White Paper

Prepared by
Work Groups 9 & 10

Infocomm Technology Centre

Reliance Infocomm
December 2003

1xEV-DO Overview

December 2003

Technical Contact:

Standardization Division,
1CA07, 1st Floor, J-Block,
Dhirubhai Ambani Knowledge City,
Navi Mumbai - 400709
+91-22-303-87339
standardization@ril.com
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Trademark Acknowledgments

All brand or product names are trademarks of their respective companies or

organizations.

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December 2003

1xEV-DO Overview

Table of Contents
1

Introduction.............................................................................................................1
1.1
1.2

Voice vs. Data...................................................................................................1

Standards .........................................................................................................2

EV-DO Airlink ..........................................................................................................3

2.1
Network Reference Model.................................................................................3
2.2
Channel Structure .............................................................................................3
2.2.1
Forward Link Transmit Power ....................................................................4
2.2.2
Source Identification...................................................................................4
2.2.3
Turbo Codes ..............................................................................................5
2.2.4
Higher Order Modulation ............................................................................5
2.3
Features for Optimizing Data Operation ............................................................6
2.3.1
Forward Link Hybrid ARQ ..........................................................................6
2.3.2
Scheduling .................................................................................................7
2.3.3
Virtual Soft Handoff ....................................................................................7
2.4
Protocol Stack...................................................................................................8
2.4.1
Application Layer .......................................................................................9
2.4.2
Stream Layer .............................................................................................9
2.4.3
Session Layer ............................................................................................9
2.4.4
Connection Layer .....................................................................................10
2.4.5
Security Layer ..........................................................................................10
2.4.6
MAC Layer ...............................................................................................10
2.4.7
Physical Layer..........................................................................................10
2.5
Characteristics ................................................................................................10
2.5.1
Throughputs.............................................................................................10
2.5.2
Handoff to 1x............................................................................................12
2.5.3
Receive Diversity .....................................................................................12

Physical Layer.......................................................................................................13
3.1
Forward link ....................................................................................................13
3.1.1
Forward Link Channel Structure...............................................................13
3.2
Reverse Link ...................................................................................................16
3.2.1
Reverse Link Channel Structure...............................................................16

Network .................................................................................................................18
4.1
Impact of 1xEV-DO on Radio Access Network................................................18
4.2
Chipset............................................................................................................18
4.2.1
CSM5500 Chipset ....................................................................................18
4.2.2
CSM6800 Chipset ....................................................................................18
4.3
Add on Cards in BTS ......................................................................................19
4.3.1
Data Only Module (DOM).........................................................................19
4.3.2
Data Only EMS ........................................................................................19
4.4
Access Network AAA Server ...........................................................................20
4.5
Network Rollout with 1xEV-DO and CDMA2000 1X ........................................20

Handset .................................................................................................................20
5.1

Chipset............................................................................................................20
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1xEV-DO Overview

5.2
5.3
6

December 2003

Models ............................................................................................................23
Testing of Mobiles ...........................................................................................25

Applications and Services ...................................................................................26

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

Push to Talk ....................................................................................................26

Location Based Services.................................................................................27
Video...............................................................................................................28
Instant Multi-Media..........................................................................................28

Comparison...........................................................................................................29

Summary ...............................................................................................................30

Appendix A: 1xEV-DO Compatible Mobiles...............................................................31

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December 2003

1xEV-DO Overview

List of Tables
Table 1: Forward Link Channel Parameters ....................................................................5
Table 2: Reverse Link Channel Parameters ....................................................................6
Table 3: Forward Link Throughput.................................................................................11
Table 4: Features of Qualcomm Chipsets for Mobiles ...................................................21
Table 5: 1xEV-DO Compatible Mobiles .........................................................................23
Table 6: 1xEV-DO Compatible Data Cards ...................................................................24

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1xEV-DO Overview

December 2003

List of Figures
Figure 1: 1xEV-DO Reference Model ..............................................................................3
Figure 2: Channel Structure ............................................................................................4
Figure 3: Virtual Soft Handoff ..........................................................................................8
Figure 4: Protocol Stack ..................................................................................................9
Figure 5: Average Forward Link Throughput Comparison .............................................11
Figure 6: Reverse Link Throughput Comparison ...........................................................12
Figure 7: Forward Channel Structure ............................................................................13
Figure 8: TDM Channel Structure..................................................................................15
Figure 9: Reverse Link Structure...................................................................................16
Figure 10: Push to Talk .................................................................................................26
Figure 11: Navigation Service .......................................................................................27
Figure 12: Nearest X and Where r u location based services.......................................27
Figure 13: Video Streaming...........................................................................................28
Figure 14: Instant Multi-Media .......................................................................................29

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December 2003

1xEV-DO Overview

1 Introduction
This paper gives an overview of 1xEV-DO technology and offers a glimpse of the kind of
services that will be enabled by it. The paper discusses the upgrades pertaining to the
network and the Mobile Station that will be required if 1xEV-DO is implemented. Further
the document briefly explains the channel structure and functionality of the protocol
layers, network architecture, chipset features and testing requirements.
1xEV-DO technology (also known as, High Data Rate HDR) is a high performance and
cost effective Internet solution for consumers and business professionals. It offers high
speed, high capacity wireless Internet technology, which is compatible with CDMA
networks and optimized for packet data services. 1xEV-DO is an overlay technology
which will use an additional carrier to provide high speed data services. 1xEV-DO
waveform retains 100% compatibility with 1x from the RF standpoint. The 1xEV-DO
waveform uses the same 1.228Mcps chip rate, link budgets, network plans, and RF
designs on both Mobiles and infrastructure.1xEV-DO offers a combination of high
performance and economic benefits, which is unprecedented in systems capable of
portable, mobile and fixed services.
The key benefits of 1xEV-DO technology are:

1.1

Forward link data rates up to 2.4 Mbps

Time to market advantage available now
Provides Always On user experience
High volume off-the-shelf devices available
Significantly lower cost per bit
Minimal network changes to upgrade from CDMA2000 1x

Voice vs. Data

One of the key design premises of 1xEV-DO is that voice and data have very different
requirements and it will not be efficient to combine the two services. Data and voice
have fundamentally different requirements.
Voice tends to be
Characterized by a low, fixed and constant delays.
More sensitive to delay
More tolerant to bit errors: less efficient and less complex coding can serve the
purpose.
Symmetric in the forward and reverse direction: Amount of information
exchanged in the voice call is almost the same in the both directions.
Data tends to be
More tolerant to delays and jitter: For data accuracy is more important than
delays.
Less tolerant to bit errors
It requires more efficient and complex coding.
Data traffic is bursty in nature.
Asymmetric traffic in the forward and reverse directions: Most of the applications
require higher data rate on the forward link than on the reverse link.
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1xEV-DO Overview

December 2003

So, if the Network is optimum for voice then it may not be optimum for the data and vice
versa. With that in mind, the 1xEV-DO design requires a separate CDMA carrier.

