Energy system requirements of soccer

player.

Correlation between game analysis and

aerobic/anaerobic power test

R.Proietti Ph.D
Sport Scientist Al Jazira Sport Club

Needs Analyses - The Physical Demand Profile of HighPerformance Soccer

Before programming the training process it has to be decided what abilities or
qualities and what physical characteristics a player has to develop. This is

done by examining the needs of the athletes event in this case by

examining what abilities and qualities are needed for the game of soccer. By
examining the game of soccer and what is involved in its execution, we amass
information to help us make decisions about what qualities we would like to
see in the players. Understanding what qualities and what physical
characteristics are necessary for soccer also help to determine what tests
should be selected to evaluate the athletes fitness level. This means that in a
second step, it has to be examined how the particular player compares to the
needs of the game. The choice of tests must be specific to the physiological
characteristics that are analyzed to be critical components of performance.
Specificity must include the energy systems used and the muscle actions that
are sports specific. Validity of the test is reduced if it does not include the
sports specific action of the game. The physical and physiological demands of
soccer on its participants become more pronounced as the level of
competition increases (Junge et al., 2000).
Therefore, understanding the energy system(s) involved in soccer will help to
determine what kind of volume, intensity and rest/recovery are necessary in a
players training. By developing the correct energy system(s), training will be
conduced in a way that is designed to enhance the players performance.
Analyzing the energy system(s) involved will allow to focus on what is
important during training and competition.
Determining which muscles are involved in the game will help to prioritize
what needs to be developed during a conditioning program. Analyzing these
specific muscles will help to determine if the players have the qualities soccer
requires.
Speed of movement is an other important concept to understand. Training
players with predominantly slow exercises will result in their being slow in the
match. However, if players are wanted to be fast and explosive, they have to
be trained in this manner.
Therefore it is necessary to analyze the physical demand profile of high
performance soccer. With the knowledge of the physical demands of a given
activity, it is possible to scientifically design and develop more efficient training

and physical conditioning methods. In contrast to other sports that

predominantly use either anaerobic or aerobic metabolic pathways, success
in soccer depends upon a combination of speed, agility, power, strength,
endurance, skill, flexibility as well as on technical and tactical knowledge. It
appears that the physical aspects of soccer have become more and more
important in recent years, not only to cope with the physiological demands in
soccer but also to be able to maintain the technical standard throughout the
match. Without an improvement of the physical preparation level, one cannot
expect an improvement in technical and tactical skill, the bodys work output,
or the speed of execution of exercises.

Energy System Requirements of Soccer Players

In the past many researchers have addressed the metabolic demands
imposed on soccer players during competitive and friendly matches. These
analyses have demonstrated, that the majority of the bodys physiological
systems are stressed during the course of a soccer game and often also by a
strenuous training program. These include metabolic energy systems, the
musculoskeletal system and perhaps also the nervous and immune system.
It is widely documented, that the aerobic system is the main source of energy
provision in soccer match-play where players have to sustain a high rate of
work for a period of at least 90 minutes. However, soccer is characterised by
an

intermittent

activity

profile

with

high-intensity

anaerobic

efforts

superimposed on a background of aerobic activity. This varying intensity

places high metabolic demands on the energy delivery pathways Thompson
et al.1999; Drust et al., 2000; Thompson et al., 2001). In this high intensity
intermittent sport, many other factors such as speed, power, strength, agility,
flexibility and anaerobic capacity all combine with aerobic capacity also
contribute to a successful game.
Previous studies have demonstrated, that the higher the fitness level of the
soccer player, the more frequently the player is capable of high intensity
phases of play - and that a high level of fitness from all players in a team
helps to allow for a high work rate and maintenance of good technique

throughout a match (Smaros, 1980; Dowsen et al, 2002; Edwards et al.,

2003).
From the metabolic point of view, soccer is classified as an alternating
aerobic/anaerobic engagement sport. In fact, it alternates high intensity
phases of play and phases in which the player carries out active recovery.
During an intermittent exercise, well-trained athletes can regularly make use
of the system of oxygen transport without creating high lactate levels in the
muscles and in the blood. Even if there are differences depending on the
players position - time and motion analyses of soccer matches demonstrate,
that soccer players may cover as much as 10-12 km (see table 1) during a
match lasting 90 minutes (actual playing time 55-62 minutes), involving a
combination of high-intensity sprinting, prolonged running at more moderate
speeds and periods of walking (FIFA, 1989; Meyer et al., 2000; Tumilty 2000.
The highest distances covered by an individual player are reported to be
about 14 km (Ekblom, 1986; Bangsbo, 1993). Therefore aerobic endurance
must play an important role in the team performance. It is interesting to note,
that recreational players cover about the same distance per unit of time as
professional players do and that the mean distance for the first and second
halves are about the same (Ekblom, 1986).

