdebulebis fuladi saxiT Sesruleba, sruliad Tavisufldebian yovelgvari valdebulebebisgan;

meuRleebi, praqtikulad, ar iTxoven urTierTrCenis valdebulebebis Sesrulebas. amis erT-erTi mizezi ki sakiTxis
viwro regulirebaa, ris safuZvelzec aRniSnuli uflebiT
sargebloba SeuZliaT mxolod meuRleebs, romlebic arian
Sromisuunaroebi, orsulebi an/da hyavT 3 wlamde Svilebi.
sxva pirebTan mimarTebiT rCenis ufleba ar arsebobs;

saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemaSi Seiqmnas samuSao jgufebi, romlebic Seiswavlian da daadgenen genderuli mikerZoebulobis tendenciebs; Tavad SeimuSaveben rekomendaciebs, romlebic minimumamde daiyvans genderuli mikerZoebulobis riskebs sasamarTlo sistemaSi;

permanentuli xasiaTi mieces mosamarTleTa, advokatTa da

samarTlis sferos sxva warmomadgenelTa profesiul gadamzadebas genderuli Tanasworobisa da bavSvTa uflebebis Tanamedrove standartebis danergvis mizniT;

sakanonmdeblo doneze ganisazRvros bavSvis WeSmariti

interesis definicia da SemuSavdes misi dadgenis meTodologia, rac rekomendebulia gaeros bavSvTa uflebebis
komitetis mier;

ganxorcieldes sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi, raTa sasamarTlos SesaZlebloba hqondes, bavSvis WeSmariti interesis
gaTvaliswinebiT, bavSvis sacxovreblad orive mSoblis
sacxovrebeli adgili gansazRvros;

gamovlinda, rom, rogorc bavSvis alimentis, ise meuRleTa

sarCos daniSvnis dros aranairi obieqturi kalkulaciis
kriteriumebi ar arsebobs, rac qmnis araerTgvarovan da usamarTlo praqtikas;

kvlevam aCvena, rom bavSvisTvis alimentis gansazRvris dros

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi diskriminaciuli Sinaarsisaa,
kerZod, xdeba alimentis Tanabari gadanawileba; is mSobeli, romelTanac cxovrobs bavSvi, gacilebiT datvirTulia
mSoblis valdebulebebis SesrulebaSi, vidre is, vinc mxolod alimentis gadaxdiT Semoifargleba. sasamarTlo ki ar
iTvaliswinebs amgvar garemoebebs alimentis raodenobis
gansazRvris dros;

sasamarTlo sistemaSi SemuSavdes genderuli stereotipebis minimalizebis strategia da procesSi mosamarTleTa

genderuli mikerZoebulobis prevenciis saSualebebi;

arsebuli kanonmdebloba ver uzrunvelyofs sasamarTloze

xelmisawvdomobis maRal standarts mowyvladi jgufis warmomadgeneli qalebisTvis, romlebsac ara aqvT finansuri SesaZlebloba, sakuTari uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis mizniT mimarTon sasamarTlos;

SemuSavdes mSobelTa Sefasebis obieqturi kriteriumebi sakanonmdeblo an damxmare saxelmZRvaneloebis saxiT,

romlebic daeyrdnoba saerTaSoriso gamocdilebas da Tanamedrove kanonmdeblobis genderulad samarTlian principebs;

konkretulad Zaladobis msxverplTaTvis ar aris garantirebuli ufaso iuridiuli daxmarebis servisi, rac ewinaaRmdegeba qveynis mier aRebul saerTaSoriso valdebulebebs.

kanonmdeblobaSi garkveviT Caiweros saojaxo davebis ganxilvis dros Zaladobrivi faqtebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb;

profesiul wreebSi daiwyos dialogi alimentis samarTlebrivi Sinaarsis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebiT, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes alimentis miznis miRweva rogorc fuladi SesrulebiT, aseve valdebulebis aramaterialuri Sesrulebis
gziT;

sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad, gafarTovdes wre im pirebisa, romlebsac ufleba miecemaT,
moiTxovon sarCo yofili meuRlisgan. am mizniT gaTvaliswinebul iqnes sxva qveynebis gamocdileba da principebi;

124

rekomendaciebi

125

kanonqvemdebare normatiuli mowesrigebiT ganisazRvros

alimentis da sarCos kalkulaciis unificirebuli formula, romelic Seqmnis obieqtur kriteriumebs alimentis
raodenobis gansazRvrisTvis;
SemuSavdes savaldebulo principi, romelic uzrunvelyofs mSobelTa mier SvilebisTvis gankuTvnili drois da
xarjebis obieqtur aRnusxvas, ris Semdegac, Sesabamisad,
alimenti samarTlianad gadanawildeba;

sxva qveynebis praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT, SemuSavdes gaidlaini saojaxo samarTlis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, romelsac
efeqturad gamoiyeneben mosamarTleebi da advokatebi;

ganxorcieldes sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi, ris Sedegadac, qalebi da sxva mowvyvladi jgufebis warmomadgeneli
davis monawile mxareebi, romlebic gaTavisuflebuli arian sasamarTlo xarjebisagan, aseve ar iqnebian valdebulni,
maTi sarCelis daukmayofileblobis an nawilobriv dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi, gadaixadon mowinaaRmdege mxaris
mier gaweuli xarjebi. aRniSnuli xarjebi, SesaZloa, gadaxdil iqnes saxelmwifo biujetis xarjze;

ganxorcieldes sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi, ris Sedegadac Zaladobis msxverpli qalebisTvis garantirebuli iqneba saadvokato momsaxureba yvela tipis samoqalaqo da
administraciuli davebis SemTxvevaSi.

ana arganaSvili
VII. diskriminaciis akrZalva
A.

Sesavali

Tavi aanalizebs qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis aRmofxvris sakiTxebs, maT Soris, saerTaSoriso da erovnul kanonmdeblobas
- feministuri samarTlis Teoriis WrilSi. kerZod, winamdebare
monakveTSi ganxilulia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evrokavSiris antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis miRebis istoria
da moqmedi normebi. aseve, gTavazobT genderul analizs Semdegi
sakanonmdeblo aqtebisa: saqarTvelos kanoni diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos kanoni genderuli
Tanasworobis Sesaxeb da saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi. aRniSnul
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT damuSavda saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis praqtika antidiskriminaciuli meqanizmis kuTxiT da erovnuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebi.

B.

diskriminaciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb feministuri midgomebi

da maTi integracia aSS-is precedentul samarTalSi

diskriminaciis akrZalva yvela sferoSi feministuri moZraobis mTavari moTxovnaa, rogorc istoriul, ise Tanamedrove realobaSi. Tumca, antidiskriminaciulma kanonmdeblobam feministuri gavlena gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad dasaqmebis adgilze diskriminaciis akrZalvis sferoSi ganicada. dasaqmeba da SromiTi
uflebebi aris sfero, sadac qalTa diskriminacia yvelaze ufro
TvalSisacem da monetarul erTeulSi gazomvad movlenas warmoadgens. amave dros, dasaqmebuli da aqtiuri qalebi yvelaze ukeT
axerxeben sakuTari uflebebis dacvas sasamarTlos gziT.

1. tokenizmi da genderuli stereotipebi

XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi aSS-Si, rodesac qalTa uflebebis
sferoSi ZiriTad principad aRiarebuli iyo formaluri Tanasworobis midgoma, aqtivisti qalebi iTxovdnen qalTa integracias Sromis bazarze da miiCnevdnen, rom qalTa dasaqmeba bunebrivad
gazrdida Tanasworobis xarisxs. Tumca male maTTvis cxadi gaxda,
rom amgvari meqanikuri integracia, anazRaurebis da socialuri
statusis TvalsazrisiT, gaTanasworebas ar iwvevda. gaCnda kiTxva:

126

127

Tu qalebi ukve monawileobdnen samuSao bazarze, anu, formalurad, aRar iyvnen diskriminaciis msxverpli, ratom narCundeboda
maTi diskriminaciuli da daqvemdebarebuli statusi rogorc samuSao adgilze, ise, zogadad, sazogadoebaSi?
feministi iuristebi diskriminaciis cnebis fundamenturi gaanalizebisa da gadaxedvis saWiroebis winaSe dadgnen. qalTa Cagvris socialuri aspeqtidan gamomdinare, maT gadawyvites
sociologiuri kvlevebis Sedegebis integrireba samarTlebriv
strategiaSi - diskriminaciis Semcveli saqmeebis sasamarTloSi
ganxilvisas; kerZod, sociologma rozabet mos kanterma daamuSava
tokenizmis243 sociologiuri Teoria244, romelic asaxavs korporaciaSi aSkara umciresobaSi myofi qalebis mdgomareobas. kanteris
azriT, rodesac qalebi, rogorc mowyvladi jgufis warmomadgenlebi, [xelovnurad] arian CarTuli organizaciaSi, sadac srul umravlesobas kacebi warmoadgenen, realurad, es ar zrdis qalebis
Tanasworobis xarisxs. maT mimarT Cagvris gansakuTrebiT mwvave
formebs iyeneben. am qalebs gamorCeulad akritikeben maTi Cacmulobis, garegnobis, sxeulis da qcevis gamo. es kritika mimarTulia
imis dasamtkiceblad, rom qalebi saqmes efeqturad ver asruleben. amgvari seqsisturi da stereotipebze dafuZnebuli kritika
mniSvnelovnad auaresebs qalebis mdgomareobas aseT korporaciebSi. kanteris mosazrebiT, sanam qalebis CarTuloba korporaciaSi ar miaRwevs 15%-dan 35%-mde Sualeds, manamde isini korporaciis maskulinuri kulturis Secvlas ver SeZleben. kanteris mier es
situacia saxeldebulia, rogorc struqturaluri diskriminaciis forma samuSao adgilze, vinaidan Teoria xazs usvams, rom genderuli diskriminaciis mTavari wyaroa organizaciis struqtura,
korporaciuli kultura da ara diskriminaciis ganmaxorcielebeli individis motivacia. struqturalisturi Teoriis momxreebisTvis diskriminacia samuSao adgilze naklebad gamomdinareobs
individis gacnobierebuli gadawyvetilebisa da qcevisgan; aseT
qcevas ganapirobebs organizaciaSi arsebuli genderuli disbalansi qalebis warmomadgenlobis sazaralod.

128

2. saqme prais uoTerhausi hopkinsis winaaRmdeg245

kanteris Teoriam pirdapiri zegavlena moaxdina aSS-is samarTlebrivi praqtikis cvlilebaze samuSao adgilze qalTa mimarT
diskriminaciis gasaCivrebis kuTxiT. saqmeSi prais uoTerhausi
hopkinsis winaaRmdeg did sabuRaltro firmaSi dasaqmebuli qali,
en hopkinsi, uCioda korporaciis partniorebs, radgan maT mosarCele, miuxedavad misi gamorCeuli unarebisa da SesaZleblobebisa, korporaciis partniorad ar miiRes. mopasuxeebis mtkicebiT, en
hopkinsis mTavar nakls warmoadgenda komunikaciis uxeSi stili mis
daqvemdebarebaSi myofi TanamSromlebis mimarT. en hopkinsi, romelic korporaciaSi tokenizmis praqtikis TvalsaCino magaliTi
gaxldaT, partniorobis 88 kandidats Soris erTaderTi qali iyo.
prais uoTerhauss 662 moqmedi partniori hyavda, maT Soris - mxolod 7 qali. en hopkinsma samarTalwarmoebis strategiis farglebSi eqspert-mowmed (expert witness) miiwvia fsiqologi siuzan fiske,
romelmac Tavis CvenebaSi swored tokenizmis Teoria moixmo da
isaubra kacebis umravlesobiT dakompleqtebul korporaciaSi
qalebis mimarT arsebuli stereotipebis damazianebel gavlenaze.
fiskes gamosvlis Tanaxmad, aseT garemoSi dasaqmebul qalebs feminurobis damkvidrebuli kriteriumebiT afaseben da ara maTi
realuri RirsebebiT da SesaZleblobebiT. Sesabamisad, swored am
garemos zegavlenis Sedegi iyo, rom korporaciis partniorebma en
hopkinss partniorad miRebaze uari uTxres.
mopasuxeebis mtkicebulebebis Tanaxmad (romlebic ganxilul
iqna sasamarTloze), en hopkinsisTvis korporaciis partniorobaze uaris Tqmis safuZveli, sxva mizezebTan erTad, gaxda isic, rom
igi metyvelebisas iyenebda uxeS da ucenzuro sityvebs. maTi azriT, qalma ase ar unda ilaparakos, da rekomendacias aZlevdnen
mosarCeles, gaevlo specialuri etiketis kursi qalebisTvis. maTi
azriT, en hopkinss unda Caecva da evlo ufro qalurad, waesva makiaJi, lamazad daeyenebina Tma da etarebina samkaulebi.246
en hopkinsma aRniSnuli saqme moigo. sasamarTlom miiRo im
droisTvis uCveulo gadawyvetileba - korporaciaSi en hopkinsis partniorad miRebasTan dakavSirebiT. am saqmem garkveuli zegavlena iqonia samarTlebriv doqtrinazec - mosarCelis mxridan
mopasuxis diskriminaciuli motivis warmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, am

243. Token - niSani; simbolo; samaxsovro; niSanwyali; samaxsovro saCuqari; Jetoni, taloni

245. US Supreme Court, 490 U.S. 228 (1989)

244. Rosabeth Moss Kanter (1977). Men and Women of the Corporation. Basic Books,
p. 206-42

246. Player M.A. (2013). Federal Law of Employment Discrimination in a Nutshell,

Seventh Edition. WEST

129

ukanasknelze mtkicebis tvirTis gadatanis kuTxiT. feministma

iuristebma ki aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebidan da tokenizmis Teoriidan ufro mniSvnelovani daskvnebi gamoitanes: maT gaakritikes
antidiskriminaciul doqtrinaSi mizez-Sedegobrivi damokidebuleba damdgar Sedegsa da rTulad dasamtkicebel faqtebs Soris.
maT arasworad miiCnies diskriminaciuli ganzraxvisa da komparatoris miTiTebis saWiroeba qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis saqmeebSi. feministi iuristebis mosazrebiT, samuSao adgilze diskriminaciis msxverplma qalebma yovelTvis unda miuTiTon, rom dasaqmebis adgilas iyo qalTa warmomadgenlobis imgvari disbalansi,
rac SeuZlebels xdida, maTTvis stereotipebisgan Tavisufali
Sefaseba miecaT, maSin, roca dasaqmebuli qalebi kvalifikaciis
obieqtur standarts akmayofilebdnen. SesaZlo diskriminaciaze
pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan asacileblad, damsaqmeblebma savaldebulod unda uzrunvelyon gadawyvetilebis mimReb organoSi
qalTa ara tokenizmi, aramed samarTliani da Tanaswori warmomadgenloba. miuxedavad imisa, rom feministebis mier SemoTavazebuli midgomiT samarTlebrivi doqtrinis sruli cvlileba ar
ganxorcielebula, SedarebiT gaxSirda sasamarTlo saqmeebis ganxilvaSi im eqspert-mowmeebis CarTva (da maTi Cvenebebis mosmena),
romlebic arwmuneben sasamarTlos organizaciis diskriminaciuli garemos uaryofiT zegavlenaSi.

C.

antidiskriminaciuli samarTali aSS-sa da evrokavSirSi

1. aSS-is antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdebloba

federalur doneze da genderuli diskriminacia
1964 wels amerikis kongresma miiRo samoqalaqo uflebebis aqti, romlis VII Tavi krZalavda, zogadad, dasaqmebis adgilas diskriminacias. Tavdapirvelad aRniSnuli nawili Seicavda rasobrivi
diskriminaciis akrZalvas, xolo sqesis safuZvelze diskriminacia masSi gaTvaliswinebuli ar iyo. mogvianebiT, aqtis miRebamde
ramdenime saaTiT adre, senatorma hovard smitma kanonmdeblebs
SesTavaza sqesis, rogorc diskriminaciis SesaZlo safuZvlis,
asaxva sakanonmdeblo aqtSi. sakiTxis Seswavlis istoriisTvis sainteresoa is faqti, rom, rogorc samarTlis mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven,247 Tavad senatori hovardi am aqtis miRebis winaaRmdegi iyo da
247. Drobac, A.J. (2004). Sexual Harassment Law, History, Cases and Theory, Carolina
Academic Press, Durham, North Carolina

130

aRniSnuli safuZveli kanonmdeblebs am winaaRmdegobis gasaZliereblad SesTavaza. ramdenime mkvlevari miuTiTebs, rom senator
hovardis mier SeTavazebul Sesworebas ufro xumrobis xasiaTi
hqonda, Tumca, es punqti kongresma samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis
VII TavSi warmatebiT asaxa.248 249 samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtSi sqesis, rogorc diskriminaciis safuZvlis, CarTvas mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi lobirebda 1916 wels qalTa sufraJistuli moZraobis
periodSi dafuZnebuli qalTa erovnuli partia (National Womens
Party), romelic mxars uWerda aseve aSS-is konstituciis me-19 Sesworebis miRebas (am SesworebiT 1920 wels qalebs xmis micemis ufleba mieniWa). aRsaniSnavia, rom am aqtis miRebas sasamarTlo praqtika dauyovnebliv ar Seucvlia.
dasaqmebis adgilas diskriminacia aSS-Si warmoadgens Sromis kanonmdeblobisa da samoqalaqo uflebebis urTierTgadakveTis sferos. erTi mxriv, igi exeba SromiT urTierTobebs da, meore mxriv,
adamianis samoqalaqo uflebas, daculi iyos diskriminaciis yvela
formisgan. dResdReobiT aSS-is federaluri saagento dasaqmebis
Tanaswori SesaZleblobis komisia250, romelic warmoadgens SromiTi diskriminaciis Semswavlel ZiriTad meqanizms, muSaobaSi sam
ZiriTad sakanonmdeblo aqts iyenebs: (1) 1964 wlis samoqalaqo uflebebis aqts (me-7 Tavi krZalavs diskriminacias asakis, sqesis, rasis, erovnuli warmomavlobis da religiis niadagze), (2) dasaqmebaSi
asakobrivi diskriminaciis aqts251 da amerikis SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa aqts.252 zemoT CamoTvlili federaluri aqtebi
awesebs im minimalur zRvars, romliTac savaldebuloa, daculi
iyos piris SromiTi urTierTobebi, Tumca es ar zRudavs romelime
Stats, daamkvidros ufro maRali standarti piris diskriminaciisgan dasacavad zemoaRniSnul an sxva safuZvelze.
amerikis samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis VII Tavi, romelic sqess
diskriminaciis erT-erT safuZvlad miuTiTebs, ar gvaZlevs sqesis
ganmartebas. Tumca, 1978 wlis orsulobis safuZvelze diskriminaciis aqti253, romelmac cvlilebebi Seitana samoqalaqo uflebebis
aqtis VII TavSi, sqesis niSans ganmartavs, rogorc orsulobas, bavSvis aRzrdas da masTan dakavSirebul samedicino mdgomareobas. aS248. Baer, J.A. (2002). Women in American Law, 77
249. Greenberg, J.G.et al. (1998). Mary Joe Frugs Women and the Law
250. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
251. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)
252. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
253. 1978 Pregnancy Discrimination Act

131

S-is sasamarTloebma gadawyvetilebebSi sqesi ganmartes, rogorc

mamakacs da qals Soris fizikuri da biologiuri sxvaoba. sqesis
niSniT diskriminaciis saqmeebSi sasamarTloebi sinonimebad iyeneben terminebs sqesi da genderi.

2. genderuli diskriminaciis akrZalva evrokavSiris

samarTlis mixedviT
evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis 1957 wlis xelSekrulebis
119-e muxli miuTiTebda, rom genderuli diskriminaciis akrZalva
savaldebuloa Tanabari Sromis Tanabar anazRaurebasTan mimarTebiT. Tumca, 1976 wels, evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebiT, aRniSnuli muxlis ganmarteba gascda mxolod
ekonomikur urTierTobebs da mas socialuri mizanic mieniWa, vinaidan, sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, es muxli xels uwyobs socialur
progress, samuSao da sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobesebas.254
mogvianebiT amave sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom ekonomikuri mizani,
socialur mizanTan SedarebiT, meoradi mniSvnelobisaa, vinaidan
Tanabari anazRaurebis principi adamianis fundameturi uflebis
ganxorcielebaa.255
1999 wels amsterdamis xelSekrulebiT gamyarda genderuli
diskriminaciis akrZalvis sakanonmdeblo safuZveli, vinaidan genderuli Tanasworobis miRweva yvela sferoSi kavSiris deklarirebul miznad gamocxadda. dainerga genderuli meinstrimingis principi. 2007 wels lisabonis xelSekrulebam diskriminaciisgan dacva
da genderuli Tanasworoba evrokavSiris fundamentur principad
aRiara. aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebebi aseve aisaxa evrokavSiris im
direqtivebSi, romlebic exeba Tanasworobas da diskriminaciisgan
dacvas. 2000 wels kavSirma miiRo ori direqtiva: dasaqmebisas Tanabari mopyrobis Sesaxeb da rasobrivi Tanasworobis Sesaxeb. evrokavSiris fundamenturi uflebebis qartia krZalavs diskriminacias, maT Soris sqesis safuZvelze (muxli 21). igi genderuli diskriminaciisgan dacvas moiTxovs ara mxolod SromiT urTierTobebSi,
aramed, ojaxuri da piradi cxovrebis sferoSi.
evrokavSiris direqtiva 2006/54, aseve krZalavs pirdapir da
irib diskriminacias sajaro da kerZo sferoSi, Semdeg sakiTxebTan
mimarTebiT:
254. Case C-43/75 Gabrielle Defrenne v Socit Anonyme Belge de Navigation Arienne Sabena [1976] ECR 455 (Defrenne II), at paras 10-12
255. Case C-50/96 Deutsche Telekom AG, formerly Deutsche Bundespost Telekom v.
Lilli Schrder [2000] ECR I-743 (Schrder), at para. 57

132

(1) dasaqmebis xelmisawvdomoba, TviTdasaqmeba (SerCevis kriteriumebi da mowvevis pirobebi profesiuli ierarqiis yvela doneze, maT Soris dawinaurebis dros);
(2) profesiuli ganaTleba da mxardaWera, praqtikuli samuSao
gamocdilebis miReba;
(3) organizaciis wevroba da CarTuloba; profesiuli da damsaqmebelTa kavSirebi.
aRniSnulidan sagamonakliso SemTxvevaa saqmianobis aucilebeli moTxovnebis (Genuine occupational requirement) arseboba, rodesac Sesasrulebeli samuSaos Semadgenel saqmianobas aqvs garkveuli, sqesTan SeWiduli maxasiaTebeli, romlis gamoc romelime sqesis warmomadgenlis mimarT gansxvavebuli mopyroba, konkretuli
konteqstidan gamomdinare, diskriminaciad ver miiCneva. Tumca,
evrokavSiris direqtivebi gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT ekideba
am sakiTxs, raTa sagamonakliso SemTxveva usafuZvlod ar gafarTovdes. evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos poziciis Tanaxmad, aseTi sagamonakliso SemTxveva Zalian mkacri wesiT unda
ganimartos. arsebobs riski, rom amgvar gamonaklisad CaiTvalos
is profesiebi da saqmianobebi, romelTa dauflebas da ganxorcielebas qalebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi diskriminaciulad uzRudavdnen. evrokavSiris direqtivebi wevr saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs, yovel 8 weliwadSi erTxel gadaafason da revizia Cautaron
saqmianobis aucilebel moTxovnebs, radgan, teqnologiuri progresidan da socialuri ganviTarebidan gamomdinare, is saqmianobebi, romlebic adre dakavSirebuli iyo romelime sqesTan, SesaZloa,
amgvar moTxovnebs aRar Seicavdes. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia,
rom qalebisaTvis raime saqmianobis dawyebaze uaris Tqma dauSvebelia safrTxisgan maTi dacvis saWiroebis motiviT (magaliTad,
samxedro saqme).
kidev erTi gamonaklisi, romelic diskriminaciad ar CaiTvleba, gaxlavT pozitiuri gadawyvetilebebis ganxorcieleba, romelTa farglebSic wevrma saxelmwifoebma SesaZlebelia, SeinarCunon an gaataron RonisZiebebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs sruli
Tanasworobis dacvas qalebisa da kacebis cxovrebaSi. aRniSnuli
RonisZiebebi gulisxmobs garkveuli upiratesobis (advantage) miniWebas, romelic daZlevs im istoriul Cagvras, rasac ganicdidnen
daCagruli sqesis adamianebi dasaqmebisa Tu profesiuli ganaTlebis sferoSi.
specialuri Canaweri gakeTda qalebis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT orsulobisa da Svilosnobis sakiTxebTan mi-

133

marTebiT.256 1992 wels wevrma saxelmwifoebma miiRes kidev erTi direqtiva 92/85 dasaqmebuli orsuli qalebis dacvis mizniT.
1976 wels wevrma saxelmwifoebma ver miaRwies SeTanxmebas socialuri uzrunvelyofis sferoSi qalebisa da kacebis mimarT Tanabari mopyrobis Sesaxeb; Tumca 1978 wels miiRes direqtiva 79/7,
e.w. Tanasworobis mesame direqtiva, romelic exeboda qalebsa da
kacebs Soris Tanasworobas socialuri uzrunvelyofis sferoSi. aRniSnuli direqtiva awesrigebs avadmyofobasTan, SezRudul
SesaZleblobasTan, xandazmulobasTan, sawarmoo da profesiul
travmebTan da umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.
mesame direqtiva aseve moicavs sagamonakliso danawesebs qalTa sapensio asakTan dakavSirebiT da pozitiur RonisZiebebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia im faqtTan, rom piri, romelic dakavebuli
iyo bavSvis aRzrdiT, SesaZloa, iZulebuli gamxdariyo, profesiuli saqmianoba Seewyvita.
2010/18 direqtivaSi ganxilulia mSoblis Svebulebis sakiTxebic, rac pirebs exmareba profesiul da pirad cxovrebas Soris balansis damyarebaSi.
direqtiva 2004/113 genderuli Tanasworobis speqtrs kidev
ufro afarToebs da miuTiTebs, rom is daculi unda iyos servisebisa da saqonlis miwodebis sferoSic.

D.

diskriminaciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb erovnuli

kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva

qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis akrZalvis kuTxiT unda ganvixiloT erovnuli kanonmdeblobis 3 mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo aqti, romlebic uSualod ukavSirdeba qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis
akrZalvis regulirebas. es aqtebia: saqarTvelos kanoni genderuli
Tanasworobis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi, saqarTvelos
kanoni diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb.

1. saqarTvelos kanoni genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb

saqarTvelos kanoni genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb, romelic 2010 wels iqna miRebuli, qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis akrZalvis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani dokumenti iqneboda, rom ara
misi deklaraciuli xasiaTi. miRebidan dRemde kanons swored amis
256. Directive 76/207, Article 2(3)

134

gamo akritikeben - is, faqtobrivad, ar moicavs kanonis moTxovnebis

aRsrulebis meqanizms; arc erTi sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtiT ar xdeba genderuli Tanasworobis kanonSi dadgenili normebis darRvevis sanqcireba. kanons aseve aqvs xarvezebi qalTa Tanasworobis ganmsazRvreli danawesebis formulirebaSic, rasac aqve ganvixilavT.
kanonis me-3 muxlis pirveli punqti, romelic gansazRvravs
ZiriTad terminebs, genderul Tanasworobas ganmartavs, rogorc
uflebaTa nawils.257 es ganmarteba Seusabamoa genderuli Tanasworobis arsTan da filosofiasTan, vinaidan ar arsebobs uflebebis raime jgufi, romelSic genderuli Tanasworoba ar unda iyos
warmodgenili. genderuli Tanasworoba aris gamWoli principi,
romelic adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis mTel speqtrs
moicavs da ara mis romelime nawils. amave dros, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 muxli, romelic Tanasworobas (maT Soris genderul Tanasworobas) uzrunvelyofs, mxolod uflebaTa garkveul
nawilze ki ar vrceldeba, aramed yvela maTganze.
genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb kanoni ar moicavs Canawers
sazogadoebaSi qalTa uTanasworobasTan dakavSirebuli stereotipebis da ganwyobis SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT. im pirobebSi, rodesac sasamarTloebi qalTa diskriminaciis erT-erT damadasturebel mtkicebulebad stereotipuli ganwyobisa da seqsisturi
gamonaTqvamebis arsebobas ganixilaven, amgvari Canaweris ararseboba kanonis xarvezad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb kanoni ar ganixilavs interseqciuri diskriminaciis movlenas, anu qalebis diskriminacias ramdenime niSniT; Sesabamisad, amovardnilia Canaweri eTnikuri
da religiuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli da SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qalebis, aseve gansxvavebuli seqsualuri orientaciisa da genderuli identobis mqone, soflad mcxovrebi qalebisa da sxva marginalizebuli jgufebis mimarT sistemuri Cagvris
praqtikis aRmofxvris aucileblobis Sesaxeb.
problemuria kanonis Canaweri, romelic qalebisaTvis garkveuli samuSaos Sesrulebisas qalebis araTanabar mdgomareobaSi Cayenebas dasaSvebad miiCnevs. ganvixiloT problemuri muxlis formulireba. am kanonis me-6 muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad:
dasaqmebisas da SromiTi movaleobebis Sesrulebisas dasaSvebia sqesis niSniT pirTa araTanabar mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba an/da
257.genderuli Tanasworoba - adamianis uflebaTa nawili, romelic
gulisxmobs qalisa da mamakacis Tanaswor ufleba-movaleobebs, pasuxismgeblobas da Tanasworuflebian monawileobas piradi da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.

