14.

1 Der Satz von der Erhaltung der elektrischen Ladung

A through the closed surface
strength
part

I (V )

a part of space

leaking electric current

Is equal to the negative rate of change

V)
Q(
of the space

Q( V ) (See Fig. 8.1 and GI. (8.1))

of the charge

This is a global property because it is generally applicable to whole space parts and
their shells. Depending on the type of spatial charge distribution, we use different
representations for Q (V) using local representatives (Fig. 9.13, Gin. (9.6) to (9.12)):
The sum of dot charges as the curvature sum of a line charge density

surface charge density

,a

or as a volume sum of a space charge density

. For

this purpose, an electrical current distribution is represented locally, by the

electrical current density
and accordingly

I ( A)

J
, the surface current density

or by line currents,

is represented as the area sum, as the curvature sum or as

the sum of Line currents (Fig. 12.2 to 12.4, Gin. (12.1) to (12.5)).
Let us consider the surface of a body, or, more generally, a boundary between two
bodies. Since, on exceeding such a limit, the material properties (e.g., permittivity,
conductivity) i.a. , Corresponding changes are also to be expected in the local field
sizes. In a continuum model we describe this by discontinuous discontinuities, and
call a surface on which such jumps of field magnitudes occur, a spring surface. If
any field size

assumes the limit

+
A when approaching from the front, and

when approaching from the rear

Abb. 14.1

At a spring surface Fi, a field size A has, when approaching the same surface point,
from the front and from the rear, i.a. The different limit values A + and A-

Abb. 14.2

aThe electric current density J is applied to the contact surface Fi of two conductors
i.a. Discontinuous
b For the application of the theorem of the charge conservation, a box-shaped
volume is placed around the surface point P considered
The same point is the limit value A- (Fig. 14.1)

The same point is the limit value A- the jump of A. Suppose electrical current flows
through the contact surface Fi of two conductors. The current density J will then
have different values on the two sides (Fig. 14.2a). How are J + and J- connected?
We first form the two normal projections J n+ and Jn- in the plane P, as shown in Fig.
12.2a, on the normal direction chosen with the assumed orientation of

en

(14.2a).Then we imagine a small, cubic-shaped volume (Fig. 14.2b, ground plane A,

height h), and apply to it the theorem of the conservation of the electric charge.
Fi can also carry a surface charge of density , but surface currents are to be
excluded. Moreover, let h be so small that the current through the shell of the box
need not be taken into account. Then

"The jump of the normal projection of the electric current density is equal to the
negative temporal change rate of the surface charge density". This local property of
electrical current-charge distributions is valid for all points of a jump surface, if
there is no surface current. At the direct transition between metallic conductors and
for low-frequency processes, you can usually neglect

. The step condition (14.3)

now means the continuity of the normal component

Jn

in the electrical current

density. If, moreover, one of the two bodies is a non-conductor, the normal
component of the current density on both sides is equal to zero, i. The current in the
conductor can flow only in the tangential direction in the vicinity of the surface.
A further local property of electrical current-charge distributions can be derived
from the following consideration. We consider the current distribution inside a body
in the neighborhood of a fixed location P (Cartesian coordinates x, y, z) at time t. If
the current density
a linear function
adjacent site

runs sufficiently smoothly there, then we can estimate it by

J ' . That is, we can deduce the value of the current density at an
which has Cartesian coordinates ) with respect to

Where the fixed vectors J,x , J,y and J,z according to

From the so-called partial derivatives

From the so-called partial derivatives. If a small, parallelepipedal volume is parallel

to the circumference by P

Fig. 14.3 A small cuboid volume is

placed around the location P, and the charge conservation rate is applied to it
then the total output current (Fig. 14.3),

Together with the enclosed charge

Q (V )= l x , l y ,l z , or their temporal rate of

change

It follows from Eq. (14.1) the local conservation equation of the electric charge
("continuity equation of the charge")

It is a direct consequence of the global conservation equation (14.1), and it applies

in all places where the occurring partial derivatives are clearly defined (no
discontinuities!).
14.2 The Theorem of the Electric Envelope Flow
"A through the closed surface V

part of a space

Is equal to the charge quantity in the of space part

8.1 and GI (9.5))

V , the electric flux

V ,

( V )

Q(V ) , i.e. (See Figures