Standards

1.2

The relevant standards involved in 1xEV-DO are listed below:

IS-856, Cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification

This specification is primarily oriented toward requirements necessary for the
design and implementation of access terminals. As a result, detailed procedures
are specified for access terminals to ensure a uniform response to all access
networks. Access network procedures, however, are specified only to the extent
necessary for compatibility with those specified for the access terminal.
This specification includes provisions for future service additions and expansion
of system capabilities. This compatibility standard is based upon spectrum
allocations that have been defined by various governmental administrations.

IS-866, 1xEV-DO Access Terminal Minimum Performance Specification

This Standard details methods of measurement, and minimum performance
characteristics for access terminals.

IS-864, Access Network Minimum Performance Specification

This Standard details definitions, methods of measurement, and minimum
performance requirements for access networks. Test methods are recommended
in this document.

IS-878, 1xEV-DO Interoperability Access Network

The interfaces defined in this document are compatible with A-interface. This
document describes the protocol and some generic procedures to support the
High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) IOS (Inter-Operability System) features.

IS-890-1, Test Application Specification

This standard specifies technical requirements for test applications in cdma2000
high rate packet data systems. This specification is primarily oriented toward
requirements necessary for the design and implementation of access terminals.
As a result, detailed procedures are specified for access terminals to ensure a
uniform response to all access networks.

IS-707, Data service options for Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular Systems
This standard defines requirements for support of high speed packet data
transmission capability on CDMA2000 spread spectrum systems. This standard
specifies packet data bearer service for communication between terminal
equipment and PDSN via a Base Station/packet control function (BS/PCF)

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1xEV-DO Overview

IS-918, Signaling Conformance Specification for cdma2000 Wireless IP

Networks
This document is to facilitate the interoperability testing between mobile and
infrastructure, as well as provide network specific test cases. Recommended
methods of measurement, and minimum standards are provided in this standard.

IS-919, Signaling Conformance Specification for High Rate Packet Data Air
Interface
These technical requirements form a standard for signaling conformance in
cdma2000 high rate packet data systems. These requirements ensure that
compliant access terminals and compliant access networks can execute tests in
meeting the objectives specified. This standard is analogous to its CDMA2000
counterpart IS-898

2 EV-DO Airlink
This section provides an overview of the 1xEV-DO technology.

2.1

Network Reference Model

Figure 1 depicts the network reference model of 1xEV-DO.

Figure 1: 1xEV-DO Reference Model

It consists of following entities:
AN: Access network
AT: Access Terminal (Mobile phone)
PCF: Packet Control Function
AAA: Access Network Authentication, Authorization and Accounting server
PDSN: Packet Data Serving Node

2.2

Channel Structure

In CDMA systems, channelization is utilized to identify various users and/or channels in

both forward and reverse link. In IS-2000, variable length (4 to 128 bit) Walsh codes are
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1xEV-DO Overview

December 2003

used in the forward direction. In the reverse direction, statically defined Walsh codes are
used to identify a reverse physical channel of a specific user. In 1xEV-DO, the forward
link channels are time-multiplexed (no Walsh codes) instead of code multiplexed. Here,
various forward link channels (see Figure 2) are time multiplexed within a forward link
frame. In the reverse link, channelization scheme is similar to IS-2000 where both
systems use statically defined Walsh codes.

Figure 2: Channel Structure

2.2.1

Forward Link Transmit Power

For CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, the base station is configured for a set transmit power. It
transmits at this maximum available power all the time. Instead of some portion of power
being allocated all the time to control or overhead channels such as pilot, sync, paging
channels (in IS-95/IS-2000 systems), the complete full power is allocated to all the
channels in a time-multiplexed fashion. In other words, for the pilot channel, instead of
getting 20-25% of total transmit power continuously as in IS-95/IS-2000 systems, it is
allocated 100% power only for a short duration within a forward channel slot. Similarly,
the user traffic channel is also given complete 100% of the total transmit power for a
given duration and so forth. This philosophy is called fixed power variable rate where the
sector transmits to all the users in a sector at a fixed available transmit power. If the user
is near the center of the sector, the user would be able to receive the forward channel at
much higher data rate. However, a user at the edge of the sector, due to path losses and
other interference, would receive the forward channel at much lower data rates by
compensating for increased interference with increased data protection and lower order
modulation.

2.2.2

Source Identification

In 1xEV-DO systems, the source identification in forward direction is identical as in IS95/IS-2000. However, in the reverse direction, since the access terminal does not need
to have a user specific long code (based on ESN), ESN is not utilized to generate a long
code sequence. Instead, the long code mask is generated based on assigned Unicast
Access Terminal Identifier (UATI). The UATI is a temporary identifier assigned by the
access network to the access terminal during address management phase of session
management.

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2.2.3

1xEV-DO Overview

Turbo Codes

The 1xEV-DO technology incorporates the usage of special class of codes known as the
Turbo codes. Turbo codes are a class of error correcting codes. 1xEV-DO utilizes turbo
encoding in both forward and reverse links. At the expense of increased processing and
delay (which the data services are not sensitive to), turbo encoding provides much
higher data protection compared to convolutional encoding. The increased protection
level allows data to be transmitted at lower power, in turn, improving the overall
throughput of the system.
In contrast to IS-2000, where the encoding rates are fixed, the encoding rates in 1XEVDO are dynamic. Turbo codes have been shown to perform better for high rate data
services with stringent error rate requirements of the order of 10-6 Bit Error Rates (BER).
The turbo encoder consists of two constituent convolutional encoders. Each encoder
uses a 3-bit shift register with a constraint length of k = 4 and encoding rate of R. Using
a turbo encoder, the forward link coding rate is R = 1/5 or 1/3 while the reverse link
coding rate is R = 1/2 or 3/4.

