Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Aplastic Anemia
Aplastic Anemia
Aplastic anemia
(Hypoplastic anemia)
Description
Aplastic anemia is a deficiency of all of the formed elements of the blood,
representing a failure of the cell-generating capacity of the bone marrow. It usually
develops when damaged or destroyed stem cells inhibit RBC production. Less
commonly, it develops when damaged bone marrow micro-vasculature creates an
unfavorable environment for cell growth and maturation. Although often used interchangeably with other terms for bone marrow failure, aplastic anemia properly
refers to pancytopenia resulting from the decreased functional capacity of a
hypoplastic, fatty bone marrow.Two forms of idiopathic aplastic anemia have been
identified:congenital hypoplastic anemia (anemia1 of Blackfan and Diamond), which
develops between ages 2 months and 3 months; and Fanconi's.syndrome, in which
chromosomal abnormalities are usually associated with multiple congenital
anomaliessuch as dwarfism and hypoplasia of the kidneys and spleen. Mortality for
aplastic anemia with severe pancytopenia is 80% to 90%. Death may result from
bleeding or infection.
Causes
Drugs
Toxic agents, such as benzene and chloramphenicol
Radiation
Immunologic factors (suspected but unconfirmed)
Severe disease, especially hepatitis
Preleukemia and neoplastic infiltration of bone marrow
Congenital abnormalities (a possible cause of idiopathic anemias)
Induced change in the development of the fetus (suspected as a cause in the
absence of a consistent familial or genetic history of aplastic anemia)
Signs and symptoms
Clinical features of aplastic anemia vary with the severity of pancytopenia,
often develop insidiously, and may include the following signs and symptoms:
Progressive weakness
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Headache
Pallor
Ultimately tachycardia and congestive heart failure
Ecchymoses
Petechiae
Hemorrhage, especially, from the mucous membranes (nose, gums, rectum,
vagina) or into the retina or central nervous system
Infection (fever, oral and rectal ulcers, sore throat)
Diagnostic tests
Confirmation of aplastic anemia requires a series of laboratory tests.
RBCs are usually normochromic and normocytic (although macrocytosis [larger
than normal erythrocytes] and anisocytosis [excessive variation in erythrocyte size]
may exist), with a total count of 1,000,000/cu mm or, less. Absolute reticulocyte count
is very low.
Serum iron level is elevated (unless bleeding occurs), but total iron-binding capacity
is normal or slightly reduced. Hemosiderin is present, and tissue iron storage is
visible microscopically.
Platelet, neutrophil, and WBC counts fall.
Coagulation tests (bleeding time), reflecting decreased platelet count, are abnormal.
Bone marrow biopsies taken from several sites may yield a "dry tap" or show
severely hypoceilular or aplastic marrow, with a varying amount of fat, fibrous tissue,
or gelatinous replacement; absence of tagged irori (since the iron is deposited in the
liver rather than in bone marrow) and megakaryocytes; and depression of erythroid
elements.
Treatment
Effective treatment must eliminate any identifiable cause and provide vigorous supportive measures, such as packed RBC, platelet, and experimental HLAmatched leukocyte transfusions. Even after elimination of the cause, recovery can
take months. Bone marrow transplantation is the treatment of choice for anemia due
to severe aplasia and for patients who need constant RBC transfusions.
Reverse isolation is necessary to prevent infection in patients with lowleukocyte counts. The infection itself may require specific antibiotics; however, these
are not given prophylac-tically because they tend to encourage resistant strains of
organisms: Patients with low hemoglobin counts may need respiratory support with
oxygen, in addition to blood transfusions.
Other appropriate forms of treatment include corticosteroids to stimulate
erythroid production (successful in children, unsuccessful in adults), marrowstimulating agents, such as androgens (which are controversial), and
immunosuppressive agents (if the patient does not respond to other therapy).
Clinical Implications
If platelet count is low (less than 20,000/cu mm), prevent hemorrhage by avoiding
I.M. injections, suggesting the use of an electric razor and a soft toothbrush,
humidifying oxygen to prevent drying of mucous membranes (dry mucosa may
bleed), and promoting regular bowel movements through the use of a stool softener
and a proper diet to prevent constipation (which can cause rectal mucosal bleeding).
Also apply pressure to "venipuncture sites until bleeding stops. Detect bleeding early
by checking for blood in urine and stool and assessing skin for petechiae.
Help prevent infection by washing your hands thoroughly before entering the
patient's room, making sure the patient is receiving a nutritious diet (high in vitamins
and proteins) to improve his resistance, and encouraging meticulous mouth and
perianal care, Watch for life-threatening hemorrhages infection, adverse effects of
drug therapy, or blood transfusion reaction. Make sure routine throat, urine, and
blood cultures are done regularly and correctly to check for infection. Teach the
patient to recognized signs of infection, and tell him to report them immediately. If the
patient has a low hemoglobin count; which causes fatigue, schedule if frequent rest
periods. Administer oxygen therapy, as needed. If blood transfusions are necessary,
assess for a transfusion reaction by checking the its patient's temperature and
watching for the development of other signs, such as rash, hives, itching, back pain',
restlessness, and shaking chills.