135

maTTvis upiratesobis miniWeba, rac gamomdinareobs samuSaos arsidan, specifikidan, an misi Sesrulebis pirobebidan, emsaxureba kanonieri miznis miRwevas da aris misi miRwevis Tanazomieri da aucilebeli saSualeba.
pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom saqmianobis aucilebeli moTxovnebis SemTxveva kanonSi moyvanilia, zogadad, dasaSveb
praqtikad da ara sagamonakliso SemTxvevad, rac imTaviTve problemuri formulirebaa da warmoSobs am muxlis farTod gavrcelebis risks. saqmianobis aucilebeli pirobebi (genuine occupational
requirements) muxlSi referirebulia, rogorc samuSaos arsi. samuSao Tavisi arsiT ufro farToa, vidre konkretuli saqmianoba.
TiToeuli samuSao (magaliTad, jariskacis) SesaZloa, Seicavdes
ramdenime saqmianobas, Sesabamisad, moTxovnebi unda gamomdinareobdes ara samuSaodan, aramed saqmianobidan. muxli aseve ar
moixmobs konteqsts, rac aRniSnul SezRudvas dausabuTeblad
afarToebs. konkretuli saqmianoba SesaZloa, sxvadasxva konteqstSi sxvadasxva moTxovnas ayenebdes misi ganmaxorcielebeli piris
mimarT. muxlSi moyvanili pirobebi imgvaradaa formulirebuli,
rom isini samuSaos maxasiaTeblad aRiqmeba; konteqsti ki ufro
garemos maxasiaTeblebs miemarTeba. muxli aseve ar azustebs saqmianobis aucilebeli moTxovnebis perioduli gadasinjvis valdebulebas, rogorc es evrokavSiris Sesabamisi direqtivebiTaa
gaTvaliswinebuli. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, migvaCnia, rom aRniSnuli muxlis formulireba blanketuria da Seicavs sqesis niSniT imgvari diskriminaciis ganxorcielebis safrTxes, romelic swored sazogadoebrivi stereotipebis zegavleniTaa nakarnaxevi.
kanonSi aseve araa ganxiluli mSoblis Svebulebis sakiTxi,
romelic Svilebis mimarT qalisa da kacis Tanabari movaleobebis
Sesrulebas Seuwyobda xels. saqarTvelos Sromis kanonmdeblobaSi dekretuli Svebuleba jer isev mxolod qalebis uflebad aRiqmeba da am terminis Canacvleba mSoblis SvebulebiT aRniSnuli
problemis mogvarebisTvis win gadadgmul nabijad CaiTvleboda.
aRsaniSnavia kanonSi qalebis mimarT samuSao adgilze Seviwroebis akrZalvis muxli. Tumca sagulisxmo xarvezia, rom termini
seqsualuri Seviwroeba masSi gamoyenebuli ar aris, rac, calsaxad, problemas warmoadgens. garda amisa, amave kanoniT akrZaluli
ar aris seqsualuri Seviwroeba sxva garemoSi, magaliTad, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi, rac aseve mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa.
aRniSnuli analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia, SevafasoT, rom

136

genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb kanoni sinamdvileSi ar pasuxobs

misi Seqmnis mizans, ar iTvaliswinebs qalTa Cagvris istoriuli
realobis aRmofxvras da ver uzrunvelyofs sqesis da genderuli
niSniT diskriminaciis aRkveTas cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi.

2. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi

saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi diskriminacias krZalavs rogorc winasaxelSekrulebo, aseve SromiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi da xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis dros. daculi sferos CamonaTvalTan erTad, romelic moicavs sqesis niSans, Sromis kodeqsi
aseve ganmartavs pirdapiri da iribi diskriminaciis arss da sagamonakliso SemTxvevebs. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa diskriminaciis formad Seviwroebis gamocxadeba, Tumca ganvixiloT aRniSnuli kanonis xarvezebi da neitraluri Sinaarsis muxlebi, romlebic
qals arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi ayenebs.
2014 wels Catarebuli kvlevis Tanaxmad,258 saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi ar aregulirebs winasaxelSekrulebo etapze vakansiis
Sesaxeb warsadgeni gancxadebis Sinaarss, rac, calsaxad, qalTa mimarT diskriminaciul Sedegebs iwvevs. amave kvlevis Tanaxmad, problemas qmnis is garemoeba, rom kandidatis SerCevis da gasaubrebis
etapze damsaqmebels kandidatis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis SeuzRudavi ufleba aqvs, rac kodeqsis me-5 muxlis 1-li nawiliT regulirdeba. raki muxli ar azustebs, Tu romeli informacia CaiTvleba
diskriminaciulad, an romeli informaciis miwodebaze uaris Tqmis
ufleba aqvs kandidats, amitom kvlavac SegviZlia, aRniSnuli muxli
qalebisaTvis araTanaswor da diskriminaciuli Sedegis momtanad
ganvixiloT. magaliTad, qarTul realobaSi damsaqmeblis mier mopovebuli informacia qalis orsulobis Sesaxeb xSirad xdeba misTvis dasaqmebaze uaris Tqmis safuZveli. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi aseve araa dakonkretebuli damsaqmeblis mxridan informaciis
miRebis saSualebebi, rac SromiTi urTierTobebis mniSvnelovan
aspeqts regulirebis miRma tovebs da zrdis dasaqmebulis pirad
cxovrebaSi Carevis risks.259
calke problemas warmoadgens araunificirebuli kanonmdebloba, kerZod, urTierTmimareba Sromis kodeqsSi arsebul
258. konstituciis 42-e muxli (2014). genderuli diskriminacia SromiT
urTierTobebSi
259. kereseliZe, T. (2014). saqarTvelos Sromis kanonmdeblobis analizi - dasaqmebis adgilze sqesis niSnis mixedviT diskriminacia da misi
samarTlebrivi Sedegebi. saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia

137

antidiskriminaciul normebsa da diskriminaciis yvela formis

aRmofxvris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul antidiskriminaciul Canawerebs Soris. vinaidan Sromis kodeqsi
ar azustebs, ra samarTlebrivi Sedegebi dadgeba diskriminaciis SemTxvevaSi diskriminatoris mimarT, iseve, rogorc diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebul sxva sakiTxebs, mosarCele iZulebulia,
daeyrdnos diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis danawesebs. Tumca aRniSnuli rTuldeba am ukanasknelis me-3 muxlSi gansazRvruli kanonis moqmedebis sferos
SemofargvliT, sadac miTiTebulia, rom am kanonis moTxovnebi
vrceldeba sajaro dawesebulebebis, organizaciebis, fizikuri da
iuridiuli pirebis qmedebebze yvela sferoSi, magram mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu es qmedebebi ar regulirdeba sxva samarTlebrivi
aqtiT; aseve garTulebulia situacia am ori kanoniT dawesebuli
diskriminaciis gasaCivrebis gansxvavebuli vadebis gamo, rac SromiT samarTlebriv davaSi monawile pirs impliciturad uwesebs
ufro mkacr pirobebs (gasaCivrebis ufro xanmokle vada), vidre
sxva sferoSi diskriminaciis msxverpls. aRniSnulma bundovanebam
da unificirebis problemam, SesaZloa, damazianeblad imoqmedos
antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis aRsrulebaze.
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi ar moicavs cxad Canawers Tanabari SromisTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb.260 aRniSnul princips
igi aerTianebs diskriminaciis zogad akrZalvaSi, rac ar gulisxmobs Tanaswori anazRaurebis xelSewyobis pirdapir valdebulebas damsaqmeblisTvis. xSirad anazRaurebis sakiTxi saqarTveloSi,
gansakuTrebiT kerZo seqtorSi, dasaqmebul pirebTan mimarTebiT
damsaqmeblis diskreciadac ki ganixileba. aseve problemuria informaciis konfidencialobis principi anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebiT, radgan iTvleba, rom saxelfaso ganakveTi (garda sajaro
seqtorisa) aris piris konfidencialuri informacia; diskriminaciis msxverplisTvis mtkicebulebaTa mopoveba garTulebulia da
am saxis informaciis sasamarTlos ZaliT gamoTxovna mxolod sasamarTlo davis etapze xdeba SesaZlebeli, rac, cxadia, ar qmnis
Tanabar Sansebs sasarCelo moTxovnebis Camoyalibebisa da SejibrebiTi davisTvis marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Sromis kodeqsSi orsulebis dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebuli Canaweri, romelic genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonisgan gansxvavebul midgomas
aviTarebs.
260. iqve, gv. 56

138

Sromis kodeqsis me-4 muxlis me-5 nawili krZalavs orsul qalTan SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadebas, romelic gulisxmobs mZime,
mavne da saSiS pirobebSi samuSaos Sesrulebas. amave dros, genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb kanonis me-6 muxlis me-4 punqti aRniSnavs, rom orsuli qalebisaTvis uzrunvelyofili unda iyos xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna, imgvarad, rom gamoiricxos maTi muSaoba
mZime, mavne da saSiSi pirobebis Semcvel samuSao garemoSi. es Canaweri gacilebiT mgrZnobiarea qalTa saWiroebebis mimarT, vinaidan Sromis kodeqsis amkrZalavi imperatiuli norma damsaqmebels
aniWebs SekiTxvis dasmis uflebas orsulobis Taobaze. amave dros,
is imTaviTve Seicavs blanketur akrZalvas xelSekrulebis dadebaze da ar avaldebulebs damsaqmebels, uzrunvelyos xelsayreli
samuSao pirobebi, rogorc amas akeTebs genderuli Tanasworobis
Sesaxeb kanoni.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Sromis kodeqsi aseve moicavs saqmianobis
aucilebeli pirobebis Sesaxeb Canawers, Tumca, genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb kanonisgan gansxvavebiT, igi iyenebs frazas
diskriminaciad ar CaiTvleba (nacvlad sityvisa dasaSvebia),
rac ukeTes formulirebad migvaCnia, Tumca muxlis SemadgenlobaSi rCeba igive problemebi samuSaos cnebis ganmartebasTan da
konteqstis cnebis gamotovebasTan, aseve saqmianobis pirobebis 8
weliwadSi erTxel gadaxedvasTan dakavSirebiT.
rac Seexeba dekretul Svebulebas, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi gvxvdeba Semdegi saxis xarvezi: saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi
orsulobis, mSobiarobis da bavSvis movlis, aseve axalSobilis
Svilad ayvanis gamo anazRaurebis wesi ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris 2006
wlis #231/n brZanebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sromis kodeqsis Canaweri ar mianiSnebs sqesze (Sesabamisad, normis subieqtia rogorc
dasaqmebuli qali, ise kaci), ministris brZanebiT damtkicebuli
wesis me-10 muxlis me-6 punqtis mixedviT, orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da bavSvis movlis gamo Svebuleba da, Sesabamisad, anazRaureba
orsuli (mSobiare) qalis ojaxis wevrebs ar miecemaT, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca orsuli qalis gardacvalebis gamo, cocxali bavSvis dabadebis SemTxvevaSi, daxmarebas iRebs mama an meurve piri. es
Canaweri gamoricxavs mSoblis Svebulebis koncefcias, romelic
orive mSobels miscemda Svebulebas bavSvis gaCenis da aRzrdis gamo; aqedan gamomdinare, is ar Seesabameba evrokavSiris standarts
da Tavisi arsiT genderulad diskriminaciulia, vinaidan mamis gamoricxva bavSvis aRzrdisgan mamas araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi
ayenebs, Tanac ganamtkicebs qalebis daqvemdebarebul da uTanasworo mdgomareobas. Sromis kodeqsi aseve ar avaldebulebs dam-

139

saqmebels, gaweros specialuri xelSemwyobi politika kacebisa da

qalebisaTvis mSoblis Svebulebis uzrunvelyofis Taobaze.
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi ar icnobs pozitiuri RonisZiebebis cnebas.261 Sesabamisad, qalTa istoriuli Cagvra da uTanasworoba dasaqmebis arc erT sferoSi ar aris aRiarebuli da gaTvaliswinebuli.
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi aseve ar iTvaliswinebs qalebis
reproduqciul funqciasTan dakavSirebuli specialuri saWiroebebis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas an, masze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, diskriminaciis dadgenas, rogorc es ganmtkicebulia aSS-is
kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaSi.
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi, 2013 wels Sesuli cvlilebebis
Sedegad, gaCnda Canaweri diskriminaciis mtkicebis tvirTis mopasuxeze gadatanis Sesaxeb. Sromis kodeqsis me-4 (meore prima) muxlis
me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosarCele miuTiTebs garemoebebze, romlebic qmnis diskriminaciis varauds, maSin mtkicebis
tvirTi damsaqmebels ekisreba. aRniSnuli cvlileba mniSvnelovania
dasaqmebulTa uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca problemas
warmoadgens is, rom es Canaweri ar vrceldeba winasaxelSekrulebo
urTierTobebze, rac kanonis mniSvnelovani xarvezia.
yovelive zemoTqmuli miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelos Sromis
kodeqsi jer isev arasamarTliania genderuli TvalsazrisiT da ar
iTvaliswinebs qalebis Tanaswor uflebebs dasaqmebis sferoSi. sinamdvileSi is rCeba meqanikuri Tanasworobis postulatze da eyrdnoba amerikasa da evropis qveynebSi aTwleulebis win Secvlil paradigmas imis Taobaze, rom qalebis meqanikuri integracia Sromis
bazarze maT Tanasworobas uwyobs xels. aRniSnuli paradigma moZvelebuli da gamousadegaria, iseve, rogorc kanonis formalisturi midgoma qalTa Sromis uflebebis realizaciisadmi.

3. saqarTvelos kanoni diskriminaciis yvela formis

aRmofxvris Sesaxeb
2014 wlis maisSi miRebuli es kanoni win gadadgmuli nabijia
sxvadasxva niSniT diskriminaciis, maT Soris genderuli niSniT
diskriminaciis aRmofxvris mimarTulebiT. Tumca, kanonis aRsru261. kereseliZe, T. (2014). saqarTvelos Sromis kanonmdeblobis analizi - dasaqmebis adgilze sqesis niSnis mixedviT diskriminacia da misi
samarTlebrivi Sedegebi. saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia

140

lebis orwlianma gamocdilebam gamoavlina misi rogorc zogadi

xasiaTis xarvezebi, aseve genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxSi arsebuli problemebi.
Tavad saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelma, romelsac amave kanoniT diskriminaciis aRmofxvrisa da zedamxedvelobis funqcia mieniWa, 2015 wlis specialur angariSSi262 Camoayaliba is xarvezebi,
romlebic aRniSnul kanons aqvs. xolo 2016 wels, am xarvezebidan
gamomdinare, sakanonmdeblo organos warudgina rekomendaciebi
sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad. ganvixiloT aRniSnuli xarvezebi genderuli Tanasworobis WrilSi:
kanonis procesualuri erT-erTi xarvezia xanmokle xandazmulobis vada (3 Tve) diskriminaciis sarCeliT sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvisaTvis. aseve, vinaidan, aRniSnuli kanonis me-9 muxlis
pirveli punqtis mixedviT, sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva aCerebs saqmiswarmoebas saxalxo damcvelis mier (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxalxo
damcvelis Tanasworobis departaments ukve dawyebuli aqvs saqmis
Seswavla), moqalaqeebi, romlebic gadawyveten, gaasaCivron diskriminacia SromiT uflebebis TvalsazrisiT, SezRudulni arian Sromis kodeqsiT dadgenili erTTviani vadiT.263 aRniSnuli SezRudva
gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa diskriminaciis msxverpl qalebTan mimarTebiT, romlebisTvisac, genderuli rolebidan da zrunvis saqmianobidan gamomdinare, gasaCivrebis SemWidroebuli vadebi marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobaze barierad unda CaiTvalos.
diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni saxalxo damcvels uflebamosilebas ar aniWebs, saqmis
warmoebis procesSi, savaldebulo wesiT, moiTxovos informacia
kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebisagan; aseve - kerZo pirebisagan; xolo sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebTan mimarTebiT aseTi ufleba gaTvaliswinebulia. aRniSnuli xarvezi
aferxebs saxalxo damcvels, informacia daubrkoleblad moipovos, rac aucilebelia diskriminaciis dadgenisaTvis. Tu gadavxedavT saxalxo damcvelis mier genderis niSniT 2015 wels ganxilul
262. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis specialuri angariSi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis, misi Tavidan acilebisa da Tanasworobis
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. (2015). ix bmulze: http://ombudsman.ge/ge/reports/specialuri-angarishebi/qveyanashi-diskriminaciis-winaagmdeg-brdzolis-misi-tavidan-acilebisa-da-tanasworobis-mdgomareobis-shesaxeb.page
263. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis 38-e muxlis me-6 punqtis da sajaro
samsaxuris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 127-e muxlis 1-li punqtis Tanaxmad, dasaqmebuls SeuZlia, damsaqmeblis mier gamocemuli brZaneba
erTi Tvis vadaSi gaasaCivros.

141

diskriminaciis saqmeebs, umravles SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxe mxare iyo

kerZo samarTlis subieqti (magaliTad, ss saqarTvelos banki, Sps
Jobs.ge, Sps kredo). Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli procesualuri xarvezi, romelic mopasuxeebs informaciis savaldebulo wesiT miwodebas ar avaldebulebs, gansakuTrebiT negatiur zegavlenas axdens
qalTa Tanasworobis aRdgenis SesaZleblobaze.
mniSvnelovani procesualuri darRvevaa Canaweri, romlis
Tanaxmadac, saxalxo damcvelis mier diskriminaciis faqtis dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi, kerZo samarTlis subieqtebs da fizikur
pirebs ar ekisrebaT reagirebis valdebuleba. rogorc saxalxo
damcvelis specialur angariSSia aRniSnuli, mas ar gaaCnia rekomendaciis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofisa da zedamxedvelobis aranairi berketi kerZo seqtorTan mimarTebiT. diskriminaciis yvela
formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb kanonis miRebidan 2016 wlis ivlisamde periodSi qalTa mimarT genderuli niSniT aRbeWdili diskriminaciis Tu uTanasworo mopyrobis yvela SemTxveva ganxorcielebuli iyo kerZo kompaniebis mier. maTi mxridan diskriminaciis
dadgenis Semdeg mxolod erTma kerZo kompaniam gaiTvaliswina saxalxo damcvelis rekomendacia da gaauqma diskriminaciis Semcveli brZaneba, amasTan, msxverpls aunazRaura ziani. yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, kerZo seqtoris warmomadgenlebis mxridan gamovlinda
gulgriloba saxalxo damcvelis mier gacemuli rekomendaciis da
zogadi winadadebis Sesrulebis mimarT, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs aRniSnuli xarvezis gansakuTrebulad damazianebel efeqtze
qalebis mimarT.
sasamarTlo saqmiswarmoebis dros, diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebul davebSi, saxalxo damcvels aqvs SesaZlebloba, samarTlebrivi daskvnebi sasamarTlos megobris statusiT waradginos. Tumca
es ufleba ar gaaCniaT arasamTavrobo organizaciebs264, romlebic
am davaSi ar arian CarTulni mxaris an mesame piris statusiT. saxalxo damcvels miaCnia, rom am berketis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba, samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebis Setanis gziT, unda mieces yvela im pirs, romlebsac aqvT specialuri
codna da kompetencia gansaxilvel TemebTan dakavSirebiT. qalTa
organizaciebisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania es aspeqti,
radgan sasamarTlo warmoebaSi maTi CarTuloba aamaRlebda marTlmsajulebis mgrZnobelobas qalTa uflebebisa da Tanasworobis
sakiTxebis mimarT.
264. igulisxmeba samoqalaqo davebi.b

142

diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb kanonis

umniSvnelovanes materialur xarvezs warmoadgens is faqti, rom
masSi diskriminaciis calke formad ar aris ganmartebuli seqsualuri Seviwroebis cneba. Sesabamisad, normatiulad araa gamyarebuli evrokavSirisa da aSS-is samarTalSi arsebuli sakanonmdeblo Canaweri imis Taobaze, rom seqsualuri Seviwroebis saqmeebi
ar moiTxovs komparatoris moZebnas da gonivruli gamarTlebis
SesaZleblobas, meore mxriv, seqsualuri Seviwroebis dros mtkicebis tvirTi mopasuxeze ki ar gadadis (ise, rogorc diskriminaciis Sesaxeb sxva davebSi) aramed Tanabrad nawildeba orive mxareze.
kanonis analizi cxadyofs, rom masSi arsebuli materialuri
da procesualuri xarvezebi gansakuTrebiT mZime zegavlenas axdens qalTaTvis marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobaze. aRsrulebis, sanqcirebisa da kompensaciis susti meqanizmi, iseve, rogorc
saproceso saSualebebis gamoyenebis barierebi, qalebs kidev ufro usustebs ndobas marTlmsajulebis mimarT. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli ki saWiroebs antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis, materialuri da saproceso normebis saswrafo cvlilebas da genderuli perseqtiviT maTi xelmisawvdomobis gazrdas.

E.

saxalxo damcvelis mier ganxiluli genderuli

diskriminaciis saqmeebi

saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis mier 2015 wels gamocemuli

specialuri angariSisa265 da amave instituciis vebgverdze ganTavsebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, 2014-2016 wlebSi (2016 wlis ivnisis
mdgomareobiT) genderuli Tanasworobis Temaze ganxiluli saqmeebis sruli umravlesoba ukavSirdeboda kerZo seqtoris mier
qalebis mimarT diskriminaciuli praqtikis ganxorcielebas. Sesabamisad, yvela ganxilul SemTxvevaSi gamovlinda kanonmdeblobiT
daSvebuli xarvezebi kerZo samarTlis subieqtebis mxridan, kerZod - organizaciebma saxalxo damcvels umetes SemTxvevaSi ar miawodes Sesabamisi informacia gamokvlevis procesSi; diskriminaciis dadgenis Semdgom ki ar aRasrules saxalxo damcvelis rekomendacia diskriminaciis Sewyvetisa da Sedegebis aRmofxvris Taoba265. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis specialuri angariSi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis, misi Tavidan acilebisa da Tanasworobis
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. (2015). ix. bmulze: http://ombudsman.ge/ge/reports/specialuri-angarishebi/qveyanashi-diskriminaciis-winaagmdeg-brdzolis-misi-tavidan-acilebisa-da-tanasworobis-mdgomareobis-shesaxeb.page

143

ze, garda erTi gamonaklisisa (saxalxo damcvelis mier genderuli

diskriminaciis kuTxiT ganxilul saqmeebs gaecaniT danarTSi #1).
aRniSnuli kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom aucilebelia kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebis Setana uaxloes periodSi.

F.

genderuli diskriminaciis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebebi erovnul doneze

kvlevis farglebSi gaanalizda sasamarTlo praqtika, risTvisac moZiebul iqna samive instanciis gadawyvetilebebi eleqtronul saZiebo sistemaSi; aseve gamoTxovnil iqna isini sasamarTlodan da arasamTavrobo organizaciebidan.
vinaidan kvlevis ganxorcielebis periodisTvis (2016 wlis ivlisi) ar arsebobda arc erTi sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba genderuli niSniT diskriminaciis dadgenasTan dakavSirebiT diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis
safuZvelze, mkvlevarTa jgufma SeimuSava genderuli diskriminaciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis moZiebis alternatiuli strategia; kerZod, damuSavda 593 sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba (miRebuli
sasamarTlos samive instanciis mier) SromiTi davebis Sesaxeb, romlebSic mosarCele amtkicebda, rom misi SromiTi ufleba dairRva
mis mimarT ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciis gamo. maT Soris iyo
gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic exeboda SromiT samarTlebriv davebs, samuSaoze aRdgenisa da iZulebiTi ganacduris moTxovnas.
vinaidan sasarCelo moTxovnebs Soris SromiT davaTa umravlesobaSi diskriminaciis dadgenis moTxovna ar arsebobda, mkvlevrebma
gaaanalizes gadawyvetilebebis sruli teqstebi, raTa maTSi daefiqsirebinaT diskriminaciis faqtis Sesaxeb msjeloba. sabolood, 593 gadawyvetilebidan analizisTvis SeirCa 20 gadawyvetileba, romlebSic SedarebiT farTod iyo gaSlili diskriminaciis an
genderuli stereotipebis Tema. damuSavebul sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebSi gamovlinda Semdegi saxis xarvezebi:

1. diskriminaciuli mopyrobis identificireba

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis analizisas gamovlinda, rom
xSirad mosarCele qalebi (da, savaraudod, maTi advokatebic) ver
axdenen diskriminaciis saxeldebas da mis garSemo msjelobis ganviTarebasac ver axerxeben, genderuli diskriminaciis aSkara niSnebis
SemTxvevaSic. mosarCele qalebi xSirad axseneben SesaZlo diskriminaciis faqts mtkicebulebebis Segrovebisa da wardgenis etapze,

144

Tumca uWirT am axali samarTlebrivi cnebis adekvaturi integrireba sasarCelo moTxovnaSi. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo aRniSnuli
saqmeebis ganxilvisas mopasuxis savaraudo diskriminaciuli qmedebis ignorirebas axdens da mas saqmiswarmoebisas ar ganixilavs.
baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier ganxilul saqmeSi,266 romelic Seexeboda samsaxuridan orsulis gaTavisuflebas, sasarCelo
moTxovnis dasabuTebaSi miTiTebulia:
mosarCelem 2013 wlis 1 maiss xelSekrulebis safuZvelze muSaoba daiwyo Sps l.k.r.-Si ofismenejerad. xelSekruleba daido
12 Tvis vadiT. xelfasis saxiT iRebda 1000 lars. 2013 wlis 8 agvistodan orsulobis aRricxvaze dadga baTumis samSobiaro saxlSi.
... [xelmZRvanelebma] ganumartes, rom orsuli da bavSviani pirebi
samuSaoze ar undodaT. aRniSnulis gamo usafuZvlod uZebnidnen
mizezebs samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebisaTvis.
aRniSnuli praqtikis problemuroba, romelic mdgomareobs
diskriminaciuli mopyrobis Sesaxeb informaciis arSemowmebaSi,
dasturdeba Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis mier 2014 wels miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT, romelic
ZalaSi datova sakasacio sasamarTlomac, riTac gaiziara palatis
pozicia.267 kerZod, am msjelobis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlom SromiT
davebSi, pirvel yovlisa, swored diskriminaciuli mopyrobis arseboba unda Seamowmos, vinaidan misi upirvelesi mizani samoqalaqo uflebebis marTlzomieri ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofaa, ris
aucilebel pirobasac diskriminaciis ararseboba warmoadgens: ...
unda gamoiricxos Sromis kodeqsiT damsaqmeblisaTvis miniWebuli
uflebis gamoyenebis gziT iseTi konstituciuri principebis darRveva, rogoricaa SromiT urTierTobaSi nebismieri saxis diskriminaciis akrZalva, rasis, kanis feris, enis, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebis, erovnebis, warmoSobis, qonebrivi da wodebrivi
mdgomareobis, sacxovrebeli adgilis, asakis, sqesis, seqsualuri
orientaciis, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis, religiuri an raime gaerTianebisadmi kuTvnilebis, ojaxuri mdgomareobis, politikuri
da sxva Sexedulebis gamo. Sesabamisad, piris samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebisas aucileblad unda Semowmdes, aRniSnuls safuZvlad
xom ar daedo Sromis kodeqsis me-2 muxliT diskriminaciulad miCneuli romelime [faqtori].
266. baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme #1749/13, 2013 wlis 11 dekemberi
267. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlo, saqme #as-792-757-2014, 2014 wlis 6
oqtomberi

145

Cven mier ganxilul SemTxvevaSi, roca mosarCele aSkarad miuTiTebda diskriminaciul mopyrobaze, mniSvnelovania, rom erovnulma sasamarTloebma swored saapelacio sasamarTlos mier dadgenili da sakasacio sasamarTlos mier mxardaWerili standarti
gaavrcelon da uflebis marTlzomierad ganxorcieleba diskriminaciis gamoricxvis gziT Seamowmon. antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis aRsrulebis sawyis periodSi amgvari midgoma warmoadgens aucileblobas am kanonmdeblobis efeqturi aRsrulebis uzrunvelsayofad.

2. diskriminacia - daculi safuZvlisa da komparatoris gareSe

SromiTi davebis srul umravlesobaSi, sadac diskriminaciis Sesaxeb msjeloba gvxvdeba, ar aris miTiTebuli daculi niSani,
ar aris ganxiluli komparatori, mosamarTle ar afasebs pirdapir
Tu arapirdapir diskriminacias (ar iyenebs diskriminaciis racionaluri da mkacri Sefasebis testebs). termini diskriminacia
xSirad gamoyenebulia ukanono qmedebis sinonimad, rac akninebs
Tanasworobis meqanizmis arss.
am mxriv, aqamde ganxiluli saqmeebidan pozitiuri kuTxiT
gamoirCeva quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba seqsualuri orientaciis niSniT pirdapiri diskriminaciis dadgenis Taobaze.268 aRniSnul gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlo msjelobs
rogorc dacul niSanze (romlis dasabuTebaSic moixmobs evropis
adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos saqmeebs),269 ise gansxvavebuli
mopyrobis Sefasebis mizniT SerCeul komparatorze (risTvisac
eyrdnoba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikas).270
sasamarTlo aseve msjelobs mopasuxeze mtkicebis tvirTis gadatanis Sesaxeb, mosarCelis mier varaudis standartis dakmayofilebis
safuZvelze da diskriminaciis dadgenis sxva aucilebel pirobebze.
unda iTqvas, rom sasamarTlos aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba warmoadgens diskriminaciis dadgenis saukeTeso standartis magaliTs, romelic sasurvelia, ganxorcieldes sxva sasamarTloebSic.

268. quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme #2/1242-16, 2016 wlis 29 ivnisi

269. ECHR, S.L. v. Austria, 2003
270. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqme #1/1/493, 27 dekemberi, 2010. moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebi axali memarjveneebi da saqarTvelos konservatoruli partia saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg

146

3. diskriminaciis mtkicebis tvirTi

miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonmdebloba Sromis kodeqsSi 2013
wlis ivnisSi Sesuli cvlilebebiT erTmniSvnelovnad iTxovs, rom,
diskriminaciul safuZvelze samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi, diskriminaciis mtkicebis tvirTi mopasuxeze gadavides,
ganxilul davebSi jer kidev fiqsirdeba sawinaaRmdego midgoma
sasamarTloebis mxridan. mtkicebis tvirTi, diskriminaciis varaudis SemTxvevaSi, mosarCeles awevs:
amonaridi zestafonis raionuli sasamarTlos 2014 wlis gadawyvetilebidan:271
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos garemoebebi, romlebzec igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnasa da Sesagebels. ramdenadac diskriminaciis mtkicebis tvirTi awva im mxares, romelic miuTiTebda diskriminacis faqtis arsebobaze, amitom diskriminaciis faqti
mocemul SemTxvevaSi mxareebs sarwmunod unda daedasturebinaT,
Tumca maT ver uzrunvelyves damsaqmeblis mier gamovlenili nebis
aramarTlzomierebisa da, Sesabamisad, maT mimarT diskriminaciis
arsebobis faqtis mtkicebis tvirTis realizeba.
analogiuri msjeloba viTardeba mtkicebis tvirTTan dakavSirebiT zestafonis raionuli sasamarTlos kidev erT gadawyvetilebaSi.272
amgvari midgoma sruliad SeuZlebels xdis diskriminaciis savaraudo faqtebis damtkicebas mosarCelis mxridan, vinaidan mas
erTmniSvnelovnad SezRuduli aqvs wvdoma im mtkicebulebebze,
romlebic dasabuTebulad miuTiTebda diskriminaciis faqtze.
amitomac saWiroa, ganuxrelad Sesruldes kanonmdeblobis Canaweri mtkicebis tvirTis reversTan dakavSirebiT, xolo mosamarTleebs hqondeT gaidlainebi miTiTebul Temaze.