2.2.4

Higher Order Modulation

1XEV-DO utilizes adaptive modulation where the modulation scheme varies based on
the channel conditions received at the access terminal. If the channel condition is not
very good (the access terminal is at the edge of the cell), the system employs lower
order modulation. If the channel condition reported by the access terminal is excellent,
the system takes advantage of this situation by employing higher order modulation such
as 16-QAM, where four bits of coded bits are mapped to one modulated symbol, in turn
broadcasting more bits over the air and improving the data-rate.
The key forward and reverse link channel parameters of 1xEV-DO are given in Table 1
and Table 2 below.
Table 1: Forward Link Channel Parameters
Data rate (kbps)

38.4 76.8 153.6 307.2 307.2 614.4 614.4 921.6 1228.8 1228.8 1843.2 2457.6

Modulation Type

QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 8 PSK QPSK 16QAM 8 PSK 16QAM

Bits per Encoder packet

1024 1024 1024 1024 2048 1024 2048 3072 2048

Code rate

1/3

1/3

1/3

Encoder packet duration

26.67 13.33 6.67 3.33 6.67 1.67 3.33 3.33
(ms)

1.67

3.33

1.67

1.67

1/5

1/5

1/3

1/3

1/3

4096

1/3

16

1/5

3072

1/3

Number of slots

1/5

4096

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December 2003

Table 2: Reverse Link Channel Parameters

Data Rate (kbps)
Parameter

9.6

19.2

38.4

76.8

153.6

Bits per physical layer

packet

256

512

1024

2048

4096

Physical layer packet

Duration (ms)

26.66

26.66

26.66

26.66

26.66

1/4

1/4

1/4

1/2

Code Symbols per

physical layer packet

1024

2048

4096

8192

8192

Code symbol rate (ksps)

38.4

76.8

153.6

307.2

307.2

Modulation Symbol Rate

(ksps)

307.2

307.2

307.2

307.2

307.2

Modulation type

BPSK

BPSK

BPSK

BPSK

BPSK

128

64

32

16

Reverse Rate Index

Code Rate

Interleaved packet
Repeats

PN Chips per physical

layer packet bit

Features for Optimizing Data Operation

2.3

This section covers certain features that have been added in 1xEV-DO to optimize data
operation.

2.3.1

Forward Link Hybrid ARQ

Scheduling
Virtual Soft Handoff

Forward Link Hybrid ARQ

In 1xEV-DO, acknowledgment is provided at the physical layer. This provides quick

response from the receiver (access terminal) to the transmitter (access network). The
access network transmits the physical layer packet with proper data protection. This
involves some amount of repetition as well. The entire packet may be split into one or
more (up to 16) slots. If the physical layer packet is split into more than one slot, then
these slots, instead of transmitting in consecutive slots, are transmitted in multi-slots that
are separated by exactly four slots. This timing allows the access terminal to process
and respond with the physical layer acknowledgment (either ACK or NAK). If the access
network receives a NAK for a transmitted slot, it continues the transmission of the next
slot. If it receives an ACK for a transmitted slot, it considers successful transmission of
an entire packet and terminates the transmission of the remaining slots of the current
packet. This results in increased average throughput for the entire sector.

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1xEV-DO Overview

For every slot received by the access terminal, a ACK or NAK is sent back to the access
network pending the success of the receipt of the physical layer packet. As the original
packet sent to the access terminal is transmitted after data protection is applied, it is
possible the access terminal can receive the packet before all four slots are received.
This is called early acknowledgement and this method of acknowledgement is called
Hybrid automatic repeat request (ARQ)
The Mobile and the Access Point jointly determine each users forward link data. The
Mobile measures the pilot strength, and continuously requests an appropriate data rate
based on the channel conditions. The Access Point encodes the forward link at exactly
the highest rate that the subscribers wireless channel can support at any instant.

2.3.2

Scheduling

1xEV-DO is optimized for packet data services, in which all users do not generally
demand equal service. Some applications require higher data rates, while others have
much lower data rate requirements. The users channel condition (C/I) is also a primary
factor in determining the data rate that a given subscriber can attain. The 1xEV-DO
system takes advantage of the wireless channel variability, which results in variations of
the requested rate over a period of time. The scheduler resides at the Base Station and
takes into account the data rates requested by different Mobiles. The scheduling
algorithm decides which Mobile is served with the requested data rate at any given
instant. The scheduler is weighted to serve users that improve their signal quality and
weighted against users that are experiencing signal degradation. Occasionally, the users
may not be served for periods of milliseconds when their requested rates are lower. By
the scheduler selecting the optimal time to transmit data to a user, the users overall
moving average is higher, then if they were served on a first in, first out basis. The
priority in the scheduler is based on a combination of the C/I as well as the duration
since the last time a user has been served. The disadvantaged users with low C/I
accumulate credits with the scheduler, increasing their priority in the system and their
throughput will start to improve.

2.3.3

Virtual Soft Handoff

The 1xEV Mobile receives data only from one Access Point at any given time. Instead of
combining transmit energy from multiple Access Points, the Mobile is able to rapidly
switch from communicating from one Access Point to another. This phenomenon is
shown in Figure 3. The Mobile measures the channel C/I from all the measurable Pilot
channels and requests service from the Access Point with the strongest Pilot signal. This
follows the best server rule, where the Mobile communicates with the requested Access
Point at any given time. The forward link pilot allows the Mobile to obtain a rapid and
accurate C/I estimate. The 1xEV reverse link, makes use of soft hand-off mechanisms.
The Mobiles transmission is received by more than one Access Point, and frame
selection is hence made.

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December 2003

Figure 3: Virtual Soft Handoff

The Location Update Message enables the Access Network to connect to the PDSN
maintaining the PPP state to the Mobile; therefore it can re-route traffic to the Mobile
immediately upon receiving the Mobiles Location Update Message. This method allows
the Mobile to maintain its same IP address and same PPP connection; therefore
allowing a seamless handoff.

2.4

Protocol Stack

The 1xEV-DO layered architecture enables a modular design that allows partial updates
to protocols, software, and independent protocol negotiation. Figure 4 shows the
protocol stack for 1xEV-DO.

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1xEV-DO Overview

Figure 4: Protocol Stack

2.4.1

The Application Layer ensures reliability and low erasure rate over the airlink.
It provides a fragmentation mechanism for signaling messages, along with reliable
and best effort delivery services.
The combination of RLP, and TCP layers deliver an extremely low frame error rate,
which is comparable with most landline data systems today.
The RLP protocol reduces the amount of signaling due to NAK-based scheme.
It provides more efficient retransmission mechanism, thus increasing the robustness
of the 1xEV-DO protocol stack.
With the help of Location Update Protocol it provides seamless packet transport
service to the user through PDSN selection and handover.

2.4.2

Application Layer

Stream Layer

The stream layer tags all the information that is transmitted over the air link, which
includes user traffic as well as signaling traffic.
It maps the various applications and multiplexes the streams for one Mobile.

