Công nghệ sản xuất và kiểm soát chất lượng đường, bánh kẹo

B CNG THNG
TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP

THC PHM TP. H CH MINH
Nguyn Hu Quyn
Nguyn Th Cc
ng Th Yn
Nguyn Ph c
BI GING
CNG NGH SN XUT V KIM

SOT CHT LNG
NG, BNH KO
(Lu hnh ni b)
THNH PH H CH MINH, NM 2015
Nguyn Hu Quyn
Nguyn Th Cc
ng Th Yn
Nguyn Ph c
BI GING
CNG NGH SN XUT V KIM

SOT CHT LNG
NG, BNH KO
(Ti liu dng cho h i hc)
THNH PH H CH MINH, NM 2015
Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko- Phn 1
CHNG 1 .
NGUYEN LIEU MA
1.1.Gii thiu chung:

Giong ma co nguon goc t An o, ho hoa thao, giong lau say (saccarum).
Ma c trong nhieu chau A, chau My nhat la cac nc ngang tam xch ao.
Chau Au co t ma. Nhieu nhat Cu ba, An o, Brasil, Trung Quoc, Australia, Hawaii,
Indonesia, Nam Phi, Philipin
nc ta ba mien eu co ma:
-Mien Bac: Ha Bac, Sn Tay, Hoa Bnh, Ha Nam, Nam nh, Ninh Bnh,
Vnh Phu
-Mien Trung: Quang Ngai, Bnh nh, Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa, Tay Nguyen
-Mien Nam: Tay Ninh, Ben Tre, Bnh Dng, Bnh Phc, Vnh Long, An
Giang, Hau Giang
1.1.1. Ten goi:
Ten ni san xuat ra hoac ten Vien nghien cu:
P.O.J: Proef Station Oast Java.
H: Hawaii.
C: Cuba.
Co: Coimbatore - An o
E: Eyipt - Ai Cap.
F: Formose -ai Loan.
CP: Canal Point -Florida
Que ng, Tan ai ng -Trung Quoc.
Viet ng -Viet Nam.
1.1.2. Cac giong ma pho bien Viet Nam:
P.O.J 2878, 3016.
Co 290.
F 134, 156, 157.
Hien nay co them giong ROC 1; ROC 10; Que ng 11 (Giong ROC 18,
ROC 20 mi gii thieu, cha trong).
Thng chia ma chn sm , muon, trung bnh. mien nam hien nay la cac giong
chn sm:
F 137, 156 ,157 (ke ca Quang Ngai, Quang Nam)
H. 363933 (1950)c trong cac NCO 310
Comus (Uc): c trong nhieu nhat Ben Tre va mien ong nam bo, mien
trung.
Ja. 60-5 (Cuba, 1972) - Vien Ma ng Ben Cat.
Co (An o, 1975).
POJ 3016 loai nay c trong pho bien cac tnh mien tay va ngoai thanh
Sai Gon).
mien bac co cac giong Viet ng , F 134, CO la chn sm.
GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn-Nguyn Th Cc- ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c
Hien nay Vien khuyen nong e ngh trong cac loai Tan ai ng; ROC 1, 10;
Que ng 11 (Trung Quoc). Giong ROC 1, 10 la cac giong c lai tao t cac giong
cua ai Loan va a vao trong trot,trong o:
ROC 1: la giong chn sm, nang suat cao, ham lng ng cao, chu c at
xau va chu han, nay mam cham va thu hoach au vu.
ROC 10: co ac tnh chung cua giong ROC 1 nhng pham vi thch ng rong,
chu c at chua man va chu tham canh, chn trung bnh, thu hoach vao gia va
cuoi vu.
Que ng 11 (Quang Tay, Trung Quoc): la giong chn sm, thu hoach vao
au vu, sinh trng manh, kha nang lu goc tot, chu han chu ung nc, nang suat
cao va ham lng ng cao.
1.2..Thanh phan hoa hoc cua ma:
Tng oi phc tap gom co:
- ng:
Saccaroza:
12,0 %
Glucoza:
0,9 %
Fructoza:
0,6%
Cellulose:
5,5%
Pentosan (xylan):
2,0%
Araban
0,5%
Linhin
2,0%
- X:
- Chat cha Nit:

protein
0,12 %
amit
0,07 %
acid amin
0,21%
acid nitric
0,01%
NH3
vet
Xantin
vet
- Chat beo va sap

SiO2
0,25 %
K2O
0,12 %
Na2O
0,01 %
CaO
0,02 %
MgO
0,01 %
Fe2O3
vet
P2O5
0,07 %
SO3
0,02%
Cl
vet
Nc
74,50 %
- Nc (Xem tai lieu Hoa sinh, nhom Poly saccarit)

1.2.1 ng saccaroza (sucrose, saccharose):
- La thanh phan quan trong nhat cua ma, la san pham cua cong nghe san xuat
ng.
- La mot di saccarit. Cong thc phan t C12H22O11.
- Khoi lng phan t M = 342,3.
- c cau tao t , D Glucoza va , D Fructoza.
a) Ly tnh:
- Trang thai nguyen chat la tinh the trong suot, khong mau.
- T trong d = 1,5789.
- Nhiet o nong chay t = 186188
- o hoa tan:
ng saccaroza de tan trong nc. o hoa tan cua ng tang theo nhiet o.
o hoa tan cua ng Sacc. con phu thuoc vao ham lng chat khong ng co
trong dung dch ng. V du: cac muoi voc nh NaCl lam tang o hoa tan cua
ng.
ng saccaroza khong hoa tan trong dau hoa, glyxerin khan, benzen,
alcohol; 1 gam alcohol co nong o 95% hoa tan c 0,01 gam ng. Tan hu han
trong NH3, phenol, anilin, axetat etyl
Bang o hoa tan cua ng theo nhiet o
(tnh bang so g ng / 100g nc)
Nhiet o, C
o hoa tan
Nhiet o, C
o hoa tan
179,20
60
287,30
10
190,50
70
320,50
20
203,90
80
362,20
30
219,50
90
415,70
40
238,10
100
487,20
50
260,10
o ngot cua ng saccaroza.: o ngot cua ng khong co y ngha ve mat

dinh dng, nhng co gia tr ve mat cam quan. Chnh v vay ma ng c
dung
lam nguyen lieu trong che bien thc pham, ong vai tro nh mot chat tao v.
o ngot cua ng sacc. khong cao bang ng fructoz, neu lay o ngot cua
ng sacc. la 100 th o ngot cua cac ng khac nh sau:
Fructoza
Glucoza
Saccaroza
150
75
100
Mat tinh bot %
(Maltoza+
Lactoza)%
60
30
o ngot cua dung dch ng tang theo nong o ng trong dung dch, mc o
tang o ngot cua cac loai ng khac, so vi ng th ln hn.
Hien nay ngi ta xac nh o ngot cua ng bang phng phap cam quan (v
giac).
T nhiet (nhiet dung rieng) cua ng sacc. c tnh theo cong thc:
C = (0,2387 = 0,00173 t). 4,18 Kj/Kg.o
T nhiet bnh quan trong khoang 2225 C la C = 0,3019 Kj/Kg.o
T nhiet cua dung dch ng c tnh theo cong thc:
C = 4,18 {1-(0,6-0,0018t)].c /100 , Kj/Kg.o
Trong o: c la nong o % cua dung dch ng (Pol).
- o quay cc:
Dung dch ng co o quay cc phai, o quay cc rieng cua dung dch ng t
phu thuoc vao nong o va nhiet o dung dch.
Tr so quay cc trung bnh { }20D = =66,5 .
b) Tnh chat hoa hoc:
- Tac dung oi vi acid:
Trong moi trng acid ng sacc. se b thuy phan thanh hon hp ng

Glucoza va Fructoza (Invert Sugar).
Saccaroza + H2O
Glucoza + Fructoza
Toc o chuyen hoa phu thuoc vao nhiet o va o acid cua moi trng. Nhiet o
cang cao,do acid cang manh th thi gian chuyen hoa cang nhanh. Ngoai ra, con phu
thuoc vao thi gian chuyen hoa.
- Tac dung oi vi men chuyen hoa: di tac dung cua men invertase th ng
sacc. se b chuyen hoa thanh hai loai ng noi tren. Trong trng hp nay men
Invertase ong vai tro nh moi trng acid va qua trnh chuyen hoa xay ra nhiet o
thng.
- Tac dung oi vi kiem:
Phan t ng sacc. khong co nhom hydroxyl glucozit nen khong co tnh kh.
Sacc. co tnh chat nh mot acid yeu, ket hp c vi voi tao thanh cac muoi
mono,di, tri canxi saccarat. Canxi mono saccarat va disaccarat de b phan huy. Canxi
trisaccarat kho b phan huy va ton tai dang tinh the.
C12H22O11 + Ca(OH)2
C12H22O11. CaO + H2O
C12H22O11 + 2Ca(OH)2
C12H22O11.2CaO + H2O
C12H22O11 + 3Ca(OH)2
C12H22O11.3CaO + H2O
Trong moi trng kiem ng sacc. b phan huy thanh ng lacto, gluco, fructo
va cac ng khac pH t 8 en 9 va un nong trong mot thi gian dai ng sacc.
se b phan huy thanh cac acid va cac chat mau (hp chat co mau vang va mau nau).
- Tac dung tao phc:
Trong phan t ng sacc. co cha nhieu nhom hidroxyl nn co the tao thanh
phc chat vi cac muoi nh NaCl.2H2O, KCl.H2O, NaBr.H2O. ieu nay co y ngha
en s lien ket cac chat khong ng vao mang li tinh the luc mam tinh the ang
ln len cung nh lam tang lng mat cuoi.
Toc o phan huy tang theo o pH. nhiet o soi (trong 1 gi) va vi pH = 89,
sacc.ch b phan huy 0,05% nhng neu cung nhiet o tren ma pH = 12 th s phan
huy o tang 0,5%.
1.2.2 ng Glucoza, Fructoza
1.2.3 Chat khong ng cha Nit: (chu yeu xet protid)
Ham lng chat khong ng cha Nit khoang 0,4% bao gom cac chat sau:
Anbumin va cac chat tng t
0,12%
Acid amin
0,20%
Amid
0,07%
NH3
__
Nitrat
0,01%
Protid: nhiet o 80 C se b ngng tu, co li cho san xuat ng. Di tac dung
cua con cao o, aceton protid se b mat nc va ket tua (cac chat nay co kha nang
lam giam hang so ien moi cua nc, giam o hoa tan cua protid, do o chung la tac
nhan tao ket tua Protid.
Mat khac, do trong phan t protid co cha nhom COOH va nhom NH2 (lng
tnh) nen protid co the tng tac vi kiem va acid e tr thanh he keo mang ien
dng hoac am. mot tr so pH nhat nh protid se trung hoa ien va ket tua. Gia tr
o c goi la pH ang ien (pI). Li dung tnh chat nay ngi ta keo tu protid.
Ngoai ra, cac hp chat cha N khac nh Vitamin, Asparagin, Glutaminton tai
trong nc ma vi ham lng tng oi nho, khong anh hng en qua trnh lam
sach.
1.2.4 Acid hu c:
Trong nc ma, cac acid hu c co the ton tai dang t do, muoi hoa tan, trong
o acid t do chiem 1/3 lng acid chung. Thanh phan acid hu c trong nc ma
hon hp c the hien theo bang sau:
Ten acid
Tnh theo chat kho,%

Toi thieu
Toi a
Trung bnh
Acid acotinic
1,00
2,06
1,54
Acid citric
0,12
0,31
0,18
Acid malic
0,03
0,25
0,12
Acid oxalic
0,02
0,16
0,11
Acid Glicolic
Vet
0,13
0,05
Acid mesaconic
0,08
0,04
Acid succinic
0,05
0,02
Acid fumaric
0,04
<0,02
Trong o ham lng acid Aconitic gap ba lan tong cac acid khac. V vay ngi ta thu
acid nay di dang canxi aconitat. Acid Aconitic tac dung vi alcohol tao thanh cac
este cao phan t t bay hi, dung lam chat hoa deo. Este cua acid aconitic ket hp
vi Natri bisulfat se cho cac chat tay ra va cac chat co tac dung pha bot.
S ton tai cua cac acid hu c trong nc ma la nguyen nhan gay ra chuyen hoa
ng. Ngoai ra, acid malic tac dung vi sat tao chat mau en. Acid oxalic la thanh
phan ong can chu yeu trong cac thiet b boc hi va truyen nhiet.
1.2.5 Chat beo:
Chat beo chu yeu trong cay ma la sap. Sap thng tao ra mot lp bao boc ngoai
cay ma. Ngoai ra con tm thay mot lng nho di dang phc chat cac phan khac
nhau cua cay ma. Loai phc chat nay co nhiet o nong chay thap. Fort tm thay
trong cay ma co khoang 0,19 0,26% sap. Sau khi tach chat serin, trong sap gom
66% este,27% acid t do, 5% alcohol va 2% hydrat carbon. nhiet o htng ap de
tan trong cac dung moi nh: hidrocarbur thm, este dau hoa, alcohol va aceton.
Trong san xuat ng ma, gan 60 80% sap theo ba ma ra ngoai, phan con lai ton
tai trong bun loc.
1.2.6 Chat mau:
Bao gom cac chat mau t nhien sau:
- Diep luc to: Chat mau co trong ban than cay ma phan ln la chat mau diep luc
to a (C55H72O5N4Mg) va diep luc to b (C55H70O4N4Mg). Diep luc to tan trong alcohol
va kiem nhng khong tan trong nc ma va dung dch ng do o de loai ra khi lam
sach nc ma.
- Xantophin: mau vang, co cong thc C40H56O21 tan trong nc va dung dch
ng, no de b loai ra trong qua trnh san xuat ng.
- Caroten: mau vang co cong thc C40H56. Caroten khong tan trong nc ma va
dung dch ng.
- Antoxian: la nhom mau xanh tm de hoa tan. Trong dung dch am ac Antoxian
chuyen thanh o tm. Theo Zerban va Frelanen th antoxian thuoc nhom polyphenol
va chuyen thanh mau sam khi phan ng vi muoi sat. Trong giai oan Carbonat hoa
antoxian b loai ra hoan toan . Phng phap Sulfit hoa ch loai c mot phan
antoxian.
1.2.7 Chat khong ng vo c:
Cac chat vo c trong nc ma chu yeu la K2O, Na2O, SiO2, P2O5, Ca, Mg. Trong
o K2O chiem lng kha ln. Ngoai tr P2O5 co tac dung tot oi voi qua trnh lam
sach, nhng chat con lai eu co hai cho san xuat ng. Kali va Natri la nguyen
nhan tao mat cuoi. Cac thanh phan khac nh Ca, Mg, SiO 2 la thanh phan chu yeu
trong cac thiet b boc hi va truyen nhiet.
Cau hoi on tap
Cau 1:
Pham chat nguyen lieu ma c quyet nh bi nhng yeu to nao? Vi loai
ma b sau benh co anh hng the nao en qua trnh che bien ?
Cau 2:
Ma cang e lau tren san bai cang b mat ng . Hay giai thch tai sao?
Cau 3:
Trnh bay tnh chat ly hoa hoc cua ng Saccharose. ng nay co phai la
ng kh khong? Tai sao?
Bi ging Cng ngh ch bin v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko- Phn 1
CHNG 2.
TRCH LAY NC MA.
2.1. Khai niem chung:

Hieu suat ep :
Trch nc ma la tm u moi cach e khai thac lng ng co trong cay ma.
Muon vay, phai lay het lng nc ma co trong ma. Kha nang trch l nc ma c
ac trng bang mot ch so goi la
Hieu suat ep
(E)
ep.
Lng ng trong nc ma thu c

Lng ng co trong ma
Pol nc ma hon hp
Pol ma
(100%)
Khoi lng nc ma hon hp

(100)
Khoi lng ma
Hieu suat ep hieu chnh :

Theo qui nh The gii hieu suat ep hieu chnh la hieu suat ep ng vi ham
lng x trong ma la 12,5%. Do ham lng x cao thap co anh hng ln en
nen ngi ta a ve ham lng x qui chuan 12,5% e so sanh
ep
ep gia cac nha
may.
E12,5
100 (100 E)
100 F
7F
Trong o : E : hieu suat ep

F : ham lng x (%) ma.
2.2.Cac phng phap trch nc ma:
Hien nay co 2 phng phap :
-
Phng phap khuech tan (thc chat la ep ket hp vi khuech tan).
Phng phap ep (thc chat la ep tham thau).
2.2.1. Cong nghe ep tham thau & khuech tan.

2.2.1.1.Trch nc ma bang phng phap khuech tan :
* Khai niem :
* The nao la s khuech tan? (trong dung dch phan t)
S khuech tan la qua trnh phan tan cac phan t chat tan trong dung dch e
am bao s san bang nong o moi iem.
ong lc cua qua trnh khuech tan la s chenh lech nong o: chat tan khuech
tan vao dung moi tao thanh mot dung dch mi co nong o thap hn.
GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn- Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c
S o cong nghe (khuech tan ma va khuech tan ba):

Khuech tan ma : Sau x ly s bo th toan bo ma i vao thiet b khuech tan.
w
Ma
X ly
Khuech tan
Tach nc
t ba t
Ba
X ly
Nc khuech tan
V du :
Trng hp co x ly nc ep:
Ma
Dao bam
anh ti
Thiet b khuech tan

w
Tach nc ma
Ba
Nc ep
Nc khuech tan
un va cho voi
Boc hi
Thiet b lang
Bun
Thiet b loc
Trng hp khong x ly nc ep:

w
Ma
Dao bam
Thiet b khuech tan

Nc khuech tan
Tach nc ba
Ba
Nc ep
Cho voi + toC + lang
Khuech tan ba :
Trc het phai tien hanh pha v to chc te bao va ep ra mot phan nc ma,
sau o dung thiet b khuech tan e lay phan nc ma con lai.
Trong thc te thiet b khuech tan ch e thay the mot bo truc ep xen gia nen
co the coi o la ket hp ep va khuech tan.
Qua ep dap trch lay 60 65% nc ma co trong ma, con lai 30 35% i vao
thiet b khuech tan.
Kha nang trch cao hn (chenh lech nong o ln).
Do chuan b nguyen lieu tot hn (so vi khuech tan ma) nen thi gian khuech tan
ngan, ton that do vi sinh vat giam.
Khuech tan ba c s dung pho bien hn trong cac nha may ng.
Nc mi
Ma
X ly
Ep dap
Thiet b khuech tan
Tach nc ba
Ba
Nc ma hon hp
V du:
Trng hp co x ly nc ep:
w
Ma
Dao bam
Thiet b
anh ti
Ep
Tach
nc ba
Thiet b
khuech tan
Nc ep
Nc ma
hon hp
un nong + cho voi

Lang
Bun
Thiet b loc
Ba
Trng hp khong x ly nc ep:

Ma
Dao bam
Thiet b
anh ti
Thiet b
khuech tan
Ep
Tach
nc ba
Ba
Nc ep
Nc ma hon hp
un nong + cho voi
Lang
So sanh 2 phng phap tren (khuech tan ma va khuech tan ba) :

Trong thc te ngi ta dung phng phap khuech tan ba ma co nhieu u iem
hn v :
- Rut ngan thi gian khuech tan v ch can khuech tan lng ng con lai
trong ba. ong lc qua trnh khuech tan tang
giam W.
- Giam c s ton that ng do hoat ong cua vi sinh vat.
- Hieu suat trch ly ng cao hn
te bao b pha v gan nh hoan toan.
1. Phng phap khuech tan hien nay :
1.1 S o cong nghe :
w
w
ba
Nc ma loang
Nc hon hp
Ma i qua may ep dap e pha v te bao ma lay phan ln nc ma, sau o
dung thiet b khuech tan lien tuc e lay nc ma con lai. Ba ma sau khi ra khoi may
khuech tan co cha 1 lng nc > 90% c qua may e p vat s bo sau o qua 2
lan ep kiet e lay nc i.
Thc te may khuech tan lien tuc ch thay bo may ep gia nen ta goi ay la
phng phap ep ket hp vi khuech tan.
Qua thc nghiem toc o khuech tan cua ng ma < 3 lan toc o khuech tan
cua ng cu cai (toC = 70oC).
1.2 Thiet b khuech tan D.D.S :
1.2.1 Cau tao (hnh ve)
H4.3-Thiet b khuech tan D.d.S
(a) Cat doc; (b) Cat ngang
(a)
(b)
Co than hnh mang oi lam bang thep khong r, at nghieng 3 4o so vi mat

phang nam ngang. Nc ma vao au tren cao con ba ma (ba ep s bo) vao au
pha thap. Ben trong thiet b co 2 truc xoan oc INOX. Tren cac canh co khoan lo e
thoat nc ma, 2 truc xoan oc chuyen ong ngc chieu nhau nhng cung ay ba
ve mot pha (chuyen ong tnh tien). au cuoi thiet b 2 vt xa ba at thang ng e
a ba ra ngoai.
Thiet b un nong gian tiep bang hi ot. au ra cua nc ma co 1 li loc e
khong cho ba ma theo nc thoat ra ngoai.
Thiet b khuech tan D.d.S do Cong ty ng an Mach sang che va Cong ty
Cong trnh Silver cua My ket hp s dung loai Silver D.d.S thc nghiem thanh cong
Hawaii at hieu qua khuech tan cao.
4.2.2 Nguyen ly lam viec :
Ba ma c a vao au thap qua ca nhap lieu vao thiet b khuech tan. Di
tac dung cua 2 vt xoan ba ma c ao tron nen ep e tang o tiep xuc vi nc +
nc ma loang chuyen ong ngc chieu vi ba . Tai ay ng con trong ba
khuech tan vao moi trng. Xung quanh may co bao hi e nang nhiet o khoi nc
ma len 70oC e tang toc o khuech tan. Ma i qua may ep dap (ep s bo) trch lay
60% trong lng nc ma. Con lai 40% nc ma i vao thiet b khuech tan.
Sau khi ra khoi thiet b khuech tan ba ma i qua may ep vat s bo (2 truc), cuoi
cung ra khoi may ep kiet thanh phan ng con trong ba 1,3 1,9; nc 48 50%
rat thuan li cho viec ot lo hi.
Trc may ep kiet cuoi cung ngi ta phun nc tham thau t 25
30% (so vi
trong lng ma). Nc ma ep 2 bo truc cuoi cung goi la nc ma loang c a

vao au cuoi cua thiet b khuech tan chuyen ong ngc chieu vi ba ma.
e thc hien nguyen tac tham thau khuech tan ngc chieu ba ma phai luon
c tiep xuc vi nc ma co nong o thap hn.
Nc ma may khuech tan co : nong o 56 Bx; AP = 70 75%.Pol ba = 1,3
1,9%; Am ba = 48 50%; w = 25 30%.Trong lng nc ma hon hp trong thc te
bang 95 105% trong lng ma ep la hp ly.Nc ma hon hp : AP 80% ; Bx = 14
16%.
2.2.2. Trch nc ma bang phng phap ep :
La phng phap thong dung va pho bien trong cong nghe ng ma.
Nguyen ly chung la : Xe va ep nat than cay ma nham pha v hoan toan cac te
bao e lay nc ma ti mc toi a cho phep.
*Khai niem :
Phng phap ep : s dung ap lc e xe, ep than cay ma nham lay nc
ma.
- Qua trnh ep kho : la qua trnh khong dung nc tham thau. Do o nc ma
thu c la nc na tuyet oi (nc nguyen).
Qua trnh ep kho co the thc hien 1 lan, 2 lan, 3 lan.
-
Ep tham thau :
e nang cao hieu suat lay ng, ngi ta cai tien t eo kho sang ep tham
thau. Ep tham thau la qua trnh ep co s dung nc ti vao ba e hoa tan lng
ng con lai trong ba.
Co nhieu phng thc tham thau, cu the la :
Tham thau n (1 lan, 2 lan, 3 lan ) :
Tham thau kep (hay tham thau lap lai) :
S o cong nghe :
a. Ep kho
S o ep kho 1 lan
Ma
Ba
Nc ma tuyet oi
S o ep kho 2 lan
Ma
Ba
Nc ma tuyet oi
S o ep kho 3 lan
Ma
Ba
Nc ma tuyet oi
b. Ep tham thau :
Tham thau n :
Ma
w
Ba
Nc ma hon hp
Ma
w
Ba
Nc ma hon hp
Ma
Ba
Nc ma hon hp
Tham thau lap lai :
Tham thau lap lai 1 lan :

w
Ma
Ba
Nc ma hon hp
Tham thau lap lai 2 lan
Ma
Ba
Nc ma hon hp
Tham thau hon hp (thng dung cho he 5 bo truc) :
Ma
Ba
Nc ma hon hp
Ba
Ma
Ba
Nc ma hon hp
Ma
Nc ma hon hp 1
Nc ma hon hp 2
w/2
Ma
w/2
Ba
Nc ma hon hp
3. Cach tien hanh kiem tra thong so mieng ep :

- Lo thu cong thng dung phng phap ep kho.
- Cac nha may s dung phng phap ep kho sau hoac au vu san xuat :
moi lan ieu chnh dan ep
chnh ly cac thong so cho cac may ep (thong
so thc te) (xac nh o trch nc ma moi may ep).
Cac bc tien hanh :
Khi lam th nghiem ep kho ta theo th t sau :
- Cho chuan b th nghiem cho may ep chay vi toc o bnh th ng (ap lc
thuy ap, lng ma ep, nc tham hau) giong nh khi san xuat t nhat 15
phut.
- Phan tch vien lay mau ma e nh tnh chat giong ma va nong trng ma.
- Ngng tat ca cac he thong (tham thau) ti ba (gom co he thong nc ti
ba va he thong nc ma loang ti ba).
- Ngng bang chuyen ba ep lai. Phan tch vien rac voi vao ma tren bang
chuyen e anh dau ep kho.
Nhn lan vang do voi tao nen tren ba ra khoi may ep cuoi.
Phan tch vien lay nc ma tng may ep mot o Pol; Bx (tng mau nc ma
cua tng may)
AP, va ba ma sau moi may ep d0 Pol ba va am o cua
tng mau (cua cac may ep).
* Chu y :
Moi viec lam tr ngai cho dan ep (s co cua may ep) hay sai mau eu phai bo
tat ca va lam lai t au.
ieu kien ky thuat phun nc tham thau :
(Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh tham thau)
a. Lng nc tham thau :
Khi tang w th o trch tang (tang ep) nhng ti mot gii han nao o th w tang
-
th
tang rat t. Do o lng nc dung tham thau phai co t le nhat nh.

Lng nc nhieu qua :
- Gay ton that nhiet (nhien lieu) trong qua trnh boc hi.
- Tang lng tap chat AP giam nc ma hon hp.
- Gay ma sat trt
giam nang suat ep.
b. Ap lc nc tham thau :
Cang ln cang tot (phun tan ay lp ba nam sat mat bang chuyen). Tuy nhien
khong nen dung ap lc tham thau qua cao.
Thong thng ngi ta dung he so e tnh lng nc tham thau :
lng nc tham thau

lng x trong ba
Lng nc tot nhat khi = 2
o trch tang nhanh khi : 0 1
o trch cham dan khi : 1 2
o trch that cham khi > 2
o trch ngng han khi > 3.
c. Thi iem tham thau :
Ba ma co tnh chat an hoi nen :
Sau khi te bao ma b pha v nc ma thoat ra tao thanh nhng lo hong (ck)
trang thai khong can bang, neu tham thau tien hanh cham
khong kh se vao
nhng lo hong cua te bao (pha ck) lam giam lng nc tham thau (rut) vao trong ba
va may ep sau phai hao ton 1 cong vo ch e uoi kh ra. Do o can phai tham thau
ngay khi ba ma va ra khoi truc ep.
d. Nhiet o nc tham thau :
Nhiet o cang cao th cac phan t nc chuyen ong cang nhanh, s hon hp
cac phan t ng va nc (khuech tan) cang tot nhng nhiet o cao qua se thuy
phan x (celluloz) ma thanh nhng chat keo. Do o nhiet o toi u van la van e
tranh cai. Da vao so lieu nghien cu :
. toC = 40oC
ep tang t.
. toC = 40 75oC
ep tang rat t.
o
o
. t C = 80 C
ep tang nhieu nhng bot rat nhieu.
Dung toC cao con co may tac hai sau :
-
Nc ma la mot moi trng acid (pH = 5
5,5) ng saccaro chuyen hoa.
Tap chat trong nc ma tang
Giam tnh chat an hoi ba ma, tang V ba (giam mat o)
giam AP nc ma.
ba kho vao may
ep.
e. Cach ti nc tham thau :
Phai ti suot chieu rong cua lp ba tren bang chuyen trung gian (chieu rong
truc ep) bang 1 trong 4 dung cu sau :
+ Ong khoan lo
+ Ong co voi phun sng
+ Mang dai
+ Mang co rang
2.3.So sanh phng phap ep va phng phap khuech tan
So vi phng phap ep, phng phap khuech tan co nhieu u iem hn.
Hieu suat trch nc ma cao ( thu hoi ng).
Qua thc nghiem cua nhieu nc tren the gii ngi ta thay rang phng phap
ep ket hp vi khuech tan co hieu qua cao hn so vi ep n thuan.
Ma
100% Pol
Ba
6%
Ma
100% Pol
Trch ly
94%
Ton that 14%

(Bun, r)
tong thu
hoi 80%
Phng phap ep
Ba
3%
Trch ly
97%
tong thu
hoi 82%
Ton that
15%
Phng phap khuech tan
Tieu hao nang lng thap hn.