4. genderuli stereotipebi
Seswavlili gadawyvetilebebidan, faqtobrivad, ar gamovlenila arc erTi saqme, romlebTan dakavSirebiTac sasamarTlo imsjelebda genderuli stereotipebis da maTi, rogorc diskriminaciis
wamaxalisebeli rolis Sesaxeb. amis nacvlad, zogierT SemTxvevaSi
Tavad sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Canawerebi ganamtkicebs gen271. zestafonis raionuli sasamarTlo, saqme #2/283, 06 ianvari, 2014 weli
272. zestafonis raionuli sasamarTlo, saqme #2/285, 26 dekemberi, 2013 weli

147

derul stereotipebs, rac imTaviTve uTanasworobis ganmtkicebis

safrTxis Semcveli qmedebaa. rodesac aSS-is federaluri da sxvadasxva Statis sasamarTloebi genderuli stereotipebis Sesaxeb
mtkicebulebebs saqmis ganxilvaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
aniWeben, stereotipebis fenomenis sruli ignoreba saqarTvelos
sasamarTloebis mxridan am mimarTulebiT codnis donis amaRlebis
saWiroebaze miuTiTebs.
baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo 2013 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi,273
romelic exeboda mosarCele qalis samsaxurSi aRdgenas da ganacduris anazRaurebas, aviTarebs aseT msjelobas:
sasamarTlo eWvqveS ar ayenebs mosarCelis diasaxlisobas, magram misi kargi diasaxlisoba ar niSnavs imas, rom is samsaxurebriv
movaleobas jerovnad Seasrulebda.
aRniSnul saqmeSi mosarCele asaCivrebda samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis brZanebas. mopasuxe apelirebda mosarCelis mxridan mzareulis poziciiT gaTvaliswinebuli movaleobebis arajerovnad
Sesrulebaze. arajerovani Sesruleba mdgomareobda higienis daucvelobasa da samzareulos mouwesrigeblobaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mosarCelem kargi diasaxlisobis dasamtkiceblad mowmed
waradgina pirebi, romelTac daadastures, rom mosarCele, zogadad, kargi diasaxlisi iyo da higienis pirobebsac kargad icavda,
sasamarTlom Tavis msjelobaSi erTmaneTisagan ar gamijna mosarCelis praqtikuli da profesiuli unar-Cvevebi da miuTiTa genderuli rolis Sesaxeb. kargi diasaxlisi, romelic gaxlavT qalis
genderuli roli, araTu ar ukavSirdeba qalis mier profesiuli
valdebulebis Sesrulebas, aramed, masze apelirebam SesaZloa, daakninos qalis SesaZleblobebi. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovania, sasamarTlos mxridan erTmaneTisagan gaimijnos genderuli
rolebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli stereotipebi; im SemTxvevaSic
ki, rodesac am sterotipebze mxare saqmeSi Tavad apelirebs.
genderuli stereotipebis zegavlenis kidev erTi ilustraciaa uTanasworo moxsenieba, rasac vxvdebiT Tbilisis saqalaqo
sasamarTlos 2014 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi.274 masSi mxolod mamakacis mimarT aris gamoyenebuli zrdilobis aRmniSvneli forma batoni, Tumca msgavsi formiT saqmeSi monawile arc erTi sxva piri
ar aris moxseniebuli. kerZod, gadawvetilebaSi aRniSnulia Semdegi: sasamarTlos mier unda Sefasdes b-n s. s------is registraciidan moxsnis

kanoniereba. vinaidan dava maRali Tanamdebobis piris (s.s.)

mimarT ganxorcielebul qmedebas exeba, sasamarTlo mosarCelis
qmedebis kanonierebis Sesafaseblad amgvar msjelobas aviTarebs:
gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi registraciidan moxsnas daeqvemdebara politikuri Tanamdebobis piri. saqmis masalebiT cnobilia
aRniSnuli piris Sesaxeb, rom igi iyo maRali Tanamdebobis piri ministri; informirebulni iyvnen s-s Sesabamisi TanamSromlebi,
romelTac unda ganexorcielebinaT registraciidan moxsnis procedurebi. aseve udavoa, rom raime gansxvavebas kanonmdebloba ar
iTvaliswinebs maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis mimarT registraciidan moxsnis procedurebis ganxorcielebisas. miuxedavad aRniSnuli msjelobisa, Tavad sasamarTlo gansxvavebul damokidebulebas avlens da maRali Tanamdebobis kacis mimarT iyenebs formas
batoni, magram ar iyenebs am tipis formas saqmeSi monawile sxva
mxareebis, maT Soris qalebis, mimarT (qalbatoni).
mkvlevarebis mosazrebiT, sasamarTlos mxridan genderuli
stereotipebis aRmoCenasa da Sefasebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
aqvs genderuli diskriminaciis niSnebis Semcvel saqmeebSi. rogorc zemoT ganxiluli aSS-is precedentuli samarTali miuTiTebs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, swored genderuli stereotipebi gaxda
qalTa uTanasworo mdgomareobis mtkicebuleba saqmeSi, romelic
mosamarTles daexmara, genderulad mgrZnobiare gadawyvetileba
mieRo. mniSvnelovania, aRniSnuli praqtika erovnulma sasamarTloebmac gaiziaron.

5. Sefasebis kriteriumebi, romlebic genderulad tendenciuria

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi SromiT davebSi nakleb yuradRebas amaxvilebs dasaqmebulTa e.w. neitraluri Sefasebis
kriteriumebze, romlebsac, sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli stereotipebisa da konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, xSirad neitralurad
ar aRiqvamen da arc iyeneben. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2015 wlis gadawyvetileba.275
aRniSnul saqmeSi genderuli diskriminaciis Sesaxeb msjeloba ar
yofila, Tumca mopasuxe mxare amtkicebda, rom mosarCelis gaTavisuflebis erT-erTi safuZveli iyo Tavdajerebulebis nakleboba
da familaroba; kerZod, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebulia Semdegi:

273. baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme #2-1465. 20 dekemberi, 2013 weli

274. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme #2/14279-14, 10 dekemberi, 2014 weli

148

275.Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, 26 ivlisi, 2015 weli

149

fizikuri pirebis mrCevlis poziciaze muSaobis TiTqmis 10

Tvis ganmavlobaSi (periodi 2013 wlis 26 ivlisidan 2014 wlis aprilis CaTvliT) mosarCele a.m. arajerovnad asrulebda Tavis SromiT movaleobebs, rac gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom mosarCele, dadga
ra axali gamowvevebis winaSe, Tavisi unar-CvevebiT, kvalifikaciiT
ver gaarTva Tavi, gazrdili moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, masze dakisrebul amocanebs: bolo poziciaze a.m.-s muSaobis analizma cxadyo,
rom misi muSaobis Sedegebi iyo aradamakmayofilebeli, rogorc
uSualod sakredito kuTxiT, ise klientebis mozidvis, anabrebis
sferos Tu yovelkvartaluri prezentaciis gakeTebis TvalsazrisiT. mopasuxe b-is mier dadgenil samuSao gegmas mosarCele ver
asrulebda... klientebTan urTierTobaSi aklda Tavdajerebuloba
da kompetenturoba; amave dros, maTTan urTierTobaSi iyo zedmetad familaruli.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqalaqo sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi ar
aris gamokvleuli Tavdajerebulobisa da familarobis cnebebi, maTi gazomvis saSualeba da genderuli aspeqti; aseve, araferia
naTqvami tokenizmis movlenaze - rogori iyo genderuli balansi
gadawyvetilebis mimReb pirebs Soris da ra zegavlenas axdenda is
qali TanamSromlis Sefasebaze.
mogvianebiT aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba gauqmda saapelacio
sasamarTlos mier,276 romelmac Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTa,
rom mosarCelis arakompetenturoba da davalebebis Seusrulebloba mis mier mopasuxis mxridan dasabuTebuli ar yofila; amave
dros, saapelacio sasamarTlom imsjela familarobis konkretul
Semadgenlobaze da aRniSna, rom mimarTva RmerTma daglocoT
qarTul sazogadoebaSi, urTierTobis standartebidan da formebidan gamomdinare, palatis mosazrebiT, ar SeiZleba Sefasdes familarul damokidebulebad. Tumca mas analogiuri standartiT
ar ganuxilavs qarTul realobaSi Tavdajerebulobis Sesaxeb
gavrcelebuli standarti da am kriteriumis genderulad mikerZoebuli gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.
erTi SexedviT, sasamarTlos mier ganxorcielebuli genderulad neitraluri Sefasebebis gaanalizeba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, vinaidan isini xSirad safuZvlad edeba gadawyvetilebebs
qalebis Sesaxeb. gadawyvetilebebis genderulad mikerZoebuli xasiaTis gamosavlenad ki mniSvnelovania, Tu ramdenad Tanaswori argumentebi daedo maT safuZvlad. ama Tu im cnebis genderuli neitralobis Sefasebisas sasamarTlom unda imsjelos ara mxolod cne276. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlo, saqme #330210014496446. #2b/387815, dekemberi, 2015 weli

150

bis dRevandel gamoyenebasa da konotaciaze, aramed mis istoriul

datvirTulobaze, rac cnobierebaSi stereotipebad yalibdeba.

6. diskriminaciis dafarva
mniSvnelovani tendencia gamovlinda sawarmos reorganizaciis
motiviT diskriminaciis dafarvasTan dakavSirebiT. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlom277 aRniSnul sakiTxze Semdegnairad imsjela:
gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi, saqmis masalebiT ar dasturdeba
arc reorganizaciis Sedegad Statebis Semcirebis faqti da arc
mosarCeleTa arasakmarisi kompetencia; palata damatebiT ganmartavs, rom martooden reorganizacia dasaqmebulis samsaxuridan
gaSvebis safuZveli ar unda gaxdes, vinaidan aseT SemTxvevaSi e.w.
reorganizaciis safuZvliT piris samsaxuridan gaSvebis diskriminaciuli motivebi SeiZleba daifaros... palata xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom reorganizacia sawarmo/dawesebuleba/organizaciis
Sidaorganizaciuli cvlilebaa, romelic piris samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba daedos safuZvlad,
Tu piris samsaxuridan gaSveba reorganizaciis Sedegebma ganapiroba da ara uSualod reorganizaciis procesma.
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlo pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos erT-erTi gadawyvetilebis ganxilvisas aseve miuTiTebs:278
gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom mosarCelis mimarT adgili ar hqonia diskriminacias. Tumca, sworedac rom diskriminaciuli qmedebis gamo moxda mosarCelis gaTavisufleba viTomda reorganizaciis safuZvliT. mosarCele pirnaTlad asrulebda samsaxurebriv movaleobas.
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlom279 saqmeSi, romelic exeboda baga-baRis gamgis Tanamdebobidan l.q.-s gaTavisuflebas, ganmarta, rom arsebobs diskriminaciis dafarvis SesaZlebloba SromiTi xelSekrulebis formis cvlilebis gziT.
palata ganmartavs, rom, uflebis marTlzomierad gamoyenebis konteqstSi, niSandoblivia, aRiniSnos, rom dauSvebelia uvadod dasaqmebulis vadian SromiT xelSekrulebaze gadayvana martooden im mizniT, rom misi samsaxuridan gaSvebis marTlzomieri
safuZveli Seiqmnas; miT ufro maSin, rodesac amgvari gadayvana
imTaviTve kanonsawinaaRmdegoa, radgan 1 welze naklebvadiani
277.Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlo, saqme #330210014527929, #2b/3712-15,
1 ianvari, 2016 weli
278. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlob/4238-13, 21 ivlisi, 2013 weli
279. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlo, saqme #2b/1100-15, 16 ivlisi, 2015 weli

151

SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba mxolod kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSia SesaZlebeli, rac mocemul SemTxvevaSi
saxeze ar aris. palata damatebiT ganmartavs, rom ganusazRvreli
vadiT dasaqmebulis vadian SromiT xelSekrulebaze gadayvana im
mizniT, rom vadis amowurvis Semdeg igi samsaxuridan gaTavisufldes, garda imisa, rom kanonsawinaaRmdegoa, dasaqmebulTa Tanabari
mopyrobis motivebidan gamomdinare, saxifaTocaa, vinaidan aseT
SemTxvevaSi, e.w. vadis amowurvis safuZvliT piris samsaxuridan
gaSvebis diskriminaciuli motivebi SeiZleba daifaros.
aRsaniSnavia, rom diskriminaciis dafarvis mizniT reorganizaciis moxmobis faqtebi gansakuTrebiT mravlad vlindeba gadawyvetilebebSi, romlebic exeba upiratesad dasaqmebuli qalebiT
datvirTul sawarmoebsa da organizaciebs, kerZod, skolebs, samedicino dawesebulebebs da a.S. Sromis bazarze qalTa genderuli
segregaciis erT-erT uaryofiT efeqtad, damsaqmeblebis dominaciis amgvari formac vlindeba, romelic qalebis dafarul diskriminacias reorganizaciis saxeliT eweva. mniSvnelovani iqneba,
sasamarTloebma aseve Seafason aRniSnuli movlenis farTo socialuri mniSvneloba, xolo qalTa uflebebis damcvelebma statistikurad gamoxaton am movlenis genderuli tendenciuroba.

7. zrunvis valdebulebis gaTvaliswineba

genderulad mniSvnelovani aspeqtia arasrulwlovnebsa da
ojaxis sxva wevrebze zrunvis valdebuleba, rac xSirad daufasebeli tvirTia da mas qalis Sromis gaanalizebis dros ar iTvaliswineben. unda aRiniSnos, rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi jer
kidev ar gvxvdeba msjeloba aRniSnul faqtorze, rogorc genderulad specifikur qalis tvirTze, Tumca, am mxriv, arsebobs pozitiuri praqtikac, romelsac sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebma
mxari unda dauWiros da waaxalisos. aseTi praqtikis magaliTia
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba,280 romelSic aRniSnulia, rom dasaqmebulTan SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyvetisas
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos Semdegi garemoebebi:
saqmis masalebiT dasturdeba, rom z-is (mosarCelis) arasrulwlovani Svili, romlis kanonieri warmomadgenelia mSobeli,
Sps Tbilisis bavSvTa infeqciur klinikur saavadmyofoSi imyofeboda 2014 wlis 7-8 agvistos. aseve dadasturebulia, rom 2014 wlis
08 agvistos z. morigeobda samsaxurSi da asrulebda Tavis funqcias 24-saaTian reJimSi. dasaqmebulis samsaxurebrivi saqmianoba aris
280. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme #2/17644-14, 12 dekemberi, 2014 weli

152

mZime - garda fizikuri datvirTvisa, rac gulisxmobs 24-saaTian

uwyvet momsaxurebas, gasaTvaliswinebelia fsiqologiuri datvirTvac. aseT pirobebSi, rodesac wina dRiT, 9:12 saaTze, fiqsirdeba,
rom mosarCele eweva samsaxurebriv saqmianobas, mis mimarT mkacri
wesebis dadgena momdevno morigeobaze - 24 saaTis Semdeg, ar aris
samarTliani. aseve sagulisxmoa, rom dasaqmebuls arasrulwlovani Svili hyavda avad da misi movlis valdebulebac ekisreboda.
zrunvis valdebulebis Sefaseba da gaTvaliswineba qalebis mimarT istoriulad ganmtkicebuli diskriminaciis daZlevis mniSvnelovani instrumentia. am aspeqts gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda
dauTmon sasamarTloebma qveynis masStabiT, radgan is xazs usvams
qalebis istoriulad ganpirobebul uTanasworobas da warmoadgens
win gadadgmul nabijs mis gasaneitraleblad. Semdegi etapi iqneba
zrunvis valdebulebis Tanabrad gadanawileba orive sqesis warmomadgenlebze, rasac win unda uZRodes swored zemoT aRniSnuli
msjeloba, genderul aspeqtze cxadi miTiTebiT.

G.

daskvna da rekomendaciebi

yovelive zemoTqmulidan ikveTeba, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba jer kidev Seicavs genderuli Tanasworobis xelis SemSlel danawesebs, romlebic saWiroebs evrokavSiris samarTalTan
harmonizacias da feministuri midgomebis integracias. diskriminaciisgan qalTa srulfasovnad dacvisaTvis saWiroa, ganxorcieldes Semdegi RonisZiebebi:

rekomendaciebi:
-

diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi Sevides cvlilebebi diskriminaciis formebis dazustebasTan, seqsualuri Seviwroebis cnebis
integrirebasTan, samarTalwarmoebis vadebis gagrZelebasTan da sasarCelo xandazmulobasTan dakavSirebiT. agreTve, ganisazRvros, rogorc savaldebulo moTxovna, saxalxo damcvelis CarTva kerZo samarTlis subieqtebTan da
fizikuri pirebTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi;

genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi gadaixedos genderuli Tanasworobis da seqsualuri

Seviwroebis cnebebi; aseve, ganisazRvros interseqciuri
diskriminaciis arsi da misi aRmofxvris, aseve, sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul genderul stereotipebTan brZolis me-

153

qanizmebi. am kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli Tanasworobis meqanizmebis aRmasrulebeli normebi Caidos am da sxva normatiul aqtebSi;
-

saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi ganisazRvros mSoblis Svebulebis, Tanabari Sromis Tanabari anazRaurebis, saqmianobis aucilebeli pirobebis, mSoblis Svebulebis sakiTxebi
da Camoyalibdes maTi ganxorcielebis efeqturi meqanizmebi. amave kanonis safuZvelze, damsaqmeblebs daevaloT
genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis politikisa da
gaidlainebis SemuSaveba;
erovnulma sasamarTloebma Seadginon erTgvarovani praqtikis dokumenti genderuli diskriminaciis Temaze, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs diskriminaciis saxeldebis, mtkicebis tvirTis gadatanis, diskriminaciis testis gamoyenebisa da sxva relevantur sakiTxebs; aseve, SemuSavdes mosamarTleebisaTvis specialuri rekomendaciebi genderuli
diskriminaciis sakiTxis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT.
Catardes specialuri treningebi rogorc mosamarTleebis, ise advokatebisaTvis genderuli diskriminaciis Temaze aSS-isa da evrokavSiris samarTlebrivi praqtikis referirebiT.

ana arganaSvili
VIII. seq su a lu ri Se viw ro e ba

A.

Sesavali

TavSi ganxilulia seqsualuri Seviwroebis fenomeni da feministi iuristebis mosazrebebi aRniSnul sakiTxze; aseve - seqsualuri Seviwroebis dacvis meqanizmebi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evrokavSiris samarTlis farglebSi. gaanalizebulia erovnul sasamarTloebSi seqsualuri Seviwroebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebi.

B.

feministuri midgomebi seqsualur

SeviwroebasTan dakavSirebiT

seqsualuri Seviwroebis Sesaxeb feministuri Teoria, ZiriTadad, radikali feministebis mosazrebebs eyrdnoba, romlebic
miiCneven, rom Seviwroeba qalTa mimarT Zaladobisa da patriarqaluri kontrolis konkretuli gamovlinebaa.281 feministebi agreTve iziarebdnen memarcxeneebis mosazrebas kapitalizmis eqspluataciuri SromiTi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, rac swored dasaqmebul
qalebs azaralebs. seqsualuri Seviwroebis, rogorc socialuri
movlenis, analizs etyoba zegavlena gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb feministuri Teoriebisa, romlebic amtkiceben, rom gaupatiurebis
dros mTavari motivacia Zalauflebis mopoveba da SenarCunebaa
da ara seqsualuri impulsi. rogorc meri bularziki aRniSnavda,
seqsualuri Seviwroeba - es aris kacebis licenzia qalebis kontrolisaTvis. maTi azriT, qalebma samsaxurSi yofniT miatoves
TavianTi bunebrivi adgili da, Sesabamisad, amiT dakarges wesiereba. es garemoeba ki kacebs qalebze kontrolis ganxorcielebis
uflebamosilebas aZlevs.282
feministebs miaCndaT, rom im kacebs, romlebic sCadiodnen gaupatiurebas, mimarTavdnen seqsualur Seviwroebas, an ojaxSi Zaladobdnen, sulac ar hqondaT fsiqologiuri problemebi - isini
logikurad pasuxobdnen im kulturul tradiciebs, romlebic maT
281. Baker, C.N. (2008). The womens movement against sexual harassment, Cambridge University Press
282. Bularzik, M., (1978), Sexual Harassment at theWorkplace, Radical America. July-August

154

155

Zaladobisken ubiZgebda. kacebs socializaciis procesSi aswavlidnen qalebze dominacias Zalisa da muqaris gamoyenebiT.283
feministi Teoretikosebis meore jgufi seqsualur Seviwroebas diskriminaciis interseqciur CarCoSi ganixilavda da aRniSnavda, rom is dakavSirebulia klasobriv faqtorTanac. maTi azriT, kapitalizmis mier dasaqmebuli qalebis mZime pirobebi xdis
maT mowyvlads genderuli Zaladobis mimarT. frida kleins, interseqciuri diskriminaciis Teoriis Sesabamisad, miaCnda, rom
seqsualur Seviwroebas ukavSirdeba rasizmic; Sesabamisad, mZime
samuSao pirobebSi myofi Savkaniani qalebi amgvar Seviwroebas Zalian xSirad ganicdian. misi azriT, aseT viTarebaSi patriarqati
da kapitalizmi erTmaneTs ganamtkiceben, rasizmi ki erT-erTi wamyvani faqtoria.284

C.

seqsualuri Seviwroebis samarTali aSS-sa da evrokavSirSi

1. seqsualuri Seviwroeba aSS-is kanonmdeblobaSi da

precedentuli samarTali
a) seqsualuri Seviwroeba, rogorc diskriminaciis forma
aSS-is samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis VII Tavis mixedviT,285 akrZalulia diskriminacia dasaqmebis, samuSaodan gaTavisuflebis,
kompensaciis gadaxdis an samuSao pirobebis gansazRvris dros
rasis, kanis feris, religiis, sqesisa da erovnuli mikuTvnebulobis safuZvelze. seqsualuri Seviwroeba, rogorc Cagvra sqesis
safuZvelze, gulisxmobs diskriminaciis Semdeg formebs: momsaxureba momsaxurebis sanacvlod (quid pro quo) da mtruli samuSao
garemos Seqmna. aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos uaxlesi gadawyvetilebiT,286 seqsualuri Seviwroeba SesaZloa, dafiqsirdes maSinac,
rodesac arsebobs erTi sqesis Semviwrovebeli da Seviwroebuli
piri (Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.). aRniSnuli aqti pirs
icavs diskriminaciisgan TanamSromlebis, ufrosis da momxmareb283. Aliance Against Sexual Harassment (AASH), (1981). Sexual Harassment a form of
violanc against women. FAAR and NCN Newsletter, July/August 28-29
284. Freada Klein (1978) Book Review of Sexual Shakedown: the sexal harassment of
women on the job by Lin Farley. Aegis, November/December. 34

156

lis mxridanac ki.287

momsaxureba momsaxurebis sanacvlod - am formis Seviwroeba
SesaZloa, gamoixatos, rodesac dasaqmebulis Sesaxeb samsaxurebrivi gadawyvetilebebi miiReba imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad daeTanxmeba/miiRebs is arasasurvel seqsualur qcevas Semviwroeblisgan.
imisaTvis, raTa aRniSnuli qmedeba dakvalificirdes seqsualur
Seviwroebad, saWiroa, savaraudo msxverplma daamtkicos ori garemoeba: (1) savaraudo Semviwroebeli unda axorcielebdes qmedebas, romelic miiCneva seqsualur Seviwroebad; (2) savaraudo Semviwroebels unda hqondes uflebamosileba imgvari gadawyvetilebis miRebisa, romelic realur zemoqmedebas moaxdens Seviwroebis
savaraudo msxverplis mdgomareobaze dasaqmebis adgilas.
mtruli samuSao garemos Seqmna, rogorc seqsualuri Seviwroeba, SesaZloa gamoixatos Semdegi pirobebis kumulaciur arsebobaSi: (1) piris mimarT xorcieldeba arasasurveli qceva/Seviwroeba; (2) aRniSnuli qcevis safuZvelia am piris sqesi; (3) Semviwroeblis qceva aris imdenad gamokveTili da mZafri, rom igi zemoqmedebs samuSao pirobebis/garemos Secvlaze da qmnis Zaladobriv
atmosferos (ganimarteba rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi Sefasebis standartiT); (4) damsaqmeblisTvis cnobilia, an unda iyos
cnobili Seviwroebis faqtis Sesaxeb. am definiciis mixedviT, Seviwroebis izolirebuli da erTjeradi SemTxvevebi ar CaiTvleba
Seviwroebad. imisaTvis, rom dadgindes mtruli samuSao garemos
Seqmnis faqti, sasamarTloebi iyeneben aSS-is dasaqmebis Tanaswori SesaZleblobis komisiis (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) mier dadgenil kriteriumebs: seqsualuri Seviwroebis gamomxatveli qceva unda iyos mZafri an gavrcelebuli (pervasive) da amis
gamo garemo obieqturad da subieqturad aRiqmebodes, rogorc
Zaladobrivi an mtruli. saqmeSi Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc.288 aSS-is
uzenaesma sasamarTlom imsjela, rom damsaqmeblis qceva unda Sefasebuliyo sixSiris, intensivobis da imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad
gulisxmobda is fizikur muqaras an damcirebas... da ramdenad uSlida xels dasaqmebulis mier samuSaos ganxorcielebas. aRniSnuli kriteriumebiT Sefasebisas seqsualur Seviwroebad CaiTvala
damsaqmeblis mxridan Seuracxmyofeli Sexeba, vulgaruli komentarebi da damamcirebeli laparaki qalebze, aseve damamcirebeli
Sinaarsis simReris CarTva; agreTve, xelmZRvaneli piris mier seq-

285. U.S. Equality Employment Opportunity Commission: Title VII of the Civil Rights
Act in 1964. ix. bmulze: https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/titlevii.cfm

287. Slauter, J.M., (2000) legal analysis: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Examining Title VII and the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act. ix. bmulze: https://msu.
edu/~wlfgr/slaughter_j.pdf

286. U.S. Supreme Court. 3/4/98

288. U.S. Supreme Court. N510 U.S. 17, 23 (1993)

157

sualuri Seviwroebis msxverplis mimarTvis ignorireba, roca es

ukanaskneli imis Taobaze acnobebda, rom mas erT-erTi TanamSromeli fizikurad aviwroebda.
imisaTvis, rom xelmZRvanelma aicilos pasuxismgebloba (roca
igi piradad ar aviwroebs), saWiroa: (1) organizaciaSi arsebobdes
seqsualuri Seviwroebis akrZalvis politika; (2) politika unda
iyos TanamSromlebisaTvis TvalsaCino/xelmisawvdomi; (3) TanamSromlebs unda hqondeT saCivris daweris SesaZlebloba da arsebobdes misi ganmxilveli organo; (4) saCivris warmdgens unda SeeZlos anonimurobis SenarCuneba; (5) xelmZRvanelma unda miiRos
zomebi Seviwroebis faqtis aRmosafxvrelad.

b) qalebis mier monaTxrobi istoriebis zegavlena

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebze
seqsualuri Seviwroebis samarTali mosamarTleebis mier Seqmnili samarTalia (samosamarTleo samarTali). mas Semdeg, rac qalebma daiwyes sakuTari istoriebis moyola samsaxurSi seqsualur
Seviwroebaze, mosamarTleebi Seecadnen, am axlad aRmoCenili movlenisTvis arsebuli kanonebi moergoT. vaSingtonis olqis mosamarTleebis mier seqsualuri Seviwroeba pirvelad ganisazRvra
seqsualuri diskriminaciis formad, romlis Cadenis drosac SesaZloa, dadges damsaqmeblis samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi.
kolumbiis olqis mosamarTleebma, qalebis seqsualuri Seviwroebis istoriebze dayrdnobiT, daadgines seqsualuri Seviwroebis akrZalva. es mosamarTleebi Cagvrisagan qalTa gaTavisuflebis moZraobis mxardamWerebi gaxdnen. maT msxverpli qalebis
Cvenebebis yuradRebiT gaanalizebisa da mosmenis Semdeg Seqmnes
seqsualuri Tanasworobis doqtrina, riTac dominanturi mxaris
interesi msxverplis interesiT Caanacvles.
diana uiliamsi (Williams v. Bell),289 amerikis marTlmsajulebis
departamentis TanamSromeli, amtkicebda, rom igi zedamxedvelisgan ganicdida seqsualur Seviwroebas, damcirebas da, sabolood,
samsaxuridan gaaTavisufles samuSaos cudad Sesrulebis gamo,
radgan uari Tqva seqsualur SemoTavazebaze. 1976 wels mosamarTle Carlz riCim miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT daadgina, rom es
praqtika ganpirobebuli iyo msxverplis sqesiT da zedamxedvelis
qmedeba eqceoda samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis VII TaviT daculi
safuZvlebis farglebSi. mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad,

es praqtika warmoadgens dasaqmebisTvis xelovnur bariers... romelic dgas erTi sqesis winaSe, miuxedavad imisa, rom orive sqesis
matarebeli piri Tanabar situaciaSi unda iyos. orive pirs aqvs
seqsualoba, samsaxuri. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, dasaqmebis xelSemSleli faqtori gaxda mxolod erTi sqesis warmomadgenlis, uiliamsis, da misi qali kolegebis seqsualoba.
meore mniSvnelovani saqme seqsualuri Seviwroebis kuTxiT
iyo barnsis 1977 wlis saqme (Barnes v. Costle290), romelic gasaCivrda saapelacio instanciaSi. am saqmis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom amave periodSi sxva olqebis sasamarTloTa gadawyvetilebebSi seqsualuri Seviwroeba ganxiluli ar iyo
genderuli Tanasworobis darRvevis niSniT. am gadawyvetilebebSi mosamarTleebi aRniSnavdnen, rom seqsualoba ar warmoadgenda
sqesis niSans, radgan, maTi SexedulebiT, seqsualuri Seviwroebis
msxverpli SeiZleba orive sqesi Tanabrad gamxdariyo. am gadawyvetilebebSi ar Canda msjeloba imis Taobaze, rom seqsualoba socialurad konstruirebuli cnebaa da arasasurveli seqsis moTxovna
ufro xSirad uCndebaT dasaqmebuli qalis mimarT; damsaqmebelic,
romlisganac modis es moTxovna, ufro xSirad aris kaci. yovelive amis fonze gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo am saqmeze mosamarTle robinsonis msjeloba, romelmac aRniSna, rom samsaxuris
SenarCuneba barnsis mier damokidebuli iyo seqsualuri urTierTobis SemoTavazebis miRebaze, ris molodinic zedamxedvels ar
eqneboda sxva sqesis mqone pirisgan. ... rom ara misi sqesi, barnss
aRniSnuli pirobis miRebis [samsaxuris SenarCunebis sanacvlod]
aucilebloba ar eqneboda. aRniSnuli msjelobis Sinaarss exmianeba vaSingtonis olqis sasamarTlos mosamarTlis, ruT ginsburgis,
monawileobiT miRebuli gadawyvetileba (amJamad is aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlea) saqmeze Harris v. Forklift Systems,291 romelSic aRiniSna, rom seqsualuri Seviwroebis saqmeebSi gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa im mosazrebis aRiareba, rom erTi sqesis adamianebi (qalebi) metad eqvemdebarebian seqsualur Seviwroebas, vidre
sxva sqesis adamianebi (kacebi).
rogorc barnsis, ise uiliamsis saqmeebSi aSkarad ikveTeboda
seqsualuri Seviwroebis saxe quid pro quo (seqsualuri urTierTobis piroba ekonomikuri benefitisa da samsaxuris SenarCunebis
sanacvlod). gansxvavebuli faqtobrivi mocemuloba iyo sandra
bandis saqmeSi (1981 w.), romelSic sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebis moTxovna zedamxedvelis mxridan mZafrad gamoxatuli ar iyo,
290. Court of Appeal, Washington dc. 561 F.2d 983 (D.C. Cir 1977)