2.4.3

Session Layer

The Session Layer protocols provide a support system for the lower layers in the
protocol stack.
It looks after the negotiation of a set of protocols and their configurations for
communication between the Mobile and the access network.
It manages the session control like beginning the session and closing the session,
resulting in efficient use of spectrum.
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2.4.4

December 2003

Connection Layer

Connection layer efficiently manages the 1xEV-DO air link, reserve resources and
prioritizes each users traffic.
It supports initial network acquisition.
It takes care of the air link connection establishment and maintenance.
It takes care of prioritization and packet encapsulation.

2.4.5

Security Layer

The Security Layer ensures security of the connection between the Mobile and the
Access Network.
It provides the procedures followed by the Access Network and the Mobile to
exchange security keys for authentication and encryption.
It provides the procedures followed by the Access Network and the Mobile for
authenticating traffic.
It provides the procedures followed by the Access Network and the Mobile for
encrypting traffic.

2.4.6

MAC Layer

The Medium Access Control layer defines the procedures used to receive and transmit
over the Physical Layer.
This layer defines the rules for control channel supervision.
It governs the transmission by the access network and subsequent reception.
It specifies the rules for sending messages on the access channel by the Mobile.
It enables the system to send users data packets at optimal efficiency, by utilizing
variable and fixed transmission rates and ARQ interlacing.
This layer also adds the Access Terminal address to transmitted protocols.

2.4.7

Physical Layer

The Physical layer provides the channel structure for forward link and reverse link.
It defines the different modulation techniques.
It provides the encoding specifications for forward and reverse link.

2.5

Characteristics

This section covers the key characteristics of 1xEV-DO technology.

2.5.1

Throughputs

2.5.1.1 Forward Link Throughput

Forward link data rates range from 38.4 kbps to 2.457 Mbps.
Average forward link throughput1 for a Cell with 3 sectors and users distributed uniformly
across the coverage area is claimed to be as in Table 3.

The throughput mentioned does not assume transmit diversity at the cell site
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December 2003

1xEV-DO Overview

Table 3: Forward Link Throughput2

Environment
Pedestrian
Low Speed Mobile
High Speed Mobile

Antenna
(Receiver)

Throughput
(Mbps/Cell)

Single

3.1

Dual

4.0

Single

1.3

Dual

2.5

Single

2.0

Dual

3.1

Figure 5 below shows a comparison of average forward link throughputs achieved by

different technologies in live commercial networks.
Average Forward Link Throughput Comparison
800

742.1

700

Throughput (kbps)

600
500
400
300
200
100

75.95

85.01

1x Verizon LG VX1

1x Verizon Sierra
Wireless Aircard

109.69

19.36
0
GPRS AT&T
EricssonT68

1x KTF LG KH5000 1xEV-DO KTF LG

KH5000

Figure 5: Average Forward Link Throughput Comparison3

2.5.1.2 Reverse Link Throughput

Reverse Link data rate ranges from 9.6 kbps to 153.6 kbps/sector.
Reverse link average throughput is about 600 kbps/cell.

2
3

Source: Qualcomm
Source: Qualcomm
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1xEV-DO Overview

December 2003

Figure 6 below shows a comparison of average reverse link throughputs achieved by

different technologies in live commercial networks.

Figure 6: Reverse Link Throughput Comparison

2.5.2

Handoff to 1x

The 1xEV-DO allows a mobile to do a handoff to 1x when it receives a page for an

incoming voice call. Since the mobile monitors the 1x Forward Common Channel
periodically, it is able to receive the page for the voice service instance. In this scenario,
the mobile can be configured to
Continue the data call on the 1x system
Abandon the 1xEV-DO data service instance, handoff to the 1x system, and
continue with voice only.

2.5.3

Receive Diversity

Various 1xEV-DO compatible devices are available in the market which use receive
diversity to increase the overall received data rates. Receive diversity uses more than
one antenna at the receive terminal with which it can receive two or more uncorrelated
signal. This leads to more security from fading. If one signal fades then it is possible to
receive a signal of good strength from the other antenna. By using this technique one
can increase the received data rate.

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December 2003

1xEV-DO Overview

3 Physical Layer
This section covers the 1xEV-DO physical layer in greater detail.

Forward link

3.1

Forward channel structure for 1xEV-DO system is shown in the Figure 7.

Figure 7: Forward Channel Structure

As we can see in the above figure, the forward link consists of the following channels:

Pilot Channel
Medium Access Control (MAC) Channel
Traffic Channel
Control Channel

In addition, the MAC channel has three sub channels:

Reverse Activity (RA) Channel
Data Rate Control (DRC) Lock Channel
Reverse Power Control (RPC) Channel

3.1.1

Forward Link Channel Structure

The access network transmits the following forward link channels at full power in timemultiplexed fashion. At a fixed position in every physical layer slot, these channels are
transmitted:
Pilot Channel: The pilot channel carries all 0s (no upper layer information). Since the
information content, as well as the timing of the pilot channel, is known to the access
terminals, it simplifies the detection of the channel and helps access terminals acquire
the system quickly. It also helps with timing and synchronization. The pilot channel also
provides quick channel estimation to the access terminals for best serving sector
selection process.
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1xEV-DO Overview

December 2003

Medium Access Control: As the name suggests, this channel carries MAC layer
related information such as:
Reverse activity: This indicator (one bit per slot) informs all the access terminals in a
sector about the level of activity in the reverse link for a specific sector. This is
broadcast information, not user-specific information.
Reverse power control: This indicator is not broadcast information but it is specific to
every active user in a sector. It indicates to the active Access Terminals whether to
increase or decrease the transmit power, thus controlling the reverse link
interference of the sector.
The reverse activity and reverse power control channels of all active terminals are
code combined within the MAC time period using a 64-ary Walsh code.
Control Channel: This channel carries the overhead (broadcast) information, such as
sector parameters message, as well as user specific control information, such as traffic
channel assignment message.
Traffic Channel: As the name suggests, this channel carries user traffic at various rates,
ranging from 38.4 Kbps to 2.45Mbps.
The forward channel is time division multiplexed as shown in Figure 8. Forward channel
packets are 26.66 ms in length and are aligned to PN rolls with zero offset PN
sequences. It consists of 16 slots, each of 1.67 ms duration. Traffic channel modulation
symbols are transmitted on all the 16-ary Walsh channels. One frame is divided into two
half frames each consisting of 8 slots.
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) of Forward Channel
1 time slot = 1.67 ms = 2048 chips.
Channels are transmitted at 100% sector power, except when idle. Full power
transmission of pilot bursts results in greater accuracy of detection. This has an
advantage over 1x where the pilot channel uses less power.
Data portion is used for both traffic and control.
Control channel packets are transmitted at least once every 256 slots.