Table 1
Author
Winterbottom
Wade
Palfai
Seliger et al.
Saltin
Knowles et al.
Whithead
Reilly et al.
Withers et al.
Winkler
Winkler
Ekblom
Ohashi et al.
Bangsbo et al.
Bangsbo
Mller et al.

Distance covered during soccer matches. Comparison of data from

1952-2003
Year
1952
1962
1970
1970
1973
1974
1975
1976
1982
1983
1985
1986
1988
1992
1994
1996

Players/Team
Professionals / England
Professionals / England
Professionals / International
Prof. / Czechoslovakia
Professionals / Sweden
Professionals / England
Professionals / England
Professionals / England
Professionals / Australia
Professionals / Germany
Professionals / Germany
Professionals / Sweden
Professionals / Japan
Professionals / Sweden
Professionals / Denmark
Professionals / Austria

Distance Covered
3361
1600-5468
2220-4868
11538
12000
4833 (one half ?)
11500
7100-10900
11500
9790
9000-12000
10000
9300-10400
8990-10200
9400-10800
8923

Rienzi et al.
Rienzi et al.
Proietti

2000
2000
2003

Professionals / England
Professionals / South Am
Professionals/ England & UAE

10104
8638
10286

Superimposed on this background of running and walking activities there are

several other movement patterns like jumping, dribbling, tackling shooting as
well as rapid changes in speed and direction.
Match analyses provide some insight into the physical demands of soccer in
terms of distance covered, both absolutely and at different intensities. These
observations also provide information about the work-to-rest ratios, number of
physical contacts, time spent in possession of the ball, number of tackles,
headers and other activity modes increasing energy expenditure.
A recent match analysis done by Rienci and co-workers 2000 showed, that
there are about 1431206 different actions with and without a ball within a
single match. This study also showed, that on average activities of a player
change every four seconds within a game (Rienci et al., 2000).
According to Withers et al., (1982) 26.3% of total play time is made up of
phases of walk, 64.6% of slow runs, 18.9% of quick runs and sprints, and
1.1% of phases of possession of the ball. In (1985) Mayhew and Wenger
established that during his game a soccer player walks 46.6%, runs slowly
38%, runs quickly or sprints 11.3% and stands without moving 2.3% of total
playing time. During a match, soccer players perform different types of
physical activities, ranging from standing still to maximum speed runs, the
intensity of which may change at any given time. However, intensity
parameters are not exactly defined in these papers.

According to J. Bangsbo (1996), the types of runs during a soccer match (for
a total length of 8-12 kilometers) can be expressed as follows, keeping in
mind, however, that both the total distance covered and the intensity of the
runs are extremely variable with regard to the physical conditioning level and
the players position. Walk: 4 km/h (distance covered: about 3,400 meters),
jogging: 8 km/h (distance covered: about 3,200 meters), low speed run: 12
km/h (distance covered: about 2,500 meters), moderate speed run: 16 km/h
(distance covered: about 1,700 meters), high speed run: 21 km/h (distance
covered: about 700 meters), and sprint 30 km/h (distance covered: about 400
meters) see figure 4.

tannccee ccoovveere
redd dduurin
ringg th
thee ggaam
mee wwith
ith ddiffe
iffere
rennt t in
inte
tennssitie
itiess
DDisista

700
1700

2500

400

m
3400

m
3200

4 k m /h

Figure 4

8 k m /h

1 2 k m /h

1 6 k m /h

2 1 k m /h

3 0 k m /h

Distance covered during the game with different intensities (adapted

from Bangsbo, 1996)

Match analyses using ProZone System (UEFA official system)

