Solution to Mandatory Exercises and Unit Test

1. Sets, Relations and Functions

Unit I

I.
1.

Since the collection of all months of an year beginning with letter J is a well defined collection of objects which does not vary
with any other factor it is a set and S = {Jan, June, July}.

2.

The collection of ten most talented writers of India is not well defined collection of objects as the talent of the writer would be
judged differently by different people. Hence it is not a set.

3.

A team of 11 best-cricket batsmen of the world is not a well defined collection of objects as the batsmen chosen vary from
person to person. Hence it is not a set.

4.

The collection of boys in the class is a well defined collection of objects. Hence it is a set.

5.

The collection of all natural numbers less than 100 is a well defined collection of objects. Hence it is a set.

II.
(i)

5 A, since 5 is an element of the set A

(ii) 8 A, since 8 is not an element of the set A

(iii) 0 A, since 0 is not an element of the set A
(iv) 4 A, since 4 is an element of the set A
(v) 2 A, since 2 is an element of the set A
(vi) 10 A, since 10 is not an element of the set A
III.
1.

A = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} in roster form.

2.

B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} in roster form.

3.

C = {17, 26, 35, 44, 53, 62, 71, 80} in roster form.

4.

D = {2, 3, 5}

5.

E = {T, R, I, G, N, O, M, E, Y}

IV.
1. A = { x / x 3n, n N and 1 n 4 }
2.

B = { x / x 2n , n N and 1 n 5 }

3.

D = { x / x 5n , n N and 1 n 4 }

4.

F = { x / x n 2 , n N and 1 n 10 }

V.

1 1 3 2 5 3 7
, , , , , ,
3 2 5 3 7 4 9

1.

E=

2.

F = {1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20}

3.

G = {April, June, September, November}

4.

H = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17}

VI.
(i)

Since, the set {x: x is a natural number and divisor of 6} = {1, 2, 3, 6}

(ii) The set {x : x is a prime number and divisor of 6} = {2, 3}

(iii) The set {x : x is letter of word MATHEMATICS} = {M, A, T, H, E, I, C, S}
(iv) The set {x = x is odd natural number less than 10} = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

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Unit II

I.
1.

It is a null set, since there is no odd natural number which is divisible by 2.

2.

It is not a null set as the number 2 is an even prime number.

3.

It is a null set, since there can not exist any natural number x which satisfies 7 < x < 5.

4.

It is a null set, since there can not be a point of intersection for any two parallel lines.

II.
1.

Is a finite set as there are a finite number of months (12) in an year.

2.

Is an infinite set.

3.

Is a finite set as the set has finite (100) elements.

4.

Is an infinite set as there can be infinite Integers greater than 100.

5.

Is a finite set as there are finite (25) Prime numbers less than 99.

III.
1.

Yes, A = B Since the set of even positive integers less than or equal to 10 are the elements of both A and B.

2.

No, A B Since A = {10, 20, 30 } and

B = {10, 15, 20 } since, the elements are not the same.

3.

x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 x = 2, 3 B = {2, 3}and
A = {2, 3}
A and B are not equal sets.

4.

A = {F, O, L, W} B = {W, O, L, F}
Since elements are same. A and B are equal sets.

IV.
The sets A, B, C, D are equivalent sets and E, G, G, H are equivalent sets.

Unit III
Mandatory Exercise

I.
1.

{2, 3, 4} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Since the elements 2, 3, & 4 (i.e. all elements of 1st set) are present in the second set.

2.

{a, b, c,} { b, c, d}The element a of 1st set is missing in the second set.

3.

{x : x is a student of Class XI of your school }{x : x student of your school}. Since all students of class XI belong the set of
students in the school.

4.

{x : x is a circle in the plane} {x : x is a circle in the same plane with radius 1 unit}. Since the set of circles in the plane with
radius 1 does not include the set of all circles in the same plane.

5.

{x : x is a triangle in a plane} {x : x is a rectangle in the plane}, Since the set of rectangles in a plane can not include the set
of triangles.

6.

{x : x is an equilateral triangle in a plane} {x : x is a triangle in the same plane}. Since all the equilateral triangles in the plane
belong to set of triangles in the same plane.

7.

{x : x is an even natural number} {x : x is an integer}, Since every natural number belongs to the set containing all integers.

II.
1.

False, since both elements of {a, b} are present in the set {a, b, c}. i.e. a & b {b, c, a}

2.

True, since a & e belong to set of vowels in English alphabets.

3.

False, since 2 is an element of {1, 2, 3} which does not belong to {1, 3, 5}

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III.
(i) Incorrect, since 1 is only an element, not a set.
(ii) Correct, since all the elements 1, 2 & 5 A
(iii) Incorrect, since only elements 1, 2, 5 A, not set {1, 2, 5}
(iv) Incorrect, since the element 3 is missing in A
IV.
(i) subsets of {a} are {a} and
(ii) subsets of {a, b}, are {a, b}, , {a} and {b}
(iii) subsets of {1, 2, 3}, are {1, 2, 3}, , {1}, {2}, {3},{1, 2}, {2, 3} and {1, 3}
(iv) subset of is
V.
(i) ( 4, 6]

(ii) ( 12,10)

(iii) [0, 7)

(iv) [3, 4]

VI.
(i) {x : x R, 3 < x <0}

(ii) {x : x R, 6 x 12}

(iii) {x : x R, 6 < x 12}

(iv) {x : x R, 23 x <5}

VII.
1. A = , implies A is a Null set with zero elements so, P (A) will have only 1 element i.e. P (A) = {}
2.

(i) A single universal set can be proposed for both the sections (i) & (ii) of the question. The set is given by set of all triangles.

VIII.
The option (iii) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} can be the universal set for A, B & C as it contains all the elements of the three sets.
Unit IV

Mandatory Exercise

I.
1.
2.

X Y = {1, 2, 3, 5}
A B = {a, b, c, e, i, o, u}

3.

Here A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15 .} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

A B = {x / x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or a multiple of 3}

4.

Here, A = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and B = { 7, 8, 9}
A B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} = {x : 1 < x < 10, x N}

5.

A B = {1, 2, 3}.

II.
1. X Y = {1, 3}
2. A B = {a}
3.
4.

A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15 } and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} A B = {3}

A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and B = {7, 8, 9}, A B =

5.

AB=

III.
1. A = {a, b}, B = {a, b, c}
A B = {a, b, c}
Since all the elements of A (i.e. a & b) B.
2.

A is a subset of B.
If A B, we can conclude that A B = B.

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IV. (i) C D = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10}

(ii) A B C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
V.

(i) (B C) = {7, 9, 11, 13, 15}

A (B C) = {7, 9, 11}
(ii) A D = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11} {15, 17} =
(iii) (B D) = {7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17},
A (B D) = {7, 9, 11}

VI. Given A = {1, 2, 3, },

B = {2, 4, 6, 8, .},

C = {1, 3, 5, 7, ..}, D = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ..}

(i) A B = {2, 4, 6, ..} = B
(ii) A C = {1, 3, 5 ..} = C
VII. For a pair of sets to be disjoint, their intersection has to be
(i) {1, 2, 3, 4} {4, 5, 6} = {4}
Not Disjoint
(ii) {a, e, i, o, u} {c, d, e, f} = {e}
Not Disjoint
(iii) { 4, 2, 0, 2, 4, } { 3, 1, 1, 3, }
= so, they are a pair of disjoint sets.
VIII. A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21},
B = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20},
C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16},
D = {5, 10, 15, 20}
(i) B C = {20}
(ii) B D = {4, 8, 12, 16}
(iii) C B = {2, 6, 10, 14}
IX. X = {a, b, c, d} Y = {f, b, d, g}
(i) X Y = {a, c}

(iii) X Y = {b, d}

(ii) Y X = {f, g}

X. R Set of Real Numbers

Q Set of rational Numbers
Then RQ represents all real number which are not rational. Therefore RQ is the set of Irrational numbers.
XI. (i) False, as {2, 3, 4, 5} {3, 6} = {3} Not Disjoint
(ii) False, as {a, e, i, o, u} {a, b, c, d} = {a} Not Disjoint
(iii) True, as {2, 6, 10, 14} {3, 7, 11, 15} =
(iv) True, as {2, 6, 10} {3, 7, 11} =
XII.
1.
A

a, c, e
b d

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A B = {a, b}

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2.