Theo tai lieu nghien cu th nang lng tieu hao cho 1 thiet b khuech tang nang
suat 2000 Tan/ngay la 132.480 W.
So vi bo may ep
438.160 W.
Thiet b khuech tan tng oi n gian, kinh ph sa cha thap.

Nhc iem ton tai cua phng phap ep :
Thiet b cong kenh nang ne, sa cha phc tap, ton nhiei thi gian.
Tieu hao nhieu nang lng.
Hieu suat trch ly ( ep) thap.
Nhc iem ton tai cua phng phap khuech tan :
Lam tang chat phi ng trong nc ma hon hp, do o viec x ly lang trong
gap nhieu phc tap
ng.
ton hao hoa chat (do x ly kho) va tang ton that
Ba ma sau khuech tan kho a vao ep kiet (kho s dung)
do lng nc
trong ba cao va ba b trng do tac dung cua nhiet o cao. Do o

-
can a qua may ep vat s bo (2 truc) e tach bt lng nc trong ba trc

khi qua ep kiet.
2.4. He may ep.

3.1. Cau tao may ep: (Xem hnh chng 2)
3.2. Nang suat cua he may ep :
3.2.1 Cong thc tnh nang suat :
60
D w L K dF
;
f
T/ h
3.2.2 Cac yeu to anh hng en nang suat :

- Ham lng va tnh chat x ma.
- Toc o truc ep.
Khi van toc tang th nang suat ep tang, hieu suat ep giam.
May ep thong thng th v = 5 7 vpm
Chia lam 3 loai :
+ May ep toc o cham
3 4 vpm
+ May ep toc o trung bnh
+ May ep toc o nhanh
5
7
6 vpm
8 vpm.
Phng phap phan phoi toc o :

Phng phap1 : v nhanh, lp ma mong.
Phng phap2 : v cham, lp ma day.
Thng dung phng phap ep cham, v giam dan (bao am cung cap u ma cho
cac may sau, may au ep nhanh hn).
Toc o t may 1
2 giam 25%
1 3 giam 34%
1 4 giam 40%
Kch thc va rang truc ep :
+ Kch thc ( L D)
+ Rang truc ep (hnh dang va o sau rang)
So truc ep (so lan ep). Neu gi ep khong oi th N
v
X ly s bo va tham thau (ap lc tham thau = 2,5 4 Kg/cm2)
Lap may ep :
. Mieng ep (thong so ga lap)
. Lc ay
+ Cao: tang cong suat tieu thu, mon lc nhanh, ba kho di chuyen, tang
ap lc truc nh.
+ Thap : ba b cuon tron trong vung khong gian ep.
Ca hai trng hp tren eu lam giam nang suat ep.
Ap lc truc nh chu yeu anh hng en ep con nang suat th anh hng t
hn. Neu ap lc ln th ma vao may ep kho khan gay hong hoc cho may. Neu ap lc
nho th ep de nhbg o trch giam.
Thng s dung ap lc nen tang dan t may au en may cuoi.
P4 > P3 > P2 > P1.
V du :
Van iem (1000

T/ngay)
Viet Tr
(500 T/ngay)
Lam Sn (15000
T/ngay)
P1
P2
P3
P4
170
190
210
235
60
68
64
72
180
185
190
195
Ap lc truc nh con c bieu th bang

150
210
215
230
235
ap lc P (tan) len 2 au cua truc nh.

150
P = 300 T
Quan he gia AS va ap lc :
P
(T/dm2)
0,1 D L
D, L : chieu dai va ng knh truc, dm

He so 0,1 bieu th DT chu lc = 1/10
V du : P = 350 T
D L = 760 14000 mm
p
0,1
350
7,6
14
32,9 T / dm 2
2.5. Bien oi hoa hoc trong qua trnh ep ma.

2.5.1. Bien oi tnh chat nc ma trong qua trnh ep :
Trong qua trnh ep ma tac dung hoa hoc co anh hng en pham chat cua
nc ma, do 2 nguyen nhan chu yeu sau :
- Tac dung cua pH va toC nc ma :
Nc ma ep ra co pH = 5 5,5 di tac dung cua nhiet o de b chuyen hoa
ng.
Nhiet o cang cao th phan ng hoa hoc xay ra cang nhanh nen ngi ta thng
cho voi s bo vao nc ma e nang pH nc ma gan tr so pH trung tnh.
- Tac dung cua vi sinh vat : co anh hng quan trong en pham chat nc ma,
ong vai tro quan trong trong cong oan ep.
Theo ket qua khao sat :
Mc o h hong do sau benh cang tang th vi sinh vat cang nhieu, tac dung cua
chung se cang ln
o thuan khiet AP cang giam.
Theo nghien cu cua J. H Haldone bien oi cua nc ma nh sau : o thuan
khiet AP giam theo thi gian.
Thi gian
Nc ep au
Nc hon h[
Nc cuoi
AP luc au
82,45
80,28
69,47
AP sau 1 h
AP sau 2 h
82,23
81,96
79,86
79,54
68,82
67,54
Chenh lech
0,49
0,64
1,93
(nc cuoi : nc hon hp cha qua x ly au cong oan lam sach).

Ta thay : AP nc cuoi giam nhanh so vi nc ma au va nc hon hp,

chng to thanh phan cua nc cuoi b bien oi nhieu.
* Theo J. B Alexander trong cong oan ep vi sinh vat hoat ong cac pham vi
sau :
- trong ba ma qua cac may ep.
- tren nc ma chay qua bo may ep.
- trong goc canh cua may ep.
- bo phan li loc vun ma.
. Vi sinh vat phat trien nhanh chong cac v tr khac nhau th mc o hoat ong
khac nhau.
. Theo Deterson lng vi sinh vat trong 1 mm3 nc ma nh sau :
Ni lay mau
-
May ep dap 1
T ep dap en thung cha
May ep 3
thung cha
So lng VSV
3.700.000 VSV
27.000.000
275.000.000
Vi sinh vat trong nc ma gom 3 loai : vi khuan, nam moc va nam men.
Nam men co tac dung lam Saccaroza b chuyen hoa va len men ru.
Vi khuan bien ng thanh acid Lactic.
2.5.2. Lng ton that trong qua trnh ep :
Trong qua trnh ep trong mot khoang thi gian nhat nh lng ng to n that
c tnh theo cong thc :
Q = V . w. t
Trong o :
Q : lng ng ton that
V : toc o bien chat cua ng [o bien thien ham lng Saccaro] 1 v
thi gian.
W : trong lng ma ep.
T : thi gian lu nc ma trong may ep.
Do hoat ong cua vi sinh vat cac v tr khac nhau th khac nhau nen toc o
bien chat moi v tr cung khac nhau. oi vi nc cuoi th toc o bien chat tang
nhanh nhat.
* Ve sinh cua may ep :
. Thng dung hi nc + voi sat trung v nhiet o cao va kiem manh th hoat
ong vi sinh vat ngng tre.. Hoac dung formol, Clor.
Clor hieu qua sat trung cao hn formol. Vi 1000 T ma ch dung 2 kg Clor.
2.6. Vi sinh vat trong cong oan ep.
Khi tiep xuc vi nc ma vi sinh vat phat trien rat nhanh. Nc ma la moi
trng thch hp oi vi vi sinh vat.
Tac dung cua vi sinh vat chu yeu la :
- Lam chuyen hoa ng.
- Len men chua (men lactic, acetic )
- Tao khoi nhay deo bam tren thanh thiet b, ng ong, canh bm gay tr
ngai, mat can bang trong san xuat.
Vi sinh vat Leuconostoc. Mesenteroides tao Dextran co o nht ln, gay kho
khan cho lang, loc, ket tinh ong thi lam sai so khi phan tch tren may phan cc.
Ngoai ra mot so vi sinh vat khac nh Sacharomyces, loai sinh bao t hieu kh
(Bacillus Subtilis, B. Cereus, B. Mesentericus )
e han che tac hai cua vi sinh vat trong may ep ngi ta phai lam ve sinh trong
may ep, bang chuyen, mang cha dan nc ma , ac biet trong cac ngoc ngach,
goc canh cua may ep Co the dung nc voi loang phun quet cac be mat tiep xuc
vi nc ma (pH = 8) nhng sau o phai ra sach bang nc.
CAU HOI ON TAP
Cau 1:
Trnh bay s o cong nghe khuech tan ma va khuech tan ba. So sanh u
nhc iem cua hai phng phap noi tren?
Cau 2:
Cho biet ieu kien cong nghe cua phng phap ep tham thau? Neu nguyen
tac cua phng phap tham thau lap lai..
Cau 3:
Ve s o tham thau lap lai 2 lan, 3 lan cho he may ep co 4 bo truc tr len.
Bi ging Cng ngh sn xut v kim sot cht lng ng, bnh ko Phn 1
CHNG 3.
LAM SACH NC MA
3.1. Muc ch cua viec lam sach nc ma :

Nc ma hon hp co thanh phan phc tap :
-
Chat huyen phu, chat keo lam nc ma uc, nhieu bot.
Acid hu c : chuyen hoa ng Saccaroz.
Chat mau : tinh the Saccaroza co mau.
Chat phi ng lam tang ton that ng trong mat cuoi (nen tang lng mat
cuoi), tang o nht cua dung dch khi ket tinh, tang o hoa tan cua ng.
Cac tap chat trong dung dch nc ma anh hng xau en chat lng thanh
pham va giam ton thu hoi. Noi khac i viec lam sach nc ma quyet nh phan ln
en 2 yeu to nay.
Nhiem vu cu the cua viec lam sach la :
-
Loai toi a chat khong ng ra khoi nc ma hon hp bao gom chat dang
ran l lng, chat keo va tap chat dang ion
Trung hoa acid hu c, giam chuyen hoa ng.
Loai tr chat mau.
3.2. C s ly thuyet qua trnh lam sach nc ma.

Do chat khong ng rat khac nhau nen co nhieu cach loai tr khac nhau nhng
hien nay tren the gii s dung 3 phng phap chu yeu : phng phap voi hoa, sulfit
hoa va carbonat hoa co s dung them mot so hoa chat khac phoi hp e nang cao
hieu qua lam sach.
3.2.1.Li dung tac dung cua pH :
a.Ngng ket keo :
Tnh ben cua keo c giai thch la do keo tch ien (dng hoac am) hoac ton
tai lp vo dung moi (solvat), trong trng hp dung moi la nc th goi la hydrat.
Theo Noel Dear, trong dung dch nc ma a so la keo am va la keo a nc,
ton tai ca 2 trang thai thuan nghch va khong thuan nghch.
Trong thc te san xuat ngi ta thng thay oi pH cua dung dch nc ma
en gia tr pH ang ien bang cach cho chat ien ly vao dung dch nc ma th se
co hien tng keo tu.
b.Tac dung hoa hoc :
Tao ieu kien thuan li e ket tua tap chat (tach loai chat khong ng) :
. pH = 7 10 loai 95% cac ION vo c (tr Mg2+, Fe2+)
GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn Nguyn Ph c
. pH = 7 loai 50% chat keo.

Tac dung khong co li :
- pH acid tao s chuyen hoa ng.
- pH kiem cao tao s phan huy ng Saccaro, ng kh (RS) tao nhieu hp
chat trung gian va sinh mau.
Trong san xuat ng van s dung pH thap (phng phap SO2) hoac pH cao
(phng phap CO2) nhng phai khong che nhiet o, thi gian hp ly.
Khi chon pH thch hp e loai chat khong ng ta se khong chon iem pH
rieng nao cho mot loai chat khong ng ma chon pH chung cho cac chat khong
ng (pH ai dien).
pH thch hp phu thuoc hamlng va tnh chat chat khong ng tc phu thuoc
vao giong ma, o chn.
3.2.2.Li dung tac dung cua nhiet o :
- Thuc ay phan ng hoa hoc xay ra nhanh, ac biet la phan ng tao ket tua.
- Loai khong kh trong nc ma e tranh s tao bot ( au vao lang va thiet
b gia nhiet).
- Lam mat nc cua chat keo a nc (pha lp vo solvat hydrat) tao ieu
kien keo tu.
- Giam o nht, tang nhanh toc o lang.
- Diet tr vi sinh vat.
Tuy nhien neu s dung nhiet o khong tot se co hai :
Thuc ay chuyen hoa ng
Phan huy ng Saccaro, RS tao chat mau va acid hu c.
Caramen.
Thuy phan vun ma tao chat keo.
3.2.3.Da vao tnh chat cua tng loai chat ien ly s dung (hoa chat).
3.2.3.1.Voi :
Voi la nguyen lieu pho bien nhat va re tien (de kiem). Phng phap (hoa hoc)
nao cung dung voi.
+ o hoa tan cua voi :
Voi la chat vo nh hnh, co o phan tan cao. Khi hoa tan trong nc th toa
nhiet. o hoa tan cua voi trong dung dch ng tinh khiet va khong tinh khiet co anh
hng en qua trnh san xuat ng.
o hoa tan cua voi giam khi nhiet o tang va thay oi theo thanh phan tap chat
trong dung dch. o hoa tan cua voi tang khi nong o ng tang. ieu o c giai
thch do s tao thanh Saccarat Canxi. Nhng neu nong o ng cao ma nhiet o
cao th o hoa tan cua voi giam nhanh do s phan huy Saccarat.
+ Tac dung cua voi :

Thng dung dang sa voi [Ca(OH)2]. Khi cho sa voi vao dung dch nc ma
co ca 2 tac dung cua ION Ca2+ va ION OH-.
- Lam tr phan ng cua nc ma, ngan nga s chuyen hoa Saccaro.
- ong tu va ket tua chat khong ng (CK).
- Hnh thanh ket tua co kha nang hap phu chat khong ng.
- Sat trung nc ma. Thong thng dung dch co o kiem 0,3 % CaO th phan
ln vi sinh vat khong phat trien c.
Neu [OH-] tang (pH cao) : phan huy ng, RS au tien tao fucfurol lam tang ham
lng acid hu c, chat mau. Ngoai ra tao muoi Canxi hoa tan, tang lng ong
can va anh hng toc o ket tinh ng sau nay.
3.2.3.2.SO2 :
c s dung pho bien trong san xuat ng. Co the s dung trc tiep SO 2
dang kh hoac dang muoi cua no (NaHSO3. Na2S2O4 )
* Tac dung cua SO2 :
- Trung hoa lng voi d trong nc ma.
Ca(OH)2 + H2SO3
CaSO3
+ 2 H2O
CaSO3 co kha nang hap phu chat khong ng. Tuy nhien, van co mot lng
nho Ca(HSO3)2 hoa tan.
-
Khi dung qua lng se tao muoi Canxi hoa tan :

CaSO3
+ H2O + SO2
Ca(HSO3)2 tan.
H2SO3
H+ + HSO32H+ + SO32Giam o nht.
Tay mau dung dch ng.
Ngan nga s tao mau.
3.2.3.3.CO2 :
Tac dung cua CO2 trong qua trnh lam sach.
a. Vi voi :
CO2 + H2O
H2CO3
H2CO3 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3
+ 2 H2O
Giong nh Ca3(PO4)2 va CaSO3, CaCO3 co kha nang hap phu chat keo va
chat mau L qua trnh lang trong <mc o hap phu rat ln>.
b. Phan giai muoi Saccarat Canxi
tao nen CaCO3
C12H22O11 . CaO + CO2
C12H22O11 + CaCO3
C12H22O11 . 2 CaO + 2 CO2
C12H22O11 + 2 CaCO3
C12H22O11 . 3 CaO + 3 CO2
C12H22O11 + 3 CaCO3
Phan ng nay giam Canxi Saccarat, lam tang lng Saccaro (AP ), tao
CaCO3 .
ay la u iem cua phng phap CO2.
Neu cho CO2 vao qua lng th CaCO3
CaCO3
+ CO2 + H2O
se chuyen thanh muoi hoa tan:
Ca(HCO3)2 hoa tan.
nhiet o cao mot so chat tan chuyen thanh chat khong tan (ket tua), gay ong
can trong thiet b boc hi.
3.2.3.4. P2O5 :
Trong ma co mot lng nho P2O5 . Ham lng nay phu thuoc vao ieu kien at
ai va phan bon, co tac dung tot oi vi qua trnh lam sach.
V vay ngi ta cho mot lng P2O5 vao nc ma di dang muoi Phosphat
Acid Canxi Ca(H2PO4)2 con trong qua trnh luyen ng (tinh che) co the cho vao
di dang H3PO4.
Ham lng P2O5 can thiet cho qua trnh lam sach la 0,3
0,5 g/l.
* Tac dung cua P2O5 :

Khi cho P2O5 ( dang muoi acid hoac acid) ket hp sa voi se tao ra Phosphat
Canxi ket tua:
Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2 Ca(OH)2
2 H3PO4 + 3 Ca(OH)2
Ca3(PO4)2
Ca3(PO4)2
+ 4 H2O
+ 6 H2O
Ca3(PO4)2 co kha nang hap phu ln : hap phu cac chat mau (keo cua acid Silic,
Al2O3, Fe2O3 do o c tach i t 20 40% trong thiet b lang.
Trong phng phap gia voi vao nc ma lanh, ham lng H 3PO4 = 0,28
0,5 g/l.
Thi gian ket tua va dung lng bun phu thuoc vao pH tang giam.
Thuan o AP tang theo pH tang. Nhng khi pH > 7,6 th AP giam.
Trong phng phap gia voi vao nc ma nong
tng t nh gia voi vao nc
ma lanh, nhng pH thch hp la 6,9.
3.3. Cac phng phap lam sach nc ma.

3.3.1.Phng phap voi :
La phng phap co t lau i thng dung e san xuat ng tho, ng ca t

vang, ng thu cong
3.3.1.1. Lu trnh cong nghe :
Phng phap voi co the chia ra :
a. Phng phap gia voi vao nc ma lanh (phng phap voi nhiet)
Nc ma hon hp sau khi qua li loc tach cam ma, can, roi bm en thung
trung hoa cho voi en pH = 7,5. Moi tan nc ma cho vao khoang 0,5 0,9 kg voi.
Sau khi khuay eu nc ma c bm i gia nhiet 105oC roi vao thung lang e loai
tr bot va ket tua.
S o cong nghe :
Nc ma hon hp
Sa voi
(Ca(OH)2
Trung hoa
(pH = 7,2
(toC = 105oC)
Gia nhiet
Thung lang
Co ac
Nc trong
7,5)
Bun
Nc bun
Loc ep
b. Phng phap gia voi vao nc ma nong (phng phap nhiet voi)
S o cong nghe :
Nc ma hon hp
Gia nhiet
Sa voi
Trung hoa
(toC = 100
(pH = 7,0
105oC)
7,5)
Thung lang
Co ac
Nc trong
Nc bun
Loc ep
Bun
c. Phng phap gia voi nhieu lan va gia nhiet nhieu lan (Phng phap gia voi
phan oan) (voi nhiet voi nhiet).
Cho voi vao nc ma hon hp en pH = 6,4

un soi nc ma
cho voi en pH = 7,6
un soi va lang.
S o cong nghe :
Nc ma hon hp
Gia voi s bo
(pH = 6
(toC = 90
Gia nhiet I
Sa voi
105oC)
(pH = 7,6
Gia voi chnh

Gia nhiet II
6,4)
(toC = 100
8,2)
105oC)
Thung lang
Co ac
Nc trong
Nc bun
Loc ep
Bun xa
a.ieu kien cong nghe cua phng phap voi

+Pham chat cua voi.
Co nhieu anh hng en hieu qua lam sach cua nc ma. Voi co nhieu tap
chat
tang tap chat co trong nc ma
anh hng en qua trnh lang loc va qua
trnh ket tinh.
Tieu chuan cua voi :
CaO
> 90%
MgO <
CaCO3 < 1%
2%
Fe2O3
SiO2 < 0,6%
Al2O3
1%
Thanh phan chu yeu la CaO.

Can chu y ham lng MgO, neu MgO > 2% th co cac tac hai sau :
-
Giam thap o hoa tan cua voi.
Thi gian lang keo dai.
MgO co o hoa tan ln la thanh phan ong can nghiem trong trong cac thiet
b gia nhiet va boc hi.

Lam ng co v ang.
+ o hoa tan cua voi.

-
Giam khi nhiet o tang.
Tang khi nong o ng tang (do s tao Canxi Saccarat)
o hoa tan cua voi song, voi mi, voi cu cung khac nhau.
*Nong o voi sa :
Thng dung t 8 15o Baume (Be)
Neu vt qua nong o tren xay ra cac hien tng:
-
Tac ong dan nc ma.
Tao kiem cuc bo lam ng kh b phan huy.
Nong o sa voi cao :

-
Tao ket tua nhanh.
Giam lng nc a vao boc hi.
Anh hng cua khuay tron khi cho voi.

Khuay co tac dung :
-
Phan ng xay ra eu, hoan toan.
Tranh hien tng kiem cuc bo.
1. Cac phng thc cho voi.

a. Cac dang voi cho vao nc ma
Voi c cho vao nc ma dang sa voi, voi bot va Canxi Saccarat.
* Voi bot :
-
Phan ng cham; khi phan ng toa nhiet lam xau mau sac nc ma.
Kho khong che chnh xac.
* Sa voi :
-
De khong che; hon hp gia sa voi va nc ma c ong eu.
De ket hp vi CO2 e tao thanh CaCO3.
Tuy nhien dung sa voi lam tang lng nc boc hi dan en ton that nhiet.
Lng voi dung : 0,5
0,8 kg/tan nc ma.
Tuy thuoc thanh phan cua ma ma lng voi dung khac nhau:
Ma non (xau) lam pH thap : lng voi s dung nhieu.
Ma chn (tot) th pH tng oi cao : lng voi s dung t.
Dung pH e xac nh lng voi dung, can chu y :
Nc ma + sa voi
t oC
pH
V :
-
Trng hp cho voi vao nc ma lanh , phan ng xay ra khong hoan toan,
khi un nong phan ng xay ra hoan toan hn : pH .
Khi nc ma soi, mot phan Ca3(PO4)2 b phan ly thanh muoi acid hoa tan.
Muoi nay phan ly lam giam tr so pH.
nhiet o cao va moi trng kiem RS b phan huy tao thanh chat mau va
cac acid.
Khi un nong 3CaHPO4
3.1.1.2.
Ca3(PO4)2 + H3PO4
pH .
u khuyet iem cua cac phng phap cho voi.
a. Phng phap voi nhiet :

u iem:
-
Thao tac quan ly n gian.
Trung hoa ngay nc ma, tranh chuyen hoa ng Saccaro.
Nhc iem:
-
Lng voi dung nhieu do o hoa tan trong nc ma lanh tang, neu nong o
sa voi qua cao khi un nong se ong can thiet b.
Phan ng ket tua xay ra cham, khong hoan toan
hieu qua lam sach kem.
b. Phng phap gia voi vao nc ma nong (nhiet voi).

u iem :
-
Loai c protid tng oi nhieu do nhiet o cao tao thanh Ca 3(PO4)2 tng
oi hoan toan.
Hieu qua lam sach tot. Chenh lech AP trc va sau khi lam sach ln.
Toc o lang ln
tren (t 15
Dung tch nc bun t.Tiet kiem voi so vi phng phap
20%).
Nhc iem :
-
Saccaroza b chuyen hoa nhieu.
Mau sac nc ma sam.
c. Phng phap cho voi nhieu lan :

u iem:
-
Hieu qua lam sach tot :
Loai c nhieu chat phi ng
Toc o lang tang. Dung tch bun giam.
Nhc iem:
-
S chuyen hoa Saccaro tng oi ln.
Lu trnh phc tap.
3.3.2.Phng phap SO2 :

La phng phap pho bien dung trong nha may san xuat ng trang
3.3.2.1.S o cong nghe.
a.Lu trnh acid tnh

Nc ma hon hp
Gia voi s bo
Gia nhiet I
Sa voi
Ca(OH)2
(pH = 6,2
(toC = 55
Thong SO2 lan I
Trung hoa
Gia nhiet II
Lang
Nc lang trong
(pH = 6,8
(toC = 100
4)
7,2)
105oC)
Loc
Nc loc trong
Gia nhiet III
(toC = 110
Co ac (Boc hi)
(55
Thong SO2 lan II
60oC)
(pH = 3
Nc bun
6,8)
115oC)
60 Bx)
(pH = 6,2
6,6)
Mat che
Bun xa
b.Lu trnh kiem nhe

Lu trnh cong nghe phng phap SO2 nha may ng Bnh Dng va Quang
Ngai (Sulfit hoa kiem nhe).
Nc ma hon hp
Sa voi
Ca(OH)2
(Bx = 15)
Gia nhiet I
(toC = 70
Voi hoa I
(pH = 8
8,3)
Sulfit hoa I
(pH = 6
6,5)
Voi hoa II
Trung hoa
(pH = 7,0
Gia nhiet II
(toC = 100
75oC)
7,5)
105oC)
Lang
Nc bun
Vun ba
Nc ma trong
Tron ba
Boc hi (Bx = 55
May loc chan khong
Nc che bun
Ba bun
Sulfit hoa II
60)
(pH = 5,5
Nau ng
3.3.2.1.ieu kien cong nghe cua phng phap SO2:

a. Cho voi s bo : pH = 6,2 6,8
Nham muc ch :
- Trung hoa nc ma, han che s chuyen hoa
- Tao pH ang ien
ngng ket he keo
- c che s phat trien cua vi sinh vat
- Hnh thanh nhan ket tua co li cho s tao thanh chat ket tua.
6)
b. Gia nhiet I :
-
Lam mat nc cua the keo a nc, tang nhanh qua trnh ngng ket.
Thuc ay phan ng hoa hoc cho qua trnh hap thu SO2 sau o.
Nhiet o cao
o hoa tan cua muoi trong dung dch nc ma giam, s ket
tua CaSO3; Ca3(PO4)2 hoan toan.
Neu nhiet o qua cao lam giam s hap thu SO 2 vao nc ma

en hieu qua lam sach.
anh hng
c. Thong SO2 lan I :

-
Tao mot phan ket tua CaSO3 hap phu tap chat phi ng.
Tay mau mot phan nc ma.
Tao pH ang ien vung acid e ngng ket cac chat keo co iem ang ien
thap.
d. Trung hoa nc ma :
-
e giam s chuyen hoa ng trc khi a nc ma sang gia nhiet II.
Tao nhieu ket tua CaSO3.
e. Tac dung cua gia nhiet II :

-
Tiep tuc lam ngng ket he keo.
Nhiet o tang, o nht giam
Nhiet o tang
toc o lang tang.
o hoa tan CaSO3 giam
ket tua cang hoan toan.
f. Lang & loc :

-
Trch cac tap chat phi ng a ket tua hoac hap phu vao ket tua ra khoi
dung dch nc ma e tang o thuan khiet AP
t o tang tong thu hoi,
giam ton that.
g. Gia nhiet III :

-
Sau lang loc nhiet o dung dch giam do o can gia nhiet e giup cho qua
trnh boc hi c an toan, nang cao hieu qua boc hi. (tr giup cho qua trnh
boc hi).
h. Co ac :
-
Nang nong o nc ma t 13
15 Bx en 55
60 Bx tao ieu kien cho nau
ng de dang.
-
Cung cap hi th cho gia nhiet va nau ng.
i. Thong SO2 lan II :

-
Kh chat mau thanh chat khong mau.
Giam o nht cua mat che (nc ma sau boc hi)

ng.
co li cho ket tinh
1. Nhng ieu can chu y khi ot lu huynh :

a. Thanh phan tap chat trong lu huynh :
-
Asen khi ot
As2O3 la chat oc
thanh pham mat cuoi.
Hac n : Do t trong d giam

noi len tren be mat
S va O2 cua khong kh (can tr s chay).
tr ngai cho s tiep xuc
Tnh chat cua lu huynh can bao am nh sau :

Nc
Tro
Hac n
As
Chat khong chay
1%
0,1%
0,1%
0,05%
1%
b. ieu che SO2 :

Bang cach ot lu huynh, nhiet o nong chay cua lu khuynh la 250oC.
Phan ng chay nh sau :
SO2 + O2
32
32
SO2 +
Q (1 kg S toa ra 22,7 Kcal)
64
T phng trnh phan ng cong thc tren thay : 1 kg S can 1 kg O 2. Neu trong
khong kh co 23,1% oxy th lng khong kh can ot lu huynh la : 100 : 23,1 = 4,3
lan.
Cng o lu huynh : (mc o xong SO2)
- c xac nh thong qua tr so pH.
- Cac nha may thng dung phng phap chuan o e xac nh cng o SO2
la so ml NaOH co nong o
1
N
28
(hoac so ml Iod co nong o
1
N
32 )
e chuan o 10 ml
dung dch a thong SO2.