A recent, match analyses by Proietti, (2003) was used to analyze three top
teams in the English Premier League (participating in the Champions League)
and three top teams of the United Arabic Emirates playing in the Asian Cup.
In this study different intensities of walking/running during match-play were
analyzed in 47 players using a ProZone System (34 Roundhay Rd., Leed

LS7 1LY /UK). The results of this investigation are summarized in (table 2-17
previously unpublished). The first table summarizes mean values and other
descriptive data of distance covered with different intensities. As shown in this
overview players in average covered 10374 1070 meters during the
analyzed matches with a range from 8476 to 12692 meters.
Table 2

Descriptive statistics prescribing distance covered with different

intensities of running during match-play (all positions) Proietti, 2003
unpublished

Descriptive Statistics (prozone1.sta)

Valid N
WALK_0_2
JOG_2_4
RUN_4_6
HSR_6_7
SPR7
TDIST
TDISTBP
TDISTWBP
HIT_6
HIPB
HIWBP
SPRBP
SPRWBP
NSPRT
NSPRBP
NSPRWBP
TSPRT
TSPRBP
TSPRWBP

47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47

Mean
4079,787
3969,83
1557,468
574,2128
167,1277
10374,49
3642,511
3690,957
741,4255
336,6809
373,383
79,40426
83,19149
14,31915
7
7,021277
0,215766
0,10383
0,10683

Minimum Maximum Std.Dev. Types of run

3250
2322
796
279
29
8476
2683
2073
307
31
84
0
14
3
0
2
0,04
0
0,02

4651
6182
2395
997
317
12692
4842
5135
1313
696
833
238
228
27
19
17
0,41
0,31
0,3

303,9933 walk (0-7.2 km/h)

750,9656 jogging (7.2-14.4 km/h)
436,6379 run (14.4-21.6 km/h)
175,1375 high speed run 6-7 m/s (21.6-25.2 km/h)
71,41325 sprint >7 m/s (>25.2 km/h)
1069,832 total distance
538,8877 total distance with ball possession
655,2293 total distance without ball possession
224,7381 high intensitytotal (meter)
198,3785 highintensitywith ball possession
182,9323 highintensitywithout ball possession
59,92229 sprint with ball possession
58,39172 sprint without ball possession
6,086715 no.of sprints total
4,708918 no.of sprints with ball possession
4,575404 no. of sprints without ball possession
0,094123 time spent sprinting total (sec.)
0,077391 time spent sprinting with ball posses.
0,076594 time spent sprinting without ball posses.

time 33.9 min

time 33.9-16.5 min
time16.5-4.3 min
time 4.3-1.3 min
time 23.8 sec

5000
4500

meter

4000
3500

4079 m
3969 m
< 7.2 km/h 7.2-14.4 km/h

3000
2500

1557 m
14.4-21.6 km/h

2000
1500
1000

574 m
21.6-25.2km/h 167 m
>25.2 km/h

500
0

Table 3.Distance and intensity of different types of running

6%
21.6-25.2 km/h

2%
>25.2 km/h

15%
14.4-21.6 km/h

38%
7.2-14.4 km/h

Table 4.Percentage and intensity of different types of running

39%
<7.2 km/h

Aerobic-anaerobic metabolic profile

2-4m/s (7.2-14.4km/h)=aerobic profile at average intensity
4-6m/s (14.4-21.6km/h)= aerobic profile at high intensity
>6m/s ( >21.6 km/h)= anaerobic profile (Proietti R. 2003)

2000

4000

6000

8000

percentil

1000
2120
4741
921
1987
4530
864
1846
4453
808
1657
4347
731
1594
4015
1407 689
3822
1324 633
3707
1129 528
3346
964 443
2861