A = {3, 4, 5, 6} and B = {7, 8, 9}

A B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
AB={}=
A B = {3, 4, 5, 6}

3.

A = {1, 5, 9}
B A = {14}

4.

A B = {4, 6}
A B = {5}
(A B) (A B) =

5.

We have, A B {1, 3, 5}, since the elements 1, 3, 5 belong to A but not to B and B A {8}, since the element 8 belongs to
B and not to A.
We note that A B B A.

6.

A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}
(A B) C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

(1)

B C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A (B C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

(2)

From (1) and (2),

(A B) C = A (B C)
7.

Let us prove this by giving the counter example.

Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 3, 4}
A B = {1} and B A = {4}
ABBA

8.

Consider,
x C B x C and x B
x C and x A
A B
xCA
So, if any element x C B then it is also true that x C A.
C B C A.

9.

No, P (A) P (B) is not equal to P (A B) Let x A and Y B, then P(A) and P(B) will have elements which are sets within
set A and B.

10. Clearly N Z
Z N = {.., 3, 2, 1, 0}
NZ=
Unit V

Mandatory Exercise

I.

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4},

B = {2, 4, 6, 8}, C = {3, 4, 5, 6}
(i)

A is defined as U A
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} {1, 2, 3, 4}
= {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

(ii) B is defined as U B
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} {2, 4, 6, 8}
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
(iii) (A C) is defined as U (A C)
A C = {1, 2, 3, 4} {3, 4, 5, 6} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(A C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = {7, 8, 9}
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II. U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h},

A = {a, b, c},

B = {d, e, f, g},

C = {a, c, e, g}, D = {f, g, h, a}

(i) A = U A = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} {a, b, c} = {d, e, f, g, h}

(ii) B = U B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} {d, e, f, g} = {a, b, c, h}
(iii) C = U C = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} {a, c, e, g} = {b, d, f, h}
(iv) D = U D = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} {f, g, h, a} = {b, c, d, e}
III. Considering the set of Natural number as U (universal set)
1.

Complement of set of perfect squares is a set of natural numbers which are not perfect squares Complement set = {x : x N and
x is not a perfect square}

2.

Complement of a set of perfect cube is a set of natural numbers which are not perfect cubes. Complement of
set = {x :x N and x is not a perfect cube}

3.

The set = {x : x + 5 = 8} implies the set = {3}. complement set = {x : x N and x 3}

IV. (i)

(A B) = A B
(A B) = {2, 4, 6, 8} {2, 3, 5, 7}
= {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
From definition of complement we have,
A = U A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} {2, 4, 6, 8,}
= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B = U B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} {2, 3, 5, 7,} = {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}
(A B) = U (A B)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
= {1, 9}
RHS = A B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}
= {1, 9}
LHS = RHS. Hence verified.

(ii) (A B) = A B
A B = {2, 3, 6, 8} {2, 3, 5, 7} = {2}
LHS = (A B) = U (A B)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} {2}
= {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
RHS = A B
= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}
= {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
LHS = RHS. Hence verified.
V. (A B) = U (A B)
U

U
B

A
U

A B

U
=

(A B)

VI. (i) A A = U since it includes all elements which are in A as well as which are not in A.
(ii) A, now, = U U U A = A
(iii) A A = . Since there can & not be any element common to A & A
(iv) U A Now U = U U = A =

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Unit VI
Mandatory Exercise

I.
1.

n (X) = 17, n (Y) = 23, n (X Y) = ?, n (X Y) = 38.

We know that,
n(X Y) = n(X) + (Y) n(X Y)
38 = 17 + 23 (X Y)
n (X Y) = 40 38 = 2.

2.

n (X Y) = 18
n (X Y) = ?
Given n (X) = 8, n (Y) = 15
We know that,
n (X Y) = n(X) + n(Y) n (X Y)
n (X Y) = n(X) + n(Y) n(X Y) = 8 + 15 18 = 5

3.

X Y has 5 elements.
Let H be set of people who can speak Hindi & E be set for English
Group of 400 people n (H E) = 400
Number of people who can speak Hindi = n (H) = 250
Number of people who can speak English = n (E) = 200
Number of people who can speak both = n (H E)
n (H E) = n (H) + n (E) n (H E)
400 = 250 + 200 n (H E)
n (H E) = 450 400 = 50
so people can speak both Hindi & English.

4.

5.

Given: n (S) = 21 n (T) = 32 n (S T) = 11

We know that,
n(S T) = n(S) +n(T) n(S T) = 21 + 32 11 = 53 11 = 42.
Given n(X) = 40, n (X Y) = 60, n (X Y) = 10
We know that, n(X Y) = n (X) + n (Y) n (X Y)
60 = 40 + n (Y) 10
n (Y) = 70 40 = 30
Y has 30 elements.

6.

Let C denote the set of people who like coffee & Let T denote the set of people who like Tea.
Then the total group denotes (C T)
Given n(C T) = 70, n(C) = 37, n(T) = 52, n(C T) = ?
we know that,
n (C T) = n (C) + n (T) n (C T)
70 = 37 + 52 n (C T)
n (C T) = 89 70 = 19
19 people like both Tea & Coffee.

7.

Let C denote set of people who like Cricket

T denote set of people who like Tennis
Given n (C T) = 65
we know that,

n (C) = 40

n (C T) = 10

n (C T) = n (C) + n (T) n (C T)
65 = 40+ n (T) 10
n (T) = 75 40 = 35
35 people like tennis.
Out of the 35 people who like tennis 10 of them like both cricket and tennis
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So, Number of people who like only tennis is given by 35 10 = 25.

8.

Let F denote people who can speak French

Let S denote people who can speak Spanish
Given n (F) = 50
n (S) = 20, n (F S) = 10
we know that,
n (F S) = n (F) + n (U) n (F S)
= 50 + 20 10 = 60
60 people can speak at least one of the 2 languages.

9.

Let set of students taking coffee = C

Set of students taking tea = T
Also set of students who take either
Tea or Coffee = C T = x
n (C T) = ? n (T) = 150 n (C) = 225, n (C T) = 100
we know that,
n (C T) = n (C) + n (T) n (C T)
= 150 + 225 100 = 275
Number of students taking neither Tea nor Coffee = n (U) n (CUT) = 600 275 = 325.

10. Let the set containing students who know Hindi be H and English be E then
n (H) = 100, n (E) = 50 , n (H E) = 25
Total Number of students = n (H E)
n (H E) = n (H) + n (E) n (H E)
= 100 + 50 25 = 125

Relations
Unit VII
Mandatory Exercise

I.
1.

2 5 1
x
5
2 1
1 2
x
1, y , 1 and y y
3
3
3 3
3 3
3 3 3
3
x = 2 y = 1.

2.

n (A) = 3,

n (B) = 3

n(A B) = n (A) n(B) = 3 3 = 9.

3.

G = {7, 8}
H = {5, 4, 2}
G H = {(7, 5), (7, 4),(7, 2), (8, 5), (8, 4), (8, 2)}
and H G = {(5, 7), (5, 8), (4, 7), (4, 8), (2, 7), (2, 8)}

4.

A = {1, 1}
A A = {(1, 1), (1, 1), (1 1), (1, 1)}
A A A = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1) (1, 1, 1)}

5.

A B = {(a, x), (a, y) (b, x) (b, y)}

A = {a, b}, B = {x, y}

6.

A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b}

II.
1.

False, correct statement is

P Q = {(m, n), (m, m), (n, n), (n, m)}

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2.

True, by the definition of A B.

3.

True, A = {1, 2} B = {3, 4} A (B ) = A =

True.