Chu y :
Neu thong SO2 qua lng se dan en cac tac hai sau:
- Giam pH gay chuyen hoa ng.
- Tang lng voi dung tc la tang them tap chat.
- Hao ton lu huynh.
- Chuyen CaSO3 thanh CaHSO3 hoa tan.
c. S co mat cua nc khi ot S :

Khi ot S neu co nc ton tai : SO2
SO3 + H2O
oxyhoa
SO3
H2SO4
An mon kim loai

Ket hp vi CaO sinh ra chat ket tua, ong can trong thiet b boc hi.
Do o can lam kho khong kh trc khi a vao ot lu huynh.
Neu ot S toC > 440oC
S : thang hoa.
Neu nang toC kh SO2 len 1200oC th SO2 b phan ly : SO2

3.3.2.2.
S + O2.
u nhc im ca phng php SO2 :
Lng tieu hao Ca(OH)2; SO2 tng oi t.
Lu trnh tng oi n gian, von au t t.
San xuat ng trang.
Toc o lang ln.
ng non t deo hn (so vi voi hoa). Giam CS ly tam.
Rut ngan thi gian nau, de ket tinh.
Khuyet :
4.
Hieu qua lam sach khong on nh.
Ham lng muoi Canxi hoa tan nhieu
Chat lng ng khong bao am ve mau sac.
Ham lng tro trong ng ln.
sinh hien tng ong can.
X ly nc ma kho lam sach theo phng phap SO2 :

5.1
Nguyen nhan nc ma kho lam sach :
a. Do ban than cay ma :

Trong qua trnh trong trot do ieu kien at ai, cham bon (ky thuat canh tac),
thi tiet (bao lut) khong bao am lam pham chat ma xau. Trong nc ma co nhieu
keo kho loai tr va ham lng P2O5 giam (lng ket tua Ca3(PO4)2 nho), nc ma
kho lam sach.
b. Do qua trnh che bien :
Di tac dung cua nhiet o, pH, ap lc ep ma : thuy phan vun ma, caramen,
phan giai RS ( mau, acid), tang ham lng keo.
5.2
Phng phap x ly :
a. Cho voi s bo :
V nc ma kho lam sach, co pH thap do o cho voi s bo chu yeu e ngng
ket keo, giam chuyen hoa ng (trung hoa).
b. Nang cao nhiet o nc ma :
Co tac dung :
-
Ngng ket cac the keo a nc (do mat lp vo bao boc ben ngoai).
Giam o nht.
c. Cho vao nc ma hon hp Na2CO3 e trung hoa acid acetic (nc ma kho
lam sach co ham lng acetic cao).
Na2CO3 + 2 CH3 COOH
3 CH3 COONa + H2O + CO2
d. Nang cao cng o thong SO2 ong thi cho them P2O5 di dang
Ca(H2PO4)2 tang ket tua Ca3(PO4)2 va tao CaSO3 co kha nang hap phu.
e. Them chat tr loc Diatomid hoac Separan e tang hieu qua lang loc.
3.3.2. Phng phap Carbonat hoa CO2 :
au tien phng phap CO2 c dung trong san xuat ng cu cai. Gan ay
c dung trong san xuat ng ma.
So vi phng phap SO2, phng phap nay co nhieu u iem hn, o la :
-
Loai tap chat nhieu hn so vi phng phap SO2,
thu hoi tang 2%.
Pham chat ng thanh pham tot. Tap chat trong thanh pham t.
ng thanh pham c bao quan lau, khong b oxy hoa va sinh chat mau nh
phng phap SO2.
3.3.3.1.S o cong nghe :

Nc ma hon hp
Cho voi s bo
Ca(OH)2
CO2
Gia nhiet I
(toC = 50
Bao sung I
(pH = 10,5
Gia nhiet II
(toC = 65
Loc ep I
Ca(OH)2
CO2
(pH = 6,2
(p = 2,8
55oC)
11,3)
70oC)
3 Kg/cm2)
Gia nhiet III
(toC = 70
Bao sung II
(pH = 8,2
Cho P2O5
6,6)
75oC)
8,4)
(Ca(H2PO4)2 hoac H3PO4)

(pH = 7
Loc ep II
Gia nhiet IV
(toC = 105
Boc hi
(55
7,2)
110oC)
60 Bx)
Loc tui (loc kiem tra)
Che
Nc ma sau khi bao sung II co pH hi kiem (pH = 8,2 8,4) lam cho lng
muoi Canxi hoa tan trong nc ma con nhieu va ong can nghiem trong trong thiet
b boc hi. Mat khac nc ma khi vao boc hi moi trng kiem lam tang lng
ng kh b phan giai anh hng en mau sac va chat lng thanh pham. e khac
phuc nhc iem tren, hien nay cac nha may a cai tien dung P 2O5 di dang
Ca(H2PO4)2 cho vao nc ma trckhi vao loc ep lan II thu c nhieu ket qua tot :
-
Giam lng ong can do chuyen muoi Ca hoa tan thanh ket tua Ca(PO 4)2.
Giam mau sac cua mat che (do giam lng RS b phan giai).
Tang hieu qua qua trnh boc hi.
3.3.3.2. ieu kien cong nghe cua phng phap CO2 :

a. Cho voi s bo :
Tac dung cua cho voi s bo :
-
Acid hu c va the keo ket tua.
Loc ep lan I de dang, giam mau sac.
b. Gia nhiet lan I :

Van e khong che nhiet o trc khi vao bao sung I rat quan trong.
Khi nhiet o tng oi cao :
-
S hnh thanh lng ket tua tao thanh luc bao sung tng oi ln
Tang s phan giai ng kh
de loc.
mau sac.
Khi nhiet o thap :

-
Ket tua CaCO3 nho, dien tch hap phu ln, ham lng Canxi trong nc ma
t, tranh s phan giai RS.
Tao nhieu bot, giam hieu qua hap phu CO2 vao nc ma.
Loc nc ma bao sung cham.
c. Bao sung I :
Muc ch cua bao sung I la tao chat ket tua CaCO 3 co tnh hap phu, co kha
nang hap phu tap chat, ac biet la chat mau va chat keo san pham cua s phan huy
tng oi ro ret.
e hieu qua lam sach cao can khong che pH = 10,5
kiem 400 600 mg CaO / 1 lt dung dch.
11,3 tng ng vi o
Bao sung chia lam 2 giai oan :

* Giai oan 1 :
Nc ma hon hp sau khi un nong en toC = 55oC th cho vao nc ma 1/3
tong lng voi va tien hanh thong CO2 (sau khi cho het 1/3 tong lng voi th ngng
lai va thong CO2 trong thi gian 2 3 phut e tao nhan ket tua).
* Giai oan 2 :
Tiep tuc cho lng voi con lai vao va ong thi thong CO 2 (tien hanh bao sung).
pH cua nc ma phai luon luon gi 10,5 11,3. Ket qua cua phng phap bao
sung la hieu qua lam sach tot, khac phuc hien tng tran bot, giam lng Canxi trong
nc ma
giam lng ong can.
d. Bao sung II :
Muc ch la giam lng muoi Canxi hoa tan trong dung dch. Sau khi bao sung I
CO2 tac dung vi voi va muoi Canxi hoa tan tao chat ket tua lam giam phan khong
ng trong nc ma. Tuy nhien lng muoi Canxi hoa tan van con nhieu. Do o
viec giam lng muoi Canxi hoa tan rat quan trong. Qua trnh phan ng nh sau :
Ca(OH)2 + H2CO3
CaCO3
+ 2 H2O
Sau khi tao ket tua, CaCO3, CO2 tac dung vi KOH trong dung dch nc ma tao
thanh K2CO3.
KOH + H2CO3
K2CO3 +
H2O
Ket qua cua phan ng la giam o kiem dung dch va K2CO3 tiep tuc phan ng
vi muoi Canxi hoa tan tao thanh muoi Canxi ket tua, phan ng nh sau :
K2CO3 + CaA2
CaCO3
+ 2 KA (A : goc acid hu c)
CaCO3 t hoa tan trong dung dch nhng van co hoa tan do o phan n g tren la
phan ng thuan nghch.
e. Gia nhiet II va III :
-
Giam o nht, tang toc o loc.
Han che viec tao bicarbonat (ket tua tng oi hoan toan)
3.4. So sanh cac phng phap lam sach nc ma :

a. Phng phap voi dung e san xuat ng tho pho bien cac nha may thu
cong thiet b, quy trnh gian n, von au t t nhng thu hoi giam.
b. Phng phap SO2 dung e san xuat ng trang nhng bao quan de b t
va bien mau.
c. Phng phap CO2 dung e san xuat ng trang, chat lng thanh pham co
the dung san xuat o hop, thu hoi cao nhng thiet b, qui trnh cong nghe
phc tap, yeu cau ky thuat cao.
3.5.. Hieu suat qua trnh lam sach
Mc o lam sach c ac trng bang t so gia ham lng ng Saccaro

P
so vi chat khong ung :
. T so nay goi la he so tao mat M.
CK
Ta co cong thc tnh o tinh khiet :
P
100 (%)
S
(1)
Q: AP cua dung dch ng
P : Pol cua dung dch ng
S : Bx (ham lng chat kho) cua dung dch ng %

CK : nong o chat phi ng trong dung dch
T (1)
S Q
va
100
P
CK
CK
S P
S Q
100
Q
100 Q
Vay he so tao mat M khong phu thuoc vao nong o dung dch ng ma phu
thuoc vao o tinh khiet Q cua dung dch.
Hieu suat lam sach (E) :

La ai lng (%) ac trng bang t so gia lng phi ng c loai tr va
lng phi ng con ton tai trong dung dch trc khi lam sach.
Goi :
CK1 : ham lng phi ng trong dung dch trc khi lam sach (nuc hon
hp).
CK2 : ham lng phi ng trong dung dch sau khi lam sach (nuc hon
hp).
Q1 : AP1 ; M1 : he so tao mat 1.
Q2 : AP2 ; M2 : he so tao mat 2.
Gia thiet rang : ham lng P khong thay oi trong suot qua trnh lam sach (tc
la Saccaro khong b chuyen hoa nhng AP van tang do phi ng b loai tr).
Ta co :
C K1
C K2
C K1
C K2
C K1
P
hay
C K1
C K2
Q1
100 Q 1
1
Q2
100 Q 2
E 10 4
M1
M2
100
Q 2 Q1
Q 2 (100 Q1 )
CAU HOI ON TAP

Cau 1:
Da vao cac tac nhan nao ngi ta lam sach nc ma ? Neu mat han che cua
chung oi vi qua trnh lam sach.
Cau 2:
Trnh bay tac dung cua voi oi vi qua trnh lam sach nc ma.
Cau 3:
Viet lu trnh lam sach nc ma bang phng phap Sulfit hoa acid tnh. So sanh
u nhc iem cua phng phap nay vi phng phap kiem nhe.
Cau 4:
Trng hp gap nguyen lieu ma xau, kho lam sach ngi ta x ly nc ma hon
hp nh the nao?
Cau 5:
Trong phng phap carbonat ngi ta tien hanh thong CO2 o kiem rat cao. Anh
(ch) hay giai thch ieu nay.
BOC HI NC NG
CHNG 4.
4.1. Ly luan boc hi
4.1.1.Muc ch :
-
am bao can bang day chuyen san xuat, tiet kiem so thung cha.
am bao cung cap nguyen lieu can thiet cho nau ng (am bao Bx
nguyen lieu cho nau ng).
Nang cao hieu qua s dung nhiet khi co ac che nong o thap.
Can a nong o nc che t 13 15o Bx len en 50 60o Bx. Neu nong o

qua cao xuat hien tinh the ong lai trong ng ong va bm, tr ngai cho san xuat.
4.1.2.Ly luan boc hi :
1. Tnh lng nc boc hi :
Nhiem vu cua boc hi la boc mot phan nc trong dung dch ng. Trong qua
trnh boc hi ham lng chat kho (Bx) coi nh khong oi. Do o co the tnh lng
nc boc hi theo cong thc :
G 1
Bx 1
Bx 2
G : lng nc ma a boc hi.

Bx1, Bx2 : nong o dung dch ng trc va sau boc hi.
W : Lng nc boc hi.
V du : Neu boc hi dung dch t 15
G1
15
60
3
G
4
60 Bx th lng nc boc hi la :
0,75 G
Neu tnh hnh boc hi tot co the boc hi 75% lng nc va nong o mat che co
the at 58 60 Bx.
2. Nhiet lng can dung e boc hi :
a. Nhiet lng Q can thiet e a dung dch ti iem soi la :
Q1 = G . C1 ( t2 t1 )
t1 : nhiet o dung dch vao noi boc hi.

t2 : nhiet o soi cua dung dch ( ap lc noi boc hi)
G : trong lng nc che
C1 : t nhiet nc ma [Kcal/Kg
o oC]
b. nhiet lng can thiet e boc hi :

Q2 = Wc .
Wc : lng nc boc hi, Kg.
: an nhiet cua hi [Kcal/Kg]
c. Tong lng nhiet can dung :
Q = Q1 + Q2
= G t2
at : f
t 1 C1
G 1
Bx 1
Bx 2
Bx 1
la he so boc hi
Bx 2
Ta co :
G t2
t 1 C1
3. Lng hi can thiet (nhien lieu) e boc hi :
Q
s
Trong o :
D : lng hi (Kg)
s
: an nhiet cua hi [Kcal/Kg]
Nhiet ton that ra moi trng xung quanh phu thuoc vao chat lng cua chat
cach nhiet, thng lay t 3 10% so vi lng hi dung.
4. Ton that nhiet.
a. Ton that nhiet do iem soi tang cao :
Di anh sang nhat nh dung dch ng co iem soi cao hn so vi nc (o
tang ph iem). Nhiet o tang cao o goi la o tang nhiet o soi va t le thuan vi
nong o chat kho ( ' ).
cac ap lc dung dch khac vi ap lc thng
so hieu chnh ta co :
' co sai khac mot t; Goi f la he
' =
.f
Trong o :
' : o tang nhiet o soi ap lc bat ly.

a
: o tang nhiet o soi ap lc thng.
f : he so hieu chnh.
Tr so f co quan he en nhiet o soi cua nc nguyen chat va nhiet lng rieng
cua hi ap lc boc hi a biet.
T2
0,003872
r
T : nhiet o tuyet oi cua hi th [oK]

r : nhiet lng rieng cua hi th J/Kg
' = 0,003872
T2
r
b. Ton that tnh ap :

La ton that do cot ap lc trong noi gay nen.
-
di ay cot nc cao 1 m chu them 1 AS la 0,1 Kg/cm2.

(1 Kg/cm2 = 105 N/m2)
(1 KG = 9,81
10 N; 1 Kg/cm2 = 10N / 10-4 m2 = 105 N/m2)
Neu mat che 60oBx (d = 1,289) th di 1 m chu them 1 AS la :

0,1 . 1,289 = 0,1289.
Neu AS chan khong la 660 mmHg th tren be mat dung dch chu 1 ap suat tuyet
oi 0,136 Kg/Cm2 (at), do o cach be mat 1 m chu 1 ap lc la :
0,136 Kg/cm2 + 0,1289 Kg/cm2 = 0,265 Kg/cm2, va nh the :
-
iem soi tren be mat dung dch la 51,5oC.
iem soi cach be mat dung dch 1 m la 65,8 oC, tc la tang 14o3 ( ttnh ap =
14o3)
nc boc hi thng sinh hien tng qua nhiet ay.
c. Ton that ng ong :

Do tr lc ng ong gay nen
V2 l
. Hi th t hieu trc en hieu sau qua
2g d
ng ong gia 2 hieu chu anh hng cua tr lc

toC giam. Da vao thc nghiem
ngi ta o c ton that ng ong gia cac hieu t 1 1,5oC.
d. Tong ton that nhiet :
tong
'
tnh ap
ng ong
4.2. S o cong nghe he thong boc hi nhieu noi lien tuc-xuoi chieu:
Nc ma sau khi lam sach c un nong en nhiet o soi tng ng vi
nhiet o soi noi so 1.
Nc ma t chay t noi 1 en noi cuoi do s chenh lech ap suat gia cac noi.
Hnh 4.1. S h thng c c nhiu ni xui chiu

Noi 1 c un nong bi hi xa cua turbine may phat ien va turbine may ep va
mot phan hi giam ap c lay trc tiep t lo hi. Noi nay lam viec trong ieu kien ap
lc. Noi cuoi lam viec ap suat chan khong t 620 650 mmHg. Cac noi con lai lam
viec trong ieu kien ap suat chan khong tang dan t au en cuoi. Chan khong cua
noi cuoi c tao bi thap ngng tu va bm chan khong (goi chung la he thong tao
chan khong).
Do cach phan bo ap suat nh vay nen nhiet o soi cua dung dch trong noi trc
luon ln hn so vi noi sau nen co the s dung hi th noi trc lam hi ot cho noi
sau e tiet kiem nang lng.
ong lc cua he thong la s chenh lech ap suat gia hi ot noi 1 va hi th noi

cuoi. Ap suat cua cac noi trung gian phu thuoc vao kha nang truyen nhiet gia cac
noi.
Li dung hi th :
Trong san xuat ng ngoai viec dung hi th noi trc cap cho noi sau ngi
ta con trch ra mot lng e nau ng, gia nhiet, ly tam va loc Lng hi o c
goi la hi chiet.
Tong lng hi tieu hao c tnh theo cong thc :
Bx1
Bx 2
G 1
4.3. S phan bo ap suat tren mat thoang dung dch cac noi
Bang thc nghiem ngi ta rut ra c quy luat phan bo ap suat trong cac bnh
co ac nh sau:
P1
Phd
P1
P2
P1
P2
P3
P2
P3
P4
P3
P4
11
P
40
10,3
P
40
9,7
P
40
9
P
40
4.4. Tnh toan lng hi tieu hao:

Cong thc tnh lng hi tieu hao cua he boc hi nhieu bnh :
Gia thiet :
-
Dung dch cho vao boc hi trang thai soi.
Bo qua s t boc cua dung dch khi chay sang cac hieu sau.
Bo qua ton that nhiet do bc xa.
Th : Lng hi can thiet e un soi nc ng c tnh bang lng nc boc

hi cua hieu I D = W1.
. D : lng hi tieu hao e un soi dung dch nc ma noi I
cap cho toan he hoat ong.
-
lng hi cung
Neu hieu I co hut E1 kg hi th th lng nc boc len hieu II se la :

W2 = D1 E1
hieu II co hut hi th E2 th lng nc boc len hieu 3 se la:

W3 = W2 E2
= D1 E1 E2
Va nh vay lng nc boc hi bnh th n se la:

Wn = D1 E 1 - E 2 - -En-1
Tong lng nc boc hi n bnh la:
W =
D
Wi = n D (n 1) E1 (n 2) E2 - - EnW
( n 1) E1
(n
2) E 2
...
En 1
Lng nc boc hi hieu cuoi la:

Wn
E1
2E 2
...
n
(n
1) En
Vdu:
W5
E1
2E 2
5
3E 3
4E 4
4.5. Chon phng an boc hi Thiet b boc hi chan khong:

S phan bo ap suat tren mat thoang cua dung dch moi hieu (ap suat hi th)
phu thuoc vao 2 yeu to:
- Ap suat chan khong hi th hieu cuoi cung: tr so nay chu yeu phu thuoc vao
ieu kien thiet b tao chan khong. Neu he thong tao chan khong tot, o kn cua he
thong boc hi, tr lc thoat nc ngng tu nho th ap suat chan khong hi th hieu
cuoi cung co the len en 700 mmHg.
-Ap suat hi ot cua buong ot hieu 1: tr so nay cang cao th kha nang lam viec
(s truyen nhiet) cang tot. Tuy nhien khi o nhiet o soi cua dung dch trong hieu 1
se vt qua tr so cho phep. Do o nen chon gia tr ap suat hi ot sao cho nhiet o
hi th hieu 1 nho hn 105 oC.
ng vi o chenh lech tong cong ( P) va s phan bo ap suat gia cac hieu ta
xac nh c ap suat hi ot va hi th cua moi hieu.
Hieu so nhiet o co ch cua moi hieu > 8 o C.
4.5.1 Phng an nhiet cua he boc hi:

Van e s dung nhiet cua he boc hi nha may ng rat quan trong. S dung
hi th mot cach thch ang co the giam lng hi tieu hao, nh o giam gia thanh
san pham.
Lng hi tieu hao nha may ng kha cao, thng khoang 70 % (so vi
trong lng ma ep). Trong khi o neu co phng an hp ly co the giam xuong con
42 44%.
Tram boc hi la trung tam cua he thong nhiet toan nha may, la he thong tng
oi phc tap. Viec xac nh nhng nguyen tac cua phng an boc hi khong ch xet
en yeu cau cong nghe san xuat ng ma con phai chu y nhng ieu kien sau ay:
-
Viec bo tr he thong nhiet ien.
S dung hi thai cua turbine va hi th hp ly.
Toc o ong can trong cac thiet b thao tac.
Hien nay ngi ta chia lam 3 phng an boc hi:

a) Phng an boc hi chan khong:
He boc hi co t 3 en 5 hieu, lam viec trong ieu kien chan khong va khong
hut hi th hieu cuoi v nhiet o hi th thap. Phng an nay c s dung trong cac
nha may ng cu, ch dung ba ma e ot lo nen ap lc cua lo hi tng oi thap.
u iem: phng an nay tan dung c toan bo hi thai, nang cao hieu suat s
dung nhiet. Ngoai ra phng an nay con tranh c s phan giai ng kh va
caramen hoa, thao tac quan ly de dang.
Nhc iem:
-
Nhiet o hi th thap khong ap ng yeu cau s dung hi chiet.
Hi th hieu cuoi cho vao thiet b ngng tu tang ton that hi.
Do ap lc hi gia nhiet thap nen dien tch truyen nhiet phai tang len khi s
dung hi th lam hi ot.
b) Phng an boc hi ap lc:
ac iem cua phng an nay la hieu cuoi cua he boc hi lam viec trong ieu
kien ap lc.
u iem:
-
Nhiet o hi th cao, giam dien tch truyen nhiet cua cac buong nhiet.
Ch can thiet b ngng tu nho e khi ong boc hi.
Nhc iem:
-
Mau sac nc ma am, pH giam nhieu do nhiet o cao RS b phan giai va

carmen hoa.
Khi san xuat neu hut hi th khong bnh thng se tao hien tng xa hi lam
lng hi tieu hao tang len ong thi kho duy tr on nh cac ieu kien boc
hi (nong o mat che khong on nh).
c) Phng an boc hi ap lc- chan khong:

ac iem cua phng an la hieu 1 (hoac hai hieu au) lam viec trong ieu kien
ap lc con cac hieu sau lam viec trong ieu kien ap suat chan khong tang dan.
Phng phap nay tong hoa u nhc iem cua hai phng phap noi tren.
4.5.2 Nguyen tac chon phng an boc hi:

e chon phng an boc hi hp ly can lu y en nhng nguyen tac sau ay:
a) Thoa man yeu cau cong nghe san xuat ng:
-
Nong o mat che at yeu cau.
Khong lam phan giai RS va tao caramen.
b) S dung hi thai va hi th hp ly, giam lng hi tieu hao.

c) Von au t thiet b: bao gom cac yeu to sau:
- So hieu boc hi.
- He thong tao chan khong.
- Dien tch truyen nhiet va he thong thoat nc ngng tu.
Kch thc buong nhiet (dien tch truyen nhiet) phu thuoc vao s phan bo ap
suat trong cac hieu boc hi hay noi cach khac la s phan bo hieu so nhiet o co ch
trong cac hieu.
d) ieu kien thao tac phai on nh:
e am bao thao tac van hanh he thong c de dang th viec s dung hi

chiet phai on nh. Chan khong he thong co on nh th nhiet o soi cua dung dch
trong cac hieu boc hi mi khong thay oi, va s chay cua dung dch t trc ra sau
mi c de dang.
Theo kinh nghiem, lng hi th cap cho nau ng ch nen 6070% tong lng
hi cap cho nau ng (3040% con lai s dung hi thai).
4.5.3 Thao tac va khong che boc hi:
Trong qua trnh boc hi van e chu yeu la bao am he so truyen nhiet. Muon
vay, can lu y en nhng van e sau:
a) Khong che o chan khong va ap lc hi ot:
Ap lc hi ot cang cao th dung dch soi cang manh. Tuy nhien, neu ap suat
hi ot hieu 1 qua cao se dan en nhiet o soi cac hieu tang cao va phng an boc
hi se chuyen dan sang hng ap lc.
Ap suat chan khong hi th cang cao th dung dch soi nhiet o cang thap.
Tuy nhien, neu chan khong cao qua se anh hng en s oi lu va truyen nhiet
trong cac hieu.
b) Khong che o cao mat dung dch:
e khong che hien tng chay ng can khong che o cao mat dung dch.
Khi hieu so nhiet o co ch ln, toc o boc hi tang can duy tr on nh o cao cua cot
dung dch trong cac hieu.
Neu o cao cua cot dung dch qua ln th m to van nc ma ra mot t.
Trong trng hp chan khong hai hieu lien nhau sai khac khong ln nc ma kho
chay t hieu trc sang hieu sau th m to van nc ma ra va ieu chnh chan khong
hieu trc nho hn hieu sau.
Trng hp ap lc hi ot hieu 1 ln, nhiet o cao ma nc ma vao hieu 1
cham lam nc ma co mau sam va nhiet o hieu 2 tang, giam o chan khong anh
hng ti boc hi th can ong nho van hi ot, cho vao mot t nc che e khoi phuc
trang thai bnh thng.
Trng hp nong o che ra khoi he thong khong at yeu cau th ong nho van
nc ma vao, m to van hi ot e tang hieu nang boc hi.
c) Thoat nc ngng tu:
Viec thoat nc ngng tu co lien quan chat che en toc o boc hi. Neu nc
ngng tu khong thoat tot se ong lai trong buong ot lam giam dien tch truyen nhiet
va toc o boc hi giam.
d) Thoat kh khong ngng:

S ton tai cua kh khong ngng trong buong ot lam giam he so truyen nhiet,
anh hng en toc o boc hi. Do o, can xa kh khong ngng lien tuc.
4.5.4 Bien oi hoa hoc trong qua trnh boc hi:
a) Chuyen hoa ng sacc.
Trong qua trnh boc hi mot so chat khong ng b phan giai thanh cac acid
lam pH dung dch giam. nhiet o tng oi cao sacc. B chuyen hoa gay ton that
ng.
So hieu
Thi gian boc hi, ph
Nhiet o ,oC
Pol,%
Ton that, %
112
10
0,0190
105
15
0,0155
12
95
25
0,0102
17
68
50
0,0045
b) S phan huy sacc. va lam tang o mau cua dung dch:

Di tac dung cua nhiet o cao sacc. co the b caramen. Lng caramen phu
thuoc vao nhiet o, thi gian truyen nhiet va pH dung dch. Va du rat t cung anh
hng en mau sac cua dung dch.
c) S tao can trong thiet b boc hi:
Thanh phan can trong hieu 1 cha nhieu phosphat va cac chat hu c hn so
vi hieu cuoi. Khong thay can Sulfat trong hieu au.
Thanh phan can trong hieu au cha nhieu magie hn canxi nhng hieu cuoi
cha nhieu canxi hn magie.
Can hieu cuoi ran chac kho thong ra do cha nhieu muoi Sulfat con can
hieu 1 tng oi xop v cha nhieu muoi phosphat.
Theo nghien cu: neu toc o boc hi cang nhanh, s tuan hoan cang manh th
lng can cang t.
c) o tinh khiet tang cao:
o tinh khiet se tang len trong qua trnh boc hi nc ma. Mc o tang nhieu
hay t phu thuoc vao phng phap lam sach.
Vi phng phap voi AP tang 0,71,0 %.
Vi phng phap sulfit hoa 0,81,0 %.