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December 2003

1xEV-DO Overview

Figure 8: TDM Channel Structure

In the forward link, there are two types of slots:

Active Slot: When Access Network has either control information or user traffic to send,
it sends this information along with MAC and Pilot Channel in a time-multiplexed fashion.
Idle Slot: When Access Network does not have control information or user traffic to
send, it still sends Pilot and MAC Channels in their given time at full power and does not
transmit control/traffic information.
Paging/Control Channel Slot Structure
Due to the nature of 1xEV-DO, the mobile station/access terminal monitors both the IS2000 paging and 1XEV-DO control channels in slotted mode operation.
The 1XEV-DO control channel cycle is 256 slots and each slot is 1.67 ms in duration.
1XEV-DO defines a constant that represents the number of control channel cycles
forming the sleep cycle to be NIDPSleep = 12 cycles. In effect, the sleep cycle is 256 x
1.67 x 12 = 5120 ms = 5.12 seconds. 1XEV-DO also defines a function to allow an
access terminal to determine which slot during the sleep cycle it needs to monitor for
pages.
The monitoring of slots on IS-2000 and 1XEV-DO systems for an access terminal may
collide with a low probability value. If there is a collision, then the access terminal can
request the 1XEV-DO system to assign a different slot that it can monitor. This way the
access terminal is able to monitor both IS-2000 and 1XEV-DO systems at the same time
(in time multiplexed fashion).

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3.2

December 2003

Reverse Link

Figure 9: Reverse Link Structure

In contrast to the forward link of 1XEV-DO, which has very little similarity with IS-2000
system, the reverse link of 1XEV-DO system as shown in Figure 9, is quite similar to the
reverse link of IS-2000.
1XEV-DO reverse link characteristics:
Power control and soft handoff supported
BPSK modulation on I & Q carrier to reduce peak to average ratio
Distinct user PN sequence for source ID
Data rates from 9.6 to 153.6 Kbps
Transmits pilot and data channels

3.2.1

Reverse Link Channel Structure

In the reverse direction (access terminal to the access network), if the access terminal is
not on the traffic channel (connected), it uses access channel to access the system. The
access and traffic channels are code-multiplexed, where one or more channels are
Walsh-spread simultaneously.
Access Channel Mode
In access channel mode, the access terminal is idle and transmits pilot and data
channels. The pilot channel is transmitted for preamble purposes as well as for time
synchronization. The data channel carries any common channel control messages from
access terminal when access terminal is not in connected state (does not have a
dedicated channel). While transmitting data channels, the access terminal also transmits
pilot channels continuously.

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Access Channel Structure

The access channel has two component channels: pilot and data. The pilot channel is
purely for time synchronization for the receiver and so it does not have any real
information bits. Since all 0s are sent on the pilot channel, there is no need for data
protection. However, it is orthogonal spread with W0 in order to send it simultaneously
with the data channel.
The data channel is transmitted at the fixed rate of 9.6 Kbps. It is appropriately coded
using turbo coding (coding rate of ) block interleaving and repetition, followed by
orthogonal spreading using 4-bit Walsh code W2. Finally, the relative gain (relative to
pilot channel) is applied before both the pilot and data channels are applied access
channel specific long PN sequence.
Traffic Channel Mode
In the traffic channel mode, the access terminal is in the connected state and transmits
the following channels:
Pilot channel: Again, the purpose of pilot channel transmission is similar as above.
It provides time synchronization to the receiver and enables coherent demodulation
by the receiver.
Medium access channel: MAC has two sub channels
o RRI channel: The access terminal transmits the reverse rate indicator (RRI)
to notify the receiver of the rate of transmission. This way, the receiver does
not have to execute any rate matching algorithms.
o DRC channel: On this channel the access terminal sends the data rate
control (DRC) information, which is the requested forward data rate from a
selected sector.
ACK channel: The access terminal performs a physical layer acknowledgment
procedure and sends ACK (acknowledgment) or NAK (negative acknowledgment) for
each physical layer slot received.
Data channel: The data channel in traffic channel mode carries both the user traffic
and dedicated control messages. The data rate of this channel varies from 9.6 to
153.6 Kbps.
Reverse Traffic Channel Structure
The long PN sequence is generated using a user specific long code mask, which in turn,
is generated using assigned UATI. On the pilot channel, the reverse rate indicator bits
are time-multiplexed with the pilot bits and they are spread using 16 bit Walsh code W0.
The ACK channel is protected with repetition followed by spreading with 8-bit Walsh
code W4. The data rate control (DRC) bits are also encoded and repeated for proper
data protection. These bits are spread using 16-bit Walsh cover W8. The ACK, DRC and
data channels are applied appropriate gain relative to the pilot channel and then are
quadrature spread using a user specific long code. This completes the physical layer
base-band processing of the reverse traffic channel.
Data Rate Control (DRC)
The data rate control (DRC) channel in the reverse traffic channel is used by the access
terminal to indicate to the access network the selected serving sector and the requested
data rate on the forward traffic channel. The access terminal predicts the carrierinterference value for each sector in the active set and selects the sector with the
highest carrier-interference value. Then it decides the best rate that can be supported by
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December 2003

the predicted carrier-interference value. It reports both the best rate and best sector
information to the access network. The access terminal updates the best sector
information often and reports the best sector and rate on the DRC channel. The access
terminal maintains the active set containing all the sectors that can transmit to the
access terminal. With each sector, a DRC cover (an 8-bit orthogonal code) is
associated. This association is established at the connection setup time and it is updated
every time a new sector is added to the active set.

4 Network
4.1 Impact of 1xEV-DO on Radio Access Network
A 1xEV-DO system can coexist with any voice technology and is optimized for packet
data services using flexible architecture based on standard Internet Protocols (IP). By
using voice and data on separate dedicated carriers, the 1xEV-DO overlay solution the
wireless systems can be optimized to provide the higher traffic capacities without
negatively impacting voice service and performance.
The hardware/software changes required in the existing network are:
An additional 1xEV-DO channel card in Base Station.
Software upgradation.
1xEV-DO radio controller.
Element Manager for 1xEV-DO.