III. A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6}, D = {5, 6, 7, 8}

(i)

LHS: A (B C) = A ({1, 2, 3, 4} {5, 6})

=A=
RHS: A B = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)}
A C = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)}
(A B) (A C) =
LHS = RHS Hence verified

(ii) A C = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)}

B D = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (1, 8),
(2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7), (2, 8),
(3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 7), (3, 8),
(4, 5), (4, 6), (4, 7), (4, 8)}
Every element in (A C) is in (B D)
(A C) (B D)
IV.
1.

A = {1, 2} B = {3, 4},

A B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3) (2, 4)}
There are 24 = 16 subsets of A B subset of (A B) are
{, {(1, 3)}, {(1, 4)}, {(2, 3)}, {(2, 4)},
{(1, 3), (1, 4)}, {(1, 3), (2, 3)},
{(1, 3), (2, 4)}, {(1, 4), (2, 3)},
{(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3)}, {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 4)},
{(1, 3), (2, 3), (2, 4)}, {(1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)},
{(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}

2.

n (A) = 3, n (B) = 2
n (A B) = n (A) n (B) = 3 2 = 6
Since (x, 1) (A B) x A and 1 B
(y, 2) (A B) y A, 2 B
(Z, 1) (A B) Z A
So A = {x, y, z} & B = {1, 2}

3.

Since n (A A) = 9 n (A) n (A) = 9, n (A) = 3

we know that
(1, 0) & (0, 1) (A A) 1, 0, 1 A
So, A A = {(1, 1), (1, 1), (0, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1)}.

4.

B C = {2}
A = {1, 0, 1}
A (B C) = {(1, 2), (0, 2), (1, 2)}

(1)

A B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (0, 2), (0, 3), (1, 2), (1, 3)}
A C = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (0, 2), (0, 3), (1, 2), (1, 3)}
(A B) (A C) = {(1, 2), (0, 2), (1, 2)}

(2)

From (1) and (2)

A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
5.

(i)

Since, (B C) = {3, 4, 5, 6}, we have

A (B C) = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5) (1, 6), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6))}

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(ii) Now (A B) = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}
and (A C) = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6) (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}
(A B) (A C) = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 3),
(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 4) (3, 5), (3, 6)}

Unit VIII
Mandatory Exercise

I.
1.

A = {1, 2, 3 14}
R = {(x, y) : 3x y = 0, x & y A}
Given 3x y = 0 y = 3x
So, R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), ((3, 9), (4, 12)}
For x 5, we have y > 14 But y A.
Domain: {1, 2, 3, 4}

Range: {3, 6, 9, 12}

Codomain: {1, 2, 3 14} = A

2.

R = {(x, y) : y = x + 5,
x is natural number < 4, x, y N}
R = {(1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8)}
R = {(x, x + 5), x < 4 and x N}
Domain = {1, 2, 3},

3.

Range = {6, 7, 8}

R = {(1, 0), (2, 3), (3, 8), (4, 15), (5, 24), (6, 35), (7, 48), (8, 63), (9, 80), (10, 99)}
Domain of R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Range of R = {0, 3, 8, 15, 24, 35, 48, 63, 80, 99}

4.

R = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10)}
Domain of R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Range of R = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

5.

A = {1, 2, 3, 5}, B = {4, 6, 9}

For difference between x & y to be odd.
If x = 1 or 3 or 5 then y = 4 or 6
If x = 2 then y = 9
R = {(1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 9), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, 6), (5, 4)}.

6.

It is obvious that the relation R is x is the square of y.

(i)

In set-builder form, R = {(x, y): x is the square of y, x P, y Q}

(ii) In roster form,

R = {(9, 3), (9, 3), (4, 2), (4, 2), (25, 5), (25, 5)}
The domain of this relation is {4, 9, 25}.
The range of this relation is {2, 2, 3, 3, 5, 5}.
Note that the element 1 is not related to any element in set P.
The set Q is the codomain of this relation.
7.

The prime numbers less than10 are 2, 3, 5, 7.

So, x {2, 3, 5, 7}
R = {(2, 8), (3, 27), (5, 125), (7, 343)}
R = {(x, x3) : x {2, 3, 5, 7}}.

8.

Let A = {x, y, z} n (A) = 3, B = {1, 2}

n (B) = 2
Total number of relations = 2n(A) n(B) = 232 = 26 = 64

1P/XI1617MMA1S

150

9.

The difference of any two integers is an integer.

So, R {(a, b), a & b Z}
Domain = Z, Range = Z.

Unit IX

Mandatory Exercise

I.

For a relation to be a function the elements in Domain must have a unique image.
(i)

Here the relation is a function with

Domain = {2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17} range = {1}

(ii) The relation given is also a function. Since every element in domain has a single image.
Domain = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}
Range = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
(iii) The given relation is not a function, since element 1 corresponds to more than one image 5 and 3.
II. (i)

f (x) x

Domain = R, Since x holds good for all real numbers.

Range = R or ( , 0], Since x is always negative
(ii) f (x) 9 x 2 .
Since

9 x 2 is defined for 9 x2

or x 3, so domain = [3, 3]
Since minimum value of

9 x 2 is 0, and maximum is 3, Range = [0, 3].

III.
1.

When x = 2
[x2 + 1] = [5] = 5
[x 1] = [ 3] = 3
f(x) = 5 3 = 2

2.

f ( x) ( x) 2 3 x 2 3 f (x)

3.

When x = 1, f(x) = 3x + 1
f(1) = 4
5
When x , f(x) = 1 + 9x
2
45 47
5
5
f 1 9 1

2
2
2
2
When x = 4, f(x) = 30 + 2x

4.

f(4) = 30 + 8 = 38
(i) f(0) = 1 a(0) + b = 1 b = 1
(ii) f(1) = 1 a + b = 1 a 1 = 1 a = 2
(a, b) = (2, 1)

5.

We have
(f g) (x) x x, (f g) (x) x x,
3
1

f
x
(fg) x x (x) x 2 and (x)
x 2, x 0
x
g

6.

Domain is the set of all reals except 1 i.e., Domain = R {1}

7.

3 x 0 3 x or x 3
Domain = {x : x R, x 3} = (, 3]

1P/XI1617MMA1S

151

8.

Since x2 5x + 4 = (x 4) (x 1), the function f is defined for all real numbers except at x = 4 and x = 1. Hence the domain of
f is R {1, 4}.

9.

f (x) = 2x 5

(i) f (0) = 2 (0) 5 = 5

(ii) f (7) = 2 7 5 = 9
9C
10. t(C)
32
5
9(0)
(i) t (0)
32 32
5
9 28
412
(ii) t(28)
32
5
5
9 10
(iii) t ( 10)
32 32 18 14
5
9C
9C
(iv) t (C)
32 212
180
5
5

(iii) f ( 3) = 2 ( 3) 5 = 11

C = 20 5 = 100.
11. (i)

f(x) = 2 3x, x R, x > 0. Maximum value of function is when x is minimum i.e. x = 0 and minimum is when x is
2y
maximum i.e. As x , f(x) . So, f (x) has a range of ( , 2) or 2 3x = y x
3

(ii) f (x) = x2 + 2
f (x) minimum when x is minimum in magnitude

or

x2 + 2 = y

x2 = y 2
x y2
x = 0 f (0) = 2 maximum when x
f max = Range = [2, )
(iii) f (x) = x,
Since, x R, f(x) also R
Range = R set of real numbers.

Trigonometry
Unit I
c

1.

(i) 150 = 150

.
180

6
c

(ii) 240 240

180 3

(iii) 420 420

180 3

17

(iv) 765 = 765

.
180 4

c
c
40
2 158 158 79

(v) 5240 = 52 52

=

.
60
3 3

3 180 270
c

20
1 127
127 c
127
42
=

60
3
3
180
540
3
36
3 128
(vii) 25 36 = 25
25
60
5
5
c
c
128

32

225
5 180

(vi) 42 20 = 42

(viii) 5 37' 30" ; 30"

1P/XI1617MMA1S

75 5
1
1
, 37' 30" 37

2
2
2 60 8
152

5 37' 30" 5
(ix) 47 30' 47

5
45

8
8

45

8 180
32

95

19
1
95

2
2
2 180
72

(x) 22 30' 22

1
45 45

2
2
2 180 8

2.