289. Court of Appeal, Washington dc. 587 F2d 1240 (D.C. Cir. 1978)

158

291. US Supreme Court. 510 U.S. 17, 23 (1993).

159

xolo sasamarTlos unda emsjela, Tu ramdenad aRwevda es qmedeba seqsualuri Seviwroebis xarisxs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, romelsac
mtruli samuSao garemos Seqmnis saxeliT moixsenieben, ziani adgeba ara samuSaos da misi SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas, aramed Tavad msxverplis pirovnebas, mis sxva uflebebsa da Tanasworobas.
mosamarTleebma bandis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT (Bundy v. Jackson)292
imsjeles, rom mtruli samuSao garemos Seqmna, romelsac axlavs
seqsualuri urTierTobis moTxovnis da gamoZalvis atmosfero,
sakmarisi safuZvelia samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis diskriminaciisgan dacvis sferoSi am darRvevis mosaxvedrad. seqsualuri
stereotipebiT gamsWvaluli Seuracxyofa da Rirsebis damamcirebeli mimarTvebi... savaraudod, wamlavda samuSao garemos. am gadawyvetilebiT vaSingtonis olqis saapelacio sasamarTlom pirvelad daadgina, rom qalis, rogorc seqsualuri obieqtis, mimarT
mopyroba, TavisTavad, zianis Semcvelia da igi sqesis niSniT diskriminacias warmoadgens. am gadawyvetilebebis Semdeg, rodesac
seqsualuri Seviwroebis Sesaxeb erTma saqmem (Meritor Savings Bank
v. Vinson) uzenaesi sasamarTlos dones miaRwia,293 mosamarTle renqvistma gadawyvetilebaSi Cawera: rodesac zedamxedveli seqsualurad aviwroebs daqvemdebarebul pirs misi sqesis gamo, is axdens
diskriminacias sqesis niSniT. amgvarad, qalebma brZola moiges da
sasamarTlos es gadawyvetileba precedentad iqca.

c) komparatoris, ganzraxvisa da motivis moTxovnis gauqmeba

seqsualuri Seviwroebis samarTlis Semdgomi ganviTareba dakavSirebulia aRniSnul konteqstSi ganzraxvisa da motivis ganxilvasTan; kerZod, seqsualuri Seviwroebis saqmeebis ganxilvisas
gamoikveTa aucilebloba, rom diskriminaciis am formaze msjelobisas Seviwroebis ganzraxva ganxiluli ar yofiliyo. imis miuxedavad, diskriminaciis ganmaxorcielebels surda Tu ara qalis
diskriminacia, an masTan sqesobrivi kavSiris damyareba samsaxurSi,
SeiZleba aSkarad ikveTebodes qalis mier gancdili ziani Tanasworobis darRvevis gamo.
nadin taubma gaakritika diskriminaciis arsebuli koncefcia
da gaaanaliza is praqtikuli sirTule, ris gamoc sasamarTloebi
xSirad seqsualur diskriminacias sqesis niSniT diskriminaciis

160

formad ar miiCneven.294 taubis azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri Seviwroeba genderuli diskriminaciis formaa, mniSvnelovania, gadaixedos, rogor moargeben xolme diskriminaciis cnebas da misi dadgenis kriteriumebs seqsualuri Seviwroebis konteqsts: Tavdapirvelad sasamarTloebi diskriminaciis sarCelis
ganxilvisas eZebdnen diskriminaciul motivs, romelic moiTxovda
imis Cvenebas, rom mopasuxes hqonda uaryofiTi damokidebuleba
da zizRi garkveuli jgufis mimarT. Sesabamisad, diskriminaciis faqtis Sefasebisas idga komparatoris monaxvis aucilebloba, raTa daedginaT araTanabari mopyrobis faqti konkretuli
jgufis warmomadgenlis mimarT. aRniSnuli, rogorc nadin taubi
miiCnevda, araswori midgomaa, vinaidan is pirebi, romlebic axorcieleben seqsualur Seviwroebas, rogorc wesi, realobaSi gamoxataven damkvidrebul stereotipebs da asruleben im genderul
rols, romelic maT sazogadoebam mianiWa. xSirad maT SesaZloa,
gacnobierebulic ar hqondeT TavianTi qcevis savalalo Sedegi. im
movlenidan gamomdinare, rom seqsualuri Seviwroeba upiratesad
qalebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciis formaa, am dros
kac-komparators ver gamoviyenebT. aseve SeuZlebelia, erTmaneTs
SevadaroT ori qalis mier Camoyalibebuli seqsualuri Seviwroebis subieqturi Sefasebebi, radgan isini SeiZleba absoluturad ar
emTxveodes, am movlenis Sesaxeb aRniSnuli qalebis cnobierebis
xarisxisa da personaluri gamocdilebis gansxvavebulobis gamo.
aRniSnulis Sesaxeb msjeloba aSS-is sasamarTlom 1971 wels
ganaviTara saqmeSi Griggs v. Duke Power.295 man daadgina, rom seqsualuri Seviwroebis Sefasebisas ar aris saWiro motivisa da komparatoris gamoyeneba; sakmarisia, mosarCelem daasabuTos, rom ganxorcielebuli qmedeba araproporciulad aisaxeba sazogadoebis
im jgufze, romelsac TviTon miekuTvneba.

d) seqsualuri Seviwroeba seqsualuri Sinaarsis gareSe

seqsualuri Seviwroebis doqtrinam ganviTarebis Semdgom safexurze aseve gansazRvra, rom miuxedavad imisa, hqonda Tu ara
Seviwroebas seqsualuri Sinaarsi, is mainc SeiZleba ganvixiloT
seqsualur Seviwroebad. magaliTad, seqsisturi SeniSvnebi seqsualuri Seviwroebis formaa. imis Sefaseba, Seicavs Tu ara seqsisturi SeniSvna seqsualobis elfers, sakmaod rTulia. sabednierod,

292.US Court of Appeal. 7-th dc. 641 F.2d 934, (D.C. Cir. 1981)

294. Keeping women in their place: stereotyping per se as a form of employment discrimination, 21 B.C.L. Rev. 345

293. US Supreme Court. 477 U.S.57 (1986)

295. US Supreme Court, 401 U.S. 424 (1971)

161

vaSingtonis olqis sasamarTlos precedentuli gadawyvetilebis

Semdeg amgvari Sefasebis saWiroeba aRarc arsebobs296 - sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, genderis safuZvelze Seviwroeba CaiTvala
genderuli diskriminaciis formad, miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad
aris igi aSkara seqsualuri Sinaarsisa. aRniSnuli midgoma gaamyara aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebam,297 romlis Tanaxmadac, Semdegi saxis komentarebi: Sen qali xar da ar gecodineba,
gvesaWiroeba kaci menejeri gaqiravebis poziciaze da Sefaseba
ugunuri qali seqsualuri Seviwroebis kanonis dacvis sferos
ganekuTvneba. sasamarTlom amiT ganmarta, rom seqsualuri Sinaarsis survili ar aris aucilebeli komponenti saCivrisTvis seqsualuri Seviwroebis Sesaxeb. sqesis niSniT diskriminacia rom dadgindes, aucilebeli ar aris, Seviwroebis qceva motivirebuli iyos
seqsualuri surviliT.
zemoT moyvanili msjeloba da gadawyvetilebebi cxadyofs,
rom seqsualuri Seviwroebis cnebam gaafarTova Tanasworobis zogadi paradigma. Tu adreuli saqmeebi seqsualuri Seviwroebis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad, formaluri Tanasworobis, kacsa da qals Soris
msgavsebis, biologiuri sqesis arguments eyrdnoboda, vaSingtonis olqis mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba seqsualuri Seviwroebis
Sesaxeb Seexeboda sqesis, rogorc socialuri konstruqtis, mocemulobas, aRiarebda statusebs Soris ierarqias, rogorc seqsualuri diskriminaciis safuZvels.
miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqalaqo uflebebis aqti ar Seicavs
seqsualuri Seviwroebis qcevaTa srulyofil CamonaTvals, aseTi
qcevebis magaliTebi Cans sasamarTlos sxvadasxva gadawyvetilebaSi. seqsualur Seviwroebad iTvleba: vulgaruli komentari (Henson
v. City of Dundee),298 seqsualurad agresiuli qceva (Faragher v. City of
Boca Raton),299 piris genderze/sqesze diskriminaciuli saubari.300

Seviwroebis akrZalva SedarebiT axali cnebaa evrokavSiris

diskriminaciis akrZalvis samarTalSi. evrokavSiris diskriminaciis akrZalvis direqtivebis Tanaxmad, Seviwroeba diskriminaciis specifikuri saxea. adre mas pirdapiri diskriminaciis formad
miiCnevdnen. Tumca mogvianebiT direqtivebSi is calke formad gamoiyo, raTa, rogorc diskriminaciuli mopyrobis gansakuTrebiT
saziano forma, damoukideblad ganxiluliyo.303 diskriminaciis akrZalvis direqtivebis mixedviT, Seviwroeba diskriminaciaa im SemTxvevaSi, roca:

e) damsaqmebeli, rogorc seqsualur Seviwroebaze

pasuxismgebeli piri

301. Slauter, J.M., (2000) legal analysis: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Examining Title VII and the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act. Available at (20.06.2016): https://
msu.edu/~wlfgr/slaughter_j.pdf

uzenaesi sasamarTlos bolodroindeli ori gadawyvetileba

azustebs damsaqmeblis (rodesac igi uSualod TviTon ar iyo Se296. US Court of Appeal, McKinney v. Dole, 765 F 2d 1129 (D.C. Cir. 1985)

2. seqsualuri Seviwroebis regulireba evrokavSiris qveynebSi

a) Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyroba Tu diskriminaciis forma

aRiniSneba arasaxarbielo qmedeba dacul jgufTan dakavSirebiT;

Cadenilia piris Rirsebis Selaxvis mizniT;

Cadenilia damakninebeli, mtruli, damamcirebeli, Rirsebis

Semlaxveli an Seuracxmyofeli garemos Sesaqmnelad.304

am ganmartebis mixedviT, komparatoris moZebna Seviwroebis

dasamtkiceblad saWiro ar aris.305
evrokavSiris qveynebSi seqsualuri Seviwroebis amkrZalavi

302. US Supreme Court. 524 U.S. 742 (1998)

303. EU Agency for Fundamental Rights, Council of Europe (2010).Handbook on European Non-discrimination Law. ix. bmulze: http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/
Handbook_non_discri_law_ENG_01.pdf

299. US Supreme Court. 524 U.S. 775 (1998)

304. direqtiva rasobrivi Tanasworobis Sesaxeb, muxli 2 (3); direqtiva

dasaqmebisas Tanabari mopyrobis Sesaxeb, muxli 2 (3); direqtiva saqonlisa da servisebis Sesaxeb, muxli 2 (g); direqtiva genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb (ganaxlebuli), muxli 2 (10 (g)

300. iqve

305. iqve

297. US Supreme Court, Harris v. Forklift Systems, 510 U.S. 17 (1993)

298. US Court of Appeal (11-th dc). 682 F. 2d 897 (1982)

162

viwroebis ganmaxorcielebeli piri) pasuxismgeblobisgan dacvis

meqanizms da gamamarTlebel garemoebebs:301 (1) Tu damsaqmebels
hqonda gonivrulad SemuSavebuli da danergili seqsualuri Seviwroebisgan dacvis meqanizmi/politika; (2) Tu Seviwroebis msxverplma pirma ar mimarTa seqsualuri Seviwroebisgan dacvis aRniSnul
meqanizms (Burlington Industries, Inc v. Ellerth).302

163

kanonmdeblobis safuZvelia evrokavSiris direqtiva 2002/73/EC, romelSic cvlilebebi 2002 wels Sevida. 2005 wlis 5 oqtombrisTvis evrokavSiris qveynebs daevalaT saTanado cvlilebebis Setana erovnul kanonmdeblobebSi, romlebic am kuTxiT aRniSnuli direqtivis
Sesabamisi iqneboda. mogvianebiT miiRes axali direqtiva 2006/54/
EC, romelmac, wina direqtivis msgavsad, gansazRvra ori sxvadasxva cneba - sqesis safuZvelze Seviwroeba da seqsualuri Seviwroeba.
-

sqesis safuZvelze Seviwroeba - niSnavs imgvar arasasurvel

qcevas, romelic xorcieldeba piris sqesidan gamomdinare da
miznad isaxavs an Sedegad mosdevs am piris Rirsebis Selaxva,
damamcirebeli, mtruli, da Zaladobrivi garemos Seqmna (muxli 2(1) g).

seqsualuri Seviwroeba - niSnavs raime formis verbalur, araverbalur an fizikur qcevas, romelsac aqvs seqsualuri Sinaarsi da miznad isaxavs Rirsebis Selaxvas, kerZod, damamcirebeli, mtruli da Zaladobrivi garemos Seqmnas (muxli 2 (1) d).

direqtiva damatebiT aRniSnavs, rom Seviwroeba da seqsualuri Seviwroeba, iseve, rogorc sxva araTanaswori mopyroba, romelic dafuZnebulia piris mier am qcevis miuReblobaze an miRebaze,
aseve warmoadgens sqesis niSniT diskriminacias da akrZalulia kanoniT.306 2006 wlis direqtiva kidev ufro afarToebs sqesis niSniT
Seviwroebisa da seqsualuri Seviwroebis cnebebs da aRniSnavs, rom
Seviwroeba da seqsualuri Seviwroeba ewinaaRmdegeba Tanaswori
mopyrobis princips kacebsa da qalebs Soris da warmoadgens sqesis
niSniT diskriminacias am direqtivis miznebisaTvis. amgvari diskriminacia SesaZloa, moxdes dasaqmebis da gadamzadebis/dawinaurebis adgilebze. Sesabamisad, is unda aikrZalos da daeqvemdebaros
efeqtur, proporciul da damajerebelad warmodgenil sanqcias.
msgavsi akrZalvebia gaTvaliswinebuli sxva direqtivebSic,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen saqonlisa da servisebis xelmisawvdomobas (Access to and supply of goods and services) 2004/113/EC. sqesis
safuZvelze Seviwroeba da seqsualuri Seviwroeba SesaZlebelia,
ganxorcieldes Sromis bazris gareT arsebul sivrceSi, romelic
iqneba Tanabrad damazianebeli da warmoadgens bariers kacebisa da
qalebis ekonomikur da socialur cxovrebaSi warmatebuli monawileobisaTvis.

amerikuli midgomisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic seqsualuri Seviwroebisas diskriminaciuli midgomis filosofias eyrdnoba,
evrokavSiris samarTali xSirad seqsualur Seviwroebas Rirsebis
Semlaxveli mopyrobis filosofiuri midgomis konteqstSi ganixilavs. Tumca bolo wlebSi ganviTarebuli tendenciis mixedviT,
dResdReobiT evrokavSiris qveynebi xSirad iziareben orwvera
midgomas, romelic moicavs msjelobas rogorc Rirsebis Selaxvis, ise diskriminaciis Sesaxeb, roca ganixilaven seqsualur Seviwroebas da sqesis niSniT Seviwroebas. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom
evrokavSiris sxvadasxva qveyana sxvadasxva (diskriminaciis an Rirsebis Selaxvis) paradigmas aniWebs upiratesobas da, Sesabamisad,
seqsualuri Seviwroebis amkrZalav normebs an Sromis kanonmdeblobaSi moiazrebs, an diskriminaciis akrZalvis kanonmdeblobaSi.
zogierTi eqsperti msjelobs seqsualuri Seviwroebis antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis konteqstSi ganxilvis upiratesobaze. maTi azriT, gacilebiT rTulia damsaqmeblis mier Sromis pirobebis Seqmnis zogadi valdebulebebis mtkiceba, vidre maT
mier diskriminaciis ganxorcielebis dadgena.
2012 wlis mdgomareobiT, qveynebis umravlesoba iziarebs direqtivis formulirebas da seqsualuri Seviwroebis definiciaSi
gamoyofili aqvT fraza miznad isaxavs, an Sedegad mosdevs (belgia, xorvatia, kviprosi, saberZneTi, malta, gaerTianebuli samefo). Tumca zogi qveyana gansxvavebul definicias ayalibebs da ar
iyenebs frazas miznad isaxavs, vinaidan aRniSnuli qveynebis warmomadgeneli eqspertebi fiqroben, rom am qmedebis akrZalvisTvis
mniSvnelovania is efeqti, romelic zemoxsenebuli qcevis Sedegad
dgeba, maSinac ki, rodesac aSkarad gamokveTili araa seqsualuri
Seviwroebis mizani. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti kanonmdeblobaSi gaxlavT arasasurvelobis cneba, romelic ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli zogierTi qveynis erovnul sakanonmdeblo definiciebSi (safrangeTi, ungreTi, luqsemburgi, niderlandebi, slovakeTi, espaneTi da SvedeTi). rogorc espaneTisa da niderlandebis
angariSebis avtorebi aRniSnaven, ar aris aucilebeli imis dadgena, rom msxverplisTvis es arasasurveli iyo. Tumca aRsaniSnavia,
rom, amave qveynebis kanonmdeblobiT, damamcirebeli da Zaladobrivi garemos Seqmna garkveuli doziT moicavs aRniSnuli qcevis
arasasurvelobasac.

306. EU (2012). Harassment related to sex and sexual harassment law in 33 Europan
countries, Discrimination versus Dignity. ix. bmulze: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/
JHQGHUHTXDOLW\OHV\RXUBULJKWVQDOBKDUDVVHPHQWBHQSGI

164

165

b) seqsualur Seviwroebaze reagireba da pasuxismgebloba

evropis qveynebis umetesobaSi reagirebis sami ZiriTadi gzaa:
Sida organizaciuli dacvis meqanizmi, Tanasworobis institutis
mier saCivris ganxilva da/an sasamarTlo sarCeli.
evropuli qveynebis umravlesobaSi seqsualuri Seviwroeba
samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobas iwvevs, romlis Sedegadac Semviwrovebels SesaZloa, daekisros zianis anazRaureba da kompensaciis gadaxda msxverplisTvis. Tumca zogierTi qveyana pasuxismgeblobas
aseve gansazRvravs administraciul da sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSic; magaliTad, fineTis SemTxvevaSi seqsualuri Seviwroeba isjeba sisxlis samarTlis wesiT (ss kodeqsis 47-e Tavi - damsaqmebeli an misi warmomadgeneli), iseve, rogorc espaneTSi (ss kodeqsis
184-e muxli). zogi qveyana awesebs zRvars zianis anazRaurebisas; magaliTad, avstriaSi es aris minimum 1000 evro Rirsebis SelaxvisTvis.
safrangeTi moraluri SeviwroebisaTvis ss kodeqsSi iTvaliswinebs
1 wlamde patimrobas da jarimas - 15 000 evros (ss muxli 222-33-2).
seqsualuri Seviwroebis saqmeebis ganxilvis mniSvnelovani sasamarTlo praqtikaa Seqmnili evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos mier, romelic iziarebs seqsualuri Seviwroebis diskriminaciis formad ganxilvis paradigmas da saxelmwifoebis mimarT
adgens mkacr standarts seqsualuri Seviwroebis saCivrebze reagirebisa da qalTa uflebebis dacvis kuTxiT (ix. danarTi #2 - cudaki litvis winaaRmdeg).

D.

seqsualuri Seviwroebis maregulirebeli kanonmdebloba

saqarTveloSi

2015 wels erT-erTi arasamTavrobo organizaciis mier Catarebulma kvlevam307 gamoavlina erovnuli kanonmdeblobis mniSvnelovani xarvezebi seqsualuri Seviwroebis regulirebis kuTxiT.
kerZod, mkvlevarebis mosazrebiT, sagulisxmo xarvezebs Seicavs
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-2 muxlis me-4 nawili, romelsac
Semoaqvs, zogadad, Seviwroebis mowesrigeba, Tumca konkretulad
seqsualuri Seviwroebis cnebas ar exeba. aRniSnuli muxli aseve
moiTxovs savaldebulo komparatoris arsebobas, rac, rogorc
zemoT iTqva, ar Seesabameba seqsualuri Seviwroebis definiciis
saerTaSoriso standarts.

mkvlevrebi aseve ganixilaven genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis Canawers, me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis
a da b qvepunqtebs, romlebic deklaraciulad krZalavs seqsualur Seviwroebas; Tumca iqve aRniSnaven, rom kanoni ar iyenebs
termins seqsualuri Seviwroeba da aRniSnul kanons ara aqvs realuri aRsrulebis meqanizmi.
aseve araefeqturad aris miCneuli saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis is muxlebi, romlebic danaSaulad acxadebs seqsualur SeviwroebasTan dakavSirebul Semdeg qmedebebs: gaupatiureba,
Cadenili samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT,308 seqsualuri
xasiaTis ZalmomreobiTi qmedeba,309 sqesobrivi kavSiris an seqsualuri xasiaTis sxvagvari moqmedebis iZuleba samsaxurebrivi damokidebulebis gamoyenebiT.310 rogorc mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, aRniSnuli qmedebebi ufro sisxlissamarTlebrivi danaSaulis maregulirebeli normebis kompetencias ganekuTvneba, xolo im pirobebSi,
rodesac seqsualuri Seviwroebis bevri aqti ar aRwevs sisxlissamarTlebrivi danaSaulis dones, isini, faqtobrivad, reagirebis gareSe rCeba.
rac Seexeba seqsualuri Seviwroebis faqtebis aRmofxvris
administraciul meqanizms, saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 42-e muxli gansazRvravs sanqciebis odenobas sawarmos, dawesebulebis, organizaciis (miuxedavad misi sakuTrebisa da organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formisa) Tanamdebobis piris mier Sromis kanonmdeblobis da Sromis wesebis darRvevis
SemTxvevaSi. amave kodeqsis 215-e muxlis Tanaxmad, k gaTvaliswinebul administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa saqmeebs Sromis saxelmwifo inspeqtorebi ganixilaven da maT Sesabamis sanqcias Seufardeben. Tumca saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri
dacvis ministris 2015 wlis brZanebaSi, romliTac damtkicda Sromis pirobebis inspeqtirebis departamentis debuleba, seqsualuri
Seviwroebis cneba ganxiluli ar aris.311
308. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, muxli 137, nawili me-2,
punqti a
309. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, muxli 138, nawili me-2,
punqti a
310. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, muxli 139, nawili 1

307. jalaRania l., nadareiSvili, T. (2014). genderuli diskriminacia

SromiT garemoSi.

166

311. saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris 2015 wlis 21 aprilis brZaneba #01-10/n, Sromis pirobebis in-

167

seqsualuri Seviwroebis cneba agreTve ar aris mocemuli diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi, rogorc diskriminaciis erT-erTi forma (detalurad ix.winamdebare naSromis Tavi diskriminaciis Sesaxeb).
yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli miuTiTebs, rom dRevandel kanonmdeblobaSi ar moipoveba seqsualuri Seviwroebis Sesaxeb srulfasovani Canaweri; arsebuli teqsti xarvezebiania da deklaraciul
xasiaTs atarebs; Sesabamisad, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom
uaxloes momavalSi samoqalaqo da administraciul kanonmdeblobaSi Setanil iqnes amgvari Canaweri.

E.

seqsualuri Seviwroebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebebi erovnul doneze

seqsualuri Seviwroebis Sesaxeb erovnul doneze miRebuli

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi mwiri raodenobiT gamoirCeva; maT
Soris aRsaniSnavia m.m-s saqme,312 romelmac gaiara samive instancia
da sasamarTlo warmoebis mniSvnelovani xarvezebi gamoavlina.

1. seqsualuri Seviwroebis garemoebebis gamokvlevis gareSe

datoveba
mosarCele m.m-is ganmartebiT, is 2010 wlidan muSaobda erTerT administraciul dawesebulebaSi sammarTvelos ganyofilebis ufrosis Tanamdebobaze. 2014 wlis 3 ianvars amave sammarTvelos samsaxuris ufrosma, a.k-m, ganaxorciela Zaladoba sxva (qal)
TanamSromelze, xolo mosarCelis mimarT - seqsualuri Zaladoba.
aRniSnuli cnobili gaxda sxva TanamSromlebisTvisac. is aseve ecnoba sammarTvelos ufross, v.w-s. 2014 wlis 5 ianvars a.k-m aRiara
misi mxridan m.m-s mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis faqti. man
gamoxata Rrma sinanuli da m.m-s mouxada bodiSi; amasTan, ganacxada, rom sajarodac mouxdida bodiSs da Semdeg samsaxurs datovebda. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, m.m. ramdenime TveSi samsaxuridan gaaTavisufles, vinaidan inspeqtirebis samsaxurma Seadgina daskvna,
speqtirebis debuleba
312. baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, #010310114507378 3-157/14,13 marti,
2015 weli

168

romlis Tanaxmadac, m.m-s mimarT seqsualuri Zaladobis an seqsualuri Zaladobis mcdelobis faqti ar momxdara. xolo Tavad m.m-m
Caidina moxelisa da dawesebulebis diskreditaciisken mimarTuli
uRirsi qmedeba, rac gamoixateboda socialur qselSi seqsualuri Seviwroebis faqtis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebaSi. aseve,
miTiTebuli iyo, rom m.m. xelovnurad Zabavda urTierTobebs; kerZod, man ramdenjerme gaaprotesta ufrosis mier micemuli davalebebi. aRniSnulma saqmem samive sasamarTlo instancia gaiara.
sakasacio sasamarTlom ar gaiziara saapelacio sasamarTlos
dasabuTeba m.m-s samsaxurSi aRdgenaze reorganizaciis motiviT
uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb da miiCnia, rom m.m. eqvemdebareboda samsaxurSi upirobo aRdgenas; man gadawyvetilebaSi administraciul
uwyebas daavala m.m-sTvis iZulebiTi ganacduris anazRaureba samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis dRidan samsaxurSi aRdgenis dRemde.
miuxedavad amgvari gadawyvetilebisa, arc erTi instanciis sasamarTlos m.m-s saqmesTan dakavSirebiT ar umsjelia seqsualuri
Seviwroebis arsis Sesaxeb da ar gamoukvlevia dasaqmebuli qalis
mimarT ganxorcielebuli diskriminacia, rogorc seqsualuri Seviwroebis forma. amave dros, sasamarTlos ar Seufasebia pasuxismgebloba m.m-s ufrosisa, romelic aRniSnuli faqtis Sesaxeb srul
informacias flobda. sasamarTlos aseve ar umsjelia sajaro dawesebulebaSi dasaqmebuli qalebis seqsualuri Seviwroebisgan
dacvis politikisa da reagirebis oficialuri meqanizmis ararsebobis Sesaxeb, rac aRniSnul saqmeze dadgenili saerTaSoriso
standartisgan mkveTrad daSorebul praqtikas warmoadgens.

2. Seviwroebis faqtis identificirebis problema

araerT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi gaJRerebulia dasaqmebulis mimarT savaraudo Seviwroebis ganxorcielebis amsaxveli
informacia, Tumca, vinaidan xSirad mosarCele, romelic ar aris
gacnobierebuli samarTlebriv terminologiaSi, aRniSnul movlenas Seviwroebas ver arqmevs, am sakiTxebze sasamarTlo, faqtobrivad, ar msjelobs. saqmeTa umravlesobaSi ikveTeba, rom mosarCele qalebi ver axerxeben seqsualuri Seviwroebis faqtebis damtkicebas, radgan arc maTi Cadenis dros da arc sasamarTlosadmi
mimarTvisas ar ician, rogor unda Seagrovon mtkicebulebebi Seviwroebis Sesaxeb:

169

axalcixis raionuli sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 30 oqtombris gadawyvetilebaSi,313 kerZod, mosarCelis sasarCelo moTxovnis dasabuTebaSi aRwerilia:
2015 wlis dasawyisidan skolis direqtori sistematurad axorcielebda ara mxolod misi, aramed sxva dasaqmebulebis uflebebis
darRvevas, rac gamoixateboda mudmiv zewolaSi, araadamianur, damamcirebel mopyrobaSi. yovelgvari mizezis da axsna-ganmartebis
gareSe yviroda, ilanZReboda; vinaidan misi ojaxidan mxolod is [mosarCele] iyo dasaqmebuli, iTmenda direqtoris amgvar gamoxdomebs.
sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom mosarCeles raime mtkicebuleba,
garda Tavisi axsna-ganmartebisa, ar warmoudgenia.

F.

daskvna da rekomendaciebi

rogorc ganxorcielebulma analizma gamoavlina, seqsualuri

Seviwroebis, rogorc diskriminaciis formis, arsebuli regulireba ver akmayofilebs saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo standarts.
dResdReobiT seqsualuri Seviwroebis msxverplebi ver axerxeben
maT mimarT ganxorcielebul adamianis uflebis darRvevaze saTanado reagirebisaTvis mimarTon administraciul da marTlmsajulebis organoebs. arsebuli viTareba moiTxovs cvlilebebs rogorc sakanonmdeblo, ise praqtikis doneze. Sesabamisad:
-

sakanonmdeblo doneze dazustdes seqsualuri Seviwroebis cneba da misi dadgenis garemoebebi, rogorc samoqalaqo, ise administraciul kanonmdeblobaSi;

damsaqmeblebisaTvis kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvros valdebuleba seqsualuri Seviwroebis faqtebze reagirebis

meqanizmebis danergvisa, romelTa ugulebelyofa damsaqmebelTa pasuxismgeblobis dayenebis safuZveli gaxdeba.

damsaqmeblebis mxridan SemuSavdes gasaCivrebis efeqturi

Sida meqanizmebi seqsualuri Seviwroebis msxverplTaTvis,
rac xelmisawvdoms gaxdis administraciul da sasamarTlo
marTlmsajulebas.