Vi phng phap carbonat hoa 0,20,5%.
o tinh khiet tang cao la do nhng nguyen nhan sau:
- Chat khong ng b phan huy: Do s phan huy acid amin va muoi carbonat sinh
ra CO2 va NH3 lam AP tang khoang 0,1.
- S tao can trong thiet b co ac. C 2000 tan nc che th co 1 tan can, khi tao
can th mot phan chat kho chuyen thanh chat ran khong tan, lam Bx giam.
-Do RS b phan huy nen kha nang triet tieu goc quay cc cua ng giam, lam AP
tang len. S tang nay la tang gia ch khong phai tang that.
5.5 Thiet b boc hi chan khong:
Thiet b co cau tao gom 2phan:
-
Buong ot: la ni cap nhiet cho dung dch soi, la khoang khong gian c
gii han bi be mat ben trong cua vo hnh tru, hai mat v ong, mat ngoai cua
cac ong truyen nhiet va ong trung tam. Ben trong co bo tr cac vac h ngan
hi, ong dan hi ot
Buong boc: la khoang khong gian e boc hi nc che. Buong boc nam tren
buong ot co bo tr bo phan thu hoi pha tren chop va lap knh quan sat.
Ngoai ra con co cac bo phan phu nh ng ong dan nc ngng tu; ong xa kh
khong ngng; ong nc ra; van xa ay; ong dan nguyen lieu vao & ra; ong hi th,
ap ke
Nguyen ly lam viec: nc che theo ong dan nguyen lieu vao di ay va
c phan bo eu khap cac ong truyen nhiet, chuyen ong t di len. Dung dch
nhan nhiet va soi len tao thanh hon hp long hi co t trong nho hn, chuyen dan
len tren cang luc cang manh. Khi len buong boc, pha hi c tach ra va thoa t len
tren (theo ng ong dan hi th) con pha long co t trong ln b hut ve trung tam cua
thiet b, theo ong trung tam thoat ra ngoai e vao hieu ke tiep
N-1 O ng hi
N-2 O ng truyen nhie t
N-3 Xa kh kho ng ngng
N-4 O ng hi th
N-5 Xa nc ngng tu
N-6
Xa soude
N-7
N c che ra
N-8
N c ma vao
N-9 Thu hoii nc che

N-10 Bo thu hoi
N-11 Chao ngan gio t
N-12 C a nhi chui
N-13 Pheu chnh mc che
N-14 Ta m hng dong
N-15 Knh quan sat
CAU HOI ON TAP

Cau 1:
Hay trnh bay cu the muc ch cua qua trnh co ac (boc hi) nc ma ?
Cau 2:
Mot he thong boc hi 4 hieu co cac so lieu nh sau:
- Suat lng che vao 100 tan/gi.
- Bx che vao = 15; Bx che ra = 60.
Hay xac nh nong o (Bx) che ra khoi tng hieu, gia thiet rang lng nc boc hi
cac hieu la nh nhau.
CHNG 5.
KET TINH NG
Nc che sau khi co ac co nong o 5560 Bx goi la mat che. Lng nc con
khoang 3540 % can tiep tuc co ac trong ieu kien chan khong e a mat che en
o qua bao hoa nhat nh va tinh the xuat hien. Cong oan nay goi la nau ng hoac
ket tinh ng.
Trong qua trnh tinh the hnh thanh va ln dan ngi cong nhan van hanh can
nam vng cac yeu to nh thuan o, nong o, ap lc, nhiet o e co the khong che
qua trnh theo y muon. Mat khac, nau trong thiet b chan khong e co nhiet o soi thap
han che tac dung xau en chat lng va mau sac cua che.
5.1. C s ly thuyet qua trnh ket tinh ng:

5.1.1. Cac khai niem:
5.1.1.1 o hoa tan:
ng saccaroz khong hoa tan trong cac dung moi nh dau hoa, benzen, con
tuyet oi, glyxerin khan; tan hu han trong con thc pham, phenol,acetat etyl va de
hoa tan trong nc. Khi nhiet o tan th o hoa tan tang.
o hoa tan cua ng con tuy thuoc vao tap chat co trong dung dch ng. Co
tap chat lam tang o hoa tan cua ng, co tap chat lam giam o hoa tan cua ng.
o hoa tan cua ng c bieu th bang so g ng tan trong 1 g nc cua
dung dch bao hoa tai mot nhiet o nhat nh. oi vi dung dch ng tinh khiet, o hoa
tan c ky hieu la Ho .
5.1.1.2. He so bao hoa ( ):
La t so gia o hoa tan cua ng saccaroz trong dung dch ng khong nguyen
chat (H) va o hoa tan cua dung dch ng nguyen chat (H o), cung mot nhiet o.
Hay = H/Ho.
Phan tap chat trong dung dch ng co anh hng en o hoa tan cuang, do
o, co anh hng en he so bao hoa ( ):
-
Neu >1: tap chat lam giam o hoa tan cua ng.
Neu = 1: tap chat khong anh hng en o hoa tan cua ng.
Neu < 1: tap chat lam tang o hoa tan cua ng.
Vay la ai lng anh gia mc o bao hoa cua cac dung dch ng so vi
dung dch ng tinh khiet.
5.1.1.3. He so qua bao hoa ( ):
La yeu to quan trong oi vi qua trnh ket tinh ng.
La t so gia lng ng tan trong 1 phan nc cua dung dch nghien cu (H1)
vi lng ng tan trong 1 phan nc cua dung dch bao hoa (H) cung nhiet o. Hay
= H1/H.
Vay ai lng
cho ta biet lng ng co trong dung dch la nhieu hn hay t
hn lng ng co trong dung dch bao hoa cung nhiet o.

-
Neu
< 1: dung dch cha bao hoa.
Neu
= 1: dung dch ang bao hoa.
Neu
> 1: dung dch qua bao hoa.
oi vi dung dch ng nguyen chat th H 1 = Ho nen co the tra bang cua Ho e tm tr

so cua H1. Do thc hien H1 kho khan nen trong thc te ngi ta van dung tr so tra bang
cua Ho the cho H1 va ta co he so qua bao hoa quan sat ( 1).
1
= H/Ho.
Moi quan he gia he so qua baa hoa thc ( ) va he so qua bao hoa quan sat ( 1):
1
= .
5.2. Qua trnh ket tinh:

5.2.1 nh ngha:
Qua trnh ket tinh la qua trnh tach chat ran hoa tan trong dung dch da tren s
chuyen oi trang thai t hoa tan sang qua bao hoa.
5.2.2 Nguyen ly:
e a dung dch t trang thai hoa tan sang qua bao hoa co the tien hanh bang hai
cach:
- Gi nhiet o dung dch khong oi va tang dan nong o. Thc chat la qua trnh co
ac dung dch hay con goi la nau ng (con ng so 1).
- Nong o dung dch khong oi nhng giam dan nhiet o. Thc chat la qua trnh ket
tinh lanh hay con goi la boi tinh (con ng so 2).
T
lng
ng/
nc
A1
A2
t0C
T gian o ket tinh ta thay con ng ket tinh tach dung moi ngan hn, ieu nay phu
thuoc vao o hoa tan cua tng loai chat tan. oi vi nhng chat co o hoa tan t thay oi
theo nhiet o (nh ng saccaroz) th ngi ta chon phng phap ket tinh tach dung
moi.
Trong san xuat ng ngi ta ket tinh ng bang ca hai nguyen ly tien hanh hai
cong oan khac nhau: au tien tien hanh co ac chan khong (nau ng), sau o ket
tinh lanh (boi tinh).
5.2.3 Dien bien qua trnh:
Qua trnh ket tinh gom hai giai oan chu yeu:
- Giai oan hnh thanh nhan tinh the: cac phan t ng trong dung dch qua bao hoa
tap trung lai roi phan bo len mang hnh thanh nhan tinh the.
- Giai oan phat trien nhan tinh the: cac phan t ng khuech tan len be mat tinh
the san co lam nhan hat ng ln len.
Giai oan mot tien hanh nhanh hn giai oan hai nen toc o qua trnh c xem nh
toc o giai oan hai.
5.2.4 o th qua bao hoa cua saccaroza:

(T
lng
ng/
nc)
Vung bien ong
> 1,3
Vung trung gian
Vung on nh
t0C
Da tren o th trang thai cua dung dch qua bao hoa cua saccaroza ngi ta chia thanh
ba vung qua bao hoa:
- Vung on nh: (con goi la vung qua bao hoa thap)
= 1,10 1.15
Vung nay ch cho phep tinh the ln len ma khong xuat hien tinh the mi.
- Vung qua bao hoa trung gian:
= 1.20
1.25.
Trong vung nay ngoai viec tinh the ln len con co s xuat hien mot so mam tinh the
mi.
- Vung bien ong:
> 1.3
Trong vung nay tinh the saccaroza xuat hien t do ma khong can tao mam hoac
kch thch. Tinh the cung co ln len nhng khong ang ke.
Trong qua trnh san xuat ngi ta khong che
< 1,3 e tranh tao thanh tinh the
dai.
5.2.5 ong hoc qua trnh:
Theo nghien cu cua tac gia Silin ( mot khoa hoc gia nganh ng), khi dung dch a
co mam tinh the th xung quanh no luon c bao boc bi mot lp dung dch khong
chuyen ong, con goi la dung dch yen lang.
sat be mat tinh the co nong o c, do cac phan t ng ngay o a ket tinh len be
mat tinh the nen goi c la nong o bao hoa cua dung dch yen lang.
Cach be mat tinh the mot khoang d la dung dch qua bao hoa co nong o C, ay la
nong o qua bao hoa do s co ac tao ra.
Hieu so nong o (C-c) c goi la gradien nong o, la ong lc cua qua trnh ket tinh,
tc la ong lc khuech tan cac phan t ng len be mat tinh the. Do o co the noi:
Toc o ket tinh la toc o khuech tan cac phan t ng len mang li tinh the.
5.2.6 Toc o ket tinh:
Toc o ket tinh la lng ng ket tinh len 1 m2 be mat tinh the trong 1 phut.
Theo Kukharenko lng ng ket tinh S trong dung dch qua bao hoa la:
S = K.F.
Trong o:
la thi gian ket tinh; F: dien tch be mat tinh the; K: toc o ket tinh.
Theo Fick, toc o ket tinh K t le vi hieu so nong o (C-c) va t le nghch vi chieu day d
cua lp dung dch yen lang (lp film khuech tan):
K
k1
(C
c)
d
Theo Einstein, he so khuech tan k1 phu thuoc vao nhiet o tuyet oi va o nht cua moi
k1
trng:
Thay vao cong thc tren ta co:
(C
c )T
.d
Cong thc nay cho thay toc o ket tinh phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to va qua trnh nay
thc chat la s khuech tan ng len be mat tinh the
5.3. Cac yeu to anh hng en toc o ket tinh:

Co the noi cac yeu to anh hng en toc o ket tinh bao ham cac ai lng trong
bieu thc tnh toc o ket tinh. o la:
a) He so qua bao hoa:
Ta biet toc o ket tinh phu thuoc vao hieu so (C-c) tc la phu thuoc hieu so nong
o qua bao hoa va bao hoa tng ng.
Do o toc o ket tinh t le vi he so qua bao hoa. Tuy nhien neu he so qua bao hoa tang
cao se lam xuat hien nguy tinh va kem theo viec tang o nht lam anh hng en toc
o ket tinh.
Trong qua trnh nuoi tinh neu khong sinh nhng tinh the ra t nho va oi lu tot th viec
tang he so qua bao hoa co li cho viec ket tinh.
Theo Classen, trong qua trnh ket tinh ng neu mat che co o thuan khiet cao th
duy tr = 1 1,2; neu mat che co o thuan khiet thap th duy tr =1 1,3.
b) o nht:
T cong thc tren ta thay K t le nghch vi o nht v o nht tang th tr lc
khuech tan ln gay tr ngai cho viec ket tinh.
c) Nhiet o:
Toc o ket tinh t le vi nhiet o v nhiet o tang th o nht giam, co li cho ket tinh.
Kukharenko nghien cu toc o ket tinh cua dung dch ng nguyen chat thay rang
khi nhiet o tang 10 o th toc o ket tinh tang 2 lan ( trong cung mot ieu kien qua bao
hoa nh nhau). Tuy nhien, oi vi dung dch ng nguyen chat th toc o ket tinh ln
nhat se ng vi mot nhiet o nhat nh. Nhiet o nay phu thuoc vao thanh phan dung
dch.
tC
20
30
40
50
60
70
0,42
1,30
2,1
5,4
13,3
30
Trong qua trnh ket tinh neu nhiet o tang cao lam tang ton that ng va mau sac
dung dch, do o can nau ng trong ieu kien chan khong e khac phuc nhc iem
tren.
d) o tinh khiet:
o AP thap toc o ket tinh cham chu yeu do tap chat nhieu lam tang o nht. Mat
khac trong thanh phan chat phi ng neu co nhng chat hoat tnh manh se lam tr
ngai ket tinh. Chat nay hap phu len be mat tinh the lam giai oan 2 tien hanh kho khan.
Theo nghien cu, 70oC toc o ket tinh phu thuoc vao AP nh sau:
K 100%
> K 92%
2 lan
K 100%
> K 80%
5 10 lan
K 100%
> K 70%
30 35 lan
e) S oi lu cua dung dch trong thiet b ket tinh (s khuay tron):

Toc o ket tinh K t le vi he so qua bao hoa cua dung dch. He so nay do s truyen
nhiet (boc hi) tao ra. Do vay, muon bao am he so truyen nhiet can phai oi lu tot
dung dch trong thiet b, mat khac tranh chay ng.
Toc o ket tinh K t le nghch vi d ma d ph thuoc vao toc o chuyen ong cua tinh
the trong dung dch. S chuyen ong cua tinh the cang ln th d cang nho, co li cho ket
tinh. Mat khac, neu khong khuay tron th tinh the se lang xuong ay thiet b lamng b
von cuc lp di va toc o ket tinh giam. Tuy nhien, neu khuay nhanh qua co the bao
mon tinh the va lam gay canh khuay.
5.4. Phng phap nau ng:

Co hai phng phap nau ng: phng phap nau gian oan va phng phap nau
lien tuc. Phng phap nau gian oan hien nay c s dung rong rai cac nha may
ng con phng phap nau lien tuc ch s dung khau ket tinh ng tho cua mot so
nha may hien ai nh nha may ng tho Tay Ninh (Bien Hoa 2), nha may ng
Bourbon
5.4.1. Phng phap nau gian oan:

5.4.1.1. Co ac nguyen lieu:
Giai oan nay cho nguyen lieu nh siro, mat con cha bao hoa vao no i tien
hanh co ac dung dch, a dung dch trang thai qua bao hoa can thiet, tao ieu kien
khi tinh. Trc het hut siro vao noi cho en khi thay bot siro ngap qua buong gia nhiet
t t m van hi vao, tien hanh gia nhiet boc hi roi lai lan lt cho nguyen lieu vao, va
cho vao va co ac, nh vay va bao am c yeu cau co ac ma khoi siro trong noi
luon ngap buong nhiet, bao am dung dch tuan hoan tot va khong b chay ng,
khong b chan khong hut.
Nhiem vu quan ly nau ng giai oan nay la phat huy het hieu nang boc hi e rut
ngan thi gian co ac, muon the phai khong che o chan khong tng oi cao vacung
cap hi ay u e truyen nhiet nhanh boc hi chong. Cac nguyen lieu cho vao can co
nhiet o cao hn nhiet o trong noi t 3 en 5 o e khi vao boc hi ngay khong anh
hng en s soi cua dung dch trong noi.
Trong giai oan nay can chu y nhng viec sau:
- Khi nguyen lieu con loang (Bx thap) th khong nen cho vao qua nhanh (khong nen
m van to) e phong mat ng ra chan khong.
- Trong mat co nhng hat cat nho phai hoa tan bang nc nong e tr nhng hat
tinh xau trong ng non.
- Thng xuyen chu y lng mat con lai trong thung cha e tranh tnh trang hut
thung khong tc lng khong kh chui theo vao lam giam ot ngot chan khong, hoac
gay hien tng ng theo ong chan khong ra ngoai.
- Kiem tra nong o trong noi bang cach:
. Quan sat o chiet quang.
. Xem knh nhn cua noi nau, quan sat tnh hnh oi lu cua dung dch ng
nhanh hay cham e phan oan.
. Lay mau ra xem e biet ac hay long (tren knh).
5.4.1.2 Khi tinh (gay mam):
Muc ch giai oan nay la lam xuat hien nhng mam tinh the ong eu, cng. Hat tinh
nay dung lam giong e nau cac loai ng non. Sau ay la mot so phng phap khi
tinh chu yeu:
a) Phng phap khi tinh t nhien:

Khi siro co ac en he so qua bao hoa tng oi cao ( khoang 1,4) th van tiep tuc
boc hi lam cho tinh the ng saccaroza t xuat hien. Khi co c so lng mam yeu
cau th cho nc nong hoac mot lng nguyen lieu loang vao e lam giam o qua bao
hoa, khong cho hnh thanh them mot lng mam na tc la bat au co nh tinh the.
Tac dung cua co tinh la mot mat co nh lng tinh the, mat khac lam cho cac hat tinh
the con nho, yeu tr nen cng va hap phu tot nhng phan t ng trong mau dch
c ay u.
Co tinh bang mat loang hay nc nong noi chung tren di 3 lan, phng phap o
cu the nh the nao con da vao kinh nghiem e khong che.
Phng phap khi tinh t nhien oi hoi ngi cong nhan nau ng phai co kinh
nghiem mi nam vng c o qua bao hoa va so lng hat tinh ( so lng mam) ma
keo dai thi gian khi tinh v cang keo dai th hat tinh cang khong ong eu nhau: hat
ket tinh trc th ln, ran, hat ra sau th nho, mem. Do vay neu cha vng th keo dai
thi gian kho x ly.
Luc gay mam tinh the thng rat nho, mam tinh the thng co o dai moi hat t
0,002 0,01 mm (chiem 80% tong lng mam). Sau khi co nh tinh the phan ln o dai
hat 0,008 0,03 mm, van con rat nho. Qua trnh co nh tinh the keo dai chng 35 phut
e o dai bnh quan cua hat tinh ln hn 0,14 mm.
Neu dung phng phap kch thch hoac t nhien th lng mam qua nhieu, phai
dung nc ha thap hniem bao hoa ee hoa tan bt mot phan mam e at so lng
tinh the can thiet.
Phng phap nay noi chung kho khong che so lng mam nh y muon va kch
thc hat khong ong eu nen hien nay t dung.
b) Phng phap khi tinh kch thch:
Khi co ac siro en o qua bao hoa 1,2
1,3 th dung nhng tac nhan ben ngoai
e kch thch tinh the xuat hien: nang cao o chan khong cho nhiet o giam thap, giam
o hoa tan cua ng sacc., nh o o qua bao hoa tang cao ot ngot lam xuat hien
tinh the; cho vao dung dch qua bao hoa mot lng bot giong th dung dch se t xuat
hien mot loat hat mi; s dung chan ong c hoc, song sieu am e kch thch
Phng phap nay so vi phng phap khi tinh t nhien co tien bo hn mot bc
v phan t ng sacc. sau khi b kch thch se ket tinh ra rat nhanh. V vay co the rut
ngan thi gian ket tinh va mam cung tng oi eu nhau. Sau khi thay so lng mam a
ay u th tien hanh co nh tinh the.
Trong qua trnh thao tac cung can chu y nhng iem nh: khong che chan khong,
ap suat hi vao, toc o va nhiet o nc vao, am bao tuan hoan, theo doi nong o
mau dch v.v e tranh xuat hien nhng tinh the mi.
c) Phng phap tinh chung:
Gom nhieu phng phap:
- Khi tinh bo bot giong (gieo mam): khac vi 2 phng phap noi tren tinh the
ng sacc. khong phai t nhien xuat hien hoac kch thch xuat hien ma a lng mam
(a chuan b san) t ben ngoai vao nuoi thanh tinh the ng non. Khi dung dch ng
co ac en o qua bao hoa khoang 1,1 th cho mot lng nhat nh bot ng vao. Do
dung dch ng luc nay at c trang thai qua bao hoa on nh nen khong lam xuat
hien tinh the mi trong dung dch ma hat ng cung khong b hoa tan. Cho nen lng
bot ng cho vao tr thanh nhng hat trung tam thu hut nhng phan ng trong mau
dch va ln len thanh tinh the.
Sau o cho nc nong vao co nh tinh the roi mi cho mat hoac siro vao.
Phng phap nay co nhieu u iemnh co the khong che so lng mam nh y muon,
kch thc hat tng oi ong eu, co the da vao ong ho may moc e theo doi tnh
toan. Phng phap nay tien hanh trong nhng ieu kien nhat nh (chan khong, nhiet
o, ap suat hi) va c s dung pho bien cac nha may ng.
- Khi tinh bang cach phan cat: dung phng phap khi tinh nh tren nhng nau
mot noi vi lng giong gap 2,3 lan roi chia ra lam 2 hoac 3 noi, ma khong can noi nao
cung phai khi tinh. Sau khi phan cat xong lai cho nguyen lieu vao va tien hanh nuoi
tinh mot cach bnh thng. Phng phap phan cat nay giam bt so lan khi tinh tiet
kiem c th gian dung noi va thao tac khong che cung de. Noi chung c ap dung
nhieu.
- Phng phap ng ho: la dung ng cap thap (ng B,C) hon hp vi siro
thanh ng ho co Bx = 90 92 dung lam giong nau ng non A ma khong can khi
tinh trc tiep.
Khi nong o dung dch at ti qua bao hoa ( = 1 1.1) th hut mot lng ng
ho nhat nh vao e lam giong, sau o tiep tuc cho nguyen lieu vao e nuoi tinh. Nh
vay tiet kiem c nhieu thi gian dung noi, thao tac lai thuan li, de dang. Tuy nhien ve
mat pham chat th chat lng ng kem hn v nhan trung tam la do ng cap thap
lam thanh. Neu yeu cau chat lng cao th phng phap nay khong thch hp.
5.4.1.3 Nuoi tinh:

Muc ch la em tinh the sau khi a co nh nuoi cho ln len nhanh chong va at yeu
cau hat ng eu cng, phan ng lay ra c nhieu, hieu suat ket tinh cao.
Thong thng trong qua trnh nuoi tinh van phai tien hanh chnh ly nhng hat bui
khong can thiet. Dung nc nong hoac nguyen lieu e hoa tan. Tuy nhien can chu y
khong lam tan nhng tinh the san co lam lang ph hi, keo dai thi gian nau. Co the cho
nguyen lieu vao noi bang phng phap gian oan hoac lien tuc. Nau lien tuc tot hn v
cho lien tuc gi c o qua bao hoa nhat nh, khong anh hng en oi lu do o toc
o ket tinh nhanh va tranh c ngu tinh.
Gian oan cho nguyen lieu vao tc co ac dung dch siro trong noi en han nh
nao o roi cho siro vao lam loang va lam giam o qua bao hoa, lai co ac roi c tiep tuc
nh vay. Do o toc o ket tinh khi cao khi thap khong on nh. Thng phan oan nau
nc 2,3 lan. oi vi nguyen lieu co o thuan khiet thap can tien hanh nau nc nhieu
lan hn.
Trong qua trnh nuoi tinh chu yeu phai:
- Khong che thch hp o qua bao hoa cua ng non (kiem tra bang nong o) e
ay manh toc o ket tinh, ong thi khong e xuat hien tinh the mi (ngu tinh). Nong
o dung dch trong giai oan nuoi tinh phai nang cao tng bc theo s tang cao cua
dung tch ng non, bi v khi dung tch ng non tang len th tinh the cung ln len
nhieu, dien tch ket tinh cung ln, hut ng sacc. vao nhieu do o lng ng trong
mau dch giam lam tr ngai ket tinh, cho nen phai co ac en nong o cao hn e lay
ng ra c nhieu.
- Khong che nong o bang cach lay mau ra quan sat. Ngoai ra, co the o o Bx
cua mau dch ( bang chiet quang ke), hoac dung may o o dan ien e biet tnh hnh
ac loang (ac th o dan ien nho; loang th o dan ien ln).
- Kiem tra ngu tinh co the dung mat thng e xem mau hoac dung knh phong
ai e quan sat.
5.4.1.4 Co ac cuoi cung:
Khi ng non nau ti dung tch quy nh, sau khi ngng cho nguyen lieu vao th
tiep tuc co ac ti nong o xa ng. Phai nang cao o qua bao hoa len tng bc.
Trc khi co ac cuoi can can c phan ng con trong mau dch nhieu hay t, tranh co
ac nhanh sinh ngu tinh. Ngoai ra, trong giai oan nay nong o ng non cang luc
cang cao, lng nc boc hi ngay cang t, v vay phai dan dan ong nho van hi e
tranh gay mau sac xau cho ng thanh pham.
Khi nong o ng non cao, o keo cung ln, tuan hoan kho khan th phai chu
trong ieu khien hi va chan khong e oi lu tot, anh hng en mau sac cua ng
non.
Khi nong o ng non at yeu cau th ngng han viec cap hi (ong van hi
ot), xa chan khong va bat au xa ng (sau khi a chuan b thung tr tinh).
5.4.2. Phng phap nau lien tuc:

Phng phap nau ng lien tuc da tren nguyen tac dung mot so buong (ngan) nau
siro, nguyen lieu tiep tuc chuyen t buong nay sang buong khac da vao ieu kien ky
thuat cua nau ng. V du buong 1 co ac en o qua bao hoa nhat nh, buong 2 gay
mam, buong 3 nuoi tinh en buong cuoi co ac cuoi cung va xa ng. Qua trnh nay
nguyen lieu la siro vao va san pham la ng non ra lien tuc.
Nh vay, van e cho la thiet ke thiet b hp ly, xuat phat t yeu cau cong nghe cua
nau ng. Do vay, thiet b nau ng can thoa man mot so yeu cau sau:
- Noi nau lien tuc can co kch thc u ln e trong mot thi gian nhat nh kch thc
tinh the co the at yeu cau. V du thi gian nau ng non A khong nho hn 1,5 2 hr.
- Noi nau chia lam nhieu phan co hnh dang khac nhau nhng moi buong can duy tr
s tuan hoan cua ng non tot e tang nhanh toc o ket tinh, he so truyen nhiet,
nguyen lieu chuyen t buong nay sang buong khac la do yeu cau cong nghe ch khong
phai chuyen ong hon loan.
- Trong buong au tien tien hanh bo bot gay mam can tien hanh he so qua bao hoa
nh the nao e thu c lng mam theo yeu cau va mam ran chac. Ham lng trong
buong o chng 10 % va cac buong sau lam the nao e khong sa n sinh tinh the mi.
d) Neu trong noi cang nhieu buong th kch thc hat ng cang ong eu nhng
qua nhieu buong th cau tao cang phc tap, nau ng khong thuan li. Do o so buong
khong can nhieu, khoang 5 buong la u: buong 1 gay mam, buong 2,3 nau va nuoi tinh,
buong 4 cho mat loang vao, buong 5 co ac cuoi cung. Buong 1,4,5 chiem 45% dung
tch toan bo, buong 2 va 3 chiem 55%.
e) Kiem soat qua trnh nau ng can phai tien hanh lien tuc va t ong hoa: buong
1 khong che o qua bao hoa 1,1 1,2 co the dung thiet b o o dan ien e xac nh.
Neu co the t ong co nh chan khong co the da vao iem soi cua siro e xac nh.
Cac buong khac duy tr co nh ham lng tinh the. Buong 2,3,4 duy tr 35%. Buong cuoi
duy tr 55%. Ham lng tinh the co the xac dnh thong qua viec o o nht cua dung
dch. Trong ng non at canh khuay co moteur, thong qua ien lng can thiet cua
moteur cung co the biet c o nht. Cung co the da vao bo phan phat ien tn hieu
e co the khong che lng nguyen lieu vao phong.
T tren, co the thaynau ng lien tuc co the khac phuc nhng nhc iem cua
phng phap gian oan, cu the nh sau:
- Lng hi tieu hao can bang, de t ong hoa tram hi va cai tien he thong nhiet
toan xng, tiet kiem nhien lieu.
- o chan khong on nh, khong co s dao ong chan khong luc bat au nau hoac
ngng nau.
-
Tiet kiem thi gian phu, nang cao nang suat thiet b.
Giam nhe cng o lao ong cua cong nhan.
Tieu chuan hoa c ky thuat nau ng.
5.5. Tnh toan phoi lieu cho nau ng:

a) Tnh khoi lng (chat kho) cua nguyen lieu co AP cao va khoi lng (chat kho)
cua nguyen lieu co AP thap theo khoi lng (chat kho) cua ng non can nau:
Goi:
Q1 la o tinh khiet cua nguyen lieu co AP cao.
Q2 la o tinh khiet cua nguyen lieu co AP thap.
Qo la o tinh khiet cua ng non can nau.
Q1
X = Qo Q2 / Q1 Q2 : KL (CK) nguyen lieu co AP cao

Qo
Q2
Y = Q1 Qo / Q1 Q2: KL (CK) nguyen lieu co AP thap.
V du: phoi lieu mat che co tinh o AP = 78 vi mat ra A co AP = 60 e co 15 tan giong

C co AP = 68.
Siro
KL (ck) siro: X= (68-62/78-62).15= 5,625 tan.
AP=78
Giong C
AP=68
A ra
AP=62
KL (ck) mat A ra: Y = 15 - 5,625 = 9,375 tan
b) Tnh khoi lng (ck) nguyen lieu co AP thap theo khoi lng (ck) nguyen lieu cao
e at c tinh o cua ng non can nau:
Van ky hieu Q1, Q2, Qo tng t nh tren, chon can ban tnh la 1 n v khoi lng (ck)
nguyen lieu co AP cao, ta co can bang sau:
ng trong nguyen lieu co AP cao = ng trong ng non ng trong nguyen
lieu co AP thap. Tc la:
Q1. 1 = Qo.(1 + X) Q2. X
T ay suy ra:
Khoi lng (chat kho) nguyen lieu co AP thap X = Q1 Qo / Qo Q2.
V du:
Can bao nhieu tan (chat kho) mat nguyen A co AP = 50 e nau het 20 tan giong C co
AP = 68 thanh ng non C co AP = 60.
Ta co khoi lng (ck) mat nguyen A la:
X = (68 60 / 60 50).20 = 16 tan.
5.6. Nguyen ly boi tinh:

Sau khi nau ng ta thu c mot hon hp goi la ng non bao gom tinh the
ng va mau dch. giai oan cuoi cua qua trnh nau tuy tinh the a ln nhat nh
nhng thanh phan ng sacc. trong mau dch con nhieu neu tiep tuc nau th do o nht
ln, AP mau dch thap nen ket tinh rat cham, thi gian nau keo dai anh hng en mau
sac thanh pham.
e cho tinh the ng c hoan chnh, co kha nang hap phu tot cac phan t
ng trong mau dch giam ton that ngi ta tiep tuc ket tinh ng trong mot thiet b
khac goi la boi tinh ( tr tinh).
Nguyen ly boi tinh la o hoa tan cua ng giam theo nhiet o giam. Trong qua
trnh boi tinh ngi ta khong dung phng phap e boc hi phan nc trong ng non
ma lam ng non at qua bao hoa bang cach ha nhiet o. Do nhiet o giam, o hoa
tan cua dch ng giam, ng non at trang thai qua bao hoa. Va khi o tinh the co
kha nang hap phu phan ng con trong mau dch.
-
oi vi mat A,B v con em nau lai nen khong can boi tinh ky.
oi vi mat C co o nht ln, tap chat nhieu, khong the em nau lai. Do o, can
phai boi tinh ky.
* Thao tac va khong che qua trnh boi tinh nh sau:

a) Giai oan au:
Chuan b thung boi tinh: nhiet o ng non luc xa ra noi nau khoang 72 78 C. Khi
xa e tranh tnh trang nhiet o giam ot ngot sinh ngu tinh (do o qua bao hoa tang
cao) nen co the:
-
Cho nc nong vao thung e nang nhiet o thung len gan nhiet o cua ng
non.
Hoac cho nc nong vao luc xa ng non xuong muc ch lam giam o nht e
de xa ng ong thi duy tr o qua bao hoa thch hp tranh ngu tinh.
Luc bat au boi tinh do nhiet o ng non tng oi cao ( t ln) nen toc o giam
nhiet o tng oi ln nen can khong che tot yeu to nay.
b) Giai oan trung gian:
Giai oan nay duy tr he so qua bao hoa can thiet e boi ap tinh the thong qua
khong che toc o giam nhiet o.
c) Giai oan cuoi:
Cuoi qua tnh boi tinh o AP mau dch giam xuong va o nht tang cao (do ham
lng chat khong ng tang). e thch hp cho qua trnh ly tam can tang nhiet o len
52 55 C e giam o nht.
5.7. Thiet b nau ng:

Cau tao: (hnh ve trang sau)
Thiet b co cau tao gom 2 phan:
-
Buong ot: la ni cap nhiet cho dung dch soi, la khoang khong gian c gii
han bi be mat ben trong cua vo hnh tru, hai mat v ong, mat ngoai cua cac
ong truyen nhiet va ong trung tam. Ben trong co bo tr cac vach ngan hi, ong
dan hi ot
Buong boc: la khoang khong gian e boc hi dung dch ng can ket tinh (mat
che va cac loai mat em i nau lai). Buong boc nam tren buong ot, ben trong
co bo tr bo phan thu hoi pha tren chop va lap knh quan sat.
Ngoai ra con co cac bo phan phu nh ng ong dan nc ngng tu; ong xa kh
khong ngng; ong nc ra; van xa ay; ong dan nguyen lieu vao & ra; ong hi th, ap
ke
Nguyen ly lam viec: nguyen lieu theo ng ong dan vao trung tam va pha tren
buong ot, t o c phan bo eu khap cac ong truyen nhiet, chuyen ong t di len.
Tai ay nguyen lieu nhan nhiet va soi len tao thanh hon hp long hi co t trong nho
hn, chuyen dan len tren cang luc cang manh. Khi len buong boc, pha hi c tach ra
va thoat len tren (theo ng ong dan hi th) con pha long co t trong ln b hut ve
trung tam cua thiet b, theo ong tuan hoan trung tam chuyen ong len tren lap lai chu ky
mi en khi at nong o yeu cau th ong van hi ot, cat chan khong, pha chan khong
roi thao ng non xuong thung tr tinh ( pha di).
CAU HOI ON TAP
Cau 1:
Neu c s ly thuyet qua trnh ket tinh ng theo ly luan cua Sinlin.
Cau 2 :
nh ngha he so bao hoa, qua bao hoa. He so nay co y ngha the nao oi vi qua
trnh ket tinh ?
Cau 3:
Trnh bay cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh ket tinh trong hai cong oan:
- Nau ng.
- Boi tinh
CHNG 6.
KIM TRA V KIM SOT TRONG CNG

NGH SN XUT NG
9.1. CAC CH TIEU KY THUAT CAN KIEM TRA :

9.1.1. Kiem tra nguyen lieu chnh va phu:
a. Kiem tra nguyen lieu chnh:
Nguyen lieu chnh e san xuat ng oi vi nc ta la cay ma.
Khi cay ma a ve nha nay can phai phan tch nhanh e xac nh chat lng cua
cay ma tai cac vung:au mua ,gia va cuoi mua giup cho ta s bo nam c chat
lng cua cay ma ,anh hng cua no trong san xuat ma nh ra che o lang trong
nau ng cho phu hp e at hieu suat tong thu hoi la cao nhat.Mat khac nh ra
gia mua ma cho phu hp.
Phan tch thanh phan cua cay ma gom co: % X; % Saccaroza; % ng kh;
% P2O5 ; o Bx; Ch ng CCS.
b. Nguyen lieu phu:
Voi,lu huynh la cac nguyen lieu phu khi mua ve phai em kiem tra chat lng
trc khi s dung.
V du: phai xac nh ham lng CaO t do trong voi la bao nhieu ,t o ngi cong
nhan se hoa loang sa voi vi nong o sao cho thch hp vi che o san xuat.
9.1.2. Kiem tra ban che pham
Trong day chuyen san xuat ngi ta kiem tra tng khau: khau ep ,khau hoa
che ,boc hi ,nau ly tam , say.
9.1.2.1 Khau ep:
Phong hoa nghiem phan tch o chuan thuan khiet AP cua nc ma ep au
,nc ep ma cuoi ,nc ma hon hp.Ngoai ra con xac nh thanh phan ng va
am cua ba.Cac so lieu nay phan anh len buong ep tham khao.
Qua nhng so lieu a phan tch e tnh ra bao bieu ngay ,bao bieu ky ,cho biet
tnh hnh chat lng cua ma ,hieu suat ep ,hieu suat an toan cho may chay e a
vao o cai tien ky thuat trong san xuat.
Ky 15 ngay lam th nghiem ep kho ,da vao so lieu thc te sau khi tnh toan e
ieu chnh c ly truc ep
GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th YnNguyn Ph c
Phan tch ba ma e biet ton that ng trong ba t o biet c hieu qua cua
may ep.
Phan tch nc ma ep au e biet hieu suat cua may ep dap
Phan tch nc ep cuoi hieu suat cua may ep cuoi va thanh phan ng trong
o la bao nhieu.
9.1.2.2 Khau lam sach:
Phan tch nc che voi hoa ,sunfit hoa ,lang trong loc trong, e biet
thong so ky thuat cua no ung vi che o san xuat a nh.
cac
Phan tch nc ngng tu e biet thanh phan ng ma hi mang theo qua thap
ngng tu e ngi cong nhan nam c thao tac ung ky thuat.
Phan tch bun e biet thanh phan ng con lai trong bun giup cho ngi cong
nhan thao tac ung yeu cau ky thuat,mat khac e biet ton that ng qua bun la bao
nhieu.
9.1.2.3 Khau nau ng:
Mat che : mat che la nguyen lieu e nau ng ,do o phai phan tch mat che
mot cach kp thi biet o AP cua mat che e bo phan nau ng tham khao phoi lieu
cho ung.
Phan tch nhanh cac loai ng non A,B,C va cac loai mat nguyen lieu ,loang
,e biet nong o va tinh o AP cua no giup viec phoi lieu nau ng.
Phan tch mat r: e biet ham lng ng con lai trong mat r ,t o tnh c
hieu suat tong thu oi ng.Mat khac giup cho ngi can bo ky thuat chnh ly kp
thi neu ton that c vt qua gii han cho phep.
9.1.2.4 Kiem tra ng thanh pham:
ng thanh pham phai kiem tra rat ky lng trc khi nhap kho.
ng thanh pham phai at cac ch tieu ky thuat ,neu ng thanh pham khong at
cac yeu cau ky thuat th khong c nhap kho.
Cac ch tieu kiem tra cua ng thanh pham: W(%); % Sac; % RS; Tro; Mau; Tap
chat khong tan
Chat lng cua thanh phan chnh la uy tn cua khach hang.Mat khac ,thong qua o
ngui can bo ky thuat anh gia c cong viec cua mnh ,tm bien phap e nang cao
chat lng ng.
9.2. CAC PHNG PHAP CHUNG XAC NH CAC CH TIEU CAN THIET TRONG
NHA MAY NG
9.2.1. Xac nh thanh phan chat kho hoa tan (Bx)
Nong o chat kho c bieu dien % hay con goi la nong o Brix ( so gam chat
tan /100g dung dch)
oi vi cac san pham va cac ban san pham ng th nong o chat kho gom
cac chat ng va cac chat phi ng.
Co hai phng phap xac nh o Bx:
Phng phap ty trong.
Phng phap chiet quang.
9.2.1.1 Xac nh chat kho bang phng phap ty trong:
a) Nguyen ly:
Da vao s thay oi cua ty trong theo nong o chat kho.
Dung cu: co 3 loai:
Bx ke
Baume ke: 1oBe = 1,84Bx
Bnh ty trong.
Hieu chnh nhiet o trong phng phap ty trong:
Cac loai ty trong ke c che tao nhiet o chuan 20 oC. Do o, neu nhiet o
dung dch khac 20 oC phai hieu chnh theo cong thc sau:
to>20o : Bx thc = Bx oc + Bx
to <20o : Bx thc = Bx oc - Bx
Trong o :
Bx oc : Bx oc cac phu ke (Bx ke).

Bx : c cho cac bang tra theo (Bx
ioc
va toC)
b) Tien hanh xac nh:

Dung ong ong thuy tinh hoac ong ong (cao 35cm,rong 5cm ),trang 2-3 lan
ong bang dung dch can o.
o day dung dch vao ong ,gat bot
Tha nhe Bx ke vao ,oc Bx quan sat. Nh ghi to.
Chu y: o that ay e oc chnh xac ,nhe tay at that thang goc.
c) Cach tnh Bx:

V du: oc Bx quan sat cua dung dch nc ma la 17,7; to=25oC
Ta co : Bx thc = Bx oc + Bx
Bx oc = 17,7
Tnh Bx : tra bang, to = 25oC , Bx la 0,32
Bx thc = 17,7 + 0,32 = 18,02.
9.2.1.2 Phng phap chiet quang:
Phng phap chiet quang c ng dung rong rai e xac nh nong o chat
kho.
a) Nguyen tac:
Da vao chiet suat e suy ra nong o ,khi nong o chat hoa tan cua dung dch
tang th chiet suat tang.
b) Tien hanh:
Dung ua thuy tinh cho 1- 2 giot dung dch vao gia hai lp lang knh ,ay
chat cho can than.ieu chnh gng phan chieu e anh sang trong vung quan sat
that eu.Quay oc ieu chnh tm ranh gii gia vung toi va vung sang theo hnh chu
thap,hoac ng cheo . Tuy tng loai may.dung oc kh mau ieu chnh en khi
ranh gii gia hai vung en am khong co cac anh sang khac (e tranh sai so)
oc chiet suat hoac nong o chat kho tren thc o.
Neu nhiet o t = 20oC phai tra bang e hieu chnh.
9.3.. Xac nh thanh phan ng: (Pol)
9.3.1. Nguyen tac:
Xac nh thanh phan ng bang phan cc ke la phng phap chu yeu e xac
nh thanh phan ng trong cac nha may ng.
Do ng la mot trong nhng hp chat hu c co kha nang phan cc anh sang ,tc
la anh sang phan cc khi i qua dung dch ng se b quay mot goc (goi la goc
quay cc).
Tr so goc quay cc phu thuoc vao nong o dung dch ng.
= [ ].l.c
Trong o:
: goc quay cc ; [ ]:goc quay cc rieng. V du: [ ] Saccaroza = + 66,5o;
[ ] Glucoza = +52,5o; [ ]:Frutoza = -93o

l: chieu dai cua dung dch ma anh sang i qua.
c: nong o cua dung dch ng.
Hay noi cach khac : = f(c), neu biet c goc quay cc co the xac nh c
nong o cua dung dch ng.
9.3,2 Cach tien hanh:
a) Phan tch san pham long:
V du: nc ma,cac loai nc che,..
Dung dung dch can xac nh cho vao khac 1 cua bnh nh mc 2 khac
100/110ml(hoac 50/55ml) ,cho them Acetat ch dung dch va nc cat en vach 2
.Lac eu ,loc qua giay loc c dung dch loc. Lay dung dch loc sau cho vao ong
phan cc 200mm em o o phan cc oc tr so tren may la P
Ket qua: o ng thep pol cua san pham c tnh theo cong thc:
pol%
Px26 x11
99,718 xd
P: tr so oc tren may.
d:ty trong suy t Brix
b) Phan tch san pham ac:
Can 26g mau hoa tan trong 100ml
Lay dung dch va pha cho vao khac 1 cua bnh 50/55ml them Acetat ch dung
dch va nc cat en khac 2 ,lac eu ,loc ,lay dung dch loc cho vao ong phan cc
200mm .em o o phan cc c P.
Ket qua: Pol % = Px1,1
Dung Acetat ch bot:
u iem: ket qua chnh xac hn ,khong can dung bnh nh mc hai khac nen t
sai so hn; thao tac nhanh va n gian.
a) Phan tch san pham long:
Cho khoang 50ml mau can xac nh o pol vao bnh tam giac dung tch 250ml
,cho tiep khoang 1,5g Acetat ch bot ,lac eu em loc qua giay loc.
Lay nc loc cho vao ong phan cc 200mm ,em o o phan cc c tr so P:
Ket qua :
pol%
Px26
99,716 xd
Trongo:
P: tr so oc tren may.
d: ty trong suy t Brix.
b) Phan tch san pham ac:

Can 26g san pham can phan tch pha trong 100ml
Lay khoang 50ml cho vao bnh tam giac ,them 0,5g Acetat ch bot ,lac eu ,loc.
Lay dung dch loc cho vao ong phan cc 200mm ,o o phan cc c la P
Ket qua:
Pol% = P
P:tr so oc tren may.
9.4. Xac nh ham lng ng kh:
9.4.1 Y ngha:
ng kh co y ngha rat ln trong qua trnh san xuat ng.ng kh co
trong ma chn khoang 0,1 1% ,ong thi ng kh c tao ra thanh trong qua
trnh san xuat ng do hien tng chuyen hoa ng Saccaroza.
S co mat cua ng kh la nguyen nhan cua cac phan ng tao thanh mau o
s phan huy cua ng kh di tac dung cua kiem va nhiet o ,do phan ng
melanodin ( gia ng kh vi cac axt amin)
Mat khac s co mat cua ng lam can tr qua trnh ket tinh cua ng Sac
,do o gay kho khan cho qua trnh san xuat ng ong thi tang ton that ng
,giam hieu suat thu hoi.
V vay can xac nh ham lng ng kh trong nguyen lieu va trong ban san
pham e nh ra cac che o lang trong va nau ng cho phu hp.
ng kh co trong cay ma la : Glucoza va Fructoza.
Co nhieu phng phap xac nh ng kh. Trong kiem nghiem ng ma
thng dung phng phap metyl xanh (phng phap Lane Eynone)
9.4.2 Nguyen ly:
Dung dung dch ng kh chuan o trc tiep dung dch Felin A ,Felin B tao ra
ket tua o gach Cu2O ,khi nao dung dch ng kh phan ng het vi dung dch Felin
th dung dch khong co mau xanh cua ong na .luc o dung dch mat mau xanh va
co mau o gach .Dung metylen xanh e kiem chng.
9.4.3 Tien hanh:
Lay dung dch ng pha e o Pol tren (khong cho acetat ch) cho vao ong
nho giot nh chuan (trng hp co cho acetat th can lai).
Trong bnh tam giac cho vao 10 ml fehling va khoang 10 cc nc cat cho len
bep un soi. Nho t t dung dch ng cho en khi nao oi mau (kiem chng bang
dung dch bleumethylen)
Neu Vcc < 20 cc th ap dung cong thc :
RS
0,05 f 100
0,26 V
19,23
V
Neu Vcc = 20 cc van cha oi mau th nh phan tiep tuc bang dung dch
glucose en khi oi mau.
RS
RS
0,05
0,26
0,9615
100
20
A
A
a
A
f : factor cua fehling

A : the tch glucose can thiet e nh phan vi 10 ml fehling
a : the tch glucose oc tren ong nho giot
V : The tch nc ng dung (ml)
9.5. Cach bao cao nha may san xuat ng ma:
Sau khi phan tch cac ch tieu cua nguyen lieu ,ban san pham tren toan day
chuyen ,thanh pham ong thi phan tch nguyen lieu phu ,kiem tra nc lo ,ngng tu
,lam nen ,
Phong KCS co nhiem vu tap hp cac so lieu ,tnh toan tong ket len ban bao
cao hang ngay ,e tnh toan nang suat ep ,hieu suat ep ,nc ma ep c ham
lng ng hao hut ba bun ,mat r , noi chung la ham lng ng ton tha t qua
san xuat.
Thanh phan ng cua ma ,thanh phan ng hoan nguyen trong cac loai
nc ma
T cac so lieu tren co the tnh c ton that ng qua san xuat va tnh c
tong hieu suat thu hoi ng.
Tren c s o phong ky thuat tm c cac bien phap nang cao tong hieu suat
thu hoi ng va nang cao chat lng san pham.
CAU HOI ON TAP
Cau 1:
Neu cac ch tieu anh gia chat lng ng thanh pham.
Cau 2:
Trnh bay nguyen tac, cach tien hanh xac nh Pol, AP, RS cua ng thanh
pham.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHNG 1.
NGUYN LIU SN XUT BNH KO
1.1.ng Saccaroza
Ngun gc:ng c sn xut t ma l chnh, ngoi ra cn c sn xut t c
ci ng v t cy tht nt. Saccaroza l mt cacbonhydrat c cng thc phn t l
C12H22O11. tn khoa hc l
D- Glucopyranosit-
D-fructofuranosit. N l disacarit
do 2 monosacarit to thnh. Nh vy saccaroza khng c tnh kh. Gc quay cc

(+ 65,50 )
Nhit nng chy 160-2000C ( ty thuc vo tinh khit ca saccaroza) thng
nhit nng chy ca saccaroza l 1850C.
1.1.1.Vai tr ca ng trong sn xut bnh ko
To ra v ngt v mu cho bnh v ko v cn l cht dinh dng. N l nguyn
liu chnh.
1.1.2.Tnh cht:
1.1.1.1.Tnh tan
Ha tan nhiu trong nc. nhit 200C c 1lt nc ha tan 2,09kg ng
tan tng khi nhit tng. Khi 1000C tan tng 2,4 ln so vi tan
200C.
Bng 1 ha tan ca ng saccaroza nhit khc nhau.
Ch s
ho tan cc nhit khc nhau

200C 300C 400C 500C 600C
67,09 68,70 70,42 72,25 74,18
% saccaroza
trong dd
bo ha
S
gam 208,8
saccaroza
trong
100
gam nc
218,5
238,1
260,0
288,1
700C
76,22
800C
78,76
900C
80,01
1000C
89,60
220,1
362,0
415,7
489,1
C nhiu cht lm thay i ha tan ca ng

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS:Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn Nguyn Ph c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ S c mt ng kh ha tan ca ng saccaroza gim, nhng tng lng

ng ha tan trong nc cao.
Bng 2: ho tan ca ng saccaroza nhit 500C khi c mt ng
chuyn ha
S gam ngtrong 100 gam nc
260,36
260,36
243,73
44,32
288,4
228,45
96,17
324,62
215,08
150,46
365,54
196,43
253,02
443,45
Phn trm so vi dung dch (%)

72,25
72,25
62,81
11,42
74,25
53,80
22,65
76,45
46,20
32,32
78,52
35,75
46,05
51,80
+ Cc cht c nht ln. dextrin, lm tng ha tan ca ng saccaroza. Cc

phn t ny ngn cn khng cho cc phn t ng v tr xc nh to thnh tinh
th ng v to thnh trng thi v nh hnh.
+ Cc mui v c nh : NaCl, KCl cng lm tng tan ca ng. Khi sn xut
bnh ko ngi ta cho thm mui n tng ngt v lm cht iu v. Cn khi c
mt CaCl2 s lm gim ha tan ca ng do vy khi sn xut bnh ko khng
nn s dng nc cng v s lm gim tan ca ng gy hin trng hi ng.
1.1.2.2.Tnh ht m:
Saccaroza ht m khi m mi trng ln hn 90%. Li dng tnh cht ny
ngi ta bo qun ko bng cch bc ng bt. Thng gp trong cc loi ko
Chewing gum hay cc ko cha kp bao gi v nguyn nhn no .
Khi c mt mt s ng khc th tnh ho nc ca ng saccaroza tng.
Bng 3: Biu din mc ht m ca ng saccaroza khi c mt cc loi
ng kh khc.
Tn ng
m ca khng kh (%)
81,8
62,7
43,0
Saccaroza
Khng ht nc
Khng ht nc
Khng ht nc
Saccaroza+10%glucoza B m trong 10 ngy Khng ht nc
Khng ht nc
Saccaroza+10%maltoza B m sau 10 ngy
Khng ht nc
Khng ht nc
Saccaroza+10%fructoza B m sau 3 ngy
Ht m
Khng ht nc
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Saccaroza+10%ng
chuyn ha
B m sau 3 ngy
B m qua 23 ngy
Khng ht nc
1.1.2.3.Tnh d kt tinh tr li:

ng saccaroza d dng to ra dung dch qu bo ha. Dung dch qu bo ha
khng bn vng v lng tha trong dung dch d kt tinh tr li.Nhng qu trnh kt
tinh c d dng phi c :
-Lm lnh t ngt
- Va chm c hc
- Mm tinh th
Nu h s qu bo ha cng ln th nhn kt tinh cng nhiu.
1.1.2.4 Phn ng chy ca ng: Di tc dng ca nhit ng saccaroza b phn
hy (phn ng caramen )
Sac
1800C
Caramen (hn hp aldehyt)
-H2O
Cc phn ng to mu caramen
1350C
C12H22O11 H2O
C6H10O5 + C6H10O5
- 185-1900C to thnh izosaccarozan

Glucozan
C6H10O5
+ levulozan
C6H10O5
izosaccarozan
C12H20O10
- Khi nhit cao hn mt i 10% nc to ra caramelan (C12H20O9 ) hoc

C12H20O10 c mu vng
2C12H20O10 - 2 H2O
C12H20O10 hoc C12H20O10
- Nu mt i 14% nc to ra caramelen C36H48O24.H20

- Khi mt i 25% nc to ra caramelin c mu nu en v cc sn phm caramen
ha u c v ng.
hn ch phn ng ny ta ch gim thi gian nu v nhit nu.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sn xut bnh m th phn ng caramen li to hng v v mu sc cho bnh.

Trong sn xut ko th nn trnh phn ng ny bng cch nu ni chn khng.
Mu ca phn ng caramen rt bn
1.1.2.5.Phn ng thy phn ca ng:
Trong mi trng axit ng saccaroza b thy phn to ra ng chuyn ha
H+
C12H22O11
t0 >70
Saccaroza
C6H10O6 + C6H10O6
Glucoza
Fructoza
Khi nu dung dch ng bng saccaroza tinh khit m c th s thay i khng

nhiu lm.Nu c s tham gia cc ng khc th s chuyn ha rt mnh v c th
xy ra nhit thp hn 1000C, Khi tng thi gian v nhit nu th hm lng
ng kh tng. Saccaroza d dng chuyn ha nhit caokhi c mt mt tinh
bt( do c pH= 4,8 5,2 ). V vy khi ha tan sn xut ko cng cn phi rt ngn
thi gian v khng nn cho axit hu c iu v vo khi c nhit cao.
1.1.3.Tiu chun v ng:
Theo yu cu sn phm m ta c th s dng ng cht lng khc nhau.
Tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN 6958-2001): ng Tinh Luyn
Tn ch tiu
pol(0Z) khng nh hn
S gim khi lng khi sy 1050C trong 3 gi % khi
lng(m/m) khng ln hn
Hm lng ng kh % khi lng (m/m) khng ln hn
Tro dn in % khi long khng ln hon
mu (IU) khng ln hn
Mc
99,8
0,05
0,03
0,05
30
Tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN 6959-2001): ng Trng
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tn ch tiu
pol(0Z) khng nh hn
S gim khi lng khi sy 1050C trong 3 gi % khi
lng(m/m) khng ln hn
Hm lng ng kh % khi lng (m/m) khng ln hn
Tro dn in % khi long khng ln hon
mu (IU) khng ln hn
Mc
Hng A
Hng B
99,7
99,5
0,05
0,07
0,1
0,07
160
0,15
0,1
200
1.1.4.Bo qun ng:

Trong thi gian bo qun cht lng ng suy gim
ng cc: do ht m to ra lp mt xung quanh tinh th v lin kt vi nhau.
mu ca ng tng: sn xut bng phng php SO2 sau 1 thi gian c
hin tng li mu.
VSV: chuyn ng thnh cc cht hu c khc, nh hng n cht lng
ng.
trnh vic ny ngi ta cn bo qun ng trong kho kh ro, thong kh,
nhit trong kho 25-300C. k cao, sp xp c hng li khoa hc, ly s dng ln
lt, m khng kh 70-80%.
1.2. Cc cht chng hi ng
1.2.1.Mt tinh bt (MTB)
1.2.1.1.Ngun gc:Mt tinh bt (MTB) l sn phm thy phn khng trit ca tinh
bt.
Qu trnh sn xut tinh bt:
Tinh bt dch ha ng ha trung ha ty mu lc c c sn
phm (MTB)
Tinh bt: ng, khoai sn, tinh bt m
ng ha bng axit hoc enzim. Qu trnh ng ha trong thng ng ha h.
Trung ha: Dng Na2CO3, pH sau trung ha l 4,8-5,2. y l im pH cho
glucoza bn vng.
Ty mu: dng than hot tnh ty mu.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lc: Bng my lc khung bn

C c:bc hi1,2 hoc 3 ni n Bx= 80-82%
Nu thy phn trit th hm lng RS cao v ngt tng
MTB loi tt c RS>60%
MTB loi trung bnh RS: 40-45% ( trong sn xut ko thng dng lai ny)
Nhn xt vi phng php axit th cht lng sn phm tng i tt, nhng thit
b t tin (vt liu chu axit) to ra gi thnh sn phm cao.
1.2.1.2.Thnh phn: Glucoza, maltoza, dextrin
Ty theo mc thy phn m hm lng cc cht ny trong mt tinh bt khc
nhau.
Nu mt tinh bt ng ha thp: Glucoza 9-10%, maltoza 10-11%,dextrin3880%. Trong qu trnh sn xut ko vai tr ca glucoza, maltoza v dextrin c khc
nhau.
Tc dng ca Glucoza; lm tng ha tan ca ng tng chng khng kt
tinh c.Glucoza ht m mnh nn ko nhiu glucoza th hay b chy nc.
Maltoza: lm tng ha tan, nht ln, nn ng saccaroza khng kt tinh
c. Do nht ln nn to bt khi nu.
Dextrin:(C6H10O5)n n l keo thc vt, nht ln lm cho khi ko b dai,
ngt gim, khi khuy trn gy kh, bt nhiu. Thng ngi ta s dng loi ng
ha gia thp v trung bnh c hm lng ng kh chung 30-38% l tt nht.
1.2.1.3Vai tr ca mt tinh bt
Mt tinh bt dng chng kt tinh ng lm cho khi ko tr v trng thi v
nh hnh.
Trong sn xut bnh nht l bnh m ngi ta dng n to bng cho v
bnh.
Mt tinh bt cn lm cht n trong sn xut ko.
1.2.1.4.Ch tiu cht lng ca mt tinh bt:
Yu cu chung mt tinh bt trong sn xut bnh ko
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bx= 80-82%
RS = 40-45%
pH = 4,8-5,2
Mu sc: mu vng nht trong sut
Khng c tp cht c hc, kim lai nng.
1.2.2.Mch nha:Mch nha c tc dng chng kt tinh ng saccaroza trong qu
trnh hnh thnh vin ko
1.2.2.1.Thnh phn: C 80% maltoza, 20% glucoza v dextrin.
Trong sn xut ko mch nha l nguyn liu chnh chng kt tinh ng rt
tt.
Mch nha l sn phm thy phn tinh bt do enzim
amilaza.
sn xut mch nha , ngun nguyn liu t thc ny mm v VSV.