(i)

2c 2 180
0

40 .
9
9
0

3c 3 180
0
/

67 30 .
8
8
23 23 180
(iii)

1035 .
4
4

(ii)

(iv)

2
2 180

24
15
15

(v)

1
1 180 45

7
4
4

22

7
315
14

22
22

1
7

14 60 14 19
22

11
1
14 19' 60" 14 19' 05"
11

180
180
1260
2
7

22
11

6
6

114
114 60
11

11

8
8

114 32 114 32' 60"

11

11

114 32' 43" 114 32' 43"

(vi) 2c 2

3.

r = 1.5 cm, = 18 = 18

180
10

3 3

Now l = r. = (1.5) = cm
2 10 20
10
c

4.

5.

,
180

320
l = 6400
=
km
180
9
r = 6400 km, = 1 =

Let the angles of the quadrilateral be

A = k, B = 3k, C = 5k, D = 6k
A + B + C + D = 2

15k = 2, k =

2
15

2
2
24, B
72,
15
5
2
4
C
120, D
144
3
5

6.

r = 5000 km, = 45 =
l = r. = 5000

1P/XI1617MMA1S

1250 km.
4

153

7.

(i)

At 4.30, minute hand will be at 6 and hour hand will be between 4 and 5.
c

= 15 + 30 = 45 =
.
4

(ii) At 4.40, minute hand will be at 8 and

hour hand will be between 4 and 5 and
has covered 10
c

= 10 + 90 = 100 =
8.

5
.
9

The circumference of the ring = 2r = 2(14) = 28 cm

Arc of the circle = 28 cm
(i) l = 28 cm, r = 42 cm
l 28 2

r 42
3

l = r. =
=

2
radians.
3
c

2
3
1 2
1
2
A= r .=
(42)2
= 588 sq. cm.
2
2
3

(ii) r = 42 cm, =

9.

In 1 revolution the wheel turns through 2c

In 32 revolutions the wheel turns through 64c
In 60 seconds the wheel turns through 64c
3
32 c
(i) In 3 seconds the wheel turns through
64c =

60
10
(ii) For 25
25 = 25

180 36

To turn through 64c it takes 60 seconds

c
5
60 5
To turn through
it takes
seconds
36
64 36
25
=
seconds.
192
10. We know that the arcs on the circumference of the circle and the angles they subtend at the centre of the circle are proportional.
Hence, the four angles subtended by the four arcs are also in A.P.
Let the four angles in A.P. be
3, , + and + 3.
Now ( 3) + ( ) + ( + ) + ( + 3) = 2c

4 = 2
= .
2
Also, given that + 3 = 4( 3)
= 4 12
15 = 3 5 =

=
=
.
5 10
10
The required angles are

3. , , , 3.
10 2 10 2 10 2
10
2
c

i.e.,

2 3 4
,
,
,
.
5
5
5
5

1P/XI1617MMA1S

154

Unit II
1.

L.H.S. = sec2 + cosec2

1
1
sin 2 cos 2
=

2
2
cos sin
cos 2 .sin 2
1
1
1
=

. 2
2
2
2
cos .sin cos sin
= sec2 . cosec2 = RHS.

2.

LHS = (1 sin2A)(1 + tan2A)

= cos2A . sec2A = 1 = RHS

3.

4.

LHS

sec A tan A
sec A tan A

sec A tan A sec A tan A

sec A tan A sec A tan A

(sec A tan A) 2
sec 2 A tan 2 A

(sec A tan A)2

1

= sec A + tan A
1
sin A 1 sin A
=

= RHS
cos A cos A
cos A
cot
cot
LHS =

cos ec 1 cos ec 1
cot (cos ec 1) cot (cos ec 1)
=
(cos ec 1)(cos ec 1)
cot .cosec cot cot .cos ec cot
cos ec 2 1
2.cot .cos ec 2.cos ec
=

cot 2
cot
1
2

2
sin
=

= 2.sec = RHS
cos cos

sin

5.

LHS = (sec2)3 (tan2)3

= (sec2 tan2)3 + 3.sec2 . tan2.(sec2 tan2)
= 1 + 3.sec2 . tan2 = RHS.

6.

LHS = x2 + y2
= (a cos + b sin )2 + (a sin b cos )2
= a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 + 2abcos . sin + a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 2ab sin .cos
= a2(cos2 + sin2) + b2(sin2 + cos2)

7.

8.

= a2(1) + b2(1) = a2 + b2 = RHS

opp
3
4
sin =
= , cos =
hyp
5
5
1
3 5
A
tan +
= 2 = RHS.
cos 4 4
cot cos ec 1
LHS =
cot cos ec 1
cot cos ec (cos ec 2 cot 2 )

cot cos ec 1

1P/XI1617MMA1S

C
5

3
B

155

(cot cos ec)(1 cos ec cot )

(cot cos ec 1)

= cot + cosec =
9.

cos
1
cos 1

= RHS.
sin sin
sin

a sec = c d tan

. . .(1)

b sec = d + c tan

. . .(2)

Squaring and adding (1) and (2) we get

sec2 (a2 + b2) = (c2 + d2) + tan2(12 + d2)
sec2(a2 + b2) = (c2 + d2) (1 + tan2 )
sec2(a2 + b2) = (c2 + d2) (sec2 )
a2 + b2 = c2 + d2
10. x a = acos2t + bsin2t a = a(cos2t 1) + b.sin2t
= a.sin2t + b.sin2t = (b a).sin2t
b x = b acos2t bsin2t = b(1 sin2t) acos2t
= b.cos2t acos2t = (b a).cos2t
Thus, (x a)(b x) = (b a)2.sin2t.cos2t
= (a b)2.sin2t.cos2t.
2 .cos

11. Let sin + cos =

sin = ( 2 1).cos
cos =

1
1
( 2 1)
sin cos =
.
.sin
( 2 1)
( 2 1) ( 2 1)

cos = ( 2 + 1)sin
cos =

2 .sin + sin

cos sin = 2 .sin .

x opp
12. Let tan = x =
.
1 adj.
sin
cos

x
1 x
1

1 x2

tan

1 tan
1

1 tan 2
x hyp
13. Let cosec = x =
1 opp

1 x2

and so on

C
1

1
1
sin
,
x cos ec

cos

x
B

B
x2 1

x 1
cos ec 1

and so on.
x
cosec

14. Let cos = x

x adj
cos =
1 hyp

C
1
A

1 x 2 1 cos 2 and so on.

x adj.
15. Let cot = x =
1 opp.

1 x2

sin =

sin
cos

1
1 x2
x
1 x2

1 x2

1
1 cot 2
cot
1 cot 2

B
x

and so on

16. (sin x cos x)2 = sin2x + cos2x 2sinx . cos x

= 1 2sinx.cosx
(sin x cos x)4 = (1 2sin x.cos x)2
1P/XI1617MMA1S

156

= 1 + 4sin2x cos2x 4sinx.cosx

2

(1)

(sin x + cos x) = sin x + cos x + 2sinx cos x

= 1 + 2sinx cos x
6

(2)

sin x + cos x = (sin x) + (cos x)

= (sin2x + cos2x)3 3.sin2x.cos2x (sin2x + cos2x)

= 1 3sin2x.cos2x

(3)

From (1), (2), (3) LHS = 3[1 + 4sin2x.cos2x 4sinx.cosx] + 6[1 + 2sinx.cosx] + 4(1 3sin2x.cos2x) = 13 [on simplification].
17. sin x + sin2x = 1 sin x = 1 sin2x sin x = cos2x
Given expression
= cos12x + 3cos10x + 3cos8x + cos6x 1
= sin6x + 3.sin5x + 3sin4x + sin3x 1

[ cos2x = sin x]

= sin3x (sin3x + 3.sin2x + 3sinx + 1) 1

= sin3x.(sin x + 1)3 1
= [sin x.(sin x + 1)]3 1
= [sin2x + sin x]3 1 = 1 1 = 0.
x 2 y2 z 2
18. Consider 2 2 2
a
b
c
= r2sin2.cos2 + r2sin2.sin2 + r2cos2
= r2sin2(cos2 + sin2) + r2cos2
= r2sin2(1) + r2cos2
= r2(sin2 + cos2) = r2(1) = r2
2

x
y
z2
2 2 r2 .
2
a
b
c

Unit III

1 1
cos 1
6
3 2 2

1.

sin

2.