Sromis inspeqtirebis maregulirebel aqtebSi aisaxos zedamxedvelobis valdebuleba seqsualuri Seviwroebis prevenciisa da reagirebis kuTxiT.

seqsualuri Seviwroebis, rogorc diskriminaciis formis,

Sesaxeb amaRldes marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi dasaqmebul
pirTa cnobierebis done da ganaTlebis xarisxi.

3. mtkicebis standarti
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebSi SeiniSneba bundovaneba seqsualuri Seviwroebis, rogorc diskriminaciis erT-erTi formis,
mtkicebis standartTan dakavSirebiT. gadawyvetilebebSi ar aris
miTiTebuli, Tu ratom ver miaRwia mtkicebis Sesabamis standarts
mosarCelis mier seqsualuri Seviwroebis dasadgenad wardgenilma
mtkicebulebebma; ar gvxvdeba msjeloba Seviwroebis subieqtur da
obieqtur kriteriumebze, iseve, rogorc samuSao garemosa da saqmianobaSi xelSemSlel SesaZlo faqtorebze.
aq ganxiluli sul ramdenime sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba naklebad iZleva zogadi daskvnebis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas. miuxedavad amisa, aSkarad gamovlinda, rom seqsualuri Seviwroebis
savaraudo msxverplebi ar floben informacias TavianTi materialuri da saproceso uflebebis Sesaxeb, maT ar ician, rogor
unda moaxdinon reagireba seqsualuri Seviwroebis faqtze imgvarad, rom es intriganobad ar CaiTvalos. seqsualuri Seviwroebis msxverplTa mxridan sxvadasxva instanciaSi daxmarebisaTvis
mimarTva sazogadoebaSi jer kidev maTive sawinaaRmdego argumentad ganixileba, rasac ar ewinaaRmdegeba sasamarTlo. msxverplebi
ver axerxeben mtkicebulebebis Segrovebas; Sesabamisad, maTi saCivari rCeba dausabuTebeli, rac Sedegad mxolod msxverplis reputaciis damatebiT Selaxvas, samsaxuris dakargvas da sazogadoebisgan gariyvas iwvevs.

313. axalcixis raionuli sasamarTlos saqme #1060757-2/336-16, 30

oqtomberi, 2015 weli

170

171

ana arganaSvili
IX. ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis samoqalaqoadministraciuli samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi
A.

Sesavali

Tavi ganixilavs ojaxSi Zaladobisa da genderuli Zaladobis

Sesaxeb feministur midgomebs, aseve, amave Temaze amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evrokavSiris samarTlebriv CarCos. aqve ganxilulia ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis, ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplTa dacvisa da daxmarebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni genderuli
analizis perspeqtiviT da ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplTa dasacavad erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier gamoyenebuli administraciuli meqanizmebi.

B.

feministuri moZraoba ojaxSi Zaladobis

msxverplTa dasacavad

ojaxSi Zaladobis fenomenis gaazreba wlebis manZilze icvleboda imis mixedviT, Tu ra statusi da roli hqonda qals sazogadoebaSi. am gaazrebis erT-erTi mamoZravebeli Zala iyo qalTa organizaciebi, romlebmac XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi pirvelad gaxsnes
TavSesafrebi qalebisTvis da krizisuli centrebi rogorc aSS-Si,
ise evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.
pirveli amgvari TavSesafari 1971 wels gaixsna gaerTianebul
samefoSi, londonSi. sxvebTan erTad, misi fuZemdebeli iyo erin
pizi, romelmac dawera erT-erTi pirveli wigni am Temaze saxelwodebiT Cumad iyvire, Torem mezoblebi gaigoneben.314 1980 wels
mxolod inglisSi Zaladobis msxverpli qalebisaTvis 150-mde
TavSesafari iyo. aSS-Si pirveli TavSesafari 1973 wels gaixsna315
(arizonis StatSi). 1972 wels advokatma qalebma daaarses pirveli
cxeli xazi, romelic krizisul situaciaSi msxverpl qalebs konsultaciebs aZlevda. feministurma organizaciebma 1977-80 wlebSi sxvadasxva StatSi Caatares araerTi konferencia qalTa mimarT
Zaladobis Temaze. moZraoba iwyeboda dainteresebuli qalebis gaerTianebiT Temis doneze, Tumca maT mxardasaWerad xSirad uerT-

172

deboda sxvadasxva religiuri jgufi, iseve, rogorc servisis mimwodebeli organizaciebi da federaluri saagentoebi.
feministi iuristebi da Zaladobis msxverpli qalebis moZraoba qalebis mimarT Zaladobas ganixilaven genderuli Cagvrisa
da subordinaciis farTo konteqstSi. qalebze Zaladoba pirdapir
ukavSirdeba qalis daqvemdebarebul pozicias ojaxSi, samuSao adgilze diskriminacias, anazRaurebis uTanasworobas, saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis SezRudvas, dedobis socialuri mxardaWeris naklebobas da a.S.
aRsaniSnavia, rom feministuri moZraoba ojaxSi Zaladobis
problemas ar ukavSirebs moZaladis raime paTologias an mkurnalobis saWiroebas. feministi mkvlevrebi aseve ar iziareben midgomas, romelic qalTa mimarT Zaladobas ojaxis sistemis perspeqtividan ganixilavs da, Sesabamisad, ojaxis yvela wevrs garkveul
pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs sistemaSi mimdinare procesebze.
feministi iuristebi xSirad problemurad miiCneven Tavad
termins ojaxSi Zaladoba, radgan, maTi azriT, ojaxTan Zaladobis asociaciuri dakavSireba Zaladobis cnebas samoqalaqo uflebebis dRis wesrigidan aqrobs. izabel markusma316 aRniSna, rom
genderuli Zaladoba unda miviCnioT msoflio problemad da, Sesabamisad, is saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam unda ganixilos.
ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi xSirad
ver iTvaliswinebs feministebis mier identificirebul genderuli Zaladobis formebsa da dinamikas. magaliTad, marta mahouni
Tavis statiaSi aRwers317 e.w. ganSorebis Zaladobas, rogorc Zaladobis specifikur formas, romelic qals aucileblad daemuqreba, Tu igi gadawyvets moZaladisgan wamosvlas, magram samarTaldamcavebs es faqtori xSirad yuradRebis miRma rCebaT. amis
mizezi ki, mahounis azriT, isaa, rom samarTlebrivi sistema orientirebulia incidentebis mimarT reagirebaze, maT raodenobriv
maCvenebelze. es midgoma advokatebs exmareba, ojaxSi Zaladobis
danaSauli ganixilon ise, rogorc sxva danaSaulebi, magram am midgomis susti mxare imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am dros aqcenti gadanacvlebulia - unda daviTvaloT da aRvweroT, ramdenjer dadasturda samarTaldamcavebis mier, rom qali Zaladobis msxverpli

314. Pizzey, E. (1974). Scream Quietly or the neighbours will hear, Pelican

316. Marcus, I (1994). Reframing Domestic Violence: terrorism in the home, in MarWKD)LQHPDQ 5R[DQQH0\NLWXN7KH3XEOLF1DWXUHRI3ULYDWH9LROHQFHWKH'LVFRYery of Domestic Abuse 11, 27

315. Tierney K.J. (1982). The battered women movement and the creation of wife
beating problem. Social problems, vol.29.no3, February

 0DKRQH\ 0  /HJDO ,PDJHV RI EDWWHUHG ZRPHQ UHGHQLQJ WKH LVVXH RI
separation, 90 Mich. L. Rev. 1, 28

173

gaxda, imis magivrad, rom gavarkvioT, sinamdvileSi ramdenjer da

rogor iZalada kacma.
feministebi SeTanxmdnen, rom cnebebi piradi da piradi urTierTobebi xSirad aferxebs ojaxSi Zaladobis SemTxvevebis identificirebas. elizabet Snaideri318 miuTiTebda, rom es aris ganxiluli,
rogorc piradi Zaladoba da amiT xazs usvamda, rom qalTa Cagvris
am ganzomilebaSi ganxilva iyo Zaladobis politikuri ganzomilebis
daknineba.

C.

ojaxSi Zaladobisgan dacvis meqanizmebi aSS-sa da

evrokavSiris qveynebSi

1. ojaxSi Zaladobisgan dacvis meqanizmebi amerikis

SeerTebul StatebSi
a) samoqalaqo damcavi orderebi
ojaxSi Zaladobis SemTxvevebze samoqalaqo damcavi da Semakavebeli orderebis momwesrigebeli kanonmdebloba aSS-Si 1970 wels
dainerga. am dromde Zaladobis msxverpli qalebi iZulebuli iyvnen, damcavi orderis mosaTxovnad ganqorwinebis samarTlebrivi
procedurebi daewyoT. specialuri sakanonmdeblo dokumentis,
pensilvaniis Zaladobisgan dacvis aqtis,319 miRebam 1976 wels am
tipis orderebis farTod gavrcelebaze gadamwyveti zegavlena
iqonia. 1980 wels samoqalaqo orderebis sistema ukve 45 Statsa da
kolumbiis olqSi muSaobda.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani cvlileba qalTa mimarT Zaladobis
sferoSi aSS-Si ganxorcielda 1994 wels, rodesac kongresma miiRo
qalTa mimarT Zaladobis aqti.320 am dokumentis mier Semotanili
fundamenturi cvlilebebi mdgomareobda SemdegSi:
(1) sxva StatSi gamocemuli orderi moqmedebs im StatSic, sadac imyofeba moZalade da/an msxverpli.
(2) Statidan StatSi gadasvliT Cadenili orderis darRveva
(magaliTad, Tu moZalade gaitacebs msxverpls da sxva StatSi gadaiyvans) warmoadgens federalur danaSauls da sanqciac sagrZnoblad maRalia.
318. Shneider E. (1991). The Violence of Privacy, 23 Conn. L.
319. Pennsylvania Protection from Abuse
320. Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)

174

1994 wlis Zaladobrivi danaSaulis kontrolisa da samarTaldacvis aqti krZalavs iaraRis Senaxvasa da tarebas im piris mier,
romlis mimarTac gamocemulia Semakavebeli orderi. am aqtis darRveva isjeba 10 wlamde patimrobiT.
Tumca aRniSnuli orderebis sistema yovelwliurad daxvewasa
da gaumjobesebas eqvemdebareba. marTlmsajulebis erovnuli institutis publikaciaSi aRniSnulia is problemebi, romlebic orderebis sistemis praqtikaSi ganxorcielebas axlavs:321 zogierTi
mosamarTle Tavs aridebs orderis damtkicebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
arsebobs mxolod muqara da fizikuri Zaladoba jer ar ganxorcielebula. am dros isini afaseben ganxorcielebuli muqaris sixSires
da moZaladis mier misi aRsrulebis SesaZleblobas.
vaSingtonis Statis aqti gansazRvravs, rom ojaxSi Zaladoba
moicavs (Tumca amiT ar Semoifargleba) pirveli, meore, mesame da
meoTxe xarisxis Zaladobas (assault), safrTxis Seqmnas (reckless endangerment), iZulebas (coercion), pirveli da meore xarisxis ukanonod
SeRwevas (burglary), sakuTrebis ganzrax dazianebas (malicious mischief), Tavisuflebis ukanono SezRudvas (unlawful imprisonment). orderis gamocemis safuZvlad Statebis umravlesoba aseve miiCnevs
adevnebas da Seviwroebas.
kanonmdebloba Statebis umravlesobaSi msxverplisgan ar
iTxovs orderis gamosacemad gancxadebiT mimarTvas drois SezRudul monakveTSi; Tumca aRniSnuli mowesrigebulia samosamarTleo praqtikiT, da Tavad mosamarTleebi iTxoven, rom orderisTvis mimarTva xorcieldebodes, magaliTad, 48 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
zogierTi mosamarTle miiCnevs, rom incidentis Semdeg msxverpls
esaWiroeba garkveuli dro, raTa Seityos damcavi orderis gamoweris SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb da miiRos megobrebis mxardaWera am
gabeduli nabijis gadasadgmelad. Sesabamisad, es mosamarTleebi
orderis gacemisTvis sarCelis Setanaze erTTvian vadas aweseben.

b) damcavi orderiT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebi

niu-jersis Statis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, samoqalaqo orderis gamocemiT msxverplis sasargeblod SesaZlebelia, ganxorcieldes Semdegi RonisZiebebi:
321. Finn, P. & Colson, S., (1990). National Institute of Justice, Civil Protection Orders:
Legislation, Current Court Practice, and Enforcement. Chapter of the publication: Domestic Violence and the Law, theory and practice, 2008, by Schneider, E.M., Hanna,
C., Greenberg, J.G., Dalton, C., (2008). Foundation Press

175

mosarCele (msxverpli) daculi iyos mopasuxis (moZaladis)

mxridan Semdgomi Zaladobisgan.

msxverplis eqskluziur mflobelobaSi (possession) gadavides

sacxovrebeli (sadac igi cxovrobs), miuxedavad imisa, iyo Tu
ara is mxareebis TanasakuTreba, an erToblivad hqondaT daqiravebuli.

176

mopasuxem mosarCeles gadauxados monetaruli kompensacia

im zianisTvis, romelic miayena da romelic Zaladobis uSualo Sedegia. es SeiZleba moicavdes ganacdurs, dazianebebis mkurnalobis xarjebs, dazianebuli sakuTrebis SekeTeba/
Secvlis, sakonsultacio momsaxurebis, mgzavrobis Tanxebs,
advokatis anazRaurebas, sasamarTlos xarjebs, miyenebuli
tkivilisa da travmis kompensacias da a.S.

mopasuxes daekisros savaldebulo konsultaciis miReba

specialistisgan (magaliTad, fsiqologi an sxva dargis muSaki). konsultanti SesaZlebelia, SearCios sasamarTlom.
mxareebs SeiZleba daevaloT, warmoadginon konsultaciis gavlis damadasturebeli dokumenti Sesabamisi sesiebis
aRricxviT. mopasuxes, SesaZloa, daekisros konsultantis
anazRaurebis gadaxda.

mopasuxes SesaZloa, SeezRudos Sesvla specialur adgilebSi,

sacxovrebelSi, skolaSi, mosarCelis an ojaxis sxva wevrebis
dasaqmebis adgilas.

mopasuxes SesaZloa, SeezRudos komunikacia, romelic gamoiwvevs mosarCelis an misi ojaxis wevrebis Sewuxebas, maT Soris
piradi, werilobiT, satelefono, aseve urTierToba mosarCelis TanamSromlebTan an im pirebTan, romlebTan komunikacia
iqoniebs zegavlenas an gamoiwvevs mosarCelis Sewuxebas.

mopasuxes SesaZloa, daevalos qiris an sesxis dafarva im

sacxovreblisTvis, romelSic ganTavsebulia msxverpli an
ojaxis sxva wevri, Tu mopasuxes maTi rCenis/mxardaWeris
valdebuleba aqvs, Tu aRniSnuli sakiTxi ar gamxdara sadavo,
an ar warmoadgens sxva sasamarTlo warmoebis sakiTxs.

mosarCeles da sxva sarCen pirebs mieceT monetaruli daxmareba gadaudebeli aucileblobisTvis (emergency monetary relief).

bavSvze droebiTi meurveoba mieniWos aramoZalade mxares

bavSvis saukeTeso interesis gaTvaliswinebiT.

policiels daevalos romelime mxaris mier sacxovrebelSi

sakuTari nivTebis Segrovebis da gadatanis procesze Tanxleba da meTvalyureoba.

mosarCelis mier cxadi Tanxmobisa da moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, ganisazRvros mosarCelisa da mopasuxis erTsa da imave
sacxovrebelSi cxovreba da mopasuxis mier sacxovreblis
gamoyenebis pirobebi.

mosarCeles ganesazRvros sxva tipis adekvaturi mxardaWera, romelic SesaZloa, am CamonaTvalSi ar Sediodes.

mopasuxes daevalos sasamarTlos monitoringis erTeulisTvis angariSgeba orderis pirobebis Sesrulebis Taobaze.

mopasuxes SeezRudos cecxlsasroli an sxva saxis iaraRis

Senaxva da tareba.

mopasuxis mier bavSvebis monaxulebis SesaZleblobis micemis

dros sasamarTlo adgens usafrTxoebis xarisxs da awesebs Sesabamis pirobebs, maT Soris, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, mesame mxaris
(magaliTad, socialuri samsaxuri) daswrebas. mosarCelem aseve
SeiZleba moiTxovos mopasuxisTvis bavSvebis monaxulebis uflebis miniWebamde SesaZlo riskebisa da safrTxeebis gamokvleva Sesabamisi uwyebis mxridan. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlo Seityobs
monaxulebis periodSi bavSvebisTvis safrTxis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, SesaZloa, daniSnos damatebiTi sasamarTlo mosmena da aRniSnuli SesaZlebloba gaauqmos.
samoqalaqo damcavi orderebis aRsrulebis sakiTxi erT-erTi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani problemaa ojaxSi Zaladobis movlenasTan
brZolis TvalsazrisiT. Sesabamisi aRsrulebis meqanizmis gareSe
orderis gamocemam SeiZleba gaauaresos mdgomareoba da msxverpli gazrdili safrTxis winaSe daayenos. moZaladeebma SesaZloa,
permanentulad daarRvion orderi, Tu eqnebaT rwmena, rom isini
dausjeli darCebian. damcavi orderebis aRsrulebisTvis sasamarTloebma, samarTaldamcavebma da prokurorebma gansakuTrebuli koordinaciiT unda imoqmedon.
orderiT dawesebuli pirobebidan nebismieri gadaxveva moZaladis mxridan aris darRveva, miuxedavad imisa, iwvevs Tu ara aRniSnuli qmedeba ganmeorebiT Zaladobas.
sasamarTlos mier orderiT dadgenili pirobebi SesaZloa, gauqmdes mxolod sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT. im SemTxvevaSic, Tu
msxverpli gadawyvets, rom safrTxis riskma gaiara, Tavad daukavSirdeba mopasuxes da mxareebi Serigdebian, aRniSnuli mainc orderis pirobebis darRvevad CaiTvleba.

177

c) ojaxSi Zaladobis gavlena Zaladobis msxverpl bavSvebze

qalebisTvis saziano gadawyvetilebebis WrilSi
rogorc cnobilia, ojaxSi Zaladobis SemTxvevaTa 50%-Si damnaSave Zaladobs ara mxolod colze, aramed bavSvebzec; xolo im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu bavSvi uSualo fizikuri Zaladobis msxverpli
araa, dedaze Zaladobis mowmed yofna mas mZime fsiqologiuri da
emociuri Zaladobis msxverplad aqcevs; is posttravmuli stresis sindroms ganicdis da aReniSneba amis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli
qcevis mZime darRvevebi. bavSvebis garkveuli nawili ki, romelic
cdilobs dedis dacvas fizikuri Zaladobisgan, Tavadac iRebs dazianebebs.322
Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania, ojaxSi Zaladobis SemTxvevis Sefasebisas samarTaldamcavebma yuradReba gaamaxvilon bavSvebis
mimarT arsebul Zaladobaze da misi ganmaxorcieleblis mimarT
Sesabamisi pasuxismgebloba dadges.
bavSvebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mowyvladni arian ojaxSi
Zaladobis movlenebis mimarT, xSirad socialuri samsaxuris daxmarebiT toveben saxls da droebiT sacxovreblad alternatiul
ojaxebSi gadadian. Tumca aseTi gadawyvetileba zog SemTxvevaSi
Zaladobis msxverplis winaaRmdeg moqmedebs, radgan qalebi, romlebic Tavad gaxdnen Zaladobis msxverplni, ver axerxeben bavSvebis dacvas Zaladobis mZime formebisgan da am mizezis gamo samarTaldamcavebi maT ganixilaven, rogorc Zaladobis Tanamonawileebs an damxmareebs.

d) sara p. Sexteris saqme323

sara Sexteris SemTxvevaSi aSS-is erT-erTi Statis sasamarTlo ganixilavda orive mSoblis mimarT sisxlissamarTlebriv
pasuxismgeblobas bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladobis saqmeSi. konkretulad, mama iyo braldebuli bavSvebis genitaliebze Sexebis
gamo; xolo dedam, romelic iyo am danaSaulis mowme, ver moaxerxa
bavSvebis dacva mamisgan da samarTaldamcavebisTvis danaSaulis
Setyobineba. amitom dadga misi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxic.
322. Greenberg, J.G (2005). Domestic violence and the danger of joint custody presumtions, Ill.L.Rev. 403
323. Family Court, Kings County, New York, 1992 587 N.Y.S. 2d 464, in the book of
Domestic Violence and the Law, theory and practice, 2008, by Schneider, E.M., Hanna,
C., Greenberg, J.G., Dalton, C., 2008. Foundation Press

178

aRniSnuli saqme samarTaldamcavebis mxedvelobis areSi moeqca mas Semdeg, rac dedam 1991 wlis 12 aprils mimarTa policias mis
mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis gamo. saqmeSi CaerTo msxverplTa dacvis saagentos specialisti, romelmac ganacxada, rom maT
saxlSi vizitisas sara iyo gafiTrebuli, akankalebuli, tiroda
da ver laparakobda gancdili travmis gamo. erTi saaTis Semdeg
igi odnav damSvidda, SeZlo saubari da saagentos muSaks hkiTxa,
ramdenad normaluri iyo qmris mxridan bavSvebTan cekva SiSvel
mdgomareobaSi da fotoebis gadaReba. mas Semdeg, rac sara TavSesafarSi gadaiyvanes, bavSvebs CautardaT samedicino gamokvleva.
mtkicebulebebis gamokvlevis safuZvelze, sasamarTlom daadgina,
rom bavSvebis mimarT marTlac xorcieldeboda seqsualuri Zaladoba uSualod mamis mxridan, xolo dedam veraferi iRona amis sawinaaRmdegod. is cdilobda Tavis dacvas, vinaidan Tavadac Zaladobis msxverpli iyo. saras dacvis mxarem moiwvia ori eqsperti-mowme,
romlebmac isaubres Zaladobis msxverpli qalis sindromze da aRniSnes, rom am mdgomareobaSi qals ekargeba sakuTari Tavis rwmena,
ris gamoc ver iazrebs, rom obieqturad da sworad moqmedebs.
sasamarTlom imsjela, rom saras, romelic marTlac ganicdida Zaladobis msxverpli qalis sindroms, daqveiTebuli hqonda
nebeloba da azrovneba; Sesabamisad, igi ar unda CaTvliliyo moZaladed, ufro metic, igi iyo umweo da ver axerxebda bavSvebis dacvas Zaladobisgan. kanonis miznebis ganmartebiT, deda am danaSaulis xelSemwyobad ver CaiTvleboda. Sesabamisad, saras mimarT ar
gamoutaniaT gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni, Tumca dadginda misi mxridan ugulebelyofa bavSvebis mimarT.
ugulebelyofa bavSvebis mimarT, faqtobrivad, yovelTvis
dasturdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Zaladobis msxverpli qali, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, ver icavs bavSvebs im Zaladobisgan, romelic
mis mimarT xorcieldeba, xolo bavSvebi amis mowmeebi xdebian. xSirad qalebi, romlebic miiCneven, rom maT mimarT ganxorcielebuli
Zaladoba SeiZleba moiTminon, ver acnobiereben, rom es pirdapir
moqmedebs maT Svilebze, romelTa mimarTac maT udidesi pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT. bavSvebis datoveba Zaladobis situaciaSi warmoadgens maTi uflebebis darRvevas, ris gamoc dgindeba ugulebelyofa Zaladobis msxverplis mxridan; bavSvebs orive mSobels
daaSoreben da isini alternatiul sacxovrisSi gadahyavT. saWiroa, Zaladobis msxverpli qali siRrmiseulad iyos informirebuli Zaladobisgan bavSvTa dacvis Sesaxeb, rac xels Seuwyobs Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gatarebas.

179

iurist doroTi robertss miaCnia,324 rom marTlmsajulebis amgvari midgoma SesaZloa, potenciurad damazianebeli iyos msxverpli qalisTvis, vinaidan, faqtobrivad, maT marTlmsajuleba sjis
imis gamo, rom winaaRmdegobis gaweva ver moaxerxes moZaladisTvis. aRniSnuli midgoma ar aRiarebs, rom qals SesaZloa, hqondes
dedis rolisgan gansxvavebuli da Tanazomieri interesi, sakuTari me. mas ganixilaven bavSvis interess daqvemdebarebulad. arsebiTad, marTlmsajulebis sistema upirobod miiCnevs, rom qalma
Tavisi yvela qmedeba bavSvis interesis speqtrSi unda gaiazros.
doroTi robertsis azriT, kanonma da samarTalSemfardebelma siRrmiseulad unda gamoikvlion, Tu ratom ver moaxerxa qalma
bavSvis dacva qmris mxridan ganxorcielebuli Zaladobisgan. sasamarTlom unda Seiswavlos is garemoeba, rom xSirad damnaSaveebi Svilebze colis dasasjelad Zaladoben. rodesac qali gadawyvets, rom SeewinaaRmdegos Zaladobas, maT moZaladeebi yvelaze
ufro mowyvlad obieqtze - am SemTxvevaSi arasrulwlovan bavSvze
- zewoliT sjian. bavSvebis cema SeiZleba iyos moZaladis strategiis nawili, raTa moralurad gatexos Zaladobis mTavari msxverpli - qali. es msjeloba, cxadia, ar gulisxmobs bavSvebze Zaladobis
mimarT Zaladobis msxverpli qalis gulgrilobis gamarTlebas; is
cdilobs, naTelyos imis aucilebloba, rom am movlenas erqvas ara
gulgriloba da ugulebelyofa msxverplis mxridan, aramed aRiarebul iqnes, rogorc Zaladobis specifikuri forma.
sasamarTloebi dResdReobiT ufro metad koncentrirebulni
arian, rom qalis mimarT gamoiyenon egoisti dedis stereotipuli msjelobidan gamomdinare standarti, da ar cdiloben, siRrmiseulad gaerkvnen bavSvis mimarT Zaladobis garemoebebSi. magaliTad, afro-amerikeli qalebis mimarT arsebuli tradiciuli stereotipi, rom isini ugulisyuro dedebi arian, xSirad ganapirobebs
daskvnas, rom maT bavSvebze Zaladoba dauSves am ugulisyurobis
gamo. qalebis Cagvra da uTanasworoba, rogorc politikuri konteqsti, maTze, rogorc dedebze, stereotipuli Sexedulebebis
gavrcelebasac iwvevs. samarTalma unda SeZlos maTgan distancireba da sakiTxis mimarT, genderuli TvalsazrisiT, mgrZnobiare
damokidebuleba gamoavlinos.

324. Roberts, D.E. (1999). Mothers who fail to protect their children, from Mothers
Troubles, by Julia E. Hanigsberg and Sara Ruddick, eds. 1999

180

2. ojaxSi Zaladobisgan samoqalaqo da administraciuli dacvis

meqanizmebi evrokavSiris qveynebSi
2016 wels genderuli Tanasworobisa da diskriminaciisgan dacvis samarTlebrivi eqspertebis evropulma qselma evropis komisiis mxardaWeriT Caatara evropis qveynebis kanonmdeblobis kvleva
qalTa mimarT Zaladobis samarTlebrivi regulirebis kuTxiT.325
kvlevis mizani iyo evropis sabWos qalTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobisa
da ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTisa da prevenciis Sesaxeb konvenciasTan (stambolis konvencia) evrokavSiris qveynebis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisobis Sefaseba. miRebul dokuments saerTaSoriso
samarTlisTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs ojaxSi ZaladobasTan
brZolis TvalsazrisiT.
sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, kvlevaSi ganxilulia konvenciis specifikuri muxlebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba ojaxSi Zaladobis samoqalaqo da administraciuli dacvis meqanizmebs; maT Sorisaa: Zaladobis msxverplTa xelmisawvdomoba TavSesafrebze, sareabilitacio servisebsa da profesiul konsultaciebze (muxli 20), damcavi
da Semakavebeli, aseve gadaudebel situaciaSi moqmedi orderebi
(muxli 52, 53), samoqalaqo sarCelebi (muxli 29), kompensacia (muxli
30) da sxv. aRniSnul sakiTxebs evrokavSiris qveynebSi awesrigebs
rogorc evrokavSiris samarTali, ise erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT
gansazRvruli aqtebi.
moyvanili kvlevis avtorebis azriT, evrokavSiris samarTals
jer kidev sWirdeba ganviTareba msxverplTa krizisuli daxmarebis maregulirebeli normebis mowesrigebis kuTxiT, radgan evrokavSiris msxverplTa dacvis direqtiva 2012/29/EU326 dawesebuli minimaluri standartebi danaSaulis Sedegad dazaralebulTa
uflebebis, daxmarebis da dacvis TvalsazrisiT SedarebiT viwro
masStabisaa, fokusirebulia sisxlis samarTlis procesis mimarTulebiT da ar moiazrebs konvenciiT nagulisxmev yvela serviss
genderuli Zaladobis msxverplTaTvis. uSualod servisebis gan325. Nousiainen, K., Chinkin, C. (2016). European Commission, Directorate-General
for Justice and Consumers: legal implications of EU accession to the Istanbul Convention. ix. bmulze: KWWSHFHXURSDHXMXVWLFHJHQGHUHTXDOLW\OHV\RXUBULJKWVLVWDQEXOBFRQYHQWLRQBUHSRUWBQDOSGI
326. 2012/29/EU, DIRECTIVE 2012/29/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND
OF THE COUNCIL of 25 October 2012 establishing minimum standards on the rights,
support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA. ix. bmulze: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.
do?uri=OJ:L:2012:315:0057:0073:EN:PDF

181

viTareba wevri qveynebis valdebulebaa da, rogorc angariSSia aRniSnuli, met-naklebi warmatebiT xorcieldeba. wevri qveynebis
pirdapir valdebulebas warmoadgens aseve samoqalaqo samarTliT
uzrunvelyofili meqanizmebis danergva da genderul ZaladobasTan dakavSirebuli iseTi sakiTxebis mowesrigeba, rogoricaa
meurveoba da bavSvze zrunva. avtorebis azriT, evrokavSiris samarTlis srulyofa SesaZlebelia aseve specialuri direqtivebis
SemuSavebiT, romlebic ufro metad gaamaxvilebdnen yuradRebas
aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb politikis ganviTarebaze.

D.

ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis, ojaxSi Zaladobis

msxverplTa dacvisa da daxmarebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos
kanonis genderuli analizi

evropis sabWos mier 2011 wels miRebul konvencias qalTa mimarT Zaladobis da ojaxSi Zaladobis prevenciisa da aRkveTis Sesaxeb saqarTvelom xeli moawera 2014 wlis 29 ivniss. mas Semdeg
saqarTvelos iusticiis saministrom bevr kanonSi ganaxorciela
cvlilebebis inicireba konvenciis valdebulebebis Sesrulebis
mizniT.327 miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi
parlaments dRemde ar miuRia, iseve, rogorc ar momxdara stambolis konvenciis ratificireba. Sesabamisad, genderuli Zaladobis
maregulirebel aqtebSi xarvezebi rCeba.
vinaidan ojaxSi Zaladobis konteqstSi Cadenili zogierTi
qmedeba sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis sferos ganekuTvneba
(ix. winamdebare kvlevis Tavi qalTa mimarT Zaladoba), am TavSi
SemovifarglebiT ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis Sesaxeb kanonis ZiriTadi midgomebisa da administraciuli meqanizmebis genderuli
analiziT.
327.iaraRis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos organuli kanoni
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsi, iuridiuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni, pacientis uflebebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos
kanoni, patimrobis kodeqsi, policiis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni,
saeqimo saqmianobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni, sajaro samsaxuris
Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos organuli kanoni saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi, ucxoelTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa
samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni, umaRlesi
ganaTlebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni, zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, ojaxSi
Zaladobis aRkveTis, ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplTa dacvisa da daxmarebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsi, advokatTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni

182

2014 wels mkvlevarTa sainciativo jgufis mier ganxorcielda328 aRniSnuli kanonis genderuli analizi. mkvlevrebis azriT,
ojaxSi Zaladobis problemas saxelmwifo jer kidev de-genderul
CarCoSi ganixilavs. avtorebi ganmartaven, rom [de-genderuli
CarCo] problemas eZebs ara sazogadoebis struqturaSi, aramed individualur doneze. arc msxverpls da arc moZalades ar gaaCnia
sqesi. moZalade aris Zalauflebis mqone, xolo msxverpli aris subordinirebuli da SeiZleba iyos nebismieri, visac subordinirebulis statusi aqvs (bavSvi, moxuci, SSmp). problema warmodgenilia
genderulad neitralur terminebSi da is aris universaluri problema, romelic gvxvdeba nebismier doneze. amave kvlevis Tanaxmad,
kanonSi arsad aris naxsenebi, rom ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverpli, ZiriTadad, qalia da mas am mxriv gansakuTrebuli gamowvevebi aqvs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ojaxSi Zaladobis Sesaxeb kanoni ar akeTebs
aqcents seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplTa daxmarebisa da mxardaWeris specialur RonisZiebebze, romelic limitirebul droSi,
gadaudeblad unda ganxorcieldes.
kanonis erT-erT mniSvnelovan xarvezs warmoadgens is, rom
qalTa mimarT Zaladoba gansazRvrulia mxolod ojaxSi Zaladobis wriT da ara, zogadad, qalTa mimarT genderuli ZaladobiT.
Sesabamisad, kanoni damcav meqanizmebs iTvaliswinebs ojaxis wevrTa da yofili partnioris mimarT. es niSnavs, rom qali, romlis mimarTac genderul Zaladobas axorcielebs sxva piri, ver moiTxovs
Semakavebeli da damcavi orderis gamocemas.
kanonis dRes moqmedi redaqcia ar iTvaliswinebs im gansakuTrebul SemTxvevas, rodesac ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverpli Tavdapirvelad atyobinebs samarTaldamcavebs momxdaris Sesaxeb, Semdeg ki, gare faqtorebis zegavleniT (moZaladis SiSi), uars ambobs
Tavis Setyobinebaze da uaryofs Zaladobis faqts. samarTaldamcavi organo, ise asrulebs saqmis warmoebas, rom am garemoebas saTanadod ar Seiswavlis.
kanoni aseve ar iTvaliswinebs ojaxSi Zaladobis im gansakuTrebiT rTul SemTxvevas, rodesac moZalade dasaqmebulia samarTaldamcav organoebSi da, aRniSnulis gamo, samarTaldamcavTa
mxridan reagirebisas xSirad warmoiSoba interesTa konfliqti;
Sesabamisad, kanoni ar zrunavs mis gamoricxvaze.
kanonis me-16 muxlis me-6 punqtis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos mier
damtkicebul Semakavebel da damcav orderebze zedamxedvelobis
328. Wabukiani, n., jiblaZe, g., ubilava, n. (2014). saqarTveloSi ojaxSi
Zaladobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli politikis analizi

183

valdebuleba policias ekisreba, Tumca kanoni ar gansazRvravs zedamxedvelobis periodulobas da meTods. Sesabamisad, praqtikaSi
am normis aRsruleba mxolod msxverplis Setyobinebasa da aqtiurobazea damokidebuli, rac moZaladisTvis cxad gzavnils warmoadgens, rom msxverpli sakuTari Tavis imedadaa darCenili da
masze ganmeorebiTi Zaladoba SeiZleba dausjeli darCes. aRniSnuli regulireba, faqtobrivad, mianiSnebs, rom saxelmwifo ojaxSi
Zaladobas kvlavac piradi sferos problemad moiazrebs da ara
sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxad, radgan am
ukanasknelis uzrunvelsayofad samarTaldamcavebi proaqtiul
kontrols ganaxorcielebdnen.
kanoni aseve ar gansazRvravs ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplTa
gansakuTrebiT mowyvladi kategoriebisTvis marTlmsajulebis
xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofas, romelic mniSvnelovnad aferxebs am jgufisTvis kanoniT garantirebuli dacvis meqanizmebis
amoqmedebas. aseT jgufebs miekuTvnebian msxverplebi, romlebic,
amave dros, romelime umciresobas warmoadgenen da, Sesabamisad,
ganicdian diskriminacias marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis
kuTxiT; magaliTad, Zaladobis msxverpli qalebi, romlebsac aReniSnebaT imgvari SezRuduli SesaZlebloba, romelic gamoricxavs
damxmaris gareSe Zaladobis Sesaxeb Setyobinebis gagzavnas da a.S.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kanonis gardamaval debulebebSi gawerilia
ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplisTvis kompensaciis gacemis wesis da
kompensaciis odenobis gansazRvris valdebulebis vada - 2015 wlis
1 maisamde, Tumca es dRemde ar aris ganxorcielebuli da, Sesabamisad, msxverplebs ezRudebaT amave kanoniT miniWebuli kompensaciis moTxovnis ufleba.
aRniSnuli analizi miuTiTebs, rom ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplTaTvis kanonmdeblobiT srulfasovnad ar aris uzrunvelyofili administraciuli da samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi dacvis meqanizmebi; msxverplebi, romelTaganac sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo
moelis Zaladobis Sesaxeb Setyobinebas, ver iReben usafrTxoebis
minimalur garantiebs. Sesabamisad, logikuria, rom ar xorcieldeba Zaladobis Sesaxeb Setyobineba;

E.

ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTisa da prevenciis Sesaxeb

arsebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis analizi

kvlevis miznebisTvis damuSavda saqarTvelos raionuli da saqalaqo sasamarTloebis, aseve Tbilisis da quTaisis saapelacio
sasamarTloebis administraciuli kolegiis mier 2012 wlidan 2016

wlamde miRebuli 134 sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis, ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplTa dacvisa da daxmarebis
Sesaxeb kanonis farglebSi gamocemuli da damtkicebuli orderebis Taobaze.
aRsaniSnavia mniSvnelovani tendencia, romelic gamoikveTa
gamocemul da damtkicebul orderebSi wlebis mixedviT: 2012 wlis
orderebis ganxilvis Sedegad, Cans, rom Warbobs qalebis mimarT
ganxorcielebuli mZime formis Zaladobis - fizikuri Zaladoba,
cema, dazianeba - gamo sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva; 2016 wlis orderebis mixedviT ki vlindeba Zaladobis iseTi formebi, romlebic
aseve zRudavs qalis Tavisuflebas da damoukideblad gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebas: piradi mimoweris konfidencialobis
darRveva (sms-ebis kontroli), muSaobis uflebis SezRudva, bavSvis
gaCenis uflebis SezRudva da a.S. aRniSnuli ukve pozitiuri tendenciaa, vinaidan qalebi uflebis darRvevad da Zaladobad miiCneven iseT qmedebas, romelic manamde, sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli
stereotipebis gamo, Zaladobad ar aRiqmeboda. es adamianis uflebebis da qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis
donis amaRlebaze miuTiTebs.

1. gadawyvetilebebis arasruli daStrixvis problema

miuxedavad imisa, rom gadawyvetilebebis umravlesobaSi daStrixulia msxverplisa da moZaladis saxeli da gvari, jer kidev
gvxvdeba iseTi gadawyvetilebebi, romlebSic srulad aris identificirebuli saqmeSi monawile pirebis (maT Soris, msxverplTa)
sacxovrebeli misamarTi, piradi nomeri da sxva saxis personaluri
informacia. aRniSnuli SesaZloa, dakavSirebuli iyos teqnikur xarvezTan (daStrixvis meTodologia), Tumca sagulisxmoa, rom sazogadoebisTvis cnobili xdeba am pirebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani personaluri informacia,329 ramac SesaZloa, seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmnas
msxverplis usafrTxoebisa da piradi cxovrebis uflebis dacvas.

2. Zaladobis msxverplis mier mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebisa da

wardgenis problema
saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 21-e (me-13
prima) muxlis me-3 nawilis e qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, damcavi orderis gamocemisTvis wardgenili gancxadeba, sxva elementebTan erTad, unda Seicavdes im mtkicebulebebis CamonaTvals, romliTac
329. rusTavis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme #3-183-15. 05 oqtomberi, 2015 weli

184

185

uflebamosili piri mimarTavs sasamarTlos damcavi orderis gamocemis Taobaze. rogorc ganxiluli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebidan vlindeba, Zaladobis msxverplTaTvis gansakuTrebiT rTulia aRniSnuli mtkicebulebebis Segroveba, rac xSirad sasamarTlos mxridan damcavi orderis gamocemaze uaris Tqmis safuZvels
warmoadgens. aRniSnuls ori mniSvnelovani faqtori ganapirobebs:
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebSi bundovania msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis mtkicebulebebi unda waradginos msxverplma da
ra formiT unda iyos isini Camoyalibebuli. zogierT SemTxvevaSi
sasamarTlo sarwmunod miiCnevs mxolod msxverplisa da misi warmomadgenlis mtkicebas Zaladobis faqtis Taobaze330 (sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebidan ar ikveTeba, rom daikiTxnen mowmeebi, an gamokvleul iqna sxva damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi), sxva SemTxvevaSi ki
ase ar xdeba.
rogorc gadawyvetilebebis ganxilvis Sedegad ikveTeba, mosamarTlis Sinagani rwmenis Camosayalibeblad mniSvnelovania iseTi mtkicebulebebis wardgena, rogoricaa fizikuri dazianebebis
damadasturebeli fotomasala da samedicino klinikis mier gacemuli cnoba dazianebebis Sesaxeb; Tumca amgvari mtkicebulebebi
mxolod mcirericxovan saqmeebSia warmodgenili, radgan xSirad
Zaladobis msxverpli qali ar flobs informacias maTi Segrovebis
mniSvnelobisa da saWiroebis Sesaxeb. mosamarTleebi ar ikvleven,
hqonda Tu ara SesaZlebloba qals, es mtkicebulebebi Seegrovebina (magaliTad, finansuri saxsrebi samedicino dawesebulebaSi eqspertizis Casatareblad an dazianebebis dokumentirebisaTvis).
mniSvnelovan mtkicebulebas warmoadgens sapatrulo policiis mier wina periodSi gamocemuli Semakavebeli orderic, Tumca
gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac sapatrulo policiis gamoZaxebis Semdeg msxverplma Seicvala azri da uari ganacxada, Semakavebeli orderis gamoecaT:331
2016 wlis 20 aprils, m.d-s mxridan ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis gamo, ganmcxadebeli iZulebuli gaxda, miemarTa sapatrulo
policielisaTvis, Tumca SiSis mizeziT SemoTavazebul Semakavebel orderze uari ganacxada. qalis es qmedeba sasamarTloebma
siRrmiseulad unda Seafason da ar CaiTvalos, rom qals ar surda
Setyobineba; arc is unda ivaraudon, rom Zaladoba ar momxdara.
gadawyvetilebebSi aseve Cans sasamarTlos mxridan araerTgvarovani midgoma mtkicebulebebis SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT. zog

SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo sakmarisad ar miiCnevs msxverplisa da

mowmeebis mier wardgenil Cvenebas msxverplis mimarT ganxorcielebuli muqaris Taobaze.
quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos mier ganxilul saqmeSi332
ganmcxadebelma jer quTaisis saqalaqo, Semdeg ki quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos mimarTa meuRlis mxridan ganxorcielebuli
savaraudo Zaladobis arsebobis gamo damcavi orderis gamocemis
Taobaze. rogorc gadawyvetilebidan irkveva, Zaladobis saqmeSi
ganxilul incidentamde msxverpls araerTxel miumarTavs policiisTvis, mamis mier dedis nebarTvis gareSe Svilebis sxva qalaqSi
wayvanis Taobaze. sasamarTlo sxdomis dros rogorc msxverplma,
ise samma mowmem daadastura savaraudo moZaladis mxridan sicocxlis mospobis muqara, magram aRniSnuli sasamarTlom ar gaiziara:
saapelacio palata miuTiTebs pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo sxdomaze mowmis saxiT dakiTxul pirebze - T.S-ze (ganmcxadeblis deda), m. da n.S-ze (ganmcxadeblis biZa da bicola), romelTac
ganmartes, rom b.T-m saubarSi ganacxada, rom moklavs Tavis yofil
meuRles, Tumca [sasamarTlos mosazrebiT] aseTi fsiqologiuri
Zaladobis faqti ar dasturdeba saqmeze warmodgenili sxva mtkicebulebiT.
yovelive aRniSnulidan aSkara xdeba, rom orderebis gamocemis da damtkicebis materialuri da procesualuri normebi ar iTvaliswinebs mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis standartis regulirebas,
rac iwvevs imas, rom sasamarTlo mtkicebulebebs afasebs utyuarobis da obieqturobis yvelaze mkacri standartiT, sisxlis samarTlis procesiT dadgenili wesiT. aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia,
rom Semakavebel da damcav orderebs aqvs ara dasjis, aramed prevenciis mizani, xolo Tavad orderiT SezRuduli qmedebebi aris
msubuqi xasiaTisa; magaliTad, miaxloebis akrZalva, komunikaciis
akrZalva da a.S. rac, TavisTavad, mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis sisxlis samarTlis standarts ar moiTxovs.

330. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme 3/4410-16. 21 ivnisi, 2016 weli

332.quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlo, saqme 3/b-483-15w, 0803109150

01105679. 23 oqtomberi, 2015 weli

331. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme 3/4168-16. 16 ivnisi, 2016 weli

186

3. Zaladobis ganmartebis problemuroba

rogorc gaanalizebuli gadawyvetilebebidan ikveTeba, sasamarTloebs jer kidev ara aqvT SemuSavebuli erTiani standarti
movlenis Zaladobad identificirebisTvis da ganmartebisTvis.
zemoT moyvanil quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos mier ganxilul saqmeSi sasamarTlom ekonomikuri Zaladobis faqtad ar

187

miiCnia msxverplis sakuTrebis TviTneburi daufleba moZaladis

mxridan, mxolod im garemoebis gamo, rom dauflebas Tan ar axlda
Zaladoba/muqara an/da sityvieri Seuracxyofa.
ganmcxadeblis CvenebiT, iyo SemTxveva, rodesac b.T. mivida
masTan samsaxurSi da iZulebiT waiRo samuSao nivTebi; aseve mivida
mis sacxovrebel misamarTze da ganmcxadebeli iZulebuli gaxda,
gamoeZaxebina policia. Tumca sasamarTlo damcavi orderis gamocemaze uaris Tqmas Semdegnairad asabuTebs: xolo mowme g.k-s CvenebiT, aSkarad sawinaaRmdego garemoebebi dasturdeba im faqtebTan mimarTebiT, romlebzedac l.S. amyarebs moTxovnas damcavi orderis gamocemis Taobaze, kerZod: pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo
sxdomaze mowmem ganmarta, rom b.T-s mxridan arc l.S.-s samsaxurSi
(silamazis salonSi) da arc sacxovrebel adgilze misvlisas raime
saxis Zaladobas, muqaras an/da sityvier Seuracxyofas adgili ar
hqonia. silamazis salonidan maT [b.T-m da misma Tanmxlebma pirma]
yovelgvari muqaris da Zaladobis gareSe wamoiRes b.T-s mier l.SsTvis SeZenili nivTebi. sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, Tu msxverplis
sakuTrebis dauflebisas yofil qmars qalze ZaladobisTvis ar miumarTavs da ar damuqrebia mas, maSasadame, aRniSnuli ekonomikur
Zaladobad ar CaiTvleba.
amave saqmeSi sasamarTlom ar gamoikvlia garemoebebi, romlebic exeboda ufrosi Svilis mimarT mamis Zaladobas, rac aRniSnulia savaraudo msxverplis mier orderis gamocemis Sesaxeb
moTxovnis dasabuTebaSi.

4. damcavi da Semakavebeli orderis dauzustebeli pirobebi

damcavi da Semakavebeli orderebis gamocemisa da damtkicebis
Sesaxeb sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebSi zogjer moZaladis mimarT
gamosayenebeli RonisZieba dazustebuli ar aris:
moZalades ekrZaleba msxverplis saxlTan, samsaxurTan da sxva
adgilebTan miaxloeba, Tumca ar aris gansazRvruli miaxloebis radiusi, romlis gadalaxvis Semdegac orderis pirobebi CaiTvleba
darRveulad.333 Sesabamisad, gaugebaria, Tu ra dros CaiTvleba orderis darRvevad moZaladis qceva, rogor unda Seafasos es darRveva msxverplma da ra formiT miewodos informacia samarTaldamcav
organoebs moZaladis qcevis Sesaxeb. aseTi formulirebebi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebSi msxverplisTvis zrdis gaurkvevlobas, amZafrebs safrTxis aRqmas da amcirebs daculobis gancdas.
333. iqve

188

5. msxverplis fsiqikuri janmrTelobis diagnozis zegavlena

saqmiswarmoebaze
SemaSfoTebelia moZaladeebis mier Zaladobis msxverplis
daTrgunvis mizniT misi janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamoyeneba,
ris prevenciasac, rogorc gadawyvetilebebidan ikveTeba, sasamarTlo ver axorcielebs. am mxriv, mniSvnelovania rusTavis saqalaqo
sasamarTlos mier ganxiluli saqme.334
Zaladobis savaraudo msxverplma sasamarTlos mimarTa damcavi orderis gamocemis Taobaze. ganmcxadebeli miuTiTebda, rom savaraudo moZalade (meuRle) alkoholis moxmarebis niadagze sistematurad Zaladobda rogorc meuRleze, ise or arasrulwlovan
Svilze, fizikuradac da fsiqologiuradac. b.l. aseve emuqreboda msxverpls, rom sacxovrebeli binidan gaagdebda da moiTxovda,
daetovebinaT iqauroba. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT 2015 wlis 25
Tebervals policiam Seadgina Semakavebeli orderi, romelic rusTavis sasamarTlom amave dRes daamtkica. Semakavebeli orderis
vadis gasvlis Semdeg kvlav gagrZelda Zaladoba bavSvebis TandaswrebiT. ganmcxadebeli aRniSnavda, rom savaraudo moZaladis qmedebebi gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTad moqmedebda erT-erT arasrulwlovanze misi janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo.
sasamarTlo sxdomaze arasrulwlovani ganmcxadeblebis warmomadgenelma fsiqiatriuli eqspertizis daniSvnis SuamdgomlobiT mimarTa sasamarTlos savaraudo msxverplis janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis dadgenis mizniT. aRniSnuli Suamdgomloba daakmayofila sasamarTlom da daniSna eqspertiza.
2014 wlis 14 aprils levan samxaraulis saxelobis sasamarTlo
eqspertizis biurodan rusTavis saqalaqo sasamarTlos waredgina
daskvna, romlis Tanaxmadac, savaraudo msxverplis mdgomareoba
unda Sefasdes, rogorc klinikurad rTuli saeqsperto SemTxveva,
romlis gadawyveta da ganCinebaSi dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema
ambulatoriuli sasamarTlo fsiqiatriul-fsiqologiuri kvlevis formatSi SeuZlebelia, ris gamoc saWiroa gamosakvlevi piris
stacionaruli sasamarTlo fsiqiatriul-fsiqologiuri saeqsperto gamokvleva fsiqiatriuli eqspertizis biuroSi. savaraudo
msxverplma sasamarTlos Semdeg sxdomaze sarCeli ukan gaixmo da
dava Sewyvita.
sasamarTlom imsjela ganmcxadeblis moTxovnis dakmayofilebis mizanSewonilobaze da mivida im daskvnamde, rom damcavi orde334. rusTavis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme # 2....6, 21.a.2016 (monacemebi
daStrixulia sasamarTlos mier).

189

ris gamocemis Taobaze msxverplis moTxovna ar unda dakmayofildes misi usafuZvlobis gamo.
warmodgenili masalebis analiziT, sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom
mocemul SemTxvevaSi... garda imisa, rom eka ... ma uari ganacxada davis gagrZelebaze, mocemul saqmeSi konkretuli Zaladobis faqti
ver iqna dadasturebuli da gamovlenili. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar arsebobs is potenciuri safrTxe, romlis Tavidan acilebis mizniT unda gamoices damcavi orderi.
aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba miuTiTebs, rom savaraudo msxverplis fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareobidan gamomdinare viTareba sasamarTlosTvis saqmiswarmoebis Sewyvetis mTavari mizezi
gaxda. rom ara msxverplis fsiqiatriuli eqspertizis Sedegebi, sainteresoa, ramdenad sarwmunod CaiTvleboda msxverplis Cveneba.
faqtobrivad, mkvlevarebis mier ganxilul yvela saqmeSi wina periodSi gamocemuli da damtkicebuli Semakavebeli orderi miiCneva
moZaladis mxridan Zaladobis ganxorcielebis mniSvnelovan mtkicebulebad, rasac am konkretul saqmeSi yuradReba ar mieqca. gansakuTrebiT SemaSfoTebelia, rom sasamarTlom damoukideblad ar
ganixila arasrulwlovnebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis
SesaZlo faqtebi da davaSi mesame pirad ar CarTo meurveobisa da
mzrunvelobis saxelmwifo organo (ar ikveTeba gadawyvetilebaSi),
rac sasamarTlos mxridan bavSvebis interesis savaraudo ugulebelyofaze miuTiTebs.
aseve mniSvnelovani sakiTxia SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone
msxverplis mier savaraudo Zaladobis damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebis Segrovebis problemuroba da sasamarTlos mxridan Sesabamisi eqspertis mowvevis SesaZleblobis ignorireba; is sasamarTlos gaacnobda mosazrebas gansxvavebuli xasiaTis Zaladobis (SSm
msxverplis mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba) specifikis Sesaxeb.
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2016 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi335
aRniSnulia, rom T-i aris mniSvnelovnad gamoxatuli SSm piri. savaraudo moZalade aiZulebs mas, misces Tanxmoba binis gayidvaze.
erT-erTi incidentis dros l-m mas miayena fizikuri Seuracxyofa
da dacemis Sedegad T-m moitexa mxari. rogorc sasamarTlom aRniSna, miuxedavad sasamarTlos SeTavazebisa, ganmcxadeblis mier ar
yofila warmodgenili Sesabamisi mtkicebuleba imisa, rom Zaladoba xorcieldeboda orderis gacemaze sasamarTlosaTvis gancxadebiT mimarTvis periodSi. amitom sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom gancxadeba usafuZvloa da ar unda dakmayofildes. man ar gaiTvaliswina,
rom SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piris mimarT Zaladoba gan335. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo. saqme # 3/37-16, 13 ianvari, 2016 weli

190

sakuTrebiT damazianebeli movlenaa, vinaidan SSm pirisTvis marTlmsajulebisa da dacvis meqanizmebi naklebad xelmisawvdomia.
mis mier mtkicebulebebis warudgenloba SeiZleba aseve ukavSirdebodes aRniSnuli piris janmrTelobis mdgomareobas. es riskebi
da gamowvevebi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi ganxiluli ar aris.

6. bavSvTa mimarT Zaladobis faqtebis reagirebis gareSe datoveba

sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa umravlesobaSi, romlebic
damcavi orderis gamocemas ukavSirdeba, ganmcxadeblis mxridan
miTiTebulia, rom Zaladobis msxverpli aseve iyo ojaxSi mcxovrebi arasrulwlovani - uSualo msxverpli an meoradi msxverpli, dedis mimarT Zaladobis TviTmxilvelobis safuZvelze. miuxedavad
aRniSnulisa, sasamarTloebi amgvar movlenas xSirad uyuradRebod toveben. arasrulwlovanze Zaladobis Sesaxeb informaciis
miRebis SemTxvevaSi, xSirad ar xorcieldeba saqmis garemoebebis
mokvleva sasamarTlos iniciativiT, rogorc es gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis me-4
muxlis me-2 nawiliT - oficialobis principis mixedviT. savaraudo moZalade mSobels arc warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba
uCerdeba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebiT.336

7. drois faqtoris uaryofiTi zegavlena msxverplis dacvis

RonisZiebebze
rogorc gadawyvetilebebis ganxilvam gamoavlina, zog SemTxvevaSi damcavi orderis gamocemaze uaris Tqmas sasamarTlo asabuTebs ZalaSi myofi Semakavebeli orderis arsebobiT. magaliTad,
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa kolegia
2015 wlis 15 dekembris gadawyvetilebaSi337 msjelobs: sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom im pirobebSi, rodesac ar gasula 2015 wlis 21 noembris gadawyvetilebiT damtkicebuli Semakavebeli orderis moqmedebis vada, Sesabamisad, ar arsebobs damcavi orderis gamocemis
Taobaze z-as gancxadebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli.
upirveles yovlisa, xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom amgvari formaluri mizezis arseboba sruliad SesaZlebelia, gadamowmdes gancxadebis dasaSvebobis etapze; procesis ekonomiurobis mizniT,
336. ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis, ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplTa dacvisa
da daxmarebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-4 TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli arasrulwlovnis dacvis specialuri RonisZiebebi
337. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, saqme 3/9431-15, 15 dekemberi, 2015 weli

191

swored am etapze eTqvas uari ganmcxadebels da saWiro ar gaxdes

damcavi orderis gamocemaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis
gamotana.
aseve sagulisxmoa, ar arsebobs sakanonmdeblo doneze moqmedi regulireba, romelic zRudavs moqmedi Semakavebeli orderis arsebobis pirobebSi damcavi orderis gamocemas. aseTi samosamarTleo praqtikis damkvidrebisas ki unda Sefasdes, ramdenad
emsaxureba es uari interesebs savaraudo msxverplisa, romelic
ukiduresad SezRudulia sasamarTloze xelmisawvdomobis resursebis TvalsazrisiT. zemoT ganxilul SemTxvevaSi, Semakavebeli orderis moqmedebis vada iwureboda sasamarTlos mier damcavi
orderis damtkicebidan 5 dReSi. es niSnavs, rom safrTxis realuri
arsebobis dros msxverpli iZulebuli iqneboda, xelaxla miemarTa
sasamarTlosTvis, an safrTxeSi Caegdo Tavisi janmrTeloba da sicocxle, Tu sasamarTlos mis Txovnas ar daakmayofilebda.

F.

192

rekomendaciebi
-

ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis, ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplTa dacvisa da daxmarebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi ganxorcieldes cvlilebebi, romlebic Seexeba kanonis
genderul sensitizacias, Zaladobis msxverplTa wris gafarToebas, Zaladobis Setyobinebis, reagirebisa da orderebis zedamxedvelobis meqanizmebSi samarTaldamcavTa proaqtiuri rolis zrdas, Zaladobis gansakuTrebiT
rTul SemTxvevebze (moZalade samarTaldamcavi) specialur mowesrigebas, umciresobas mikuTvnebul Zaladobis
msxverplTaTvis marTlmsajulebisadmi mimarTvis gzaze
barierebis aRmofxvras, msxverplTa dacvisa da gaZlierebis mizniT damatebiTi garantiebis uzrunvelyofas;

aRniSnuli kanonis aRsrulebaSi CarTuli yvela uwyebisaTvis SemuSavdes specialuri gaidlainebi, romlebic gaiTvaliswinebs reagirebis genderul aspeqtebs da qalTa
mimarT Zaladobas ganaxorcielebs sazogadoebaSi genderuli uTanasworobis konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT da ara
de-genderuli midgomebiT;

Catardes cnobierebis donis amaRlebis kampania qalebisaTvis genderuli Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi mtkicebulebebis Segrovebisa da marTlmsajulebisTvis mimarTvis SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.

nana goCiaSvili
X. Tvi seb ri vi kvle va
Sesavali
winamdebare Tavi aRwers marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis
TvalsazrisiT arsebul barierebs qalebisTvis, maT Soris lesboseli, biseqsuali da transgenderi (lbt), SezRuduli SesaZleblobisa da eTnikuri/religiuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebisTvis.
sakiTxebi gaanalizebulia samoqalaqo, administraciuli da sisxlis samarTlis kuTxiT.
kvlevis mizania, Seafasos, ramdenad aris gaTvaliswinebuli
genderuli aspeqtebi sisxlis samarTlis calkeuli muxlebis Sesabamisi danaSaulebis gamoZiebisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dros da ramdenad efeqturia saqarTvelos marTlmsajulebis
sistema zemoaRniSnuli jgufebis warmomadgeneli qalebis saWiroebebTan mimarTebiT.
meTodologiad ganisazRvra Tvisebrivi, praqtikuli kvlevis
dizaini, romlis SerCevac ganpirobebuli iyo kvlevis miznisa da
obieqtis specifikiT. Sesaswavl erTeuls warmoadgendnen: lbt,
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone da eTnikuri/religiuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli qalebi; marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi CarTuli specialistebi - policielebi, prokurorebi, mosamarTleebi da iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris advokatebi. sul Catarda 6 fokus-jgufis Sexvedra: 4 - eTnikuri/religiuri umciresobis warmomadgenel qalebTan axalqalaqis, lagodexis, gardabnis,
bolnisis municipalitetebSi da 2 - SezRuduli SesaZleblobis
mqone qalebTan q. Tbilissa da q. quTaisSi. iqidan gamomdinare, rom
lbt jgufis warmomadgenelma qalebma ar gamoxates daintereseba aRniSnuli sakiTxiT, ver moxerxda maTTan gasaubreba da am mimarTulebiT kvlevaSi warmodgenili Sedegebi eyrdnoba mxolod
lbt qalTa sakiTxebze momuSave advokatTan individualuri intervius Sedegebs. kvlevis farglebSi Catarda 33 individualuri
interviu: 18 - prokurorebTan q. TbilisSi, q. quTaisSi, bolnisSi,
axalqalaqsa da ninowmindaSi; 5 mosamarTleebTan axalqalaqSi,
Tbilissa da rusTavSi; 5 - iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris advokatebTan q. TbilisSi, q. rusTavSi, q. quTaissa da axalcixeSi; 1
- policielTan da 1 - Sinagan saqmeTa saministros TanamSromelTan, 1-lbt qalTa sakiTxebze momuSave advokatTan, 2-SezRuduli
SesaZleblobis mqone qalebTan.