Reassure and support the patient and family by explaining the disease and its
treatment, particularly if the patient has recurring acute episodes. Encourage the
patient who does not require hospitalization to continue his normal life-style, with
appropriate restrictions (such as regular rest periods), until remission occurs.
To prevent aplastic anemia, monitor blood studies carefully in the patient receiving
anemia-inducing drugs.
Support efforts to educate the public about the hazards of toxic agents.
Reference: Diseases and Disorder Handbook
Translate :
Anemia aplastik-Hypoplastic anemia
Anemia aplastik
(Anemia hipoplasia)
Deskripsi
Anemia aplastik adalah defisiensi semua elemen yang terbentuk dari darah,
mewakili kegagalan kapasitas sel yang menghasilkan dari sumsum tulang. Ini
biasanya terjadi ketika rusak atau hancur sel induk menghambat produksi RBC.
Kurang umum, itu terjadi ketika sumsum tulang yang rusak mikro-pembuluh
darah menciptakan lingkungan yang tidak menguntungkan untuk pertumbuhan sel
dan pematangan. Meskipun sering digunakan bergantian dengan istilah lain untuk
kegagalan sumsum tulang, anemia aplastik yang baik mengacu pada pansitopenia
akibat penurunan kapasitas fungsional dari hipoplasia, lemak tulang bentuk
marrow.Two idiopatik anemia aplastik telah diidentifikasi: anemia hipoplasia
kongenital (anemia1 dari Blackfan dan Diamond), yang berkembang antara usia 2
bulan dan 3 bulan, dan sindrom Fanconi, di mana kelainan kromosom biasanya
dikaitkan dengan beberapa anomali kongenital seperti-seperti dwarfisme dan
hipoplasia ginjal dan limpa.. Kematian untuk anemia aplastik dengan pansitopenia
berat adalah 80% sampai 90%. Kematian bisa terjadi akibat perdarahan atau
infeksi.
Penyebab
Obat-obatan
Radiasi
Kelemahan Progresif
Kelelahan
Sesak napas
Sakit kepala
Pucat
ekimosis
Petechiae
Perdarahan, terutama dari selaput lendir (hidung, gusi, rektum, vagina) atau ke
retina atau sistem saraf pusat
Tes diagnostik
tingkat zat besi serum meningkat (kecuali pendarahan terjadi), namun kapasitas
total pengikat besi normal atau sedikit berkurang. Hemosiderin hadir, dan
penyimpanan besi jaringan terlihat mikroskopis.
biopsi sumsum tulang diambil dari beberapa situs mungkin menghasilkan "keran
kering" atau menunjukkan sumsum parah hypoceilular atau aplastik, dengan
jumlah bervariasi dari lemak, jaringan fibrosa, atau penggantian agar-agar, tidak
adanya tag Irori (karena besi yang disimpan di hati bukan di sumsum tulang) dan
megakaryocytes, dan depresi elemen erythroid.
Pengobatan
Isolasi terbalik diperlukan untuk mencegah infeksi pada pasien dengan jumlah
leukosit rendah. Infeksi itu sendiri mungkin memerlukan antibiotik tertentu,
namun, ini tidak diberikan prophylac-tically karena mereka cenderung untuk
mendorong resistan terhadap organisme: Pasien dengan jumlah hemoglobin
rendah mungkin perlu bantuan pernapasan dengan oksigen, selain transfusi darah.
Implikasi Klinis
Jika jumlah trombosit yang rendah (kurang dari 20.000 / cu mm), mencegah
perdarahan dengan menghindari suntikan IM, menyarankan penggunaan pisau
cukur listrik dan sikat gigi lembut, pelembab oksigen untuk mencegah
pengeringan selaput lendir (mukosa kering mungkin berdarah), dan
mempromosikan buang air besar teratur melalui penggunaan pelunak feses dan
diet yang tepat untuk mencegah konstipasi (yang dapat menyebabkan perdarahan
mukosa dubur). Juga menerapkan tekanan untuk "situs venipuncture sampai
pendarahan berhenti. Mendeteksi perdarahan awal dengan memeriksa darah dalam
urin dan tinja dan menilai kulit untuk petechiae.
Yakinkan dan mendukung pasien dan keluarga dengan menjelaskan penyakit dan
pengobatannya, terutama jika pasien telah berulang episode akut. Dorong pasien
yang tidak memerlukan rawat inap untuk melanjutkan gaya hidup normal, dengan
pembatasan yang tepat (seperti periode istirahat yang teratur), sampai remisi
terjadi.
Untuk mencegah anemia aplastik, memantau studi darah dengan hati-hati pada
pasien yang menerima obat anemia-merangsang.