2
1 3
1 3
sin2 30 + cos2 30 =
1
4 4
2 2

4 1
2 1
sec2 30 tan2 30 =

1
3 3
3 3

3.
4.

5.

cosec2 30 1 = (2)2 1 = 3 = ( 3 )2 = cot2 30.

1
1

sin 45 cos 45
2
2 2 1

cos ec 30
2
2 2
2
2
1
3 1
. 3
. 2
.
2
3
2
3
1 7
= 2 + 1 + = RHS.
2 2
LHS cos 2 45 cos 4 30 sin 4 30

LHS =

2
4
1 9
1
1 3 1

2 2 2 16 16 0 RHS
2

6.

The given equation is

2
2 2 1 2
2
2
(2x 3)

=
x.(1)

3
3 2
4
4 1
(2x 3) = x.(1)
9
3
3
2

1P/XI1617MMA1S

157

 8 3 3x 4 27
(2x 3) .

3
6

5
1
(2x 3). = (3x 31) (2x 3)5 = 2(3x 31)
6
3
47
10x 15 = 6x 62 4x = 47 x =
.
4
7.

The given equation is

x2[2.( 3 )2 0] = 7.(2) (4.( 2 )2 + 9).x
6x2 = 14 17x 6x2 + 17x 14 = 0
6x2 + 21x 4x 14 = 0
3x(2x + 7) 2(2x + 7) = 0
(2x + 7)(3x 2) = 0 x =

8.

sec =

7
2
,x= .
2
3

13
hyp
=
12
adj

5 12
26
2 3
2.sin 3cos
26
2
13 13

Given expression =
=
= 13 =
= .
39
3sin 2cos
39
3
5
12
3 2
13
13
13
2

9.

3 1 3 2
3
3 1 4
4.
.
.( 2)
4. . . .2. 2
2
2
3

2
8. 2

Given expression =
= 4 8 3

.
2
2
1
3
1
1
63

1
3 1
8 . .
8
2
2.(2) .
.
2 4 3
8
2 2 3

10. Given expression

2

1
3
1
5 1
.(2)2 .( 3) 2 .( 3) 2 .

2
4
3
3 3
9
5
9 5 36 81 20 65
2 1 1

4
9
4 9
36
36

Unit IV
1.

1
.
2
1
(b) cos315 cos 360 45 cos 45
.
2

(a) sin 210 sin 180 30 sin 30

(c) tan

tan tan
.
6
6
6
3

(d) sec

sec sec 2 .
3
3
3

cos ec cos ec 2 .
6
6
6

10

(f) cot
cot 3 cot
.
3
3
3
3

(e) cos ec

2.

3.

sin A cos A cos 2 A

2

Given expression

tan A tan A sin A

2

sin A.sin A.cos A

sin A.cos A
=
=
.
tan A.( cot A).( sin A)
1
LHS = cos .(cos ).(tan ) = cos2 . tan
RHS = cos . (cos ).(tan ) = cos2 . tan

1P/XI1617MMA1S

LHS = RHS.
158

13
A

5
B

12

4.

tan 89 = tan(90 1) = cot 1

Similarly tan 88 = cot 2, tan 87 = cot 3,
LHS = tan 1 . tan 2 . tan 3
tan 44 . tan 45 . cot 44 . cot 3 . cot 2 . cot 1
= (tan 1 . cot 1) . (tan 2 . cot 2) (tan 44 . cot 44) . tan 45

5.

= 1 . 1 . .. . 1 = 1 = RHS.
3
cos =
and is in IV quadrant.
5
sin 1 cos 2 1
sin

6.

4
5

9
4

25
5

( is in IV quadrant)

4 3 4
1 4 17


34
5
5
3
Given expression =
5 3 15
.
5 5 3
5 2
14 35

3 4 4
3 4
12
1
sin 135 = sin(180 45) = sin 45 =
2

cos 480 = cos(360 + 120) = cos(180 60)

1
= cos60 =
2
1
cos 120 = cos(180 60) = cos 60 =
2
1 1
2

2
2
2 ( 2 1)( 2 1) ( 2 1) 3 2 2
LHS = 2
=
1 1
1
2 1 ( 2 1)( 2 1)

2 2
2
7.

cos (750) = cos 750 = cos(720 + 30)

3
= cos 30 =
2
sin (480) = sin 480 = sin(360 + 120) = sin 120
= sin (180 60)
= sin 60 =

3
2

cos 300 = cos(360 60) = cos 60 =

1
2

sin 690 = sin(720 30) = sin 30 =

8.

1
2

3
3 1 1
3 1
1
LHS =

4 4
2
2 2 2 2
1
sin 150 = sin(180 30) = sin 30 =
2
1
cos 300 = cos(360 60) = cos 60 =
2

tan 225 = tan(180 + 45) = tan 45 = 1

tan 135 = tan(180 45) = tan 45 = 1
1
sin 210 = sin(180 + 30) = sin 30 = .
2
1
1

5 7(1) 1 5 7
5
2
2
Given expression =
2 2

2 .
3
1

5
1
1 3

2
2
2
1P/XI1617MMA1S

159

9.

In a triangle ABC,
a.

A + B + C = 180 A + B = 180 C
AB
C

= 90
2
2
C
C
AB

cos
= cos 90 = sin .
2
2
2

b.

B + C = 180 A
tan (B + C) = tan(180 A) = tan A.

10. Given expression = (sin x + cos x)2 + (cos x sin x)2

= 2(sin2 x + cos2 x) = 2(1) = 2.
11. sin =

8
and is in II quadrant.
17

cos 1 sin 2 1
cos

15
17

64

289

225
15

289
17

is in II quadrant.

15 8
7

cos sin
7
17
17
17
Given expression =

.
15
8

23
cos sin
23
17 17
17

12. Given equation is 6cos2 + 7cos 5 = 0

6cos2 + 10cos 3cos 5 = 0
2cos (3cos + 5) 1(3cos + 5) = 0
(3cos + 5)(2cos 1) = 0
3cos + 5 = 0 or 2cos 1 = 0
5
1
cos = or cos = .
3
2
5
5
(a) When cos = : no solution as < 1
3
3
1
1
(b) When cos = : cos =
= cos 60
2
2
= 60 and = 360 60 = 300.
5

13. sin
= sin 2 = sin =
3
3
2
3

sec

= sec = sec = 2
3
3
3

cos

= cos = cos =
4
4
4
2

cosec

= cosec = cosec =
3
3
3
3

cot

= cot 2 = cot = 1
4
4
4

tan

= tan 2 = tan = 3
3
3
3

3
1 2
2
2
2
Given equation is x.
.
.(2) =
.(1) .( 3 )

2
2
3

3
1 4
2
x. .4 . .1.3 3x = 2 x = .
4
2 3
3

14. tan 315 = tan(360 45) = tan 45 = 1

cot(405) = cot 405 = cot(360 + 45) = cot 45 = 1
1P/XI1617MMA1S

160

cot 495 = cot(360 + 135) = cot 135 = cot(180 45) = cot 45 = 1

tan(585) = tan 585 = tan(360 + 225)
= tan 225 = tan (180 + 45)
= tan 45 = 1
sin(300) = sin 300 = sin(360 60)
= sin 60 =

3
2

cos 330 = cos(360 30) = cos 30 =

3
2

cos(390) = cos 390 = cos(360 + 30) = cos 30 =

3
2

3
2
(1)(1) (1)(1)
11
2
4
LHS =

= RHS.
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3

4 4 2
2 2 2 2
1
15. Since cos x then sec x = 2.
2
sin 420 = sin(360 + 60) = sin 60 =

Also sin2 x = 1 cos2 x = 1

1 3
3
sin x
4 4
2

Since x lies in III quadrant

3
2
sin x
cos ec x
2
3
3

sin x
1
2 3 and cot x
1
cos x
3

2
3
5
16. sin x cos ec x
5
3
9 16
cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x 1

25 25
4
cos x since x lies in II quadrant
5
4
5
cos x sec x
5
4
3
sin x
3
4
tan x
5 cot x
4
3
cos x
4
5
tan x

Unit V
2

1.