193

I. samoqalaqo samarTali
winamdebare Tavis mizania, gaaanalizos samoqalaqo davebis
warmoebis dros arsebuli genderuli aspeqtebi, gamokveTos sasamarTlo praqtikaSi arsebuli barierebi da problemebi, romlebic
SeiZleba warmoadgendes dabrkolebas qalebisaTvis marTlmsajulebaze xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiT.

1.1. saalimento valdebulebebi

alimentTan dakavSirebiT Sefasda saqarTvelos sasamarTlo
sistemaSi arsebuli praqtika mSoblis saalimento valdebulebebTan
dakavSirebiT da alimentis odenobis gansazRvris dros gamoyenebuli midgomebi, aseve meuRlis ufleba, moiTxovos sarCo/alimenti.
kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, gamoikveTa, rom saqarTveloSi saalimento davebis umetesobaSi mosarCele mxares warmoadgens qali, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganpirobebulia imiT, rom bavSvebi, rogorc
wesi, meuRleTa ganqorwinebis dros rCebian dedasTan da bavSvis
sacxovreblad gansazRvrulia dedis sacxovrebeli adgili.
kvlevaSi monawile mosamarTleebi aRniSnaven, rom alimentis
gamoTvlis erTiani sistema ara aqvT, Tumca mainc SeiZleba gamoiyos sami ZiriTadi faqtori, romlebsac sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs
alimentis moculobis gansazRvris dros (isini Camoyalibda praqtikis Sedegad). esenia: mxareTa materialuri SesaZlebloba, ojaxuri mdgomareoba da bavSvis interesi:
ara gvaqvs erTiani midgomebi da rekomendaciebi, magram gvaqvs
praqtika, rac gamomdinareobs materialuri samarTlebrivi normebidan. alimentis odenobas sasamarTlo adgens mxareTa materialuri, ojaxuri mdgomareobidan da bavSvis interesebidan gamomdinare, anu bavSvs ra xarjebi aqvs (samoqalaqo davebis ganmxilveli
mosamarTle).
gansxvavebul mosazrebas afiqsireben kvlevaSi monawile iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris iuristebi. maTi TqmiT, alimentis
gamoTvlis sakiTxs yvela mosamarTle individualurad udgeba.
gansakuTrebuli problema am kuTxiT ki warmoiqmneba maSin, roca
ar kmayofildeba mosarCele mxaris Suamdgomloba, sasamarTlom
gamoiTxovos informacia mopasuxe mxaris dasaqmebis adgilidan:
Zalian mSralad udgebian sakiTxs. sasamarTlo ar akmayofilebs im Suamdgomlobebs, roca mxare ambobs, rom ver moipova mtkicebuleba mopasuxis samuSao adgilidan misi Semosavlis Sesaxeb da
gamoiTxovos sasamarTlom. iSviaTad daukmayofilebiaT aRniSnu-

194

li Suamdgomloba. ZiriTadad, sasamarTlo afasebs im mtkicebulebebs, mxarem rac moipova. Tu advokati gyavs, kidev kargi, magram
saalimento davebze iSviaTad eniSnebaT advokati ufasod; mxolod
sarCelis momzadebiT SemovifarglebiT. amitom es pirdapir moqmedebs alimentis odenobis daangariSebaze. meore problema aris is,
roca ar aris Semosavali, rogor gamohyavT alimenti. erTi mosamarTle sxvanairad akeTebs, meore - sxvanairad (iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris samoqalaqo saqmeTa advokati).
kvlevaSi monawile mosamarTleebis azriT, alimentis gamoTvlis dros aucileblad iTvaliswineben orive mSoblis Tanabari
monawileobis sakiTxs bavSvis aRzrdisa da materialuri rCenis
sakiTxebSi. mas Semdeg, rac ganisazRvreba bavSvisTvis saWiro xarjebi, mSoblebis materialuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, isini
daaxloebiT Tanabrad nawildeba mSoblebs Soris. msgavsi midgoma
srulad gamoricxavs im valdebulebebs, romlebic ekisreba mSobels, romelTanac gansazRvrulia bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgili.
aseT mSobels ki, kvlevaSi monawile respondentebis TqmiT, umetesad qali warmoadgens:
imasac viTvaliswinebT, rom mxolod alimentis gadamxdelis
mier ar izrdeba Svili, dedamac xom unda gaanZrios xeli. gasagebia,
rom isic ar muSaobs, magram es imas xom ar niSnavs, rom yvelaferi
mamam unda gadaixados. Tu Cven Tanasworobaze vsaubrobT, nu gavigebT, rom, modi, mamas davakisroT mxolod, dedac xom valdebulia.
aqedan gamomdinare, roca deda acxadebs, rom 60-80 larze gavzrdi
Svilso. Cven unda vuTxraT, 80 larze ratom gazrdi, 80-s imisgan
miiReb da 80-c Senze iangariSeo. man unda icodes, rom, Tu Tanabrobazea saubari, isic pasuxismgebelia (samoqalaqo saqmeebis ganmxilveli mosamarTle).
respondentebi aRniSnaven, rom alimentis gamoangariSebis
procesSi gansakuTrebul problemebs awydebian, rodesac mopasuxe mxares, romlis mimarTac dgas saalimento valdebulebis dakisrebis sakiTxi, ara aqvs fuladi Semosavali. am dros eyrdnobian
qveyanaSi dadgenil saarsebo minimums da amis mixedviT dgindeba,
ra Tanxis moTxovna SeiZleba. Tumca aseTi gadawyvetilebebis umetesoba aRusrulebeli rCeba. iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris
TanamSromlebis TqmiT, problemuria aseve Tbilisis masStabiT
saalimento davebze mxolod erTi aRmasruleblis poziciis arseboba, rac kidev ufro arTulebs sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis sakiTxs. Tumca, im SemTxvevaSi, roca mSobels aqvs
fuladi Semosavali, verc erTi respondenti ver uTiTebs, garda
bavSvis saWiroebebisa, ra kriteriumis safuZvelze gamoiTvleba

195

konkretuli Tanxa; mSoblis materialuri mdgomareoba, romelic

alimentis gamoTvlis erT-erTi mTavari principia, rogor (ramdeni procentiT) SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli alimentis daniSvnis
procesSi.
kvlevaSi monawile respondentebis TqmiT, yuradReba eqceva,
rom, Tu mSobels, romlis mimarTac dgas saalimento valdebulebis dakisrebis sakiTxi, aqvs Semosavali, daekisros iseTi odenobis
Tanxa, romelic saWiro iqneba bavSvisTvis ukve arsebuli cxovrebis wesis SesanarCuneblad; erT-erTi mTavari faqtori swored bavSvis interesia.
kvlevaSi monawile yvela respondenti aRniSnavs, rom saalimento valdebulebebi mxolod materialuri bunebisaa, rac gamoricxavs mSoblisaTvis sxva, aramaterialuri valdebulebis dakisrebis SesaZleblobas, Tundac im SemTxvevaSi, roca mSobels ara
aqvs fuladi Semosavali da, faqtobrivad, gamoricxulia misi monawileoba bavSvis rCena-aRzrdis procesSi. maTi TqmiT, aseTi pretenzia arc dayenebula sasarCelo moTxovnis saxiT da, aRniSnuli
sakiTxis ganxilvis SemTxvevaSic, SeuZlebeli iqneba misi praqtikaSi aRsruleba:
arc mqonia SemTxveva, rom aseTi winadadeba Semosuliyos.
alimenti aris fuladi Tanxa da mas sxva raRacaSi ver gamovxatavT.
alimentis nacvlad kidevac rom davakisroT, ama da am saaTebSi izrunos bavSvze, es ar iqneba aRsrulebadi; sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ki, zogadad, unda iyos aRsrulebadi da vinme unda akontrolebdes amas (samoqalaqo saqmeebis ganmxilveli mosamarTle).
meuRleTa urTierTrCenis valdebulebebTan dakavSirebiT,
kvlevis Sedegad, gamoikveTa, rom, faqtobrivad, aRniSnuli sasarCelo moTxovniT sasamarTlos ar mimarTaven. iuridiuli daxmarebis advokatebis TqmiT, konsultaciis misaRebad qalebi xSirad
modian, magram sasamarTlomde saqmis ganxilva arasodes misula,
radgan fiqroben, rom mainc araferi gamova - imedi ara aqvT. aqedan
gamomdinare, aRniSnuli davebis dros warmoSobili praqtikisa da
problemebis analizi SeuZlebeli xdeba.

1.2. bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvra

rac Seexeba bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvras, naTeli gaxda, rom, rogorc mosamarTleebi, ise advokatebi, sakiTxis
gadawyvetis dros gansakuTrebiT amaxvileben yuradRebas bavSvis
WeSmariti interesis dacvaze. Tumca, aseve aRniSnaven, rom gadawyvetilebebis umetesoba dedis sasargeblod wydeba.

196

dedis sasargeblod miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi xSirad ganpirobebulia mamisa da dedis rolebis tradiciuli gagebiT (rom dedas ukeTesad SeuZlia bavSvis movla):
mama iTxovda, rom bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilad gansazRvruliyo misi sacxovrebeli. bavSvs hqonda janmrTelobis problemebi
da, mamasTan rom wasuliyo, SeiZleba misi mdgomareoba gauaresebuliyo da is daRupuliyo kidec (iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris
advokati).
araerTgvarovani damokidebulebaa procesSi bavSvis CarTvis
mimarT. kvlevaSi monawile mxolod erTi mosamarTle aRniSnavs,
rom bavSvs yovelTvis rTavs procesSi misi interesebis gamokvlevis mizniT. Tumca dasZens, rom am sakiTxisadmi yvela mosamarTles
erTnairi midgoma ara aqvs, rac ganpirobebulia Tavad muxlis Sinaarsis bundovanebiT:
me yvela saqmeSi vrTav bavSvs saproceso kodeqsis 81-e muxlis
safuZvelze. Tumca, gaurkvevelia, ras niSnavs CarTva, romel saqmeSi SeiZleba misi Cabma. SeiZleba iyos memkvidreobiTi dava, valdebulebiTi dava - SeuZlia Tu ara bavSvs, monawileoba miiRos, am
kiTxvaze pasuxi ar arsebobs (samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganmxilveli mosamarTle).
aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, kvlevaSi monawile erT-erTi
mosamarTlis TqmiT, problemas warmoadgens samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis moTxovna, rom, Sesageblis warmoudgenlobis SemTxvevaSi, gamotanil unda iqnes dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, ra
drosac damtkicebulad iTvleba sarCelSi warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi. msgavsi midgoma gamoricxavs bavSvis CarTvas procesSi.
am TemasTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli pozicia aqvT advokatebs, romlebic miiCneven, rom, Tu mSoblebi Tanxmdebian, am SemTxvevaSi bavSvis monawileoba procesSi saWiro aRar aris.
kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, dadasturda, rom saqarTvelos
kanonmdebloba da praqtika icnobs meurveobis mxolod erT formas - erTi mSoblis meurveobas (sole custody). kvlevaSi monawile samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganmxilveli mosamarTleebis poziciiT, SeuZlebelia, bavSvs ganesazRvros ori sacxovrebeli adgili, miuxedavad
imisa, rom SesaZlebelia, kviris dReebi Tanabrad iyos gadanawilebuli orive mSobelze.
bavSvis sacxovreblad dedis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT gamoikveTa, rom xSirad yofili meuRleebi
aqcents akeTeben dedis fsiqikuri janmrTelobis problemebze.
kvlevaSi monawile SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qalebis
TqmiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom Svilebi, rogorc wesi, dedasTan rCe-

197

bian (es zogadi tendenciaa), fsiqosocialuri saWiroebis mqone qalebis SemTxvevaSi, meti Sansia, rom maT Svilebi dakargon.
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qalebis aRniSnul mdgomareobas adastureben kvlevaSi monawile mosamarTleebi. dadebiT
praqtikad unda Sefasdes erT-erTi mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba, romelic meuRlis gancxadebas, rom mis cols hqonda fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis problemebi, ris gamoc bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilad unda gansazRvruliyo misi (mamis) sacxovrebeli, ar daeTanxma da moiTxova Sesabamisi specialistebis daskvna, iyo Tu ara es
xelis SemSleli garemoeba bavSvebTan dedis urTierTobisaTvis.

1.3. TanasakuTrebaSi SeZenili qonebis gayofa

TanasakuTrebaSi SeZenili qonebis gayofasTan dakavSirebiT
kvlevaSi monawile mosamarTleebi da iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris advokatebi aRniSnaven, rom sasamarTlo, ZiriTadad, damokidebulia mxareebis mier warmodgenil mtkicebulebebze da am mxriv
raime prioriteti genderuli niSniT ar ikveTeba. Tumca, swored
mtkicebulebebis Segrovebis dros warmoqmnili sirTuleebidan
gamomdinare, sakuTar praqtikaze dayrdnobiT, isini aseve aRniSnaven, rom xSirad qali ufro metad zaraldeba, roca TanasakuTrebaSi arsebuli qoneba iyofa. maTi TqmiT, rogorc wesi, Tanacxovrebis dros SeZenili qoneba gaformebulia kacze, romelmac is SeiZleba gaasxvisos ama Tu im formiT - gayidos, gaaCuqos. am dros
meore meuRle ukve veRar davobs aRniSnuli qonebis gayofaze.
iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris advokatebis TqmiT, zemoaRniSnuli problemis gamo xSirad qalebi, bavSvebTan erTad, usaxlkarod rCebian. es gansakuTrebiT gamowveulia Semdegi garemoebiT:
meuRles kidevac rom hqondes sakuTrebaSi bina, Tu is Tanacxovrebis dros ar aris SeZenili, raime formiT meuRlisa da bavSvebis
sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofas ver mosTxov:
roca meuRleebi ganqorwindebian, qali rCeba daucveli, bavSvebTan erTad, saxlis gareSe. ar arsebobs imis efeqturi saSualeba,
rom kacma aiRos valdebuleba, Tundac qiriT acxovros Tavisi Svilebi. alimentis odenobac imdenad mcire SeiZleba iyos, rom binis
qiras ar yofnides (iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris iuristi).

1.4. Zaladobis sakiTxi samoqalaqo davebis ganxilvis dros

erT-erT sakvlev sakiTxs warmoadgenda iuridiuli daxmarebis
advokatebisa da mosamarTleebis mier qalis mimarT ganxorciele-

198

buli Zaladobis mtkicebulebad gamoyenebis praqtikis Seswavla.

am kuTxiT gamoikveTa Semdegi ZiriTadi tendencia: Tu mxare waradgens Sesabamis mtkicebulebas, rogoric aris damtkicebuli
Semakavebeli da damcavi orderi, Zaladobis msxverplis statusi,
sasamarTlo maT iTvaliswinebs. Tumca, Sedegebis mixedviT, ar Cans,
rom am sakiTxze mosamarTle Tavad svamdes kiTxvas, mxaris miTiTebis gareSe, da interesdebodes, iyo Tu ara ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba qalis mimarT saojaxo davebis dros.
iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris advokatebis TqmiT, ufro
xSirad msgavs mtkicebulebas waradgenen bavSvTan dakavSirebuli
davebis dros; sxva saxis saojaxo davebis SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, saalimento valdebulebis dakisreba, es sakiTxi wina
planze ar wamoiweva xolme, radgan saerTo survilia, rom procesi,
rac SeiZleba, droulad da morigebiT dasruldes.
aseve gamoikveTa, rom qalis mimarT ganxorcielebul Zaladobas, rogorc mtkicebulebas, mxolod maSin iyeneben, Tu arsebobs
amis damamtkicebeli Sesabamisi dokumenti; mxolod mowmis an qalis gancxadeba, rom es ukanaskneli iyo meuRlis mxridan Zaladobis msxverpli, sakmarisi ar aris.

1.5. baJi da sasamarTlos xarjebi

kvlevaSi monawile mosamarTleebis TqmiT, saxelmwifo baJi ar
warmoadgens dabrkolebas qalebisaTvis, mimarTon sasamarTlos,
radgan, Tu qals advokatis ayvanis saSualeba aqvs, baJis gadaxdasac
SeZlebs. isini ase msjeloben: marto imitom, rom qalia, mas saxelmwifo baJisgan ver gaaTavisufleben. gaTavisuflebis safuZveli,
garda imisa, rom adamiani registrirebulia socialurad daucveli
ojaxebis erTian bazaSi, SeiZleba iyos sasamarTlosTvis mtkicebulebis wardgena, rom pirs, realurad, ar SeuZlia Tanxis gadaxda.
mosamarTleebisgan gansxvavebul pozicias ayalibeben kvlevaSi monawile iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris iuristebi. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom mosamarTleebi xSirad ar akmayofileben
aRniSnul moTxovnas; garda amisa, qalebi zogjer swored finansuri resursebis uqonlobis gamo eridebian davis dawyebas da maTi
umetesoba im periodSi, roca davas iwyebs, socialurad daucveli
ojaxebis erTian bazaSi registrirebuli SeiZleba arc iyos:
meuRlesTan erTad SeZenili qonebis gayofis Taobaze, bavSvis
sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvraze davoben, ZiriTadad, is qalebi, romlebsac ojaxi axaldangreuli aqvT, ZiriTadad, ar gaaCniaT sacxovrebeli, Semosavali; es problema gansakuTrebiT mwvaved

199

dgas regionebSi, sadac Zalian cotaa finansurad SeZlebuli qali.

maT yvelaze metad uWirT baJis gadaxda (iuridiuli daxmarebis
samsaxuris iuristi).
samoqalaqo davebis sferoSi, administraciuli davebisgan
gansxvavebiT, gamoikveTa aseve problema, rom mxare SeiZleba gaTavisuflebuli iyos saxelmwifo baJis gadaxdisgan, magram procesis
wagebis SemTxvevaSi ar Tavisufldeba mogebuli mxaris sasargeblod xarjebis anazRaurebisgan, rac SeiZleba sasamarTlosTvis
mimarTvis sakiTxSi kidev erTi damabrkolebeli mizezi gaxdes.

SesaZlebelia, qalma fizikuri dazianebac ki miiyenos, rom Tqvas,

mamakacma iZulebiT daamyara sqesobrivi kavSirio (policieli).
gaupatiurebis SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTadi mtkicebuleba, romelsac samarTaldamcavi struqturebi eyrdnobian, aris fizikuri dazianeba, biologiuri masalis arseboba qalis sxeulze da mowmeebis
Cveneba, rac daadasturebs, rom msxverpli Caketili iyo oTaxSi,
yviroda da daxmarebas iTxovda.

II. sisxlis samarTali

kvlevaSi monawile sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis ganmxilveli

yvela mosamarTle aucileblad miiCnevs, rom sicocxlis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulebs daematos genderuli niSani, rogorc
damamZimebeli garemoeba:
gvaqvs danaSauli, Cadenili rasobrivi, eTnikuri an sxva niSnis
mixedviT, magram ar gvaqvs danaSauli, magaliTad, yofili meuRlis
mimarT; amaze sisxlis samarTlis materialur nawilSi calke punqti
unda iyos (sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis ganmxilveli mosamarTle).
arsebobs kodeqsis 109-e muxli, romelic iTvaliswinebs ganzrax mkvlelobas damamZimebel garemoebaSi. Cemi azriT, situacia
ise Seicvala, rom genderuli niSani unda daematos. kanonmdebloba rogorme realobis Sesabamisi unda gaxdes (sisxlis samarTlis
saqmeebis ganmxilveli mosamarTle).

winamdebare TavSi warmodgenilia saqarTvelos marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi dasaqmebul pirebTan Catarebuli individualuri
interviuebisa da SezRuduli SesaZleblobisa da eTnikuri/religiuri umciresobis warmomadgenel qalebTan gamarTuli fokusjgufis Sedegebi. ZiriTad sakvlev sakiTxs warmoadgenda genderuli danaSaulebis gamoZiebis, sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnisa da
saqmeTa sasamarTloSi ganxilvis dros arsebuli midgomebi.

2.1. gaupatiureba
kvlevaSi monawile respondentebi aRniSnaven, rom gaupatiurebis SemTxvevebze sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna Zalian iSviaTad
iwyeba, rac, maTi azriT, aixsneba aRniSnuli faqtebis gasaidumloebiT - rogorc wesi, imisTvis, rom qali xalxma ar daadanaSaulos,
msgavs ambebs malaven.
aseve gamoikveTa, rom ar arsebobs erTiani xedva danaSaulis
gaupatiurebad kvalificirebasTan mimarTebiT:
Tavad samarTaldamcav struqturebSi kamaToben, aris Tu ara
gaupatiureba is, rom nebis sawinaaRmdegod myardeba sqesobrivi
kavSiri; anu gaupatiurebad jer kidev aRiqvamen mxolod im qmedebas, romelsac axlda fizikuri winaaRmdegobis gaweva (iuridiuli
daxmarebis samsaxuris advokati).
qalis gancxadeba, rom is gaaupatiures, Tu ar arsebobs seriozuli fizikuri dazianebebi da Sesabamisi biologiuri masala, arsebuli praqtikis mixedviT, sakmarisi araa, rom qmedebas gaupatiurebis kvalifikacia mieces:
ori ukiduresobaa. SeiZleba qals marTla ar undoda sqesobrivi kontaqti, magram Sokis gamo verafers ambobda. amitom arc
nakawrebi hqondes da arc nacemi iyos; arsebobs meore variantic -

200

2.2. femicidi

2.3. genderuli danaSaulebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna

prokurorebis TqmiT, praqtikaSi yvelaze xSirad xvdebian Semdeg genderul danaSaulebs: cema, ojaxuri Zaladoba, janmrTelobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebi, maT Soris seqsualuri umciresobis janmrTelobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebi.
TiTqmis yvela prokurori aRniSnavs, rom genderuli danaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi ar mimarTavs diskreciul devnas. mxolod erTi
maTgani miuTiTebs, rom zogjer iyenebs diskreciuli devnis uflebas, Tumca ar adasturebs, ra SemTxvevebs gulisxmobs.
kvlevaSi monawile yvela prokurori miiCnevs, rom genderuli danaSaulebi aris gansakuTrebuli sajaro interesis sagani da
maTze sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna arasodes Sewyvetila.
prokurorebi aRniSnaven, rom genderuli danaSaulebis mimarT
aqvT gansxvavebuli midgomebi (sxva saxis danaSaulebTan SedarebiT) - aseTi danaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi ufro met simkacres iCenen,
faqtobrivad, ar iyeneben saproceso SeTanxmebas da miuTiTeben

201

2016 wels SemuSavebul rekomendaciaze sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 53-e (me-3 prima) muxlis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT.
SekiTxvaze, sasamarTlo procesis dros xazs usvamen Tu ara
danaSaulis genderul motivs, prokurorebi pasuxoben, rom mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRniSnuli motivi aSkarad ikveTeba da arsebobs Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebi.
kvlevaSi monawile prokurorebis nawili aRniSnavs, rom gamoZiebas wyvets genderuli danaSaulis Sedegad dazaralebulisa da
braldebulis Serigebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dazaralebuli ganacxadebs Tanxmobas imaze, rom devnis sajaro interesi ar arsebobs. mxolod ori maTgani miuTiTebs, rom axsovT saqmeebi, rodesac braldebulis Cvenebas mosamarTlisTvis ufro meti sandooba
hqonda, vidre dazaralebulisas.
prokurorebis umetesoba aRniSnavs, rom genderul danaSaulebze saproceso SeTanxmebas ar debs. Tumca, dafiqsirda gansxvavebuli mosazrebebic:
saproceso SeTanxmeba ideba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konfliqti erTjeradi iyo, damnaSave da msxverpli Serigdnen da
msxverpls didi ziani ar misdgomia; aseve, arsebobs garemoebebi,
romlebic gavlenas axdens aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis miRebaze.

2.4. dazaralebulis monawileoba procesSi

dazaralebulis procesSi monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli midgomebi gamoikveTa.
saqarTvelos prokuraturis TanamSromlebis umetesoba acxadebs, rom dazaralebuli yovelTvis mihyavT procesze. Tumca, zogierTi maTgani gansxvavebul pozicias afiqsirebs da aRniSnavs,
rom, Tu braldebis mxaris mier mopovebuli mtkicebulebebi udavoa, an Tu arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom dazaralebuli kvlav miiRebs
fsiqologiur travmas, mas procesze ar miiyvanen.
iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris sisxlis samarTlis mimarTulebis advokatis TqmiT, hqonia SemTxveva, rodesac misi dacvis
qveS myof qals procesSi monawileoba ar miuRia, radgan braldebuls sadavod ar gauxdia dazaralebulis Cveneba.

2.5. lbt qalTa mimarT Cadenili danaSaulebis gamoZiebisa da

sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis procesSi warmoSobili barierebi
kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, lbt qalTa mimarT yvelaze seriozul problemas warmoadgens ojaxSi Zaladoba, muqara da devna

202

nebismieri adamianis mxridan, iqneba es ojaxis wevri, yofili partniori Tu mezobeli:

amis miuxedavad, policias Zalian iSviaTad mimarTaven da daxmarebisTvis advokatTan midian, isic maSin, roca Zalian uWirT da
yvelaferi gafuWebulia. amis mizezia SiSi, rom policiaSi misuls
SeiZleba Sexvdes nacnobi, mezobeli. policiis imdenad ar eSiniaT,
ramdenadac nacnobebTan Sexvedris (lbt qalTa sakiTxebze momuSave advokati).
lbt pirTa mimarT Cadenili danaSaulis gamoZiebis etapze
mTavari dabrkoleba aris mtkiceba motivisa, rom, realurad, es
danaSauli homofobiisa da transfobiis niadagze iyo Cadenili.
aqedan gamomdinare, kvlevaSi monawile lbt pirTa sakiTxebze momuSave advokats miaCnia, rom uSualod sasamarTlo ganxilvis procesSi problemebi naklebia; mTavar sirTules is warmoadgens, rom
xSirad danaSauls Tavdapirveladve, gamoZiebis etapze ar eZleva
swori kvalifikacia:
Tu Tavad ityvis, rom lbt Temis wevri varo, iq ukve problema
aRar maqvs, SemiZlia, policieli me TviTon waviyvano. cota rTulia,
motivad es Caweros, magram unda daarwmuno, rom gabedos. kaci pidarasts rom geZaxis da gcems, es ukve safuZvelia. xar Tu ara xar, amas
ukve ra mniSvneloba aqvs, mTavaria, imas ra aRqma aqvs. imitom mcema,
rom pidarasti vgonivar, ambobs dazaralebuli. milionma kacma Caiara da amoiara, yvelasTvis xom ar daurtyams. es unda miuTiTos motivad. ubralod, amis aucilebloba rom gaiazron, treningis gavla
sWirdebaT (lbt pirTa sakiTxebze momuSave advokati).

III. administraciuli samarTali

SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone da eTnikuri/religiuri umciresobis warmomadgenel qalebTan gamarTuli fokus-jgufis Sedegebsa da mosamarTleebTan, policielebTan da iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris advokatebTan Catarebuli individualuri interviuebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, winamdebare Tavi aanalizebs
qalTa monawileobiT warmoebuli administraciuli davebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebsa da gamowvevebs.
mosamarTleebisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris advokatebis mier mowodebuli informaciis safuZvelze SegviZlia, davaskvnaT, rom qalebi marTlmsajulebas, ZiriTadad, mimarTaven
ojaxSi Zaladobisa da socialur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. aris
SromiTi davebic, Tumca arc erTi interviueri ar miuTiTebs am

203

tipis saqmiswarmoebis dros genderuli niSniT diskriminaciis ganxilvis praqtikaze.

kvlevaSi monawile SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qalebi
aRniSnaven, rom SromiTi davebis dros warmoSobili diskriminaciis gamo miumarTavT saxalxo damcvelisTvis, magram miuTiTeben
aseve am ofisSi saqmis ganxilvis xangrZliv periodze (magaliTad,
erT konkretul SemTxvevaSi is gagrZelda 9 Tvis manZilze).

3.1. SromiTi urTierTobebi

dasaqmebuli SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qalebi aRniSnaven, rom samuSao adgilze diskriminacias ganicdian rogorc sqesis, ise SezRuduli SesaZleblobis niSniT. Tumca isini Tavs arideben sasamarTlos gziT sakuTari uflebebis dacvas, radgan miiCneven, rom damsaqmeblebma samsaxurSi ayvaniT maT Zalian didi
daxmareba gauwies:
aRmoCnda, rom Svidi Tvis manZilze, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone kacebTan SedarebiT, naklebi xelfasi mericxeboda (TbilisSi mcxovrebi SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qali).
Cemdami, rogorc SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piris mimarT, aris xolme damokidebuleba, rom raRac saqmes ver gavakeTeb,
naklebi molodini aqvT, rom rames SevZleb, vecodebi. CemTvis isic
ki diskriminaciulia, roca raRacis gakeTebis survili da SesaZlebloba gaqvs da ar gakeTebineben (TbilisSi mcxovrebi SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qali).
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis niSniT diskriminacia, kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, yvelaze xSirad xdeba winasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis dros; rogorc ki igeben, rom, magaliTad, adamiani
aris usinaTlo, Tundac mas konkretuli poziciiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis yvela SesaZlebloba hqondes,
maSinve uars eubnebian, konkursSi monawileoba miiRos.

mezoblebis mxridan Semcirda mas Semdeg, rac savaldebulo gaxda

am dros Cvenebis micema, ris gamoc xSirad Semtyobineblis ojaxi
safrTxis winaSe dgeba. fiqroben, rom am mxriv cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba aucilebelia.
am fonze problemuria eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli
qalebis damokidebuleba Zaladobis faqtebis mimarT. maTi nawili
Cveulebriv movlenad miiCnevs meuRlis mier ganxorcielebul Zaladobas, an erideba Zaladobis Sesaxeb Setyobinebas imis gamo, rom
mainc araferi Seicvleba da wasasvlelic arsad aqvT. maT ganwyobas amyarebs isic, rom xSirad eTnikuri umciresobiT dasaxlebul
regionebSi Zaladobis SemTxvevebze policielebi arasaTanadod
reagireben:
erT-erTma qalma mimarTa policias Zaladobis gamo da dRes
misi qmari cixeSia. Zaladoba adrec iyo, ra Tqma unda, magram amdeni
xnis ganmavlobaSi itanda da axla daaWerina (bolnisSi mcxovrebi
eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli qali).
Cems mezobels qmari yoveldRe scems. rekavs policiaSi es qali, modis policia, magram arafers akeTebs; Tan ojaxSi arasrulwlovani bavSvebic arian (axalqalaqSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli qali).

