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Acdrive Basics PDF
Acdrive Basics PDF
AC Drives Basics
Course content
Topics covered in this section AC Drive (Variable Frequency Drive) subsystems
Rectifier,
Inverter,
Motor,
Control Interface,
INABB/ATDPL1/ac drive basics 2
Cable
Software tools, Efficiency,
Applications of AC Drives(VFD)
Equipment
W
aveform
Line
Operation
Line voltage
Line Supply
Unit
Rectification
DC bus,
capacitor
and choke
Smoothing
Inverter
Unit
Inversion
Motor
M
3
Motor
SEMICON
FUSE
FREQ. CONVERTER
MODULE
O/P CONTACTOR
3 PHASE
SUPPLY
3 PHASE
SC IM
I/P CONTACTOR
(OPTIONAL)
Plus: CONTROL TRAFO,
CONTROL FUSES, METERS,
PUSH BUTTONS, INDICATIONS,
CABLES,AUX. CONTACTORS ETC.
dU/dT
FILTER
(OPTIONAL)
AC Drive Technology
AC Drive Types
Current Source Invertors (CSI)
Constant current principle
Large inductor in DC link
Types
Six Step
Our Focus
AC Drives
AC Drive Capabilities:
Controllable Speed
Controllable Acceleration / Deceleration
Electronic Reversing
Current Limiting
Torque Limiting
Intelligent Process Interfacing
INABB/ATDPL1/ac drive basics 10
AC Drives
AC Drive Performance Advantages:
Accurate Speed Regulation
Dynamic Speed Response
High Process Efficiency
High Input Power Factor
Application Types
Constant Torque Applications
100
%
Torque
& HP
HP
Torque
50
50
100
(Base)
% Speed
150
Application Types
Constant Power (CP)
HP
100
%
Torque
& HP
50
HP
Torque
100
(Base)
150
200
% Speed
Application Types
Example: Winders (Center Driven)
Speed is Slow
Speed is Low
Speed is High
Low
Torque Required
High Torque Required
Application Types
Variable Torque (VT)
100
%
Torque,
Flow,
& HP
Torque (square)
50
Flow
HP (cube)
50
% Speed
100
(Base)
Application Types
Example: Centrifugal Fan
Move Air or Other Gaseous Materials
Typical kW Range >2.2 to 3000kW
Speed Range From 25 to 100%
Coast To Stop
Speed Controlled With 3 to 5% Speed Regulation
Acceleration From 2 to 90 Seconds
INABB/ATDPL1/ac drive basics 17
Application Types
Example: Centrifugal Pump
Move Air or Other Gaseous Materials
Typical kW Range >2.2 to 3000kW
Speed Range From 25 to 100%
Coast To Stop
Speed Controlled With 3 to 5% Speed Regulation
Acceleration From 2 to 90 Seconds
INABB/ATDPL1/ac drive basics 18
Application Types
Fan Operation
125
Operating
Point
100
%
Pressure
Fan
Curve
50
System
Curve
50
100
% Flow
150
Application Types
Volume Control Methods : Outlet Dampers
: Inlet Guide Vanes
: Variable Frequency Drives
Power Requirements For All Types
%
Input
Power
By-passing by a valve
On-off control of the pump
1% to 3%
0.5% to 1%
0.01%
0.1% to 0.5%
0.01%
Simple Scalar
3 %s
3 %s
0.3 %s
0.4 %s
0.1 %s
Speed Response
Application Issues
Other
Drive Efficiency
98%
Power Factor
0.97 (displacement)
Current Harmonics
Rectifier Configurations
6-pulse Rectifier
12-pulse Rectifier
12-pulse Rectifier
24-pulse Rectifier
3~
3~
3~
3~
Current Waveforms
IGBT Rectifier
Best is to use an IGBT rectifier.
IGBT can be switched off if the current starts to grow.
It is full regenerative
It can boost the motor voltage when line voltage is low.
The power factor is 1
Current harmonics are lower due to higher switching frequency.
U+
U
V
W
U-
U+
L
U
V
W
U-
V
W
U-
Improving commutation
Risk for problems can be reduced by higher AC voltage. This gives
more margin for commutation. The alternatives:
The infeed transformer can be selected to give e.g. 20 % higher
voltage.
There can be an autotransformer in the converter boosting the
generating bridge voltage by 20 %
U
V
W
U+
UU+
U-
Braking to resistor
line rectifier
motor converter
Net
3
electrical
energy
CH braking chopper
braking resistor
motor as
generator
mechanical
energy
Basic construction
P1
P2
P3
R4 - R7
P1 P2 P3
U V W
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
R10i, R11i
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
R12i
Phase module
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
Phase module
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
Phase module
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
R8, R9
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3
4 x R12i
R12i
R12i
P1
P2P3P1
P2P3P1
P2
P3 P1
P2P3P1
P2P3P1
P2P3 P1
P2
P3P1
P2P3P1
P2P3
P1
P2P3P1
P2
P3P1
P2
P3 P1
P2P3P1
P2
P3P1
P2P3 P1
P2
P3P1
P2P3P1
P2
P3
R12i
P1
P2P3P1
P2
P3P1
P2P3 P1
P2P3P1
P2
P3P1
P2P3 P1
P2
P3P1
P2P3P1
P2P3
R12i
P1
P2
P3P1
P2
P3P1
P2P3 P1
P2P3P1
P2
P3P1
P2P3 P1
P2
P3P1
P2P3P1
P2
P3
MultiDrive
Efficiency
TORQUE
Tmax
nominal torque
1
motor mode
0
generator mode
SPEED
Motor losses
Line harmonics
Cabling
Fieldbus
Definition of a Fieldbus
Fieldbus
Fieldbus System
Ethernet, TCP/IP Backbone
Operation
level
HMI
HMI
System Bus
Control
level
PROFIBUS-DP
Device
level
PROFIBUS-PA
Software tools
1993
1992
1991
1990
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
GWh
5000
6000
7000
8000