2.

1
1
LHS 1
2
2
1 1
1
1
1 1 RHS
4 4
2
2
13

tan
tan tan
12
12

12
1

1
tan tan

3
4
6
tan

4 6 1 tan tan 1 1
4
6
3

1P/XI1617MMA1S

3 1
( 3 1)2 4 2 3

2 3
3 1
2
3 1

161

3.

4.

15
cot 15 cot

cot 4 cot cot 1

4
4
4

cos ec
cos ec cos ec 2
6
6
6

LHS

1
2 3

= 3 + 2 + 1 = 6 = RHS
5.

LHS = sin x cos x [tan x + cot x]

(sin 2 x cos 2 x)
sin x cos x
sin x cos x

sin x cos x

cos x sin x
cos x sin x
= sin2x + cos2x = 1 = RHS.

6.

We know that
cos (A + B) + cos (A B) = 2cos A cos B

1
LHS 2 cos cos x 2
cos x 2 cos x.
4
2

7.

We know that cos (A + B) cos (A B) = 2sin A sin B

3
LHS 2 sin
sin x
4

2 sin sin x 2 sin sin x

4
4

1
2
sin x 2 sin x RHS.
2
8.

sin 75 = sin (45 + 30)

= sin 45 cos 30 + cos 45 sin 30
1
3
1 1
3 1

2 2
2 2
2 2
cos 75 = cos (45 + 30)
= cos 45 cos 30 sin 45 sin 30

1
3
1 1
3 1

2 2
2 2
2 2

tan 75 = tan (45 + 30)

1
1
tan 45 tan 30
3 3 1
=

1 tan 45 tan 30 1 1 1
3 1
3

( 3 1)( 3 1) 3 1 2 3

2 3
2
( 3 1)( 3 1)

tan tan A
1 tan A

4
LHS = tan A =
=
= RHS.

1 tan A
4
1 tan .tan A
4

9.

10. sin 20. cos 10 + cos 20. sin 10 = sin(20 + 10)

1
= sin 30 = .
2
tan(A B) tan B
11. LHS =
1 tan(A B).tan B
=

tan tan B
where = A B
1 tan .tan B

1P/XI1617MMA1S

162

= tan( + B) = tan(A B + B) = tan A = RHS.

cos sin 2
12. LHS =
sin (1 cos 2)
=
13.

cos 2sin .cos

cos .(1 2sin )
=
= cot = RHS.
sin 2sin 2
sin .(1 2sin )

2sin 2 x / 2
2cos 2 x / 2
sin x / 2
=
= tan x/2.
cos x / 2

1 cos x
=
1 cos x

14. LHS = sin 100 . cos 80 = sin A . cos B

1
1
1
= [sin(A + B) + sin(A B)] = [sin 180 + sin 20] = [0 + sin 20]
2
2
2
1
= sin 20 = RHS.
2
15. Given tan tan 2 3 tan tan 2 3

tan tan 2 3 1 tan tan 2

tan tan 2
3
1 tan tan 2

tan 2 3 tan 3 3
tan A tan B
1 tan A.tan B
n(2n 1) n 1
n
1

(n 1)(2n 1)
n 1 2n 1
=
=
(n 1)(2n 1) n
n 1
1

(n 1)(2n 1)
n 1 2n 1
2
2n n n 1
2n 2 2n 1
=
=
=1
2
2n n 2n 1 n
2n 2 2n 1

tan(A + B) = 1 = tan
A+B= .
4
4
tan(A

B)

tan A
17. tan B = tan(A + B A) =
1 tan(A B).tan A
5
1
1
1 .
=
6 = 6 =
5
11 11
1
6
6

18. sec . sec

1
1

cos A cos B
cos cos
4

1
cos(A B) cos(A B)
2
1

cos cos

2 4
4
4

16. Consider tan(A + B) =

1
1

2sec 2
1

1 cos 2
cos cos 2 2
2
2

19. We known that sin (A + B) sin (A B) = cos2 B cos2 A

LHS = cos2 2x cos2 6x = sin (6x + 2x) sin (6x 2x)
= sin 8x sin 4x = RHS
1P/XI1617MMA1S

163

20. LHS

sin 3x sin x
2 sin 2x cos x

tan 2x RHS
cos3x cos x 2 cos 2x cos x

21. LHS = cos 4x = cos 2(2x) = 1 2sin2 2x

= 1 2[2sin x cos x]2 = 1 2[4sin2 x cos2 x]
= 1 8sin2 x cos2 x = RHS.
3
sin 3
22.
= 3sin 4sin
1 2cos 2
1 2 cos 2
sin
(3 4sin 2 )
=
1 2cos 2
sin
[1 2 4sin 2 ]
=
1 2cos 2
sin

[1 2(1 2sin 2 )]
=
1 2cos 2
sin

.(1
2cos 2) = sin
=
1 2cos 2
sin 3

= sin
1 2.cos 2
o
Taking = 15, sin 45
= sin 15
1 2cos 30o
1
1
sin 15o =
=
2
(
3

1). 2
3
1 2.
2
1
( 3 1)
=

( 3 1). 2 ( 3 1)
=

3 1 = 3 1
2 2
(3 1) 2

1
1 cos8
1
sec8 1 cos8
23. LHS =

cos8
1
1 cos 4
sec 4 1
1
cos 4
cos 4
2 sin 2 4 cos 4

cos8 2sin 2 2
2 sin 4 cos 4 sin 4

cos8 2 sin 2 sin 2

sin 8(2sin 2 cos 2)
sin8 cos 2

cos8 (2 sin 2 sin 2) cos8 sin 2

tan8
= tan 8 . cot 2 =
= RHS.
tan 2

24. LHS = cos2 x + cos2 y 2cos x cos y + sin2 x + sin2 y 2sin x sin y
= 2 2(cos x cos y + sin x sin y)
= 2[1 cos (x y)]
xy
xy
= 2.2. sin2
4 sin 2

2
2
25. LHS = sin 2x + sin 3x sin x
= 2sin x cos x + 2cos 2x sin x
= 2sin x [cos 2x + cos x]
3x
x

2sin x 2 cos
cos
2
2

3x
x
4 sin x cos
cos RHS
2
2

1P/XI1617MMA1S

164

3
, cos x is negative
2

x
3
Now

,
2
2
4
x
x
sin is positive and cos is negative
2
2
9 25
Now sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x = 1

16 16
5
5
sec x sec x
x is in III Q
4
4
4
cos x
5
4
1
1 cos x
9
2 x
5
We know that sin