4.2 Chipset

4.2.1 CSM5500 Chipset

QUALCOMMs CSM5500 chipset is a multi-mode digital baseband modem compliant
with 1xEV-DO. Each CSM5500 chipset can operate in one of three modes: modulator,
demodulator and turbo decoder.
Designed exclusively for maximum data throughput, the CSM5500 chipset supports data
rates that exceed data performance provided by CDMA2000 1X, providing up to 2.4
Megabits per second (Mbps) peak data rates while maintaining compatibility with
existing cdmaOne and CDMA2000 1X networks. The CSM5500 chipset, when
implemented in QUALCOMMs current 1xEV-DO modem architecture, provides support
for three sectors with up to 32 users per sector.
CSM5500 chipset-based 1xEV-DO access is expected to enable a whole new
generation of high-speed data applications such as streaming video, wireless broadcast
services, and other multimedia applications.

4.2.2 CSM6800 Chipset

QUALCOMMs CSM6800 chipset is designed to deliver a higher level of integration to
infrastructure equipment manufacturers for their 1xEV-DO base station products.
Supporting 1xEV-DO Revision A and backward compatible with 1xEV-DO Revision 0,
the CSM6800 solution supports 192 forward-link and reverse-link channels and four-way
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receive diversity. The increased user capacity that the CSM6800 solution provides
allows infrastructure equipment manufacturers and network operators to cost-effectively
upgrade their 1xEV-DO equipment to provide substantially higher network capacity
improvements and equipment space savings.

4.2.2.1 Benefits

Enables cost-effective 1xEV-DO equipment upgrades to provide substantially

higher network capacity improvements and equipment space savings.
Increased levels of integration enable significant chip count and equipment size
reduction.
Higher data throughput and improved Quality of Service enhance the end user's
multimedia experience.

4.2.2.2 Key Functionality

4.3

4.3.1

Single-chip solution delivers significant chip count and form factor reduction.
3.1 Mbps forward link peak rate, 1.2 Mbps reverse link peak rate.
Supports 1xEV-DO Revision A and is backward compatible with 1xEV-DO
Revision 0.
Support for 192 forward-link and reverse-link channels and 4-way receive
diversity.

Add on Cards in BTS

Data Only Module (DOM)

The DOM is a 1xEV-DO module added to the Metro Cell BTS CEM shelf to provide
1xEV-DO modem capability. The DOM transmits and receives baseband data to/from
the digital control group (DCG) in the forward direction.
The DOM performs all the encoding/decoding of the IP packets to provide backhaul data
that is transported to the data-only radio network controller (DO-RNC) over the separate
data-only (DO) network. One DOM supports up to a three sector, one 1.25 MHz carrier
BTS. Additional DOMs need to be added for each additional 1xEV-DO carrier.
The data only radio network controller (DO-RNC) is at the core of the 1xEV-DO network.
It forms part of the access network together with the Metro Cell BTS and the IP backhaul
network. It performs many of the same functions normally carried out by the base station
controller (BSC) in an IS-95 or IS-2000 (CDMA2000 1X) network. The DO-RNC is
frequency independent and can control BTSs that are operating on either 800 MHz or
1900 MHz or a combination thereof.

4.3.2

Data Only EMS

The DO-EMS consists of both hardware (the server) and software (the client) and
provides OA&M capability and controls the operation, administration, maintenance and
provisioning (OAMP) operations for the 1xEV-DO radio access network (RAN).
Some of the features of the DO-EMS are:
Collecting, reporting, and managing alarms associated with the DO-RNC and
DOM.
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Collecting and storing OMs from the DO-RNC and DOM.

Storing, scheduling, and distributing software downloads to the DO-RNC and
DOM.
Administering and managing the neighbor list for neighbor list for 1xEV-DO carriersectors, including tools for reciprocal neighbor list checking

4.4

Access Network AAA Server

The access network authorization, authentication and accounting (AN-AAA) server is a

central node, connected to the DO-RNC using the A12 interface. The purpose of the ANAAA server is to perform terminal authentication at the beginning of a 1xEV-DO session.
Once terminal authentication is accomplished, multiple air link connections can be set up
and released without having to re-authenticate.
As 1xEV-DO access network does not include the MTX, it cannot use the MTX for
access authentication procedures. To support access authentication procedures, 1xEVDO define and use an AAA server in the access network. The AN-AAA server is an
optional requirement (as specified in IS-878)
Dependant on whether operators wish to deploy an AN-AAA server for device/terminal
authentication or not. In either case, user level authentication is performed at the PDSNAAA server. If operators do not deploy an AN-AAA, they may use the existing AAA
RADIUS server currently used in the 1X network

4.5 Network Rollout with 1xEV-DO and CDMA2000 1X

For the operator who wishes to deploy both 1xEV-DO and CDMA2000 1X services, the
BSC 1120 together with the ANC 1120 is installed with a choice of either the RBS
compact or indoor RBS
A typical deployment may start with complete 1X coverage and additional 1xEV-DO
overlays for hot spot coverage in data intensive areas such as city centers, airports and
congress areas. The operator deploys the Radio Base Station with 1X channel cards
and BSC for the 1X coverage and complements with 1xEV-DO channel cards in Radio
Base Stations at hot spots for the 1xEV-DO services. The number of 1X and 1xEV-DO
carriers supported may be different as well as the geographical coverage and the
Access Network controller and BSC can optimally placed on different sites with different
capacity.
The RBS family should allow the operator to be flexible in the number of carriers utilized
for 1xEV-DO and for CDMA2000 1X.

5 Handset
5.1

Chipset

Table 4 lists the features and abilities of some of the Qualcomm chipsets. It may please
be noted that MSM5105 is a CDMA2000 1x chipset and MSM5500 is a 1xEV-DO
compatible chipset. MSM6500 and MSM6550 chipsets are also 1xEV-DO compatible
chipsets but they are not yet in production.