Thc cho ny mm khi l mm c mu xanh l m th ta cho phi hoc sy nhit
30-350C. Sau nghin nh dch ha ng ha lc c c mch
nha.
Dch ha Bx=15-17%
ng ha t0=30-320C
Thi gian 48 gi.
u im: Cht lng tt, n nh nhng gi thnh kh cao
Dng enzim t vi sinh vt th gi thnh thp hn nhng kh iu khin qu trnh,
cht lng khng n nh do hat ca enzim
amilaza t vi sinh vt vn khng
n nh.
1.2.2.2.Yu cu i vi mch nha:
Bx>80%
Hm lng maltoza 80% tnh theo cht kh, khng c tp cht khng tan, mu
vng trong sut.
1.3.Cht bo
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.3.1.Ngun gc: T ng vt v thc vt.c sn xut bng cch trch ly, p i

vi thc vt. Cn i vi ng vt th c sn xut bng cch nhit ha.
1.3.2.Tnh cht
Thng tn ti di 2 dng lng v c n l este n gin ca glyxerin v axit
bo.
Mt s ch s:
Ch s axit: s mg KOH trung ha cc axit t do c trong 1g cht bo (n c
ngha ni ln iu kin v thi gian bo qun)
Ch s It: l s g It tc dng vi 100g cht bo (vit tt l I). Ch s it biu
th mc khng no ca du m, ch s it cng cao th mc khng no cng
ln v ngc li. Da vo ch s it ngi ta phn du m lm 3 loi
Du kh I >130
Du na kh I : 100-130
Du khng kh I <100
(Cc du m trong thc phm thng nm trong phm vi nhm du khng kh v na
kh)
1.3.3 Vai tr ca cht bo : tng gi tr cm quan v gi tr dinh dng cho bnh ko
1.3.4 Mt s cht bo hay dng trong sn xut bnh ko
* B: B c tch ra t sa ti bng phng php phn ly.Trong iu kin bnh
thng b trng thi c do cha nhiu axit bo no.
Thnh ph6n ca b : 83% cht bo, mt lng nh protein,ng lactoza,
vitamin, mui khong1,5-3% l lng mui cho vo d bo qun nn b c v mn,
cn li l nc.
* B cacao : c tch ra t qu trnh ch bin cacao. c ca b cacao ln hn b
t sa ti v cha nhiu axit bo no hn, o nhit nng chy cng ln hn,
khong 370C khi sn xut ko ngi ta thng bc o cho v ko bng hn (ko bo)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* Magarin v Shortening: Ngun gc ch yu t thc vt c hydro ha tr thnh

dng c. Shortening c s dng nhiu trong sn xut bnh ko.
Ch tiu
m
Cht n nh
Nhit nng chy
Hm lng cht bo
Ch s axit (mg KOH/g)
Mu
Mi
Magarin
Shortening
(b nhn to)
(cht bo cng)
16%
1,5%
Cn cht nh ha
Khng cn
0
>40 C
42-480C
82%
90%
0,5
0,5
Vng
Trng
B
Khng mi
Khng c mi i du, khng c tp cht c hc
Ch tiu cht lng ca Magarin v Shortening dng trong sn xut bnh ko

1.4.Cht keo a nc:
1.4.1.Khi nim v vai tr ca cht keo a nc trong sn xut ko mm
Cht keo a nc l nhng cht khi gp nc th ht m rt ln to thnh cht bn
lng. trong sn xut ko do, ko mm ngi ta dng cht keo to bt v nh ha, to
nn cu trc xp, dai, n hi, mm do cho ko. Nhng cht thng hay s dng trong
sn xut bnh ko l gelatin v anbumin.
1.4.2.Keo Anbumin:c sn xut t lng trng trng. Sy kh lng trng trng ta
c keo anbumin dng bt (sy phun nh sy sa bt)
Khi ngm nc keo anbumin ht nc v trng n chm, tuy nhin dung dch
lng trng trng li khng gi c lu, n ln men v bin cht nhanh chng. Do ,
ch ngm lng trng trng kh trong 8 gi trc khi s dng. Dch lng trng trng cn
tha phi bo qun trong kho lnh hoc ni c nhit thp, m khng kh thp.
Ch tiu cht lng
Nc
16%
Cht tan
79%
Tp cht
Khng c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mu sc
vng nht
Vi sinh
khng c vi sinh vt gy bnh
1.4.3.Keo gelatin: c sn xut t cc ph phm t ch bin tht (da, xng, lng).

N l keo ng vt cha nhiu axit amin cn thit cho c th con ngi nh : Tryptoxin,
Glixin, Glutamin, Histidin
Trong nc gelatin ht nc v trng n rt ln, khi lng tng ln 15 ln so
vi khi lng chnh n.Gelatin ha tan trong nc nng, khng ha tan trong dung mi
hu c, trong cn t xng. N ng t trong nc lnh, gelatin rt nhy cm vi nhit .
Khi nu nng n 600C th kh nng keo t yu dn v mt hn tc dng khi tc dng
ca axit.
t0nc = 15-270C
t0t = 8-100C
Do nhit nng chy v nhit ng t thp gy kh khn cho sn xut ko.
Gelatin thc phm phi trong sut, dng bt hoc dng tm, m
10%, tro
2%.
Gelatin dng sn xut ko thch, ko mm hoa qu v cc dng ko mm khc. Lng

gelatin dng cho sn xut ko mm 6-9%
Gelatin dng bt, ht ngm nc ht nc v trng n hp nhit (50-0600C) lng mun ng t th h nhit .
Ngai 2 loi keo trn cn c keo pectin c sn xut t hoa qu v cc dng thc vt
khc ( b c ci 20-30% pectin).Pectin d n, ha tan trong nc nng to thnh dung
dch c nht cao khi nu dung dch ng c thm mt t axit th pectin to keo bn,
pH=3-3,8),Nhit ng t 65-750C
Pectin dng bt mu trng hoc vng nht, hi chua W 12%, tro 1%
Bo qun nhit mt ( 300C) Wkk =85%.
1.5.Bt m (farin): l nguyn liu chnh sn xut bnh
1.5.1.Ngun gc:
Bt m c sn xut t la m xay(nghin) bt m
10
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.5.2.Phn loi:
Ho hng, loi 1, loi 2, loi 3
Loi ho hng: mu sc ca bt trng hi ng, mn, khng cha tp cht,
tro<1%, W<14%, khng c mi i, kht, chua thp, cht lng gluten cao ( cng
>20, dn hi tt)
1.5.3.Thnh phn
1.5.3.1.Protein : 8-10%
Albumin
20% trong protein v n c kh nng tan trong nc
Globulin
Glutalin
80% khng tan trong nc (gluten)
Gliadin
Gluten l nhng axit amin khng ha tan trong nc, cc axit amin ny ht nc
rt mnh v trng n, gi c cc bt kh.
Cht lng ca bt m ph thuc vo t l gluten. Bt m sn xut bnh quy c
28-31% gluten ti ( bt m+ nc 15 pht sau ra tinh bt di vi nc, phn
cn li chnh l gluten)
Gluten trong sn xut bnh c vai tr cht dinh dng, to cu trc xp v c tc
dng gi kh.
Cht lng bt m c nh gi bng cht lng gluten
Tnh n hi: gluten tt th n hi tt
gin di: cng lng gluten ci no ko c di hn s c cht lng tt hn.
Mu sc ca gluten trng ng.
Do tnh n hi ca gluten nn khi to hnh d b bin dng, nn ty theo cng
ngh m chn loi bt m cho ph hp
1.5.3.2.Gluxit: thnh phn
Tinh bt 60-68%
Nhit h ha >650C
Kh nng ht nc mnh
11
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------To cu trc cho bnh

+ Cc loi ng nh maltoza,fructoza. Glucoza.
+ Dextrin chim 3- 3,2% trong bt m nn trong sn xut bnh bch quy khng
ng k, nhng trong sn xut bnh m no l thc n ban u cho nm men.
Dextrin t ht nc(do vy trong sn xut bnh m rut bnh m t), dextrin c
tnh dnh truyn nhit kh nng gp tr ngi.
Xenlulo cng thp cng tt
Gluxit chim a s trong ni nh 70-80%
1.5.3.3.Lipit:
Tp trung trong phi, v ht trong bt m lipit chin khong 2-3%
Bt nhiu lipit kh bo qun v: cht bo b oxy ha hay thy phn axit trong
bt m tng, mi i kht, v chua v ng gy ra bnh chua gi tr cm quan gim.
1.5.3.4.Cc vitamin v khong cht:B1,B2, PP bt hng thp th cng c nhiu vitamin.
1.5.3.5.Tp cht:
Su mt : thng trong bt m tp cht ch yu l su mt v tng trong qu trnh
bo qun do trng su mt c sn trong bt, n ra lm tng tp cht do chng chuyn
ha. Ngoi ra cn c th c cc loi tp cht v c.
1.5.4.Ch tiu cht lng bt m:
Bt ht ry N32-40(1cm2 c 32-40l)
Mu sc : trng ng
Mi thm c trng
m bt <13-14%
Ty theo yu cu cng ngh m ta chn loi bt cho ph hp v thnh phn ha
hc ca n.
1.5.5.Bo qun:trong thi gian bo qun tng i dis xut hin nhng hin tng
nh:
+ ng cc ( do ht nc ca gluten v tinh bt )
+ Mi i, khtdo cht bo b oxy ha
12
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Su mt xut hin nhiu

Cn bo qun ni c m thch hp ( v m cao to vn cc, m thp to i kht)
=80%: t0=25-300C
Cc bao bt cn phi sp xp c khoa hc.
Bo qun trong ti kh tr (CO2)
Trong mt s trng hp bt m ho hng c gluten t hn hng 3 nhng cht
lng gluten ca n tt hn.
Trong sn xut bnh quy ta s dng bt loi v loi 2. loi 1 to cho bnh dai, loi 2
to cho bnh xp, gin.
1.6.Trng
1.6.1 Vai tr ca trng:Trng c gi tr dinh dng cao lm cho bnh c mi thm
ngon, to xp, gin c mu p, tng gi tr dinh dng cho bnh.
1.6.2.Cu to v thnh phn ha hc:
1.6.2.1.Cu to: gm 3phn chnh: v. lng trng. lng
V chim 10% trng lng
Lng trng chim 60% trng lng
Lng chim 30% trng lng
Lng trng c kh nng to bt (do cha nhiu anbumin ) khi nh trn th tch
ca n tng ln 7 ln so vi th tch c. Nu thm nc th kh nng to bt tng. Tt
nht l nh lng trng trng vi t l trng nc l 1:4. Cht bo v ng lm gim
kh nng to bt ca lng trng trng. nu t l lng trng trng vi ng l 1:2,5 th
ch tng 4-5 ln so vi th tch ban u.
Lng trng cha nhiu cht dinh dng , vitamin v 10% lexitin n c kh nng to
nh tt.
1.6.2.2 Thnh phn ha hc: nc 70%, protein 13%, lipit 15%, tro 1% cn li 1% cc
thnh phn khc.
1.7.Sa
1.7.1.Thnh phn ha hc:
13
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.7.1.1.Sa ti:Nc 87% , m3,3%, ng 4,7% . vitamin v cht khong. chua

ban u 170T ( Ttn: s ml NaOH 0,1N dng trung ha cho 100ml sa ), trong qu
trnh bo qun chua tng ln 27-280 to thnh vng ( lm sa chua) do vi sinh vt ln
men lactic.
m anbumin 70-800C gy ng t
Casein to snh khi c men ng t gy ng t sn xut phomat (
li dng tnh cht ny).
1.7.1.2 Sa c:c sn xut t vic c c sa ti p sut thp
Sa c khng ng kh >71,8%
Sa c c ng kh 71,8% nhng thm 40% ng saccaroza d bo
qun. bo qun trong cc lon hp.khi lon hp b phng chng t b nhim vi sinh vt ( vi
khun to kh ) sa b qunh li, sm mu cng do b nhim vi sinh vt (vi khun khng
kh ). Bo qun ni rm mt.
1.7.1.3 Sa bt:c sn xut bng phng php sy phun, sy mng. m nh hn
5% , tan >98%, cht bo 25-30%. Trong bo qun sa bt d ht m, hp ph kh,
cht lng gim do bin i nhit do vy trnh m v trnh ln cc cht c mi, trnh
nhit cao.
1.7.2 Cc loi sa thng dng trong sn xut bnh ko:
Trong sn xut bnh ko thng dng sa bt v sa c c ng do tnh cht d bo
qun.
1.8. Cht lm n:
1.8.1 Thuc n: trong sn xut thng dng hai loi thuc n: Natri bicacbonat
NaHCO3 v Amoni cacbonat ( NH4)2CO3.
C ch lm n: Khi gp nhit cao cc cht trn b phn hu sinh ra kh thot ra
to cc l hng trong rut bnh.
2NaHCO3 800C
Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
14
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(NH4)2CO3
600C
2NH3 + H2O + CO2
So snh hai cht lm n:

Cng lm n: ( NH4)2CO3 lm n mnh hn
Mu v mi v: (NH4)2CO3 to mi khai do to ra NH3.
Cn NaHCO3 to mu vng, mi hi nng vi v v ng nu liu cao
Liu dng
0.4Kg NaHCO3 cho 100Kg bt
hn hp: 0.05Kg (NH4)2CO3 cho 100Kg bt

1.8.2 Men: Nm men thuc h saccharomyces phn gii ng saccaroza to ra kh.
c dng trong sn xut bnh m.
C12H22O11 Nm men
C2H5OH +CO2 + Q
CO2 tch t trong bt nho khi nng bnh s thot ra lm tng th tch bnh.
1.9. Axit hu c:
Vai tr: dung lm cht iu v axit Citric, axit Tatric.
D ho tan trong nc, hay dung trong sn xut ko. Liu dng ty thuc vo loi
sn phm.
1.9.1 Axit Citric C6H8O7.H2O c nhiu trong rau qu nht l trong tri chanh (chim 68% khi lng). N l cht rn kt tinh dng tinh th ngm nc, khng c mu.
Cng thc cu to:
OH
HOOC CH2 C CH2 COOH
COOH
1.9.2 Axit Tatric C4H6O6: d mt nc 1000C axit tatric kt tinh dng tinh th mu
trng, l mt i axit hu c ng vi cng thc cu to nh sau:
OH OH
15
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HOOC CH CH COOH
1.9.3 Axit Ascorbic ( vitamin C) C6H8O6
L cht rn, kt tinh mu trng, c nhiu trong rau qu ti, c tnh kh mnh nn c tc
dng bo qun thc phm khi b oxi ho. c s dng trong ko thuc, va to v
chua, va cung cp vitamin cho c th.
Cng thc cu to:
HO C = C OH
C
CH CH CH2OH
O
OH
AXIT ASCOBIC
Ch : Khi s dng axit hu c nn trnh to ra kh nng chuyn ho ng do vy
khng c cho vo lc nhit cao.
1.10. Hng v mu thc phm.
1.10.1 Vai tr:
Tng gi tr cm quan
To ra s phong ph a dng
1.10.2 Nguyn tc s dng: phi s dng theo ng quy nh ca b trng B y t v
danh mc cc cht ph gia dng trong thc phm. 04-04-1998 khng cha kim loi
nng(Asen-tnh ra As2O3 10ppm)
1.10.2.1 Hng
Liu lng va phi: nhiu qu cng khng tt, t qu khng to ra cm gic c trng.
Do hng l cht d bay hi, phi trn u, ty thuc tng loi sn phm m ta cho
vo thi im hp l.
16
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.10.2.2 Mu: Chn ng dung mi ho tan mu, thng dng mu tan nhiu, trc khi
nhum mu cn phi ho tan cho u v phi to mu v hng cho ph hp. khng lm
Adng quADI (Acceptable Daily Intake: liu chp nhn hng ngy.
STT CHT MU T NHIN
1
-apo-8-carotenal ( Da cam
ADI , 0.0 5.0 )
2
-apo-carotenal ( Da cam )
ADI: cha quy nh
3
Caroten t nhin ( Da cam )
ADI: cha quy nh
4
Canthxanthin
ADI: 0.0 0.03
5
Carmin ( )
ADI: 0.0 5.0
6
Chlorophyl ( xanh l )
ADI: khng gii hn
7
Curcumin ( vng ngh )
ADI: 0.0 0.1
8
Caramen ( nu )
ADI: khng gii hn
9
Riboflavine ( vng chanh )
ADI: 0.0 0.05
Cht chic t Annatto ( ht iu10
mu ). ADI: 0.0 0..65
Titan oxit ( mu trng)
11
ADI: khng gii hn
STT CHT MU TNG HP

1
Amaranth ( ):
ADI , 0.0 0.5
2
Carmoisine ( );
ADI: 0.0 4.0
3
Carmoisine ( )
ADI: 0.0 4.0
4
Eriothroisinc ( )
ADI: 0.0 0.1
5
Fast Green FCF ( xanh )
ADI: 0.0 25
6
Food Green S ( xanh )
ADI: ch a quy nh
7
Indigotine ( xanh )
ADI: 0.0 5.0
8
Poncean 4R ( )
ADI: 0.0 2.5
9
Sunset Yellow FCF ( da cam )
ADI: 0.0 2.5
10
Tartazine ( vng)
ADI: 0.0 30
1.11.Cc cht ph gia khc

Cc cht bo qun: v d Natri benzoat dng chng mc nng 0.1% cc cht
nh ho , cht n nh ( cht n nh l cht c kh nng hot ng b mt thng
dng photphatic m c c ly t ht du).
17
Cng ngh sn xut ng - bnh ko- phn 2

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHNG 2
CNG NGH SN XUT KO CNG
2.1. nh ngha: Ko cng l khi ng saccharose dng v nh hnh. Thnh

phn chnh ca ko cng chnh l ng v cc cht gi cho ng saccharose trng
thi v nh hnh v hng liu c hai loi ko cng: c nhn v khng c nhn
Yu cu ca ko cng:
m ko < 3%, gin, Khng dnh rng, trong sut, khng c bt kh.
Hm lng ng kh t 12-18% tt nht 15-16%, Khng hi ng
2.1. dy chuyn sn xut
2.1.1.S cng ngh
ng, MTB
Phi liu
t0 =1150C
t0 =780C
t0khi ko =780C
t0kk
=12-14 C
Ha tan
Mu thc phm
Nu ko
t0C =142-1450C
Lm ngui
Hng, axit
hu c, ko
u ui<5%
To hnh
Lm ngui
ko
t0ko = 40-450C
Chn-gi
k o
Thnh
phm
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ngTh Yn Nguyn Ph c
21

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh
2.2.1. Phi liu .
Cng thc tnh phi liu
MRS
. 100% + RS
RS =
M
Trong :
RS hm lng ng kh trong ko (%)

MMR: khi lng ng kh c trong phi liu (Kg)
M: khi lng cht kh c trong phi liu (Kg)
RS: hm lng ng kh sinh ra trong qu trnh nu so vi lng ng kh
ban u (%). Thng nu th cng RS=4%, nu chn khng 2%
Ch :
RS < 14%, khng chng hi ng ko gin
RS > 18% ko d ht m, ko dai, dnh rng
Kh hu c m khng kh cao ta chn RS thp.
Kh hu c m khng kh thp ta chn RS cao.
Nu th cng: thi gian nu di, thi gian kt thc di, nhit cao, th RS sinh
ra nhiu.
Nu chn khng: thi gian nu ngn , nhit kh thp, nn RS sinh ra t.
Thi gian bo qun di chn RS thp
Thi gian bo qun ngn chn RS cao.
V d: tnh hm lng ng kh trong ko cng chanh theo cng thc phi liu
sau:
-
ng saccaroza
100kg, hm lng cht kh 99.8%
Mt tinh bt
60kg, hm lng cht kh 80%,RS=40%
Axit chanh
0.4kg, hm lng cht kh 95%
22

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tinh du chanh
15 ml
Lng ng kh sinh ra trong qu trnh nu 2%

Gii:
Tng lng cht kh c trong nguyn liu:
M = 100 x 99.8% + 60 x 80% + 0.4 x 95% =1 48.27kg
MRS= 60 x 40% =24(kg)
24
RS =
.100% + 2% = 18%
148.27
2.2.2. Tnh ton nguyn liu trong phi liu:

Tnh lng mt tinh bt cn phi liu. Bit:
-
ng saccarose 100kg hm lng cht kh 99.8%
Mt tinh bt c hm lng cht kh 80%, RS = 40%
Axit Tatric 0.4kg hm lng cht kh 95%
Tinh du nho 15 ml
Ko thnh phm c hm lng ng kh 18%
Trong qu trnh nu RS sinh ra 3%

Gii:
Gi X l lng mt tinh bt cn tm
Ta c: M=100 x 99.8% + X x 80% + 0.4 x 95% = 100.27 + 0.8X
MRS = X x 40% = 0.4X
0.4X
18% =
.100% + 3%
100.27 + 0.8X
Gii ra ta c X=53.7kg
2.2 Ho tan ng, nu ko
23

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.2.1 Mc ch v yu cu
Ho tan ng nhm mc ch ph v trng thi tinh th ca ng v chuyn
sang dng dung dch.
Yu cu:
-
ng saccarroza trong xir phi trng thi ho tan hon ton.
Nng cht kh trong xir l cao nht thng 80-81%
Xir phi trong sut, t bt (dextrin cao sinh bt nhiu)
Lng nc ho tan va . Nhiu qu d ho tan nhng tn nhiu

nng lng c c. Cn t qu th kh ho tan v ho tan khng trit
.
Thi gian ho tan phi l ngn nht ( n lin quan ti lng nhit
cho ho tan ). Nu thi gian ko di, do phi trn vi MTB c pH=4.8-5.2

nn b chuyn ho ( do trong mi trng axit v nhit )
d ht m, sm
mu do caramen ho cc loi ng n.
2.2.2 Cng thc tnh lng nc cn ho tan cc nguyn liu
Wn = 0.3M Wpl
Trong :
Wn lng nc cn ho tan ng ( lit hoc kg)
M: tng lng cht kh c trong phi liu (kg)
Wpl: lng m c trong phi liu(kg)
0.3 l h s thc nghim. Thng lng nc bng 30-33% so vi lng ng.
V d:
Tnh lng nc ho tan:
-
100kg ng saccarose c Bx =99.8%
60kg MTB c Bx = 80%
24

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Axit chanh 0.4kg 95% ch6t1 kh
Tinh du chanh 15 ml
Gii:
M = 100 x 99.8% + 60 x 80% = 147.8 kg

Wpl = 0.1% x 100 + 20% x 60 = 12.1kg
Wn = 0.3x 147.8 12.1 = 32.23 kg
2.2.3 Thit b ho tan ng:
Tu theo cng ngh v quy m sn xut m ta c loi thit b khc nhau. Thng
gp nht l loi thit b ho tan 2 lp v c hoc khng c cnh khuy. ho tan
ng nhanh chng hn, trit hn c sc hi trc tip vo khi dch ng v
MTB. Ch lng hi ngng t sao cho t c 78-800Bx. Sau khi to thnh xir
thng ta c qu trnh lm sch b sung trc khi nu ko bng lng trong, lc
2.2.4 Tin hnh ho tan
+ nc ng mc nh.
+ M hi vo ng truyn nhit, nng nhit ln
+ ng vo thng ho tan vi khi lng nc tnh trc v khuy
trn.Khi nhit dung dch t 900C ng tan c phn ln m MTB
vo. Nhit dung dch t 106-1100C th dung dch si mnh lit, tinh th
ng b ph v hon ton, hi nc bc ra mnh lit
cn c qut ht
ht bt hi. Khi dung dch t 1140C th cho mu pha sn vo v n 1150C

th kt thc qu trnh ho tan. Tt hi, bm dch n thng cha sir klt` hp
lc
p sut hi cn duy tr trong qu trnh ho tan 4-4.5kg/cm2.
K thut nu ho tan: khi bt u nu cho m u tin, ta phi tin hnh v sinh
ni nu
Nu nc v sinh ni nu:
M van x nc ngng trn ng gia nhit, khi chy ht nc
kho
van li, m in thit b

25

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cho nc vo 2/3 ni ho tan
m van cp hi cho ng gia nhit
(p sut 2kg/cm2)
M bm khuy trn nc trong ni ho tan ( bm nc tun hon)
khi nc trong ni si
kho van cp hi.
Xoay van 3 chiu sang v tr bm nc qua thng trung gian.

Khi bm xong van 3 chiu v v tr tun hon
tt bm
Ch : khi bm nc qua ni trung gian phi x ht nc lnh trong thng

trung gian ra ngoi.
Sau khi v sinh xong ta m van nc cung cp cho ni nu. Lng nc theo
yu cu( thng thng 100kg ng saccaroza + 60kg MTB + 30 lit nc).
M van hi cp nhit cho nc, cho vo mt t mui n khong 200g
khi
nhit nc nng ta cho ko ng saccaroza v ko b chy nc vo

( nu c) vo, ri tin hnh khuy trn ( bng xng).
khi ng tan c
mt t ta m bm tun hon tng cng phi trn
nhit dung dch
t1140C th ta cho nha vo
tip tc cp hi
1140C th cho mu thc phm vo

hi
nhit dung dch t
n khi nhit t1150C th ngng cp
vn van qua v tr thng trung gian lc.

Thao tc cc m sau ging nh m u tin nhng khng cn phi tin
hnh v sinh ni na.