IV. marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba umciresobis

warmomadgeneli qalebisTvis

winamdebare Tavi, fokus-jgufebis Sexvedrebisa da individualuri interviuebis masalebis safuZvelze, aanalizebs marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis sakiTxs lbt, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone da eTnikuri/religiuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli
qalebisaTvis.

4.1. adaptirebuli transporti

3.2. Semakavebeli da damcavi orderebis gamocema
Seamakavebeli da damcavi orderebis damtkicebis kuTxiT kvlevam aCvena, rom, umetes SemTxvevaSi, policia iTvaliswinebs dazaralebulis uars orderis gamocemasTan dakavSirebiT, an ojaxis wevrebis gancxadebas Serigebaze da aRar gamowers Sesabamis orders.
eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli qalebis nawili aRniSnavs, rom Zaladobis Sesaxeb Setyobinebebi TviTmxilvelebisa da

204

SekiTxvaze, ra barierebi arsebobs SezRuduli SesaZleblobis

mqone qalebisaTvis, rom marTlmsajulebis sistema xelmisawvdomi
iyos, kvlevaSi monawile SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qalebi
pirvel rigSi gamoyofen transportis adaptirebis sakiTxs, rac
gansakuTrebul dabrkolebas warmoadgens regionebSi:
mTavari problema aris is, rom quTaisSi saerTod ar aris adaptirebuli transporti. TbilisSi, magaliTad, aris adaptirebuli

205

taqsebi. SeiZleba kompania ar arsebobdes, magram iyos Tundac kerZo sakuTreba, rom gamoiZaxo (quTaisSi mcxovrebi SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qali).
4.2. sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis gamocdileba da warmoqmnili
barieriebi
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone da eTnikuri/religiuri umciresobis warmomadgenel qalebTan Catarebul Sexvedrebze mxolod erTi SemTxveva dafiqsirda, rodesac pirma mimarTa sasamarTlos, magram fizikuri garemos barierebis gamo sakuTar procesze
daswreba ver SeZlo. saerTod, rogorc wesi, eridebian gasaCivrebas, rac gamowveulia im dabrkolebebiT, romlebic Tan axlavs sasamarTloSi sarCelis aRZvras:
me, magaliTad, mindoda, rom erT-erTi eqimis mimarT Semetana
sarCeli, magram ver SevZeli. jer erTi, TviTon ver vivlidi, wamyoli mWirdeboda da aravis ecala. ra aris, iciT? saxelmwifos
ver mougebs SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piri. TbilisSi unda
Semetana sarCeli da sad mqonda imis fuli, rom iq mevlo. 150 lari jdeba manqana, rom TbilisSi Cagiyvanos (quTaisSi mcxovrebi
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qali).
smenis problemis mqone erTi SSm qalis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom gadawyvetileba ise miiRo, rom surdo-Tarjimani arc ki mouwvevia. man arc ki icoda, raSi daadanaSaules (TbilisSi mcxovrebi
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qali).

4.3. fizikuri garemos xelmisawvdomoba

kvlevaSi monawile SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirebi
aRniSnaven, rom xSirad sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad ar mimarTaven sasamarTlos, radgan maTTvis gadaulaxav bariers warmoadgens
araadaptirebuli fizikuri garemo:
xSirad gamfuWebia saqme da ar wavsulvar sasamarTloSi. vicodi, rom unda amevlo 16 safexuri, rasac me ver SevZlebdi. amaze
vfiqrobdi da ara Cems saqmeze (TbilisSi mcxovrebi SezRuduli
SesaZleblobis mqone qali).
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirebisagan gansxvavebiT, sasamarTlos Senobebis fizikuri garemos xelmisawvdomoba aRiqmeba, rogorc mxolod etliT mosargeble adamianebisaTvis damontaJebuli pandusis arseboba. mosamarTleTa nawili aRniSnulze informaciasac ki ar flobda; ver ixsenebdnen, hqonda Tu ara pandusi

206

im sasamarTlos Senobas, sadac TviTon muSaobdnen. fizikuri garemos xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofis dros arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli sveli wertilebis adaptireba, aseve
usinaTlo da mciredmxedveli adamianebis saWiroebebi. fiqroben,
rom, Tu sasamarTlos SenobaSi Sesvlisas mandaturi fizikurad
daexmareba SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirs, es SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos, rogorc marTlmsajulebis misawvdomoba.
sasamarTlo sistemaSi damkvidrebul praqtikas warmoadgens
Semdegi situacia: SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piris mxridan Setyobinebis SemTxvevaSi process pirvel sarTulze niSnaven,
sadac damoukideblad Sesvla gaadvilebulia. am mxriv gamonaklisad SeiZleba CaiTvalos quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos Senoba,
sadac, iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris advokatebis TqmiT, sruliad gamoricxulia Tundac pirvel sarTulze Sesvla da kancelariaSi momsaxurebis miReba:
SSm pirisTvis quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos SenobaSi SeRweva did siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. pirvel sarTulzec ki,
kancelariaSi, rom moxvde sabuTebis Sesatanad, didi kibe gaqvs
asavleli. arc erT sasamarTloSi ar aris mogvarebuli es problema Cems samoqmedo teritoriaze (amaSi Sedis quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, samtrediis da cageris raionuli sasamarTloebi, xonis
magistrati sasamarTlo). adaptirebul garemos rom Tavi davaneboT, transportic ar aris, rom es adamianebi Senobamde mividnen.
kidev kargi, rom iq mandaturi mainc daexmarebaT, an, iqneb, vinme
keTilismsurveli gamoCndes (iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris
advokati).
sasamarTlos Senobis garda, fizikuri garemos misawvdomobis problema dgas iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxurisa da policiis SemTxvevaSic. Tumca, maTi warmomadgenlebi amboben, am sakiTxis
mogvareba SeiZleba momsaxurebis gasawevad adgilze misvliT:
pirobebi ar aris, magram ara mgonia, es uSlideT xels; sTxoven vinmes da isic amoiyvans SenobaSi. an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Sin
mivakiTxavdiT - Cvens movaleobebSi gasvliTi konsultaciebic Sedis (iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris advokati).

4.4. gasaCivrebis meqanizmebi daxuruli tipis dawesebulebebSi

kvlevaSi monawile SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qalebis
TqmiT, erT-erTi yvelaze didi problema, romelic maT winaSe dgas,
aris is, rom, daxuruli tipis dawesebulebaSi moxvedris SemTxvevaSi, absoluturad ezRudebaT gasaCivrebis meqanizmebze xelmi-

207

sawvdomoba, advokatis momsaxurebis miRebis SesaZlebloba:

fsiqosocialuri saWiroebis mqone adamianebs, kerZod, maT,
vinc Caketilia fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi, an imyofeba aranebayoflobiT mkurnalobaze, ara aqvT gasaCivrebis meqanizmebze wvdoma. Tu acxadeb, rom ginda raRacis gasaCivreba, amis nebas
arafriT ar mogcemen; arc advokatia xelmisawvdomi aseT dawesebulebebSi, fizikurad ar Sedis iq, rom gaesaubro. Tu daafiqsireb
aseT survils, aravin dagexmareba, rom saCivari Seadgino da Sesabamis organoSi waradgino. saCivrebis yuTi aris gareT, magram, realurad, misi gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia (TbilisSi mcxovrebi SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qali).

4.5. advokatebis kvalifikacia

SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qalebi aRniSnaven, rom advokatebs, rogorc wesi, ara aqvT informacia maT saWiroebebze da,
aqedan gamomdinare, kvalificiuri advokatis povna Zalian Znelia.
gansakuTrebul problemas warmoadgens am ukanasknelTa damokidebuleba fsiqikuri janmrTelobis problemis mqone pirTa mimarT. SeiZleba iTqvas, klientsa (SSm piri) da advokats Soris urTierToba, faqtobrivad, ar myardeba:
arsebobs paternalisturi pozicia - Cven ukeT viciT, ra
sWirdebaT am adamianebs. SeiZleba undodeT kidec, rom damicvan,
magram rogor - ar ician. arc laparaki SeuZliaT CemTan da amitom
Tavs ikaveben. viRac ucnauri tipi zis da ver gamigia, ras ambobs.
aseTia maTi damokidebuleba (TbilisSi mcxovrebi SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qali).
es aris sruliad sistemuri problema. procesamde advokati
da klienti fsiqikuri janmrTelobis problemebze ar saubroben.
adamianma arc ki icis, vinaa misi advokati. is winaswar aucileblad
unda gaesaubros klients, unda hqondes amisTvis saWiro unarebi,
mosmena unda icodes, SiSis momenti ar unda iyos, unda flobdes
Sesabamis informacias da saubris teqnikas (TbilisSi mcxovrebi
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qali).
kvlevaSi monawile iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris advokatebic aRniSnaven, rom Zalian uWirT SezRuduli SesaZleblobis
mqone pirebTan komunikaciis damyareba, rac, saboloo jamSi, maT
mier miwodebuli momsaxurebis xarisxze aisaxeba:
vcdilob, kontaqti davamyaro am adamianTan, gavigo, saWiroebs Tu ara mxardaWeras da marto dokumentebi ar Seviswavlo, magram Zalian miWirs. erTxel Cems Tavzec gavbrazdi. davuwye lapara-

208

ki, gamokiTxva ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, magram verafriT ver aviyolie

saubarSi. me piradad meqmneba es barierebi. smenis armqone pirTan
veranairad ver SevZleb komunikacias (iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris advokati).
4.6. ekonomikuri barierebi
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirebis problemebi ganaTlebis miRebasTan da dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebiT ganapirobebs imas,
rom maTTvis erT-erT mTavar dabrkolebas marTlmsajulebaze xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiT warmoadgens ekonomikuri barierebi: transportis daqiraveba Sesabamis dawesebulebaSi misasvlelad, advokatis ayvana, sasamarTlo procesebze siarulisTvis saWiro Tanxa:
ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebic Zalian bevr rames gansazRvravs. xmas ver amoiReb, roca sxvaze damokidebuli da daTrgunuli
xar. amas emateba SezRuduli SesaZlebloba (quTaisSi mcxovrebi
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qali).
ufasod Zalian rTulia iuristis moZieba. fuli rom ar gaqvs,
umetes SemTxvevaSi, es aris yvelafris mizezi. finansuri resursis uqonlobis gamo fasian iurists ver qiraob. xeli ar migiwvdeba
arc saCivris momzadebaze (TbilisSi mcxovrebi SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qali).
marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiT arsebul ekonomikur barierebze saubroben aseve eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli qalebi. aRniSnulis gamo, xSirad Tavs ikaveben sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvisgan; umetes SemTxvevaSi, ver axerxeben advokatis ayvanas, rac dabrkolebas warmoadgens administraciuli da
samoqalaqo davebis ganxilvis procesSi:
umetesoba swored imitom ar mimarTavs sasamarTlos, rom es
procedurebi garkveul TanxebTan aris dakavSirebuli (axalqalaqSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli qali).
me vici erTi istoria, roca wyvili daSorda, qmarma waarTva
cols Svilebi da ar aZlevda naxvis saSualebas. colma gadawyvita, daebrunebina Svilebi, magram ver mimarTa sasamarTlos, radgan
amisTvis saWiro Tanxa ar hqonda (axalqalaqSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli qali).
kvlevaSi monawile lbt qalTa advokatis mier mowodebul informaciaze dayrdnobiT, ekonomikuri problema xSirad warmoadgens dabrkolebas lbt qalebisTvis, rom maT sasamarTlos mimarTon. aRniSnuli gamowveulia imiT, rom maT umetesobas ara aqvs
samuSao. gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas es problema transgenderi

209

qalebis SemTxvevaSi:
Cveni organizacia, magaliTad, baJis odenobas faravs. aTasma
kacma rom mogvmarTos, ver SevZlebT yvelas dakmayofilebas, magram weliwadSi daaxloebiT 20 adamianis xarjebs vfaravT. bevrs es
100 laric ara aqvs da amis gamo xSirad sasamarTlos ar mimarTaven
(lbt qalTa sakiTxebze momuSave advokati).

4.7. sakanonmdeblo aqtebis misawvdomoba

kvlevaSi monawile mxedvelobis armqone qalebis TqmiT, maTTvis srulad miuwvdomelia sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, rac gamoricxavs
damxmaris gareSe nebismieri informaciis miRebas, romelic ukavSirdeba SSm pirTa uflebebs da gasaCivrebis meqanizmebs:
ZiriTadad, yvelaze sando da ganaxlebadi aris sakanonmdeblo macne, romelic absoluturad miuwvdomelia. saitze SeiZleba
Sexvide da rame moZebno, magram mere kanonis Tavidan bolomde wakiTxva giwevs; verc gverdebze gadadixar, radgan xmovani programa
veRar muSaobs im formatSi, romelSic kanonia mocemuli. xandaxan
SeiZleba es teqsti 100 gverdic iyos. boloSi rom Cadixar, TavSi ra
ewera, gaviwydeba (TbilisSi mcxovrebi SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qali).
samarTlebrivi aqtebi miuwvdomelia eTnikuri umciresobis
warmomadgeneli qalebisTvisac, radgan isini sabaziso ganaTlebas,
ZiriTadad, mSobliur (somxur an azerbaijanul) enaze iReben; sakanonmdeblo aqtebis umetesoba ki, mcire gamonaklisebis garda, mxolod qarTul enaze arsebobs.
dadebiTad unda Sefasdes praqtika, rom, moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebs mSobliur enazec egzavnebaT. Tumca, advokatis an qarTuli enis mcodne damxmaris gareSe, isini saqmis masalebis kargad
gacnobas ver axerxeben.

procesze. damakmayofilebeli araa aseve TarjimanTa kvalifikacia, razec miuTiTeben rogorc eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebi, ise mosamarTleebi.
enobrivi barieris gamo, respondentebis TqmiT, eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli qalebi xSirad Tavs ikaveben, sakuTari
uflebebis dacvis mizniT sasamarTlos mimarTon:
Tumca, qalebi gansakuTrebiT, SeiZleba srulyofilad ver
sargeblobdnen sasamarTlos servisebiT. erTaderTi mizezia - maT
saTanadod ar ician ena. SeiZleba amis gamo Tavi Seikavon sarCelis
Semotanisgan an sxva qmedebisagan. magram Tuki Sesabamisi TxovniT
mogvmarTavs vinme, is aucileblad dakmayofildeba, radgan sasamarTloSi yvela uzrunvelyofilia, xeli miuwvdebodes srulyofil marTlmsajulebaze (mosamarTle).

4.8. enobrivi barieri

kvlevaSi monawile yvela mxare adasturebs, rom pirebi Tarjimnis momsaxurebiT arian uzrunvelyofili rogorc saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilvis yvela etapze, ise policiasTan komunikaciis
da iuridiuli momsaxurebis gawevis dros (iuridiuli daxmarebis
samsaxuris mier). problema warmoiSoba samoqalaqo davebze, radgan iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxurs mxolod sarCelis daweris SesaZlebloba aqvs da uSualod ar axorcielebs warmomadgenlobas

210

211

212

Se ja me ba

daskvna

kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone

qalebisaTvis, marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis TvalsazrisiT,
gamoikveTa Semdegi barierebi: transportsa da quCis infrastruqturaSi maTi interesebis ignorireba, policiisa da sasamarTlos
araadaptirebuli Senobebi, informaciis nakleboba sakuTari uflebebisa da gasaCivrebis meqanizmebis Sesaxeb, arasakmarisi finansebi sasamarTlos xarjebisaTvis, sakanonmdeblo aqtebze miuwvdomloba, fsiqikuri janmrTelobis problemis mqone qalebisaTvis gasaCivrebis meqanizmis ararseboba daxuruli tipis dawesebulebebSi.
sakuTari uflebebis Sesaxeb informaciis nakleboba, enobrivi
da ekonomikuri barierebi gamoiyo eTnikuri/religiuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli qalebis SemTxvevaSi, rac am aferxebs am adamianebis wvdomas marTlmsajulebaze.
lbt qalebis ZiriTad problemad dasaxelda homofobiiTa da
transfobiiT motivirebuli danaSaulebis gamoZiebis etapze policielebis mxridan danaSaulis kvalifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebi.
samoqalaqo davebis warmoebis procesSi arsebuli dabrkolebebidan unda gamoiyos is, rom ar arsebobs erTiani midgoma alimentis da bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvrasTan mimarTebiT,
ris gamoc xSirad praqtika araerTgvarovania. iqidan gamomdinare,
rom TanasakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis gayofis dros xorcieldeba mxolod warmodgenili mtkicebulebebis Sefaseba (rac, rogorc
wesi, did sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli), qalebi SvilebTan
erTad xSirad sacxovreblis gareSe rCebian.
genderuli niSniT Cadenili danaSaulebis Sesaxeb arsebuli
masalebis kvlevis Sedegad, mTavari problema ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: kodeqsSi ar arsebobs specialuri muxli, romelic sicocxlis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi miuTiTebda genderuli niSniT maT Cadenaze, rogorc damamZimebel garemoebaze. araerTgvarovani damokidebulebaa danaSaulis gaupatiurebad kvalifikaciis mimarT, rac srulad gamoricxavs kvlevaSi
aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT moxmobil feministur midgomebsa da saerTaSoriso standartebSi arsebul principebs.
administraciuli samarTlis kuTxiT kvlevam aCvena, rom, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qalebis SemTxvevaSi, aSkarad ikveTeba
diskriminacia SromiTi urTierTobebis dros, gansakuTrebiT - winasaxelSekrulebo etapze. problemad dasaxelda isic, rom xSirad
policielebi Zaladobis SemTxvevebze arasaTanadod reagireben.

kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, qalebisaTvis marTlmsajulebis

xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiT barierebis arseboba, umeteswilad, ganpirobebulia imiT, rom aRniSnuli sferos speficikuri garemoebebi sistemaSi CarTuli specialistebis yuradRebis miRma rCeba.
sistema ar iTvaliswinebs specialur midgomebs, saxelmZRvanelo principebs, rom ufro efeqturad ganxorcieldes genderuli
niSniT Cadenili danaSaulebis gamoZieba da sisxlissamarTlebrivi
devna. am mxriv, kanonmdeblobaSi specialuri regulaciis ararseboba xSirad Semaferxebel garemoebas warmoadgens. dadebiTad unda Sefasdes saqarTvelos prokuraturis rekomendacia, romelic
genderuli danaSaulebis gamoZiebas exeba.
saqarTvelos marTlmsajulebis sistema srulad gamoricxavs
qalebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebas davebis warmoebis dros; advokatebi da Tavad qalebi ki erT-erT mTavar dabrkolebad sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis kuTxiT swored aRniSnul
sakiTxs asaxeleben.
kvlevaSi monawile mosamarTleebi samoqalaqo davebis ganxilvis dros warmoqmnil mTavar problemad miiCneven materialuri da
saproceso normebis bundovanebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs
alimentis moculobis da bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvris Taobaze warmoebuli davebis sirTules, erTiani praqtikis
ararsebobas.
kvlevaSi monawile yvela mosamarTle da iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris TanamSromeli adasturebs qalebisa da SezRuduli
SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa sakiTxebze damatebiTi kvalifikaciis
uzrunvelyofis gansakuTrebul saWiroebas.

213

danarTebi

danarTi 1 - saxalxo damcvelis mier ganxiluli genderuli

diskriminaciis saqmeebis aRwera
saqme 1. zogadi winadadeba ss saqarTvelos banks1
saxalxo damcvels gancxadebiT mimarTa arasamTavrobo organizacia safaris xelmZRvanelma ss saqarTvelos bankis mier
feisbuqis oficialur gverdze gamoqveynebuli genderuli stereotipebis Semcveli reklamis Taobaze. saxalxo damcvels aRniSnul saqmeSi ar daudgenia diskriminaciis faqti, magram miiCnia, rom seqsisturi Sinaarsis reklama uaryofiTad imoqmedebda
genderul Tanasworobaze da xels Seuwyobda mavne stereotipebis
gavrcelebas. aRniSnuli saCivris safuZvelze man gamosca zogadi winadadeba, romelSic mouwoda banks momavalSi Tavi Seikavos
diskriminaciuli Sinarsis Semcveli sareklamo rgolebis damzadebisgan. zogadi winadadeba gaica 2014 wlis 9 dekembers da gaegzavna ss saqarTvelos banks, Tumca kompaniam saxalxo damcvels ar
Seatyobina miRebuli winadadebis Sesabamisad ganxorcielebuli
RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, upasuxod datova ori werilobiTi mimarTva
da seqsisturi foto feisbuqis oficialuri gverdidan ar wauSlia.

saqme 2. zogadi winadadeba Jobs.ge-s2

2014 wlis 9 dekembers saxalxo damcvels winadadebiT mimarTa
arasamTavrobo organizacia konstituciis 42-e muxlis aRmasrulebelma direqtorma. momCivanis mtkicebiT, Sps Jobs.ge vakansiebis saZiebo sistemaSi iyenebda sqesTan dakavSirebul diskriminaciul terminebsa da frazebs. saxalxo damcvelma miiCnia, rom,
vinaidan aRniSnuli saiti ar axorcielebda vakansiebis Sesaxeb
diskriminaciuli sityvebis Semcveli gancxadebebis filtracias,
amiT igi xels uwyobda damsaqmeblebs, gaevrcelebinaT adamianis uflebaTa Semlaxveli teqsti da am gziT ganexorcielebinaT
diskriminacia winasaxelSekrulebo etapze. saxalxo damcvelma
mimarTa zogadi winadadebiT Sps Jobs.ge-s da sTxova, SeemuSavebina iseTi regulaciebi, romelTa saSualebiTac aRmoifxvreboda

diskriminaciuli Sinaarsis gancxadebebis gamoqveynebis praqtika. saxalxo damcvelma gamoTqva mzadyofna, daxmareboda Jobs.ge-s
Sesabamisi dokumentis SemuSavebaSi. Tumca 2015 wlis 8 aprils gamocemuli zogadi winadadebis pasuxad Sps-s ar ucnobebia saxalxo
damcvelisTvis mis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, xolo
aRniSnul saitze analogiuri gancxadebebis gamoqveyneba kvlav
grZeldeba.

saqme 3. 1004//15
2014 wlis 26 dekembers internetsait www.jobs.ge-ze gamoqveynda kerZo bankis gancxadeba vakansiis Sesaxeb, sadac miTiTebuli
iyo, rom, samuSaos specifikidan gamomdinare, upiratesoba mieniWeboda mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs. saxalxo damcvelma Tavisi iniciativiT daiwyo aRniSnuli saqmis Seswavla da gamoiTxova
informacia bankisgan. am ukanasknelma ganmarta, rom aRniSnuli
formulireba vakansiasTan dakavSirebiT teqnikuri xarvezi iyo
da es formulireba mesame piris mosazrebis gacnobisTanave Secvales. saxalxo damcveli, garemoebebis Seswavlis safuZvelze, mivida daskvnamde, rom ganxilul saqmeSi mopasuxe bankma aRmofxvra
savaraudo diskriminaciis Semcveli detalebi gancxadebaSi da amitom saqmiswarmoeba Sewyvita.

saqme 4. SromiTi diskriminacia kerZo kompaniaSi3

2016 wlis 18 maiss saxalxo damcvelma rekomendaciiT mimarTa
Sps mikrosafinanso organizacia kredos SromiT urTierTobaSi
orsulobis niSniT diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb.
2016 wlis 20 ivniss saxalxo damcvels Sps mikrosafinanso organizacia kredodan werilobiT Seatyobines, rom orsulobis
niSniT diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb saxalxo damcvelis
rekomendaciis safuZvelze, ganmcxadebeli aRadgines samsaxurSi
da gauformes uvado SromiTi xelSekruleba ganvadebis oficris
poziciaze, romlis Sesrulebasac a.a. dekretuli Svebulebis gasvlis Semdeg Seudgeba. aseve, ganmcxadebels srulad aunazRaurda
mkurnalobisTvis gaweuli xarjebi da ganacduri xelfasi. amasTan,
Sps kredos direqtoris brZanebis safuZvelze, gauqmda ganmcxadeblisTvis werilobiT gamocxadebuli gafrTxileba.

1. zogadi winadadeba ix. bmulze:

2. zogadi winadadeba ix. bmulze:

214

3. rekomendacia ix. bmulze:

215

saqme 5. Sps elitservisis mier ganxorcielebuli diskriminacia

sqesis, asakisa da ojaxuri mdgomareobis niSniT4
2015 wlis 3 agvistos arasamTavrobo organizacia konstituciis 42-e muxlis aRmasrulebelma direqtorma gancxadebiT mimarTa
saxalxo damcvels vebgverd Jobs.ge-ze Sps elitservisis mier gamoqveynebul vakansiasTan dakavSirebiT. vakansia Seicavda sityvebs:
dasaojaxebeli, sruliad ukompleqso 16-dan 25 wlamde gogona.
Sps elitservisis damfuZneblis ganmartebiT, aRniSnuli
kompaniis saqmianobas gafuWebuli kompiuterebis SekeTeba warmoadgens da, Sesabamisad, mas mdivnad mamakaci ver warmoudgenia,
xolo asakTan dakavSirebuli moTxovna ki Semdegnairad axsna: kandidats naxevari wlis ganmavlobaSi xarisxianad aswavlian samuSaos
specifikas, rac axalgazrda adamians momavalSic gamoadgeba. asakovani adamianebi, erTi mxriv, Znelad iTviseben, meore mxriv, ver
gamoiyeneben miRebul codnas. rac Seexeba ojaxur mdgomareobas,
mopasuxis ganmartebiT, hqonda SemTxveva, rodesac daojaxebuli qalbatoni miiRo samsaxurSi, magram is ver gaumklavda Sesasrulebel samuSaos, radgan ojaxidan urekavdnen da samuSaoze
koncentrirebas ver axerxebda. garda amisa, TanamSromlebs ofisSi darCena gvianobamde uwevT. daojaxebuli gogona ver darCeba,
vinaidan meuRle ar miscems amis nebas. maT aseve xSirad uwevT baTumSi wasvla saqmiani vizitiT, daojaxebuli gogonas meuRlisTvis ki es miuRebeli iqneba da cols ufrosTan erTad baTumSi ar
gauSvebs.
aRniSnul saqmeze saqarTvelos damcvelma daadgina pirdapiri diskriminaciis faqti da rekomendaciiT mimarTa Sps elitserviss, magram kerZo organizaciis mxridan reagirebis Sesaxeb informacia, 2016 wlis ivlisis mdgomareobiT, cnobili ar aris.

danarTi 2
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarlo, saqme - cudaki litvis
winaaRmdeg 5
evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos didi palatis gadawyvetileba exeba litveli aplikantis seqsualuri Seviwroebis
saqmes. is muSaobda TanaSemwed da operatorad vilniusSi ganTavsebul poloneTis saelCoSi. 1999 wels cudakma mimarTa litvis om4. rekomendacia ix. bmulze:

budsmens seqsualuri Seviwroebis ganxorcielebis gamo mamakaci

kolegis mxridan, romelsac saelCos diplomati TanamSromlis
statusi hqonda. miuxedavad, imisa, rom ganmcxadeblis mimarTvis
safuZvelze ombudsmenma daadgina seqsualuri Seviwroebis faqti
da cudaki mis msxverplad miiCnia, saelCom is samsaxuridan gaaTavisufla. ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT, masze ganxorcielebuli Seviwroebisa da zewolis gamo igi avad gaxda da aiRo saavadmyofo
furceli 1999 wlis 1 seqtembridan 29 oqtombramde. rodesac 29
oqtombers cudaki mivida saelCoSi, is SenobaSi ar SeuSves. Semdegi
2 dRis mcdeloba samsaxurSi dabrunebasTan dakavSirebiT uSedego
aRmoCnda. 1999 wlis 29 noembers man elCs miswera werili da Seatyobina momxdari incidentis Sesaxeb. amave wlis 2 dekembers ganmcxadebels acnobes, rom igi gaTavisuflebuli iyo samsaxuridan 22-29
noembris gacdenis gamo. cudakma samoqalaqo sarCeliT mimarTa
sasamarTlos ukanono gaTavisuflebis gamo kompensaciis moTxovniT. igi ar iTxovda samsaxurSi aRdgenas. poloneTis sagareo
saqmeTa ministris mier warmodgenili saprotesto werilis (note
verbale) Tanaxmad, saelCos TanamSromeli sargeblobda imunitetiT
da masze litvis sasamarTlos marTlmsajuleba ver gavrceldeboda. 2000 wlis 2 agvistos vilniusis regionulma sasamarTlom
Sewyvita saqmiswarmoeba iurisdiqciis gauvrceleblobis safuZvelze. 2000 wlis 14 aprils saapelacio sasamarTlom ZalaSi datova gadawyvetileba saqmiswarmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, saboloo
gadawyvetileba ki miiRo uzenaesma sasamarTlom 2001 wlis 25
ivniss amave gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi datovebis Sesaxeb. uzenaesma
sasamarTlom inter alia imsjela, rom litvasa da poloneTs Soris 1993
wels dadebuli urTierTdaxmarebis xelSekruleba ar awesrigebda
imunitetis sakiTxs, xolo misi maregulirebeli kanoni litvas
saqmis ganxilvis momentSi miRebuli ar hqonda. erovnuli samarTali aRniSnul sakiTxze SemuSavebis procesSi iyo. Sesabamisad,
uzenaesma sasamarTlom sakasacio saCivari saerTaSoriso samarTlis zogadi principebis mixedviT ganixila, 1972 wlis saxelmwifo
imunitetis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis Sesabamisad. kerZod,
uzenaesi sasamarTlos msjelobis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo imuniteti unda gavrcelebuliyo SezRudulad, sajaro samarTlebriv da
ara kerZo samarTlebriv urTierTobebze. vinaidan aplikanti axorcielebda sajaro samsaxurebriv saqmianobas saelCoSi, sasamarTlom kanonierad miiCnia imunitetis gavrceleba.

,Z

216

217

mTavrobis poziciis Tanaxmad, aplikants (rogorc Teoriulad, ise praqtikulad) SeeZlo, sarCeli Seetana poloneTis sasamarTloSi da edava ukanono gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos msjelobis mixedviT, mis
mier poloneTis sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanis SesaZlebloba
realuri ar iyo da cudaks marTlmsajulebaze xelmisawvdomoba
ezRudeboda. Sesabamisad, mTavrobis pozicia aplikantis mxridan
poloneTis sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis SesaZleblobis Taobaze,
mocemuli saqmis garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, dacvis efeqtur
saSualebad ar unda CaiTvalos.
evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos didi palatis gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, aRniSnul saqmeSi aplikantis mimarT dairRva adamianis uflebebis evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli
punqti, rac gulisxmobs, rom cudaks SeezRuda marTlmsajulebaze xelmisawvdomoba. litvis saxelmwifos daekisra misTvis 10 000
evros ekvivalenti Tanxis gadaxdis valdebuleba.

218

219