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Table 4: Features of Qualcomm Chipsets for Mobiles

Operating Mode

MSM5105 MSM5500

MSM6150

MSM6500 MSM6550

MSM5105 MSM5500

MSM6150

MSM6500 MSM6550

MSM5105 MSM5500

MSM6150

MSM6500 MSM6550

IS-95A/B
CDMA2000 1X
CDMA2000 1x 1xEV-DO
CDMA2000 1x EV-DV
GSM
GPRS
WCDMA (UMTS)
Operating Band
Cellular
J-CDMA
GPS
PCS
KPCS
GSM
IMT
Multimedia
CMX, MIDI-based music,
graphics animation and voice

text,

Qsynth general MIDI synthesizer

General MIDI Player
Qtunes, MP3 audio decoding
Qcamera camera support
Qtv, MPEG-4 real time decoder
Qcamcorder, MPEG-4 real time
encoder
Qvideophone, MPEG-4
point-to-point video phone

way

Still Image Decoders: PNG, JPEG

PNG

Q3Dimension,Open GL-compliant
2D & 3D graphics engine
i3Dimension, graphics for gaming

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Connectivity

MSM5105 MSM5500

MSM6150

MSM6500 MSM6550

MSM5105 MSM5500

MSM6150

MSM6500 MSM6550

MSM5105 MSM5500

MSM6150

MSM6500 MSM6550

MSM5105 MSM5500

MSM6150

MSM6500 MSM6550

MSM5105 MSM5500

MSM6150

MSM6500 MSM6550

307 Kbps

2.4 Mbps

USB
USB Host (on the Go)
Bluetooth
WAP Interface
WAP 2.0 Compliant Browser
MMS Client
PureVoice Mail e-mail attachment
IP Protocol Stack
SSL Encryption
BREWapi support
QVM JAVA
Acceleration

J2ME

Hardware

Positioning
SnapTrack/gpsOne,
Location

Position

AFLT

Integrated Compass Support

User Interface
PureVoice VR, Voice Recognition
PureVoice Recorder voice memo,
answering machine
PureVoice Audio AGC
SIM/UIM Card Interface
CMOS/CCD
interface

Megapixel

camera

Color LCD interface support

Storage
MMC Multimedia
support

Card

Interface

SD Card interface support

SDIO support
Data Rate
Data Rate up to

153.6
Kbps

2.4 Mbps

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Though MSM5500 is a 1xEV-DO compatible chipset it lacks the support of Qtv Decoder,
Qcamcorder encoder and Qvideophone, which are made by Qualcomm to run
applications like video conferencing, Video on demand etc. on the mobile. However it
may please be noted that MSM5500 is being used in Korea where these services are
being provided.
Qtv Decoder
The Qtv decoder is a feature-rich software video decoder that enables mobile devices to
stream, download and play back multimedia content. The Qtv solution has been
integrated and optimized for MSM6xxx chipset solution platform, ensuring high
performance for a better user video experience. The Qtv solution is the heart of wireless
video applications, including streaming video-on-demand (VOD); streaming audio-ondemand (AOD); mobile viewing of real-time content (live cameras); and video
messaging.
Qcamcorder Encoder
The Qcamcorder encoder is a real-time video encoding solution that enables mobile
devices to record video and audio using their mobile phone. Mobile users can record
video, save the file in memory, and then share their experience with friends by sending it
as a video message.
Qvideophone
The Qvideophone solution is a two-way video conferencing solution that has been
tailored to 3G networks such as CDMA2000 1x 1xEV-DO and WCDMA/UMTS. Users
can perform real-time, mobile video-telephony calls to other mobile users to "see" the
person with whom they are communicating. The Qvideophone solution provides
manufacturers and operators with a high-performance, fully integrated
videoconferencing solution based on industry standards, which can meet the growing
enterprise and consumer demand for two-way video communication worldwide.

5.2

Models

Table 5 and Table 6 list some of the 1xEV-DO compatible mobiles and data cards and
their manufacturers. Features and snapshots of the listed Mobiles and data cards can be
found in Appendix A.
Table 5: 1xEV-DO Compatible Mobiles
Vendor

Mobile Model
LG-KV1100 (CYON)

LG

LG-KV1300/LG-SV130
LG-SV110 (CYON)

Samsung

MITS M400
SCH-E100
SCH-E110
SCH-E120

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December 2003

SCH-E130
SCH-E135
SCH-E140
SCH-E150
SCH-E160
SCH-E170
SCH-E250/SPH-E2500
SCH-V300
SCH-V310
SCH-V350
SPH-E1000
SPH-E1000
SPH-E2000
SPH-E1700
SPH-V3000
Kyocera

W11K
E2000
MS-100

Motorola

MS-150
V740 (Appeal TT800)

Hyundai
Others

PG-S1200 (Curitel)
PS-E100 (Curitel)
KTF E2000
Hitachi W11H

Table 6: 1xEV-DO Compatible Data Cards

Vendor

Data Card

Kyocera

W01K

Gtran
Others

DotSurfer 6000
DotSurfer 6210
Sierra Wireless PC5220

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Some of the features that the 1xEV-DO compatible mobiles support are listed below
Colored Main and External LCD Screens
Camera
GPS capability
BREW
Polyringer
IrDA

5.3

Testing of Mobiles

The objective of the test procedure is to demonstrate that mobile should satisfy the
minimum criteria for compliance with the cdma2000 high rate packet data systems. This
section lists some of the test cases with which mobiles have to be compliant.
Default Signaling Application Tests
These test cases include minimum requirements for the Default Signaling Network
Protocol (SNP), and the Default Signaling Link Protocol (SLP). Some of the significant
test cases are:
Reliable Delivery SLP-D Packet Transmission
Retransmission of Unacknowledged Reliable-Delivery SLP-D Packet
Successful Reassembly of SLP-F Packets Sent on the Access Channel
Successful Reassembly of SLP-F Packets Sent on the traffic
Reliable-Delivery SLP-D Packet Acknowledgement
Default Packet Application Tests
These include tests for the Radio Link Protocol (RLP), Location Update Protocol, and
Flow Control Protocol. The following are some of the test cases in the group.
Basic File Transfer Test
RLP Synchronization Loss Detection Test
Location Request Message Response
RLP Initialization Test
Stream Layer Tests
These include tests for the Default Stream Protocol. The following are some of the
significant test cases in this category.
Stream Layer Header test
Configuration Request Message Response Test
Session Layer Tests
These include tests for the Default Session Management Protocol, Default Address
Management Protocol and Default Session Configuration Protocol. The following are
some of the important cases in this group.
KeepAlive Request Message Response test
Session Close Message Response Test
Connection Layer Tests
This describes the tests for the following:
Default Air-Link Management Protocol
Default Initialization State Protocol
Default Idle State Protocol
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Default Connected State Protocol

Default Route Update Protocol
Default Packet Consolidation Protocol
Overhead Messages Protocol

Security Layer Tests

This section includes tests for the following
DH Key Exchange Protocol and SHA-1
Authentication Protocol
MAC Layer Tests
This section includes tests for the following
Control Channel MAC Protocol
Access Channel MAC Protocol
Forward Traffic Channel MAC Protocol
Reverse Traffic Channel MAC Protocol.
In addition to the cases pertaining to the protocol layers the test cases for handoff,
receiver and transmitter performance are the other important categories of tests.