2
2
2
10
x
3
x
3
sin
sin
2
2
10
10

26. Since x

x
4 1
1 cos x 1
2
5 5
1
2 x
cos

2 10
x
1
x
1
cos
cos
2
2
10
10
3
x
sin
x
10
2
tan

3
1
2 cos x
2
10

x
27. Since x
2
4 2 2
1 15
2
cos x 1 sin 2 x 1

16 16

Again 2cos 2

cos x
2 sin 2

x
15 4 15
1 cos x 1

2
4
4

x
4 15

2
8

sin 2

sin

15
15
cos x
4
4

sin

4 15
x
sin
8
2

15 2

82

8 2 15
x

2
4

x 1 cos x
cos

2
2
2

15
4 4 15
2
8

4 15
8

cos

cos

x
8 2 15

2
4

x
8 2 15 8 2 15
tan

2
8 2 15 8 2 15

1P/XI1617MMA1S

8 2 15

64 60

165


tan

8 2 15
4 15
2

x
4 15
2

28. LHS = cos 20 . cos 40 . cos 60 . cos 80

= 1 .cos 80 . cos 40 . cos 20
2
1
= . 1 [cos(80 + 40) + cos(80 40)] cos 20
2 2
= 1 [ 1 + cos 40] . cos 20
4 2
= 1 . cos 20 + 1 . cos 40 . cos 20
4
8
= 1 . cos 20 + 1 . 1 [cos(40 + 20) + cos(40 20)]
4 2
8
1
1
= . cos 20 + [ 1 + cos 20]
8
8 2
1
= . cos 20 + 1 + 1 . cos 20 = 1 = RHS.
8
16
8
16
29. LHS = sin A sin B sin C
sin B sin C sin A
A
A
BC
BC
2sin .cos 2sin
.cos

=
2
2
2

2
A
A
BC
BC
2sin
.cos
2sin .cos
2
2
2
2

A
A
A
BC
2sin .cos 2cos .cos

=
2
2
2
2
A
B

C
A
A

2cos .cos
2sin .cos
2
2
2
2
A A
B C
BC
BC
sin cos
cos

cos

2
2
2 =
2
2
BC
BC
A BC
A
cos
2cos cos
cos

sin
2
2
2 2
2
B C
B C
B
C
cos cos
2.cos .cos
C
B
=
2 2
2 2 =
2
2 = cot . cot = RHS.
2
2
B
C
B C
B C
2.sin .sin
cos cos
2
2
2 2
2 2

2cos

B C = sin 0 A = cos A and sin A

sin
90

2
2
2

= sin 900 B C = cos B C

2
2

30. LHS = sin 80 sin 40

cos80 cos 40
80o 40o
80o 40o
2sin
.cos

=
2
2

80o 40o
80o 40o
2 cos
.cos

2
2

o
= sin 60 = tan 60o =
cos 60o

3.

31. LHS = cos2 + cos2(60 + ) + cos2(60 )

= 1 (1 + cos 2) + 1 [1 + cos2(60 + )] + 1 [1 + cos 2(60 )]
2
2
2
3
1
= + [cos 2 + cos(120 + 2) + cos(120 2)]
2
2
1P/XI1617MMA1S

166

= 3 + 1 [cos 2 + 2 . cos 120 . cos 2]

2
2
= 3 + 1 [cos 2 + 2 1 . cos 2]

2
2
2
= 3 + 1 [cos 2 cos 2] = 3 + 0 = 3 = RHS.
2
2
2
2
[cos2 A = 1 (1 + cos 2A) and cos(A + B) + cos(A B) = 2cos A . cos B]
2
32. LHS = cos 20 + cos 100 + cos 140
= cos 20 cos 80 cos 40
= cos 20 (cos 80 + cos 40)
= cos 20 2cos 80 40 . cos 80 40

2
2
= cos 20 2cos 60 . cos 20
= cos 20 2 1 cos 20
2
= cos 20 cos 20 = 0 = RHS.

Trigonometric equations
Unit VI
A.
5
1
,
2
3 3

1.

cos

2.

cos ec

sin

3
2

, 2
3 3
3.

4.

cos 3

3
2

and 0 2 0 3 6

Here 3 2n (n 0,1, 2,3,...)

6

11

13 23 25 35
3 ,
,
,
,
,
( 6)
6 6
6
6
6
6
11 13 23 25
35
,
,
,
,
and
18 18 18 18 18
18
tan 2 3 tan 3
n (n 0, 1, 2, 3,....) , 2 , 4 , 5
3
3 3 3 3

B.
5.

tan 2

1
1 = and 5
tan
6
6
3
3

The general solution is

n = n +
6.

5
and n
6
6

cos ec 2 2 cos ec 2 sin 1

2

The general solution is

n
n 5
n ( 1) n n 1 and n 1
4
4

7.

2 . 2sin x cos x = 1 2sin 2x = 1

sin 2x 1
2
6

1P/XI1617MMA1S

167

The general solution is

n ( 1) n 2 x n (1) n
6
n

n
x
(1)
2
12

8.

cos 2x = cos x = cos( x)

= x. The general solution is = 2n
2x = 2 n ( x)
When 2x = 2n + ( x)
3x = 2n +
x 2n
3
3
When 2x = 2n ( x)
x = 2n

9.

sin 3x = sin 2x = 2x
The general solution is of the form
n (1) n 3x n ( 1) n 2 x
Case (1) when n is even, ( 1) n 1
3x = n + 2x x = n
Case (2) when n is odd, ( 1) n 1

3x = n 2x 5x = n x n
5

10. cos3x
cos
4 4
4
2

The general solution is of the form

2n 3x 2n 3 x 2n
4
3
4
11. tan 4x tan 2x = 1 sin 4 x sin 2 x 1
cos 4 x cos 2 x
cos 4x cos 2x sin 4x sin 2x = 0
cos(4x + 2x) = 0 cos 6x = 0
2
The general solution is of the form
= 2n 6 x 2n x n
2
3 12
Aliter
tan 4x tan 2x = 1
tan 4x = cot 2x tan 2x 2 x
2
2

The general solution is of the form

n 4 x n 2 x
2
6 x n x n
2
6 12
2
2
12. cos sin 2 cos sin 2
sin cos sin
sin cos
sin
2cos = 1 cos 1
2
3
The general solution is of the form
= 2n 2n
3

1P/XI1617MMA1S

168

13. cos 2 1 2sin 2 1 2 3 2 2 3 3

2
2
2
3

cos 2

2
6
The general solution is of the form

2 2 n n
6
12
14. 2 tan 2 x sec 2 x 2
2 tan 2 x 1 tan 2 x 2 tan 2 x 3 tan x 3

(i) When tan x 3

3
The general solution is of the form

n x n
3
2

(ii) When tan x 3

3 3

The general solution is of the form

2
= n + x n
3
15. 1 + sin2 x = 3sin x cos x
Dividing throughout by cos2 x
1
sin 2 x 3 sin x cos x

cos 2 x cos 2 x
cos 2 x
sec2 x + tan2 x = 3tan x
1 + tan2 x + tan2 x = 3tan x
2tan2 x 3tan x + 1 = 0
2tan2 x 2tan x tan x + 1 = 0
2tan x(tan x 1) 1(tan x 1) = 0
(tan x 1) (2tan x 1) = 0
(i) When tan x = 1
4
The general solution is of the form = n +
x n
4
(ii) When tan x 1 tan 1 1
2
2
The general solution is of the form = n +
x n tan 1 1
2
16. 2cos2 sin 1 = 0
2(1 sin2 ) sin 1 = 0
2 2sin2 sin 1 = 0 2sin2 + sin 1 = 0
2sin2 + 2sin sin 1 = 0
2sin (sin + 1) 1(sin + 1) = 0
(sin + 1) (2sin 1) = 0
3
(i) when sin = 1
2
The general solution is of the form
n 3
= n + (1)n n 1
2

1P/XI1617MMA1S

169

(ii) when

sin

. The G. S is n ( 1) n
2
6
6

17. cot2 x = 4cosec x 5

cosec2 x 1 = 4cosec x 5 cosec2 x 4cosec x + 4 = 0
(cosec x 2)2 = 0 cosec x 2 = 0
cosec x = 2 sin x 1
2
6
The general solution is of the form
= n + (1)n x n ( 1) n
6
18. cos 3x + cos x + cos 2x = 0
2cos 4x cos 2x cos 2x 0
2 2
2cos 2x cos x + cos 2x = 0 cos 2x (2cos x + 1) = 0
cos 2x = 0 or cos x = 1
2
(i) when cos 2x = 0
2
The general solution is of the form
= 2n 2 x 2n x n
2
4
1

(ii) When cos x

2
3 3
2

The G. S is x 2n
3
19. sin 6 + sin 4 + sin 5 = 0
2sin 10 cos 2 sin 5 0
2 2
2sin 5 cos + sin 5 = 0 sin 5 (2cos + 1) = 0
sin 5 = 0 or cos = 1
2
(i)

when sin 5 = 0 = 0
The general solution is of the form

= n + (1)n 5 n n
5
(ii) when cos 1
2
2

3 3
The general solution is of the form
= 2n 2n 2
3

Properties of Triangles
Unit VII
1.