Khi tm ngng khng nu, ngi vn hnh phi cho tin hnh v sinh nh
ban u.
2.2.5 S c, nguyn nhn v cch khc phc
S c
Dch si bt
trn ra ngoi
thng ho tan
Nguyn nhn
Cch khc phc
- Do phi liu nhiu MTB - Dng du n h bt

- Cht lng MTB km,
b h hng do VSV xm
nhp
- Lc tch tp cht,
cht keo hnh thnh trong
qu trnh ho tan.
26

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.2.2.2.Nu ko
Mc ch v yu cu
Mc ch: c c dung dch sau khi ho tan n kh 97%
Yu cu:
+ Khng xy ra hin tng hi ng
+ Khng chy ko
+ t kh 97%
+ Khi ko trong sut, mu sc khng tng cao so vi sir.
Thit b nu ko v cch tin hnh
2.3.2.2 Nu th cng
Ni nu c th bng ng, nhm cng, inox. Dng cho ming rng.
Th tch c t ni nu tng ng khi ko 10-12 kg
un trc tip trn bp than, ci, tru, gas, innhit nu cui cng 1551600C
Hin tng xy ra khi nu:
-
Lc mi bt u si: bt tao, khng bn. Sau bt nh dn v mn, mt bt cao do

bt bn.
Nhit dung dch tng
nc bc hi mnh lit
nng dung dch tng
Trng hp cht lng sir km ta ta a di lc lm mt i mt lng nhit ng k

ngui sir nn khi tin hnh nu thng xy ra hin tng khng bc hi c mc d
la vn c. do nht tng
s truyn nhit km.
Hoc khi phi liu ta cho nhiu MTB

Trng hp ny ta phi khuy, y np cho n khi mt di xut hin cc git nc
ngng t th m np ra.
27

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ch : khi trn thnh cho, dng c xut hin tinh th ng th lp tc phi ngng nu
ngay, tm nguyn nh v a ra cch khc phc mi nu li. Nguyn nhn c th l khi
phi liu lng cht chng hi t, khng .
u nhc im ca phng php nu th cng:
u: n gin, ph hp vi cc a phng khng c thit b hin i, thao tc d
dng.
Nhc im: nhit nu cao, thi gian nu ko di, do nu trong iu kin bnh
thng, cht kh khng bo m, khng ng u, nhit cc b nhiu ni,
to mi kht, mu m do b caranen ho.
Nu chn khng
a Ni nu gin on
Thit b ny s dng kh rng ri, c th dng n nu ko cng, ko mm v
v bnu c nhn ko, nn cn c gi l thit b nu ko vn nng.
Cu to ca thit b gm 2 ngn. Ngn trn gm 2 lp v cho hi t i vo
gia hai lp v v cnh khuy, ngn di l ngn chn khng.
Ton b thit b t trn gi . Ngn trn lin h vi ngn di bng ca van
nm phn di ca ngn trn. Ngn di khng c v hi t, n c ni vi bm
chn khng. Gia hai ngn c lp m cao su. C cu K C tc dng lm cho ngn
di c th gn vo hc tch ra khi ngn trn.
Nguyn tc lm vic: cho xir vo ( mi ln 50kg) v hi nng vo ngn trn.
p sut hi t 5-6kg/cm2. m my cho cnh khuy lm vic. Sir ngn trn c
un n 135-1400C . ng vi nng cui l 5-6 %. Sau ng van np li v cho
cnh khuy ngng hot ng. Ni ngn di vo ngn trn, m bm chn khng v
dng vlng nng ca van gia hai ngn khi ko chy xung ngn di ( c
chn khng < 700mmHg). Thi gian chy khong 2 pht. Trong ngn 2 nc bc hi
v nhit si h xung. Tu theo tr s chn khng trong ngn 2 m m cn li
28

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------trong khi ko s l 2-3%. Khi khi ko t nhit 115-1250C qua 3 pht th a khi
ko ra khi thit b v a i lm ngui.
Thi gian nu 18-20 pht. Nng sut 800kg khi ko/ca.
b. Ni nu chn khng lin t
Thng gia nhit: thng hnh tr, ng xon rut g co sir i trong , hi i
trong khong khng gian ca thng cha hi. Hi yu cu t 6-6.5kg/cm2
Thng h p khi xir ra khi ng xon rut g t nhit 142-1450C s phun
vo khoang h p( quan st ca s trn thn thit b ) ta thy 1 phn hi nc b bc
i.
Khoang chn khng: c to thnh khi cho ni ng lp vo h thng nh lc ht ca
bm chn khng.
Khoang chn khng v khoang h p c ni vi nhau bng van hnh nn.
Ht chn khng m ra
ni ng
dch sir t khoang h p xung khoang chn khng vo
hi nc bc i n nng cht kh 97%, nhit h thp xung
nhng vn tip tc bc hi nh n nhit.

u nhc im:
u: thi gian nu rt ngn do bc hi nhanh ( do chnh lch p sut ln)
cht
lng ko n nh.
Nng sut cao do nu bn lin tuc.
m c iu chnh bng cch tnng hoc gim thi gian ko bung bc.
Nhit ca sir khi qua bung h p c th iu chnh bng cch tng hoc gim tc
bm.
2.2.2.4 Lm ngui:
Mc ch yu cu:
Mc ch: H nhit khi ko t nhit sau nu 105-1350C xung nhit
75-800C nhit ny nht ca khi ko tng, c tnh do, nh c th to hnh d
dng.
29

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Yu cu: ngui mt cch ng u, trnh hin tng ch ngui ch khng, gy
ra ch cng ch mm, gy kh khn cho vic to hnh.
a.Thit b lm ngui:Bn lm ngui (xem ph lc)
Mt bn bng kim loi khng g,nhn bng.Bn di c dng nc chy ti nhit i.
b.Cch tin hnh:
Qut mt lp shortening ln mt bncho u, khi ko ln mt bn. Cho ko
u ui vo (nu c) khng qu 5%. Phi hng v axit hu c( hm lng axit 415g/kg khi ko, 4ml tinh du +0,5 g vani/kg khi ko).
Lt tr khi ko cho u v cho b mt tip xc vi mt bn vo trong lng khi ko.
Thao tc: Dng dng c khi ko. loi ti a cc bt kh ra ngai. Lt gp lin tc,
iu chnh lng nc vo ra cho hp l.
Khi nhit khi ko t 80-850C ta a qua my nhi ko.
c.. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh lm ngui
+ Lu lng nc lm ngui.
Nc lm ngui nhiu qu s lm ngui khi ko khng ng u, to ra nhiu
ch cng cc b.
Nhit ca nc lm ngui ( nhit ca nc lm ngui qu thp s lm
ngui khi ko khng ng u cng to ra nhiu ch cng cc b, cn cao qu s ti
nhit chm, ko di thi gian lm ngui RS tng)
+ Thi gian lm ngui ( thi gian lm ngui ditng lng RS trong ko)
+ Lng ko u ui > 5% s khng tan c trong khi ko to ra nhng
ch khng ng nht trong khi ko.
Thit b nhi ko ( my nhi xem hnh bn)
Mc ch: ci thin mu cho ko do cc hp cht mang mu c cc ni i b t
ralm nht hoc mt mu v ui khng kh c trong khi ko khi l ngui ra ngoi,
trnh to bt kh cho khi ko.
Yu cu:
30

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Phn b u cc ph liu trong khi ko.
+ Lm cho khi ko vn v ko mi thnh mt khi thng nht
+ loi tr ti a kh c trong khi ko.
+ Lm cho ton b khi ko c nhit nh nhau ko c hnh dng ng
nht.
+ Sau khi cn nhit ca khi ko t 75-800C
Cu to: gm mt trc l c rng ca v mt mt bn c th xoay quanh c.
Thao tc:Khi ng my, cho hi nng vo h thng si, qut shortening trn
mt thit b khi khi ko c lm ngui n 80-850C a i nhi. Trong qu trnh
lm vic ngi vn hnh phi gi khng cho khi ko ri xung t v gp tr khi
ko li v a vo my.Khi nhit khi ko t khong 75-800C a qua my ln
cn.
2.2.2.5. To hnh gm 3 thit b
a.My ln cn ( xem hnh)
Mc ch : bin khi ko c hnh dng bt k thnh khi hnh cn di c th
d dng a u nh vo my vut dy.
Bm nhn vo gia khi ko trong sn xut ko cng c nhn.
Cu to: Gm 4 trc hnh cn, b mt bng ki loi c cc mu chuyn ng cng
chiu v c th o chiu trnh t dy ko.
Yu cu: nhit khi ko khng thay i t ngt lm khi ko b mt nhit
cc b d b nt v vy cn phi sy tr ln cn trc v trong sut qu trnh ln cn(
tc nhn sy l hi nng).
Thao tc: Trc khi cho khi ko vo, u tin ta khi ng mysy trc cn
bng hi nng trc 5 pht, qut shortening chng dnh. Khi khi ko t n nhit
75-800C cho vo my ln cnxoay trc iu chnh cho khi ko qua my vut dy.
Cc yu t nh hng:
+ Nhit : nhit thp qu nt theo chiu dc khi ko.
31

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ nhit cao qu khi ko mmchy x.
b. My vut dy:
Mc ch to cho khi ko thnh dy di, to iu kin cho qu trnh to hnh
thun li hn.
Cu to: gm 4-5 cp rul, khong cch gia 2 rul trong mt cp th nh dn,
vn tc th tng dn.
Kch thc ca dy ko sau khi ra khi my vut ph thuc vo khun ko.
Yu cu: trnh dy ko b thay i nhit mt cch t ngt khi tip xc vi
rul bng cch sy rul trc, dng in nng sy.
Thao tc vn hnh thit b vut dy:u tin sy nng cc trc l 45-500C bng
in nngm cng tc cho in vo mycho u ko qua khe h gia cc bnh xe
v iu chnh tc quay tng i gia cc cp ldy ko qua my dp vin.
Cc yu t nh hng:
Nhit dy ko cao qu th dy ko mm, hnh dng khng n nh .
Nhit thp qu d b nt ngang do ko vut.
Tc tng i gia cc cp rul phi nhanh dn nhng khng c nhanh
qu.
c. My dp vin
Mc ch: bin dy ko thnh tng vin, ta hoa vn d dng bao gi v p ng yu
cu ca ngi tiu dng
S bin i dy ko trong my:
+ Cht dy ko thnh tng on bng nhau
+ Cc ty s y cc on ko vo khun
+ Cc ty i din s dp ko vo khun.
( hai mt ca ty c cc hoa vn to cho ko c hoa vn, tng thm tnh thm m ca
vin ko)
32

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Sau mt ty s y vin ko ra khi khun, vin ko ri vo bng ti sang
my lm ngui.
Thao tc vn hnh thit b dp vin:
V sinh kim tra thit b: kim tra dao ct, kim tra b mt hoa vn, dao ct c
c kh ro cha.
Bi trn b mt dao ct bng shortening
M cng tc in tng cho my
khi ng chy th ( trc khi vo sn
xut), khi my chy tt th mi sn xut

Khi ng li my khi dy ko t my vut dy qua my dp vin, dy ko b
ct thnh tng on ko bng nhau. Ccty s yu cc on ko ny vo khun ko,
khong cch gia hai ty l chiu dy ca vin ko, trn mi ty c khc hoa vn tng
tnh thm m cho vin ko.
iu chnh tc ct ca thit b dp khun cho ph hp vi ton dy chuyn.
2.2.2.5.Lm ngui ko:
a.Mc ch yu cu:
Ko sau khi to thnh nhit khi ko 65-700C nhit ny ko cn mm d b
bin dng do mc ch l:
Trnh hin tng ko b bin dng v dnh vo bng ti, trnh hin tng hi
ng.
Yu cu: khng ng nc trn b mt ko, ko khng b ht m tr li, khng b
nt mt. nhit sau lm ngui 40-450C.
b.Thit b v cch s dng
Thng dng bung lm mt c qut thi khng kh lnh cng bc. Bng ti
ko c lm bng thp lm ri cc bavia dnh trn ko v hi mt vo c d
dng. Bng chuyn c chiu rng tng dn t trn xung, chiu di bng ph thuc
vo chiu di phn xng, gii hn 4-30m, tc cc bng chuyn bng nhau.
Kim tra qut gi cho chy th bng ti ko
33

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Vn hnh: Cho bng ti chy, m qut gi, iu chnh tc gi 12-140C.
Cc s c thng gp:
Ko dnh chm: do bng ti dng, tc dp khun qu ln, cn gt ko khng
hat ng, nhit lm mt cha t yu cu.
X l: iu chnh cc thit b cho ph hp.
2.2.2.6.Chn la - bao gi:
a.Mc ch v yu cu.Chn: nhng vin ko khng t yu cu k thut c
loi b ra cho vo ko u ui x l li . tng gi tri sn phm.
Bao gi :ngn cch vi mi trng bn ngoi , trnh ht m , vin ko c bo
qun lu di, tng gi tr cm quan, ngn nga vi sinh vt xm nhp
b.Thit b gi ko.
Th cng:
u : n gin ,giy gi khng cn yu cu cao v nng sut 30kg/ngi/ca
Nhc: hnh dng khng p, khng m bo v sinh.
My ng gi:
u: cht lng gi tt , cht lng v sinh m bo.
Nhc: yu cu cht lng giy gi cao, gi thnh thit b cao
2.3. Cc s c v cch khc phc
S c
Nguyn nhn
Khc phc
Vin ko khng y
Kch thc dy ko nh
iu chnh khong cch rul
Vin ko nhiu bavia Kch thc dy ko ln
iu chnh khong cch rul
Ko dnh khun
Lm ngui n nhit yu
nhit dy ko cao
Bi trn khng tt, hm cu nhit gia nhit thit b

ct khng st
cui dy cao
Do khun lm vic nhiu Bi trn bng shortening, iu

s gy nng khun
chnh hm ct
Thi gi lnh c p lc ln vo
34

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------khun
Ko b dp. nt
Ko b ngui t0<600C,
Xem li cc yu cu k thut
ngang, nt dc
lm ngui khng ng
ca khu trc c m bo
khng.
Cc s c v cch khc phc trong khi gi ko

S c
Ko bi v khi vo
xch cp
Ko b v khi ct
ko
Nguyn nhn
V tr xch cp v mm
cp sai
Chi qut h, khng tip
xc vi b mt mm cp.
Cng c ly n
quang khng ph hp.
Cng dao ng ln,
gng ct sai.
Cch khc phc

iu chnh xch
cp.
iu chnh chi
qut
iu chnh li
cng n
quang.
Bo qun ko v nhng bin i trong qu trnh bo qun.

Ko cng c nhiu tnh cht khc hn ng: ho nc hn . m ca khng
kh 60-65% v nhit 18-22o C n ht m .Qu trnh ht m ca ko c th gm cc
giai on sau:
a. B mt ko hp hi nc
b. Mt phn khi ko ho tan trong nc, nc hp ph vo v to ra trn b
mt mt lp dung dch bo ho.
c. Khuych tn m t lp bn trn vo bn trong .
d. Khuych tn ra ngoi khng kh do chnh lch m.
ng kt tinh , khi ko chuyn t trng thi phi tinh th sang trng thi
tinh th.
Nhng bin i ca ko cng trong qu trnh bo qun.
Nhng bin i
Nguyn nhn
Cch khc phc
35

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ko b ht m v
chy nc
m ca ko >3%
m khng kh trong kho cao
Tng thi gian bung

bc, ngo vi ng
bt.
Xem thc n v rt
ngn thi gian tc dng
nhit.
bo qun ko trong kho
>65%, tokk>30%
c iu ho nhit .
Do khng cht chng hi
Xem li thc n v
ng.
yu cu k thut khu
Khng ho tan trit cc tinh
ho tan.
Hm lng ng kh cao thi

gian tc dng nhit ko di
Ko b hi ng
th ng.
Tip xc vi khng kh c
m thp
36

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHNG 3
CNG NGH SN XUT KO MM
3.1.nh ngha : l khi ng saccaroza trng thi v nh hnh v c thm cc

cht khc nh : sa , mt hoa qu , u phng , da , gelatin
Yu cu ca ko mm :
Mm , m cao.
Hng v c trng do cht n quy nh.
Do dai, mu sc hp dn.
Thnh phn ca ko mm:
ng saccaroza, cc cht chng kt tinh( mt tinh bt , nha, ng
chuyn ho), cc cht n (sa , gelatin, da , mt hoa qu).
Thnh phn dinh dng cao hn ko cng.
Do tnh cht ca cc ko a nc, khi nh trn s to ra mt khi xp
3.2. Dy chuyn sn xut ko mm
3.2.1. S quy trnh sn xut:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn Nguyn Ph c
38

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ko a nc
ng knh
Mt tinh bt
b t,nha
Ngm
Ho tan
To bt
Lc
Dch ha
Nu
ng ho 1
Xir ko
1
Xir ko 2
B sung xir
nh trn
B, cht iu
v, nhn qu ,
hng liu
Lm ngui
Qut ko
To hnh
Gi ko
39

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thnh
phm
3.2.2. Thuyt minh s :
3.2.2.1Chun b dch keo
Nguyn liu sn xut ko mm gn 2 phn. Cc nguyn liu qua ch bin nhit:
ng saccaroza, MTB, v nc chng c ho vi nhau ri a i nu ko ( ho
ging nh ho xir trong ko cng)
Nhm nguyn liu khng qua ch bin nhit: cc nguyn liu ph, cht n, v nh
th trnh bin i thnh phn dinh dng. nhm nguyn liu ny c a i ng
ho to thnh mt khi thng nht.
a. Chun b dch keo Anbumin:
Dch lng trng trng a i sy phun ta c bt lng trng trng t l thu c
7:1
Ngm bt lng trng trng vi nc theo t l 1:3 hoc 1:4
Nhit nc ngm 30-400C. Nu nc nng qu anbumin b phn hy hoc b vi
sinh vt ph hoi.
Thi gian ngm 8gi, khng dnh du m vo
ta c dch anbumin.Ngm
xong l dung ngay, va dung va ngm b sung.

b. Chun b dch keo Gelatin:
Gelatin c sn xut t cc phn ph trong cng ngh ch bin tht
Lng nc ngm gp 2-3 ln lng gelatin
Thi gian ngm 1-2 gi.
40

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ngm nhit thng gelatin ht nc v trng n, khng tan, rn, sau
hp cch thy nhit 600C to khi keo lng.
Nc ngm gelatin phi l n trung tnh, tuyt i khng cc loi axit tip xc
vo v n nh hng n kh nng ng t ca gelatin.
3.2.2.2 Nu ko:
Trong ko mm lng ng kh cao 20-30%. lng MTB cho vo nhiu, v vy
dng MTB l tt, c th thay th bng mt phn ng chuyn ho.
Nhit nu ko nh hn 1600C v m cui cng ph thuc vo cc cht n
thng c c n 92-95%.
a.Nu ko mt ln: Ging nh nu ko trong ko cng
b. Nu phn on: c th chia lm 2-3 ln a i nh trn vi dch keo.
Nu 2 ln: Ln 1 ly 2/5 lng xir c c 1280C
Ln 2 phn cn li c c 1450C
Nu 3 ln: ln 1 ly 1/10 lng xiro c c 1180C
ln 2 ly 2/5 lng xir c c 132-1350C
ln 3 phn cn li c c 1450C.
3.2.3.3.nh trn (ng ho)
a. Mc ch v yu cu:
To khi ko ng nht
b. Yu cu: + m ng k thut
+ ng nht
Thit b: c nhiu kiu thit b nh trn ng, nm ngang
Cch tin hnh:
Sau khi dch keo chun b xong, khi keo sau nu cng t c m k
thut, ta tin hnh ng ho.
41

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ivi anbumin: khi ng my, ch n nh, cho long trng trng ngm
thi gian vo my nh trn, cho my chy vi tc chm 2-3 pht. Sau tng dn
tc ln (15 vng /pht) thi gian khong 15 pht ta thu c khi xp, mu trng
th tch tng 3-4 ln.
Khi khi ko sau nu t c m yu cu ta cho ko u ui vo v rt t t
vo ( v nhanh qu s lm ng t anbumin v nhit), tng tc (20vng/pht), thm
hng, axit hu c, sa bt nh khong 20-25 pht. Kt qu ta c mt khi ko
mn, trng xp.
i vi gelatin: cho dch ko sau nu vo my nh trn trc, sau cho gelatin
ngm nc thi gian vo.
Thng hay phi hp gia gelatin v anbumin.
3.2.2.4. Lm ngui- Qut ko- To hnh:
Sau khi nh trn xong ta a i lm ngui ( ging nh lm ngui ko cng). Sau
khi t c nhit lm ngui theo yu cu khong 500C ta a i qut ko.
Qut ko: nhm mc ch tng xp ca ko v mu sc cu ko c ci thin,
sau chng c a i to hnh.
To hnh : to vin ko thnh tng vin nh c hnh dng ch nht, hnh vung dy
khong 1cm.
To hnh bng cn v ct:
Khi ko mm c cn ra thnh tm mng dy 1cm nh 2trc. Sauk hi cn
xong ta tin hnh ct trn my ct quay, gm 1 trc dao, khong cch gia 2 dao
ct chnh l chiu di v chiu rng ca vin ko.
*Ch : Vi my ct quay, nhit tm ko khi ct khong 400C. Nhit
cao(>400C) vin ko mm. ko dnh dao, vt ct khng p.
Nhit thp(<400C) vin ko cng, vt ct gy, dp khng u.
42

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Li dao phi c ch to t vt liu cht lng cao: mng, cng, khng r st,
sc.
3.2.2.5.Chn v gi ko:
c im ca ko mm: dnh, mm. nhiu cht bo, xp, m cao
bin dng
d b
gi 2,3 lp giy.
Lp trong cng bng giy tinh bt

Lp gia; lp chng thm cht bo ( giy c trng paraffin)
Lp ngoi cng giy kim loi.
Bao gi thng dng bng my l chnh.
Cu hi n tp
43
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHNG 4.
CNG NGH SN XUT BNH
Khi nim: Bnh quy c sn xut t nguyn liu chnh l bt m, ng sacaroza v

cc nguyn liu ph nh: cht bo, trng , sa tng gi tr cho sn phm.
4.1. Cng ngh sn xut bnh quy xp (Cookies).
4.1.1.Quy trnh sn xut quy xp (Cookies)
Nguyn liu
nh kem
Trn bt
To hnh
Nng
Lm ngui
Hon thin
bao gi
Thnh phm
4.1.2.Thuyt minh s
4.1.2.1.Chun b nguyn liu:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c
50
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nguyn liu sn xut bnh bch quy ch yu gm: bt m, ng, nguyn liu
ph, nc v thuc n.
Trc khi cho vo nho bt, nguyn liu phi c s ch nhm bo m cht
lng khi bt nho.
-
ng: ry b nhng tp cht ln trong ng, nghin nh ng khi nho bt

chng d dng ho tan mt cch trit (i vi quy xp,quy dai khng cnv lng
ng dung trong quy dai t)
bt m: sng b cc tp cht trong bt m(do b vn cc, mnh kim loi) chn bt

ng yu cu: gluten ti 27-30%. n hi thp trnh b bin dng thng dng
bt loi 2.
cht bo trc khi ch bin ta cho tan ra bng cch tng nhit t0=45-500C hoc
quy nh ti cho tan ra d dng ng ho.
Trng: la trng v p b v.
Thuc n: kim tra xem thuc n c cha, s lng khng.

Liu lng : vi NaHCO3: 06-0,8kg/100kg bt
Vi (NH4)2CO3 : 0,075kg/100kg bt
4.2. Cng ngh sn xut bnh quy dai (Biscuits).

4.2.1.Quy trnh sn xut quy dai (Biscuits))
51
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nguyn liu
nh kem
Trn bt
Cn, ct
Nng
Lm ngui
Hon thin
bao gi
Thnh phm
52
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.3. Cng ngh sn xut bnh bng lan (cake)
4.3.1. S cng ngh
Nguyn liu
nh kem
Trn bt
Rt khun
Nng
Lm ngui
Hon thin
bao gi
Thnh phm
4.3.2.Thuyt minh quy trnh

4.3.2.1.Nho bt, trn bt:
a.Mc ch:
Nho bt nhm to ra khi bt ng nht v mi mt. y l giai on u tin
ca qu trnh sn xut. Khi bt nho l hn hp cc nguyn liu sn xut bnh quy.
b.Yu cu:
53
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Khi bt nho phi c m thch hp. lng nc trong khi bt nho ch

gluten trong bt m trng n. nu tha nc khi bt nho s chy x d dnh khun
khi to hnh hoa vn trang tr trn b mt bnh s b m nht khng r nt, m ln
s nh hng n xp ca bnh. Lng nc trong khi bt nho khng th
gluten cha trng n ht gy sng bnh.
m ca khi bt nho ty thuc vo phng php to hnh. Thng chng dao

ng t 20-25%, c khi ln ti 27-28%
+ Phng php cn dp khun :W=20-21%
+ Phng php p quay: W= 18-20%
+ Phng php p n: W=24-25%
+ Phng php rt:W= 26-27%
Do yu cu v m khi bt nho cht ch nh vy nn lng nc cho vo vo
bt phi c tnh ton c th. Lng nc nyph thuc vo m ca khi bt
nho cn c v ph thuc vo m ca cc nguyn liu i vo nho bt.
- Khi bt nho phi ng nht c ngha l cc nguyn liu chnh ph phi phn tn u
vo nhau mi ni trong khi bt nho. C nh vy cht lng bnh mi ng u.
-
- Khi bt nho phi c n hi, ti do p ng theo yu cu ca tng loi

bnh quy.
4.3.1.1. nh hng ca cc loi nguyn liu i vi bt nho:

a. ng:
ng c nh hng n tnh cht ca bt nho. ng lm cho bt nho d b
nho, nu nhiu ng bt nho s b nho d dnh vo trc cn, vo khn dp hnh,
ng thi bnh cng dnh vo bng ti nng. ng lm gim s trng n ca protein
c khc nhau.
Nu gi nguyn m ca khi bt nho l mt hng s th khi ta dung ng
nhiu phi t nc v ng lm hn ch kh nng ht nc ca bt( tranh nc ca bt
to ra dung dch ng) lm bt nho ra.
V d: 20g bt + 10ml nc ta c th v thnh mt cc
54
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cng vi 20g bt +10ml nc +10g ng th ta khng th v c do b chy x.
V vy nho bt lm quy dai ta dung t ng v n`u dng nhiu ng th ng
s lm cho gluten khng trng n c nh hng n tnh cht ca bt nho.
Vi bt nho bnh quy xp ta dng nhiu ng.
Kch thc ca tinh th ng c nh hng n cht lng sn phm . i vi
bt nho quy xp th nn dng ng xay nh .Nu kch thc to c nh hng n
cht lng bnh v ng cn ng li trn mt bnh. Cn vi bt nho dai th tinh
th ng t nh hng do lng ng dng t , nc nhiu hn , nhit cao hn,
tyhi gioan nho nhiu hn.
Nu dng lng ng kh ln m khng c cht bo th bnh thnh phm
cng.
b.Bt m
m bt m thng 13,5-14% . m bt m cao thi lng nc thm vo t ,
m bt m thpth lng nc thm vo nhiu.
Bt c hm lng gluten th m bt nho tng lm thi gian nng bnh ko
di.
Cht lng gluten nh hng n cht lng bt nho . Vi bt nho quy xp
cht lng gluten yu v trung bnh cho bt nho do, khng bi bin dng . Nu
dng gluten c cht lng cao bnh khng xp . Cn vi quy dai nn dung gluten
cht lng yu khng b bin dng khi to hnh.
mn ca bt m cng anh hng n cht lng bt nho . Bt m cng mn
th tc trng n protein ln (N32-N40 ).
c. nh hng ca cht bo :
Cht bo lm cho bt nho thm do v bnh xp .Khi tng lng cht bo th
bt nho s ti, nu t cht bo th bt nho km do, bnh lam ra kem xp.
Cht bo cho vao bt nhos to ra mt mng mng , c tc dng bao trm v
bi trn cc ht bt , do gi c lng khng kh trong bt nho , nh m
bnh xp.
55
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cht bo c nh hng tt hay xu n cht lng bnh cn ph thuc vo
phn tn ca chng trong bt nho.
Cng thc tnh lng nc nho bt
Mn =
- Cng thc tnh lng nc thm vo :
m2
1-Wbh
- m1
Trong :Mn l lng nc cn thm vo.

m1 : tng lng nguyn cho trc
m2 : tng lng cht kh c trong nguyn liu cho trc.
Wbh : m yu cu ca khi bt nho (%)
V d : tnh lng nc nho bt thch hp theo thc n sau:

-
Bt m 100kg 86% cht kh
ng saccaroza 30kg, Bx =99,9%
Trng 5kg ,Bx = 20%
Sa bt 5kg , Bx = 95%
Bt n 0,3kg, Bx = 95%
Gii : Tng lng nguyn liu cho trc : m1 = 140,3kg

Tng lng cht kh :m2 = 122,005kg
m khi bt nho Wbh = 20%
122,005
Lng nc cn thm vo :Mn =
-140,3 =12,206kg
1- 0,20
4.3.1.2. nh hng ca cc yu t vt l ti bt nho
56
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------a. Nhit
Tu theo tng loi bnh m c nhit nc nho bt khc nhau .
-
Quy dai th nhit nc nho nc m 38-40oC.
Quy xp nc nhit thng 25-30oC.
b. Thi gian nho bt .

Qu trnh nho bt cc nguyn liu chnh , ph phn tn u vo nhau
ng thi khi c gluten , tinh bt ht nc v trng n ln. Do vy thi gian
nho bt phi cc qu trnh trn xy ra.
+ Thi gian ngn qu khng cc nguyn liu phn tn vo nhau .
+ Thi gian di qu c kh nng lm thot kh v ch do thuc n b phn hy sm,
lm gim nng sut thit b nho trn , nh hng n nng sut chung ca nh my.
Thi gian nho bt quy dai khong 25-30 pht gluten trng n ti a to ra
khi bt c n hi cao.
Thi gian nho bt quy xp ngn hn khoang 12-15 pht.
c. nh hng ca cng nho v tc nho
Cng nho :quy xp cng nh .
Quy dai cng ln.
Tc cng ln th nho trn cng nhanh, nhng tc nho bt khng c ln
qu s lm t cc si gluten kh gi m.
4.3.1.3. Thit b nho bt
C nhiu kiu thit b , tu theo nng sut, quy m nh my m ta chn cc thit b
khc nhau : gin on , bn lin tc , lin tc.
Th t nho bt :
ng ho cc nguyn liu ph : ng , trng , b , sa , nc ( cn gi l nh
kem). Sau nho dch ng ho trn vi bt m , v nu ta cho tt c cc nguyn
liu vo cng mt lc th s khng u v b vn cc.Cui cng l thuc n .
Nhit nho : nhit mi trng . Khi ng ho (nh kem) ta c th nng nhit
ln 40oC v cht bo v ng d ho tan.
57
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lm vic vi thit b :
- Kim tra in , nguyn liu , vt l trong my
- Khi ng my , ch chy n nh vi giy , sau cho ng , nc, trng ,
cht bo , sa mui cht nh ho ( tt c c chun b v nh lng ng
theo cng thc phi liu.), tng tc my ln 70-120 vng/pht trong 6-10 pht
. Ta oc dch ng nht , c bt do kh chui vo , th tch tng ln .Sau gim
tc xung tu theo loi bnh sn xut( quy dai tc nho ln hn quy
xp)ri cho bt nho vo t t .Cui qua trnhta mi cho bt n vo .V khi cho
bt n vo trc s mt i mt phn v tc dng vi axit bo, mt do tc dng
nhit thi gian trn tuy theo loi bnh. Kt thc qu trnh nho bt ta ta c
khi bt nho t yu cu
Cc s c thng gp:
Bt qu nho , qu kh.
Nguyn nhn do phi liu
X l : tnh li thc n phi liu.
Vi khi bt qu nho th ta nn thm tinh bt vo
Vi khi bt qua kh th thm nc vo
Khi bt khng ng nht th iu chnh thi gian v cng nho.
4.3.2.To hnh
Mc ch yu cu
Bin i khi bt nho thnh tng chic bnh mt
bin i c hc
Yu cu : c hnh dng theo th hiu ca ngi tiu dng .