6 Applications and Services

Some of the services and applications require mobile to run the applications or function
as a modem.

6.1

Push to Talk

Figure 10: Push to Talk

The PTT Service enables subscribers to conduct one-to-one or one-to-many instant
voice sessions as shown in Figure 10, using a special client on the Mobile Station. A
special indication on screen allows a participant in a PTT call to accept information about
whoever is talking at the moment. The user can select target person/group by scrolling
on the handset through the address book, using a GUI that includes presence status
(Online, Do not disturb, Page me and Offline).
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Since PTT uses data sessions to refresh the status, 1xEV-DOs Always On experience
will allow more users to stay connected using this service.

6.2

Location Based Services

Location-based Services, provides a mobile device location "fix," often tied into mapping
or direction information. Many commercial 3G services use A-GPS (assisted-global
positioning service) to provide highly accurate positioning information to mobile phones
and other mobile devices. GPS support in the Qualcomms 1xEV-DO capable chipsets
allows accurate position determination of mobile users. Good position accuracy enables
Service Provider to provide a plethora of services, some of which have been described
below
Emergency and Safety services: A distressed user calling to an emergency Services
like 100 etc can be located and provided assistance.
Navigation: The user is provided with street level details and navigational help to reach
his destination based on his current location. (see Figure 11)

Figure 11: Navigation Service

Figure 12: Nearest X and Where r u location based services

Nearest X: It provides the user with the location and/or directions for an
utility/entertainment outlet, which is nearest to his current location. Here X could be
ATM, petrol pump, taxi stand, cinema hall, restaurant etc. (see
Figure 12).

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December 2003

Where r u: Using this service a subscriber can view the location of a family
member/friend on the Mobile screen in form of a map or directions. (see
Figure 12).

6.3

Video

Figure 13: Video Streaming

The possibility to watch a video or moving image on a mobile phone as shown in Figure
13, is something that has been envisioned and attempted for a long time.
There are two main types of mobile video: downloadable content vs. streaming content.
Downloadable videos are short clips stored in the memory of the phone. Streaming
content works more like a TV the phone works as a display unit, but no information is
stored in the memory, making streaming great technology for longer content. Mobile
video distribution services allow mobile users to either stream or download video content
to their mobile devices. The main difference between download and streaming is that the
latter allows transferred data to be processed as a steady and continuous stream by a
streaming multimedia application and displayed before the entire file has been
transmitted.

6.4

Instant Multi-Media

Instant Multi Media (IMM) as shown in Figure 14 is an exciting new application that is
attractive to a wide variety of users and is expected to generate new revenue streams
for the operator. It brings efficient multi-media conferencing capabilities to 1xEV-DO
networks. Any number of Users can join a conference and share audio, video and other
media like Instant Messaging. IMM is unique in that each media stream is independent:
for example, both audio and video can stream from one User, or alternatively video can
stream from one user, while audio can stream from another.
In a troubleshooting scenario, a Field Worker can transmit an IMM video stream to the
main office while simultaneously receiving instructions from the main office over the IMM
audio stream. In social situations, friends can share video and audio with each other by
simply pressing a button.
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Figure 14: Instant Multi-Media

IMM includes Peer-to-peer messaging applications such as
E-mail
IM (Instant Messaging): With the Instant Messenger on mobile, a wide spectrum of
applications can be provided using IM as the channel for content delivery and
interaction from the user. IM is the next generation and logical extension to SMS.
Just like PTT it also has the concept of buddy list and their availability details. With
the Instant Messenger on mobile, a wide spectrum of applications can be provided
using IM as the channel for content delivery and interaction from the user.
Video Conferencing: It is a person-to-person communication service that uses
visual as well as voice data. It enables a real-time two-way stream of video and
audio signals between two mobile devices or a mobile device and a fixed
videophone.
MMS (Multimedia Messaging Services): One of the most recent developments in
mobile messaging is known as multimedia messaging service (MMS). Just as the
traditional short message service (SMS), multimedia messaging provides automatic
and immediate delivery of personal messages. Unlike the SMS however, MMS
allows mobile phone users to enhance their messages by incorporating sound,
images, and other rich content, transforming it into a personalized visual and audio
message.

7 Comparison
1xEV-DO technology is made such that it remains compatible with the 1x/IS-95 B. There
are a lot of similarities and differences between the CDMA 1x and 1x 1xEV-DO. Below
are listed the similarities:

The Link Budgets for 1xEV-DO is same as with 1X/IS-95. This permits the reuse of
existing 1X/IS-95 network plans.
1xEV-DO uses same waveform at the RF for communication. Hence 1xEV-DO can
use 1x system cell site antennas.
1xEV-DO uses same 1.25 MHz bandwidth as used by 1x system.
Reverse link of both CDMA2000 1x and 1xEV-DO use code division multiplexing.
Closed and Open loop power control dictate mean output power on Reverse link.

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Dissimilarity from 1x/ IS-95 B:

1xEV-DO is optimized for the data. Unlike CDMA2000 it does not support voice and
data on the same carrier.
There is no power control in the forward link of 1xEV-DO.
EV-DO spectral efficiency is higher than that of 1x system.
Coding gain is high in 1xEV-DO as it employs turbo codes, which are more efficient
than convolution codes.
1xEV-DO uses time division multiplexing on the forward link while 1x used Code
division multiplexing on the forward link.
1xEV-DO uses variable data rate according to varying channel condition while
CDMA adapt power according to varying channel condition.
1xEV-DO gives user always on experience. Which is not possible in case of 1x
network. In 1xEV-DO PPP state can be retained for longer duration of time.
Because 1xEV-DO is optimized for data so it takes lesser time to enter in to active
state from the dormant state in comparison to 1x network.

8 Summary
1xEV-DO is a promising technology offering high data rates and high capacity in the
same spectrum as CDMA2000. The technology infrastructure and access terminals are
commercially available and deployed in a number of markets. It enables a number of
compelling services requiring higher data rates, which will increase data ARPU of
operators.
Some areas, which need further study are discussed below:

Comparison of 1xEV-DO with other high rate data technologies like Wi-Max and
1xEV-DV. Wi-Max and 1xEV-DV though not available today promise much higher
data rates than 1xEV-DO.

Implementation of broadcast services that enable delivery of TV Channels and

cricket matches. For any broadcast service to be successful the broadcast
should be done at the physical layer itself and the broadcast addresses should
be easily configurable over the air so that a user can subscribe and unsubscribe
to the service.

Evolution path of 1xEV-DO

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Appendix A: 1xEV-DO Compatible Mobiles

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