We know that,

a
b
c

k
sin A sin B sin C

a = k sin A, b = k sin B, c = k sin C

Substituting for a, b and c in

RHS

b2 c2
a2

, we get,

k 2 sin 2 B k 2 sin 2 C

1P/XI1617MMA1S

k 2 sin 2 A
170

sin 2 B sin 2 C
2

sin(B C) sin(B C)

sin A
sin( A) sin(B C)

sin 2 A

sin 2 A
sin A sin(B C)

sin 2 A

sin(B C)
b 2 c 2 sin(B C)

LHS
sin A
sin(B C)
a2
a
b
c
We know that,

k
sin A sin B sin C

2.

a = k sin A, b = k sin B, c = k sin C

bc
b c k sin B k sin C sin B sin C
Substituting for a, b and c in
, we get

a
a
k sin A
sin A
BC
BC
2sin
cos

2
2

sin A
180 A
B C
A
BC
2sin
cos
cos cos

2
2
2

A
A
A
A
2sin cos
sin cos
2
2
2
2
BC
cos

B C
sin

2 2
BC
cos

BC
cos

2
BC
cos

bc
2

a
BC
cos

2
BC
BC
(b c) cos
a cos

2
2
3.

Given a = CA = 250 m and a = CB = 300 m

c2 = a2 + b2 = 2 ab cos C
= 2502 + 3002 2.250.300.

1
2

a = 300 m

= 62500 + 90000 104166.6667

= 152500 104166.6667
c2 = 48333.3333

45
C

c = 219.848 m
The distance between the trees = AB = 219.848 m

Unit Test Paper

PART A
I.
1.

From definition of complement,

A = U A
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} {2, 4, 6, 8}
= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

1P/XI1617MMA1S

171

b = 250 m

2.

Given (x + 1, y 2) = (3, 1)
x+1=3x=31x=2
y2=1y=1+2y=3

3.
4.
5.

(x, y) = (2, 3)
o
3c 3 180 135
1

67
8
8

2
2
1
LHS cos 2
1 RHS
cos 2
cos (210) = cos 210 = cos (180 + 30)
= cos30

3
2

PART B
II.
6.

Given A = {3, 5, 7, 9}, B = {5, 7, 9, 11}, C = {13, 15}

B C = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15}
A (B C) = {5, 7, 9}

7.

Given A B = {(a, 1) (a, 2) (a, 3) (b, 1) (b, 2) (b, 3)}

A = {a, b}, B = {1, 2, 3}

8.

B A = {(1, a) (1, b), (2, a), (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}
2 c
r = 2.1 cm,
120
3
2
22 1
l r 2.1
2.1 2
4.4 cm
3
7 3
2

9.

1 1
LHS (1) 2
2 2
1 1
1
1
1 1
RHS
4 4
2
2

10. tan 2x tan x
2
3

tan 2x tan x
6

2x n x x n
6
6

PART C
III.
11. Let C be the set of students who like to play cricket.
Let F be the set of students who like to play football.
Given n (C) = 24,

n(F) = 16, n (C F) = 35

we know that, n (C F) = n (C) + n (F) n (C F)

35 = 24 + 16 n (C F)
n (C F) = 40 35
n (C F) = 5
12. Given f (x)

x 1
x 1

The denominator of the function becomes zero when x = 1

Domain = {x x R {1}}
1P/XI1617MMA1S

172

i.e., set of all real numbers except { 1}

Let f(x) = y
x 1
y y (x + 1) = x 1 yx + y = x 1
x 1
yx x = 1 y x (y 1) = 1 y
1 y
x
, the denominator becomes zero when y = 1
y 1
Range = {y y R {1}}
i.e., set of all real numbers except {1}
13. Given f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 2x +1
(f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x) = x2 + 2x + 1 = (x + 1)2
(f g) (x) = f(x) g(x) = x2 (2x + 1) = x2 2x 1
(fg) (x) = f(x).g(x) = x2.(2x + 1) = 2x3 + x2
(sin 9x sin 3x) (sin 7x sin 5x)
14. LHS
(cos9x cos3x) (cos 7x cos5x)

2sin 6x cos3x 2sin 6x cos x

2cos 6x cos3x 2cos 6x cos x

2sin 6x [cos3x cos x]

= tan 6x = RHS
2cos 6x [cos3x cos x]

15. LHS = sin 3x = sin (2x +x)

= sin 2x cos x + cos 2x sin x
= 2sin x cos x cos x + (1 2sin2 x) sin x
= 2sin x cos2 x + sin x 2sin3 x
= 2sin x (1 sin2 x) + sin x 2sin3 x
= 2sin x 2sin3 x + sin x 2sin3 x
= 3sin x 4sin3 x = RHS

PART D
IV.
16. (a) (i) R = {(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4), (1, 5) (1, 6) (2, 2) (2, 4) (2, 6) (3, 6) (4, 4) (5, 5) (6, 6)}
(ii) Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and (iii) Range = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(b) Given:
n(A) = 3; n(B) = 2
A has three elements, B has two elements.
A = {x, y, z}, B = {1, 2}
17. Consider the unit circle with centre at the origin.

Let AB = x, BC = y and AD = y
The coordinates of A = (1, 0),

(cos x, sin x) B

B = [cos x, sin x]
C = [cos (x + y), sin (x + y)]

D = [cos ( y), sin ( y)]

O y

Join BD and AC so that the triangles BOD and AOC are congruent
[cos (x + y), sin (x + y)]

[ of SAS property]
2

BD = AC BD = AC

[cos ( y), sin ( y)]

C
D

BD2 = [cos x cos (y)]2 + [sin x sin (y)]2

= (cos x cos y)2 + (sin x + sin y)2
1P/XI1617MMA1S

173

A (1, 0)

= cos2 x + cos2 y 2cos x cos y + sin2 x + sin2 y + 2sin x sin y

= 2 2[cos x cos y sin x sin y]

(1)

AC2 = [1 cos (x + y)]2 + [0 sin (x + y)]2

= 1 + cos2 (x + y) 2cos (x + y) + sin2 (x + y)
= 2 2cos (x + y)

(2)

From (1) and (2) we have

2 2cos (x + y) = 2 2(cos x cos y sin x sin y)
cos (x + y) = (cos x cos y sin x sin y)

1 cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x
1 cos 2x
3
3

18. LHS

2
2
2

(3)

3 1
2
2

cos 2x cos 2x
cos 2x

2 2
3
3

3 1
2 3 1
1
cos 2x 2cos 2x cos cos 2x 2cos 2x
2 2
3 2 2
2
3 1
3
(0) RHS
2 2
2

19. (a) We know that 3x = 2x + x

cot 3x = cot [2x + x]
cot 2x cot x 1
cot 3x
cot 2x cot x
cot 3x cot 2x + cot 3x cot x = cot 2x cot x 1
cot x cot 2x cot 2x cot 3x cot 3x cot x = 1
3
x 3
(b) x lies in III quadrant x

2
2 2 4
1 2
2 x
We know that 2cos 1 cos x 1
2
3 3
1
x
1
2 x
cos
cos
2 3
2
3
x
1
x
cos

lies in II quadrant.
2
3
2

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1P/XI1617MMA1S

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