Kch thc bnh phi ph hp bao gi d dng, kch thc va phi
thot kh NH3 trong thuc n khi nng.
m va phi d to hnh .
4.3.2.1.To hnh quy xp
Cu to thit b to hnh tang quay
Nguyn l lm vic
58
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng ti bt nho (1) dng ti bt nho vo thng tip liu (2) .Ti y
bt nho c cp xung trc to hnh (3) nh trc tip liu (4).Bnh c ct mt
nh dao gt ngay trc to hnh .Sau bnh c ly ra nh bng ti bnh .
Trn trc to hnh c cc khun hnh , khi cn thit c th thay i khun
bnh .
Cc s c thng gp
S c
Bnh chy x , dnh
khun , hoa vn
khng r rng
Bnh dy v nng
hn khi lng k
thut
Bnh nh khng
ng khi lng k
thut
Bnh khng mn
mt, c ht ng
trn b mt
Bt c qu , dao co khng
xt
Cch khc phc

Rc tinh bt ng trn b
mt bnh cho thm tinh
bt ng vo
Xem li phi liu v
khong cch dao co
C th do truc np liu khng

p st
iu chnh khong cch

hai trc
Bt nh trn khng k,
ng cha tan trit
nh trn ng ch k
thut
Nguyn nhn
Bt nho qu
4.3.2.2.To hnh quy dai

Do bt nho quy dai c tnh n hi cao nn khng th dng thit b to hnh
tang quay c , v thng b bin dng khi tao hnh .Thng dng h thng to
hnh cn, dp khun hoc n p.
Cu to
Quy tc lm vic ca my cn dp .
Khi bt nho c a ln bn cn mng nh i trc , sau khi t c
mng yu cu ta tin hnh dp khun.
My dp khun hot ng nh c cu chuyn ng hn gi .Khi khun bnh
dp xung th bng chuyn ngng hot ng to hnh cho bnh , sau khun
bnh nhc ln th bng ti li tin v pha trc .Cn bng tai li b bnh ln mt
59
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------bng ti khc n cng on nng . S ba via (u tha ) cn li c a qua b
phn cn li.
Phng php to hnh bng h thng cn v dp khun th t l bnh / bt thp
75-80% (nhiu ba via) .Thi gian to hnh di.
c. To hnh bnh bng lan (cake)
4.3.2.3. Nng bnh .
a. Mc ch yu cu :
Bin bnh sng thnh bnh chn .y l giai on chnh trong qu trnh sn xut
bnh ,nh hng trc tip n cht lng thnh phm .Do vy c cc yu cu sau :
Bnh chn u , xp , khng gi cht kh , t l bnh nt , b , b chy , sng thp .
Nng bnh c tin hnh trong cc l nng .Nhit truyn t b mt t
nng v t hn hp hi khng kh ca bung nng n bnh .
b. s bin i ca bnh trong khi nng.
Qu trnh nng bnh chia lm ba giai on ng vi ba ch nhit trong l
nng
Giai don 1 : giai on lm chn bnh .c trng cho giai on ny l tc bc
hi khng n nh .
Nhit d l nng 2000C
Nhit trn b mt ca bnh 100-1500C .Nhit trong rut bnh tng dn ln
ti 75-800C
giai on ny nhit khuyc tn dn t b mt bnh vo rut bnh .
Qu trnh ny xy ra : - Tinh bt trong bnh c h ha v chn
-Protein b bin tnh v chn
Bnh c chn , thuc n b phn hy trit , gii phng cht kh , tng cng
xp ca bnh . Th tch tng ln . Qu trnh chn cn c thi gian nht nh do vy giai
on 1 thi gian ko di 1,5 2 pht .
60
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Trong sn xut cn ch : Nhit vng 1 khng dc cao qu 2000C .nu nhit
cao qu lp v s hnh thnh sm , do vy ngn chn nhit khuch tn vo trong bnh v
dng m t trong bnh khng ra c ,lm cho bnh b sng v nt .
Giai on 2 : Giai on nng bnh . c trung tc bc hi c nh .
Nhit l nng 250- 260 0C nhit b mt bnh ln 175 -180 0C nhit rut bnh ln
ti 120 -1300C . y xy ra qu trnh nng bnh .
- Tinh bt b dextrin ha hnh thnh v bnh .Chng tr nn giai hn lp bn
trong .
- ng b caramen ha to ra mu vng cho v v hng thm c trng cho
caramen .
- Xy ra phn ng mlanoidin gia axit amin v ng kh , to mi thm .Bnh
tip tc bay hi nc lm cho bnh kh hn , dn hn .
Ch : Giai on ny nhit l nng khng qu cao ,lm cho bnh chy sm
mu do m tng i gim xung .
Thi gian : 4 -5 pht .
Giai on 3 : Giai on lm kh bnh . Tc bc hi tt xung v tr nn c
nh .
Nhit l nng h xung 180 1900 C
Hm m .
Giai on ny xy ra qu trnh bc hi nc lam cho m ca bnh xung thp
lm cho bnh kh gin = 3 -4 % .
Thi gian khong 4 -5 pht .
Cn ch nhit bung nng phi c iu chnh chnh xc , c nh vy mi
m bo cht lng bnh khi nng .
Do nhu cu nh vy nn c nhiu loi l nng .
4.3.3.1. cu to v lm vic ca mt vi l nng .
C rt nhiu l nng bnh : Th cng , t bng than ,gas . in ..
a. L nng gin on
61
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bnh c t trong cc khay v a vo l nng ( nh l nng bnh m iu ny
phi ph thuc vo kinh nghim ca ngi thao tc .
+ Nng sut thp ,ch iu chnh kh khn .
+ u im n gin .
b. L nng lin tc t bng than, gas
Cu to : l c ch to t cc vt liu chu nhit ,di, chia lm hai ngn , ngn
di khng kh nng , ngn trn bng ti bnh . Nhit iu chnh bng cc khe thot nhit
u : Nng sut cao , nhng do t bng than ,gas , nn nhit trong cc vng
khng chnh xc .Hiu sut 90 % .
c.L nng lin tc t bng in .
t cc dy in tr trong bung t . Nhit c iu chnh rt chnh xc nh cc role
nhit . Cht lng m bo .
d..L nng bng n hng ngoi .
4.3.2.4. Lm ngui - Hon thin.
a. Lm ngui :
Mc ch : Nhm gim nhit v trnh1 hin tng ng sng trn b mt
bnh .
Bnh sau khi ra khi l c lm ngui bng cch qut trc tip khng kh vo
bnh . Nhit bnh gim dn v m bay hi trit hn .
b. phun hng : Mc ch tng gi tr cm quan cho bnh .
Cho bnh i vo bung kh , phun hng liu vo .Bnh c hng thm .
4.3.2.5. La chn - bao gi
a. Chn la:
Mc ch : loi i cc bnh khng t yu cu : gy ,chy , sng .
Thng dng phng php th cng l chnh .
b. Bao gi:
Mc ch : ngn khng cho bnh ht m , khng gy vn trong qu trnh lu thng .m
bo tnh thm m cho bnh .
62
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tin hnh : bnh trc khi cho vo kho hoc lu thng trn th trng c xp
vo 4 loi bao b .
Mc ch ca tng loi bao gi nh sau :
- Bnh c xp vo cc khay nha xp , trnh b gy ,b , to cho hp bnh
vung vc ,sc cnh .
- Trnh b ht m ngi ta s dng bao b polyete.
- To v thm m cho bnh ngi ta dng loi bao b bng xenlulo , c th
trang tr v in cc thng tin cn thit trn .
- khng nt v v d dng trong qu trnh vn chuyn ngi ta c th cho vo
hp bng cac tng 3 lp .
My ng gi .
63
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 5. KIM TRA V KIM SOT TRONG CNG NGH SN XUT
BNH, KO
5.1. Kim tra cht lng nguyn liu
5.1.1. Xc nh m
1. Nguyn tc:
Sy nhit 1050C v cn n khi lng khng i..
2. Tin hnh:
Cn khong 5g mu chnh xc n 0,0001g vo chn sy c sy n khi
lng khng i v bit trc khi lng. em sy trong t nhit 105 0C trong 1
gi, ly ra lm ngui trong bnh ht m 30 pht v cn. Lp li qu trnh sy nh trn
cho n khi khi lng khng i (mu c coi l khng i khi chnh lch gia hai
ln cn lin tip nh hn 0,0005g). Thi gian sy mi ln tip theo l 30 pht.
3.Kt qu:
m tnh bng % theo cng thc sau:
X1
m1 - m 2
.100 (%
m
)
Trong :
- m1 l khi lng mu v chn sy trc khi sy, tnh bng g.
- m2 l khi lng mu v chn sy sau khi sy, tnh bng g.
- m l khi lng mu, tnh bng g.
5.1.2 Xc nh chua ca bt m
1.Nguyn tc:
Trung ha lng axit c trong mu bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N vi ch th
phenolphthalein (PP ) 1%
5.2.3.Tin hnh:
Cn 5g bt, chnh xc n 0,01g cho vo bnh tam gic 150ml, thm vo 50ml
nc ct trung tnh, lc u tan ht bt. Dng bnh tia ra nhng ht bt dnh trn
thnh bnh. Thm vo 5 git PP 1% v em chun bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N n
khi xut hin mu hng, bn sau 30 giy th dng li. Ghi th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1N
tiu tn.
5.2.4.Kt qu:
chua tnh bng theo cng thc sau:
64
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Trong :
X2
V .100
.K ( 0 )
m.10
- V l th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1N tiu tn khi chun , tnh bng ml
- m l khi lng mu th, tnh bng g.
- 10 l h s chuyn i t NaOH 0,1N sang NaOH 1N
- K l h s hiu chnh nng dung dch NaOH 0,1N.
+ Chnh lch gia 2 ln xc nh song song nh hn 0,10.
+ Kt qu l trung bnh cng gia 2 kt qu xc nh song song chnh xc n 0,10.
5.1.3. Xc nh hm lng v cht lng gluten t ca bt m
1. Nguyn tc:
Da vo tnh khng tan trong nc ca gluten, to khi bt nho t bt m, ra
tri tinh bt, p nc xc nh hm lng gluten t.
5.3.2.Tin hnh:
Xc nh hm lng gluten t:
To khi bt nho
Cn 25g bt, chnh xc n 0,01g cho vo chn s c sn 5-10ml nc, dng a thy
tinh trn u cho n khi thnh khi bt ng nht ( cho lng nc va trnh
hin tng bt nho hoc kh). Dng dao vt bt dnh trn a v chn. Nn khi bt
thnh hnh cu cho vo chn v y bng tm knh. yn 20 pht nhit phng.
Ra thu Gluten c 2 cch:
+ Cch 1: Ra trc tip di vi nc
Cho cc bt chun b trn vo lng tay tri, nm cc ngn tay li v a vo
vi nc my. ng thi dng tay phi iiu chnh dng nc chy nh vi tc 1 lt
nc trong 5 pht. trnh mt gluten phi t pha di tay tri mt ci ry. Tip tc
ra di dng nc nh cho n khi gluten tr thnh mt khi dnh n hi th tng tc
dng nc ln. Gi tc cho n khi gluten sch ht tinh bt.
+ Cch 2: Ra trong chu nc
t 2 -3 lt nc vo chu va ngm va tch tinh bt, tin hnh ra lin tc.
Trc khi thay nc phi nc ra c qua ry gi li gluten.
65
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* xc nh qu trnh ra gluten xong, s dng 2 bin php kim
tra.
+ Bin php 1: Th bng I2
Cho vo nc vt t gluten 1-2 git I2. Nu dung dch khng c mu xanh ra
ht tinh bt
+ Bin php 2: Th bng nc
Nh t 2-3 git nc vt t gluten vo 1 cc nc trong, thy nc khng c l
ra xong.
p nc
Khi ra xong dng tay vt kit nc trong gluten, p gluten gia lng bn tay, thnh
thong thm tay bng khn kh. Cn gluten p kh vi chnh xc 0,01g.
Xc nh cht lng gluten t:
Mu sc: Nhn xt mu sc gluten trc khi cn
Xc nh cng:
Cn 4g gluten. V thnh hnh cu ri ngm trong chu nc c nhit 16 -200C
trong 15 pht. Sau dng tay ko di khi gluten trn thc chia mm cho ti khi t,
tnh chiu di t lc t. thi gian ko 10 giy. Khi ko khng c xon si gluten.
cng c biu th nh sau:
+ cng ngn < 10cm
+ cng trung bnh 10 20cm
+ cng di > 20cm
Xc nh n hi:
Dng lng gluten cn li sau khi xc nh cng. Dng tay ko di ming
gluten trn thc khong 2cm ri bung tay ra hoc dng ngn tay tr v ngn tay ci
bp ming gluten ri bung ra.
Theo mc v vn tc phc hi chiu di v hnh dng ming gluten, nhn nh
n hi ca n theo cc mc sau:
- Gluten n hi tt: Gluten c kh nng phc hi hon ton chiu di v hnh dng ban
u.
- Gluten n hi km: Gluten hon ton khng tr li trng thi ban u sau khi ko hay
nn.
- Gluten n hi trung bnh: Gluten c nhng c tnh gia hai loi tt v km.
66
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.3.3.Kt qu:
Xc nh hm lng gluten t:
Hm lng gluten t tnh bng % theo cng thc sau:
X3
m1
.100 (%)
m.
Trong :
- m1 l l khi lng gluten t, tnh bng g
- m l khi lng mu th, tnh bng g.
Kt qu l trung bnh cng ca 2 kt qu xc nh song song tnh chnh xc n
0,1%
Chnh lch gia 2 kt qu xc nh song song nh hn 0,3%
Xc nh cht lng gluten t:
- Gluten tt: Gluten c n hi tt, cng trung bnh
- Gluten trung bnh: Gluten c n hi tt, cng ngn hoc n
hi trung bnh, cng trung bnh.
-
Gluten km: Gluten c n hi km, b vng t khi cng.
5.1.4. Xc nh hm lng tro

1.Nguyn tc :
Nung chy hon ton cc cht hu c c trong mu 550-6000C. Phn cn li em
cn v tnh ra % tro c trong bnh.
2.Tin hnh
Cn 3g mu chnh xc n 0,0001g, cho vo chn nung bit trc khi lng.
Than ho mu trn bp in thng thng, sau cho chn vo l nung. Nung 6000C
trong 3 gi. Ly ra ngui trong bnh ht m ri mang cn. Tip tc nh trn cho n
khi khi lng khng i (khi lng mu c coi l khng i khi chnh lch gia
hai ln cn k tip nh hn 0,0005g)
3.Kt qu :
Hm lng tro X2 (%) c tnh theo cng thc
X2
m 2 - m1
.100 (%)
m
67
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Trong :
- m1 : khi lng chn nung tnh bng g.
- m2 : khi lng chn + mu sau khi nung, tnh bng g.
- m : khi lng mu th, tnh bng g.
5.2. Kim tra cht lng ko
5.2.1. Xc nh m (ging phn nguyn liu)
5.2.2. Xc nh hm lng ng kh
1.Nguyn tc:
ng kh c kh nng kh lm mt mu xanh metyl. V vy, c th dng xanh
metyl lm cht ch th cho phn ng oxy ho ng kh bng Fehling. Cho vi git
metyl xanh vo dung dch Fehling v un si ri nh tng git ng kh vo. u tin
ng kh s kh ng ca Fehling, mu ca metyl xanh khng i. Khi tt c ng
ca Fehling b kh ht th ng s kh metyl xanh lm cho n mt mu. l du
hiu kt thc qu trnh nh phn. Yu cu tin hnh nh phn nhanh v lun gi trng
thi si n nh.
2.Tin hnh :
a. Lm mu chnh:
Cn 0,4g ko nghin nh cho vo bnh tam gic 100ml. Thm 10ml Fehling A, 10
ml Fehling B, 20ml nc ct. un si dung dch trong bnh tam gic 1 pht, cho thm
3-5 git metyl xanh, lun tay lc bnh tam gic, ng thi un si. Chun nng dung
dch trong bnh tam gic bng dung dch ng kh 1% cho n khi mt mu xanh th
dng li. Ghi th tch dung dch ng kh 1% tiu tn.
b. Lm mu trng:
Dng buret cho 8-9ml dung dch ng kh 1%, vo bnh tam gic 100ml, thm
10ml Fehling A, 10ml Fehling B, 10ml nc ct. un si 1 pht, cho thm 3-5 git
metyl xanh, lun tay lc bnh tam gic, ng thi un cho si. Tip tc chun nng
dung dch trong bnh tam gic bng dung dch ng kh 1% cho n khi mt mu
xanh th dng li. Thm vi git metyl xanh, nu mu dung dch trong bnh tam gic
khng i l phn ng kt thc. Ghi th tch dung dch ng kh 1% tiu tn.
3.Kt qu:
Hm lng ng kh ca ko tnh bng % theo cng thc sau:
%RS
0,01(V V1 )100
m
Trong :
(%)
- V1 l th tch dung dch ng kh 1% tiu tn trong mu chnh, tnh bng ml.
- V l th tch dung dch ng kh 1% tiu tn trong mu trng, tnh bng ml.
- m l khi lng ko, tnh bng g.
68
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.2.3. Xc nh hm lng axit
1.Nguyn tc:
Dng dung dch NaOH 0,1N trung ho lng axit c trong mu ko vi ch th
phenolphtalein 1%.
2.Tin hnh:
Cn t 20g mu ko( nghin nh ) chnh xc 0,001g vo cc thu tinh 250ml,
thm 100ml nc ct nng (600 700C), dng a thu tinh khuy cho tan mu. Rt
dung dch trn vo bnh nh mc 250ml, dng nc ct trng ra cc chuyn ton
b dung dch vo bnh nh mc, thm nc ct gn n vch. ngui n nhit
phng ri thm nc ct n vch nh mc, lc u. em lc dung dch ny qua bng
vo bnh tam gic kh sch, trng b phn dung dch lc u.
Ly chnh xc 25ml dung dch sau lc (nu dung dch m mu c th ly th tch
dch t hn cho d nhn mu) vo bnh tam gic 250ml, cho thm 100ml nc ct v 2-4
git ch th P.P 1%. Chun dung dch trong bnh tam gic bng dung dch NaOH
0,1N cho n mu hng nht, bn sau 30 giy th dng li. Ghi th tch dung dch
NaOH tiu tn.
3.Kt qu:
Hm lng acid tnh bng % theo cng thc
X
N.M.V1.V2
.100 (%
m.V.1000
)
Trong :
- N : nng ng lng dung dch NaOH.
- M :ng lng gam ca acid tng ng, tnh bng g.
Vi axit xitric : M = 64
- V1 : dung tch bnh nh mc, tnh bng ml
- V2 : th tch dung dch NaOH tiu tn trong chun , tnh bng ml.
- V : th tch dung dch lc ly chun , tnh bng ml.
- m : khi lng mu th, tnh bng g.
5.3. Kim tra cht lng bnh
5.3.1. Xc nh m (ging phn nguyn liu)
5.3.2. Xc nh kim
1.Nguyn tc:
Trung ho lng kim c trong mu bnh bng dung dch HCl 0,1N vi ch th
metyl da cam 0,1% (M.O).
2.Tin hnh:
Cn 5g mu, chnh xc n 0,0001g cho vo bnh tam gic, thm vo 50ml nc
ct, yn 30 pht, thnh thong li lc u. Sau lc sang bnh tam gic kh, sch
69
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------khc. Ra giy lc nhiu ln v thu ton b nc ra xung bnh tam gic. Thm t 1-3
git M.O 0,1% v chun bng dung dch HCl 0,1N n mu cam th dng li v
ghi th tch dung dch HCl 0,1N tiu tn.
3.Tnh kt qu:
kim ca bnh c tnh theo cng thc :
X3
0
N.V.100
m.10
) ng lng dung dch HCl

Trong : - N : nng(
- V : th tch dung dch HCl tiu tn, tnh bng ml.
- m : khi lng mu, tnh bng g.
5.3.3. Xc nh hm lng ng ton phn
1.Nguyn tc :
*Xc nh hm lng ng ton phn bng phng php Bectran. Lng ng
ton phn gm saccaroza v cc loi ng khc (lactoza, maltoza, glucoza, ) ca
ko sau khi thu phn 700C trong 5 pht.
*Phng php Bectran da trn c s l trong mi trng kim cc ng kh
(glucoza, fructoza, ) c th d dng kh ng II thnh ng I di dng kt ta mu
, qua tnh c lng ng kh.
nh lng ng kh, thng dng thuc th Fehling l hn hp theo t l 1 : 1
ca dung dch ng sunfat cn gi l Fehling A v dung dch kim ca mui secnhet
(mui tactrat kp kali-natri) cn gi l Fehling B.
Khi trn dung dch F.A v F.B th xy ra phn ng theo hai giai on.
+Giai on 1: To thnh Cu(OH)2 kt ta.
CuSO4 + 2NaOH = Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
+Giai on 2: Cu(OH)2 tc dng vi mui secnhet to thnh mui phc ho tan v
dung dch c mu xanh thm.
HO CH - COONa
Cu(OH)2 +
HO CH - COOK
O CH COONa
Cu
+ 2H2O
O CH - COOK
Mui phc ny l mt hp cht khng bn, v th cc ng kh d dng kh oxit

ng II thnh oxit ng I to ra kt ta oxit ng I mu v bn thn ng b oxiha
khi dung dch ng tc dng vi dung dch Fehling.
CHO
O CH COONa
(CHOH)2 + 2Cu
CH2OH
COOH
HO CH - COONa
+ 2H2O = (CHOH)4 + Cu2O +

O CH COOK
CH2OH
HO CH - COOK
70
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ nh lng Cu2O, tin hnh qua hai bc:
a.Bc 1: Oxi ho Cu2O bng sunfat st III trong mi trng axit sunfuric.
Cu2O + Fe2(SO4)3 + H2SO4 = 2CuSO4 + 2FeSO4 + H2O
b.Bc 2: nh lng Fe2+ bng cch oxi ha n nh dung dch KMnO4 trong mi
trng axit.
10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 = 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
T lng KMnO4 tiu tn trong nh phn, tnh c lng Cu2O v t tnh
hm lng ng trong dung dch bng cch tra bng t l gia ng v KMnO 4
0,1N.
2.Tin hnh :
*Chun b dung dch mu th
Cn mt lng mu th trn cn phn tch sao cho trong 100ml dung dch mu th
phi c khong 0,5g ng kh. Ho tan lng cn mu th bng 100ml nc ct 60
700C, nu mu khng tan ht th un thm trong ni nc 60 700C. Dng nc ct
trng ra v chuyn ton b dung dch th vo bnh nh mc 250ml (ton b lng
nc trong bnh khong 150ml). dung dch ngui n nhit phng. kt ta
loi b nhng cht khng phi l ng, thm vo bnh 10ml dung dch ZnSO4 1N nu
lng cn mu di 5g v 15ml nu lng cn mu trn 5g, lc u. Cho tip 1 th tch
dung dch NaOH 1N ng bng th tch dung dch NaOH 1N dng trung ho th
tch dung dch ZnSO4 1N nh trn vi ch th P.P 1% trong mt th nghim ring bit.
Lc u dung dch trong bnh v thm nc ct n vch, lc u. yn 10 pht ri
em lc qua giy lc kh, sch. Phn dung dch u trng ra bnh v b i. Dung dch
sau lc c gi l dung dch I.
*Thu phn dung dch th
Ly chnh xc 50ml dung dch (I) vo bnh nh mc 250ml, thm 50ml nc ct,
7ml HCl m c (d = 1,19). Cm nhit k vo bnh v un trong ni cch thy, gi
nhit ca dung dch trong bnh l 700C trong 5 pht. Ly bnh ra lm ngui nhanh
di vi nc. Trung ho dung dch trong bnh nh mc bng dung dch NaOH 20%
vi ch th P.P 1% n khi dung dch c mu hng bn sau 30 giy. Thm nc ct n
vch, lc u. Dung dch ny gi l dung dch (II).
*Bc 3: Xc nh hm lng ng
Ly chnh xc 25ml Fehling A, 25ml Fehling B vo bnh tam gic 250ml. thm 25ml
dung dch II, lc u. t bnh tam gic ln bp in v un si 3 pht k t lc bt u
si. Ly ra lng kt ta. Dung dch bn trn ca ng oxit phi c mu xanh, nu
khng phi lm li vi dung dch II t hn. Khi kt ta ng oxit lng xung, lc gn
phn nc trn kt ta vo phu lc G4 (lc ht chn khng). Cho nc ct un si
vo bnh tam gic v tip tc lc gn cho n khi nc trong bnh ht kim tnh. Trong
khi lc lun gi mt lp nc trn kt ta trnh ng oxit tip xc vi khng kh.
Cui cng cho vo bnh tam gic khong 20ml dung dch st III sunfat ho tan kt
ta ng oxit. Thay bnh ht lc mi, cho chy bm ht chn khng. 20ml dung
71
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------dch st III sunfat vo phu lc G4, dng a thy tinh khuy nh cho tan ht kt ta,
ht lc. dung dch t bnh tam gic sang phu. Trng bnh tam gic v phu vi ln
bng nc ct un si ri ln phu. Tt c u ht lc xung bnh. Ly bnh ht
lc ra ri chuyn ton b dung dch trong bnh ht lc sang bnh tam gic 1000ml.
Chun ngay dung dch trong bnh tam gic 1000ml bng dung dch kalipemanganat
0,1N cho ti khi dung dch trong bnh chuyn sang mu pht hng th dng li. Ghi th
tch dung dch KMnO4 0,1N tiu tn.
3.Kt qu :
Hm lng ng ton phn tnh bng % theo cng thc:
X4
V1.V2 .m1.100
(%)
V3 .V4 .m .1000
Trong :
- m1 : khi lng ng nghch chuyn tra trong ph lc 10, tnh bng mg.
- V1 : th tch dung dch ho tan lng mu cn (dd I), tnh bng ml.
- V2 : th tch pha long dung dch sau khi nghch chuyn (dd II), tnh bng ml
- V3 : th tch dung dch (I) ly thy phn, tnh bng ml.
- V4 : th tch dung dch (II) ly xc nh hm lng ng, tnh bng ml
- m : khi lng mu, tnh bng g.
Chnh lch kt qu gia 2 ln xc nh song song khng ln hn 0,5%.
Kt qu l trung bnh ton hc gia hai ln xc nh song song, tnh chnh xc n 0,1%.
72

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B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP

CNG NGH SN XUT V KIM

THNH PH H CH MINH, NM 2015

CNG NGH SN XUT V KIM

THNH PH H CH MINH, NM 2015

1.1.Gii thiu chung:

GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn-Nguyn Th Cc- ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

- Chat cha Nit:

- Chat beo va sap

GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn-Nguyn Th Cc- ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

- Nc (Xem tai lieu Hoa sinh, nhom Poly saccarit)

GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn-Nguyn Th Cc- ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

o ngot cua ng saccaroza.: o ngot cua ng khong co y ngha ve mat

Mat tinh bot %

GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn-Nguyn Th Cc- ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

Trong moi trng acid ng sacc. se b thuy phan thanh hon hp ng

C12H22O11. CaO + H2O

GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn-Nguyn Th Cc- ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

Tnh theo chat kho,%

GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn-Nguyn Th Cc- ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn-Nguyn Th Cc- ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

Cau hoi on tap

GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn-Nguyn Th Cc- ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

TRCH LAY NC MA.

2.1. Khai niem chung:

Lng ng trong nc ma thu c

Khoi lng nc ma hon hp

Hieu suat ep hieu chnh :

ep gia cac nha

Trong o : E : hieu suat ep

Phng phap khuech tan (thc chat la ep ket hp vi khuech tan).

Phng phap ep (thc chat la ep tham thau).

2.2.1. Cong nghe ep tham thau & khuech tan.

GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn- Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

S o cong nghe (khuech tan ma va khuech tan ba):

Thiet b khuech tan

Trng hp khong x ly nc ep:

Thiet b khuech tan

Cho voi + toC + lang

Thiet b khuech tan

un nong + cho voi

GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn- Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

Trng hp khong x ly nc ep:

So sanh 2 phng phap tren (khuech tan ma va khuech tan ba) :

Co than hnh mang oi lam bang thep khong r, at nghieng 3 4o so vi mat

Trc may ep kiet cuoi cung ngi ta phun nc tham thau t 25

trong lng ma). Nc ma ep 2 bo truc cuoi cung goi la nc ma loang c a

GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn- Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn- Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

Tham thau lap lai 1 lan :

Tham thau hon hp (thng dung cho he 5 bo truc) :

GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn- Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c

3. Cach tien hanh kiem tra thong so mieng ep :

tang rat t. Do o lng nc dung tham thau phai co t le nhat nh.

lng nc tham thau

Nc ma la mot moi trng acid (pH = 5

5,5) ng saccaro chuyen hoa.

Tap chat trong nc ma tang

Giam tnh chat an hoi ba ma, tang V ba (giam mat o)

Ton that 14%

Phng phap khuech tan

Tieu hao nang lng thap hn.

GVBS: Nguyn Hu Quyn- Nguyn Th Cc ng Th Yn- Nguyn Ph c