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

10000

meter

Table 5.Percentile of distances covered at different pace and related metabolic

system required

Soccer frequently is called a multiple sprint sport. However, the average

number of sprints in this investigation mentioned above is 14.3 6.1(range: 3
27). Like in other investigations, sprints covered with highest speed are rarely
longer than 20 meters in distance (Reilly et al., 1976; Winkler, 1985; Bangsbo
et al., 1991; Mller et al., 1996; Mller et al., 1998). In average these more or
less frequent sprints last about 2 seconds, corresponding to an average
distance of 17 meters (Bangsbo et al., 1991).
Table 6
Descreptive statistics prescribing distance covered with different
intensities of running during match-play (forwards) Proietti, 2003 unpublished
Descriptive Statistics(prozonea.sta)
ValidN Mean
WALK_0_2
JOG_2_4
RUN_4_6
HSR_6_7
SPR_7
TDIST
TDISTBP
TDISTWBP
HIT_6
HIBP
HIWBP
SPRBP
SPRWBP
NSPRT
NSPRBP
NSPRWBP
TSPRT
TSPRBP
TSPRWBP

11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

4203,273
3508,091
1360,727
506,5455
168,0909
9774,727
3594
3251,818
674,6364
378,0909
278,3636
101,1818
66,72727
13,18182
8,181818
5,181818
0,209182
0,130909
0,087273

Minimum MaximumStd.Dev. Typesof run

3694
2553
796
288
97
8484
2884
2073
442
85
84
8
14
6
1
2
0,101
0,01
0,02

4624
4745
2042
754
233
11669
4310
4497
921
623
603
195
171
18
14
13
0,3
0,25
0,22

274,2725 walk (0-7.2km/h)

803,8959 jogging(7.2-14.4km/h)
397,1972 run(14.4-21.6km/h)
151,8495 highspeedrun6-7m/s(21.6-25.2km/h)
42,35435 sprint >7m/s(>25.2km/h)
1139,297 total distance
502,9447 total distancewithball possession
772,1325 total distancewithout ball possession
160,4209 highintensitytotal (meter)
201,5249 highintensitywithball possession
194,8673 highintensitywithout ball possession
61,37397 sprint withball possession
54,58221 sprint without ball possession
3,709938 no.of sprintstotal
4,686538 no.of sprintswithball possession
3,736795 no. of sprintswithout ball possession
0,064089 timespent sprintingtotal (sec.)
0,078161 timespent sprintingwithball posses.
0,069439 timespent sprintingwithout ball posses.

time 35min
time 35-14.6min
time14.6-3.7min
time 3.7-1.2min
time 24sec

5000
4500

4203 m
<7.2 km/h
3508 m
7.2-14.4 km/h

4000
3500
meter

3000
2500
2000

1360 m
14.4-21.6 km/h

1500

506 m
21.6-25.2 km/h

1000
500

168 m
>25.2 km/h

Table 7.Distance and intensity of different types of running (forwards)

5%
21.6-25.2 km/h

2%
>25.2 km/h

14%
14.4-21.6 km/h

36%
7.2-14.4 km/h

Table 8.Percentage and intensity of different types of running (forwards)

43%
<7.2 km/h

Aerobic-anaerobic metabolic profile

percentil

2-4m/s (7.2-14.4km/h)=aerobic profile at average intensity

4-6m/s (14.4-21.6km/h)=aerobic profile at high intensity
>6m/s ( >21.6 km/h)= anaerobic profile (Proietti R. 2003)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

4635
1929
4095
1657
808
3939
1482
726
3782
1404
719
3679
1381
695
2934
1137
668
2874
1136
636
2702
1069 502
2651
935 443

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

861

7000

8000

metri

Table 9.Percentile of distances covered at different pace and related metabolic

system required (forwards)

Table 10

Descriptive statistics prescribing distance covered with different

intensities of running during match-play (defenders) Proietti, 2003

Descriptive Statistics (prozoned.sta)

Valid N
WALK_0_2
JOG_2_4
RUN_4_6
HSR_6_7
SPR_7
TDIST
TDISTBP
TDISTWBP
HIT_6
HITBP
HIWBP
SPRBP
SPRWBP
NSPRT
NSPRBP
NSPRWBP
TSPRT
TSPRBP
TSPRWBP

18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18

Mean
4106,944
3973,389
1480,222
543
155,8333
10286,28
3439,778
3818,889
698,8889
226,4444
437,2778
54,11111
97,16667
13,44444
4,833333
8,444444
0,204444
0,071111
0,121722

Minimum MaximumStd.Dev. Typesof run

3250
2861
891
279
29
8930
2683
2916
307
31
155
0
14
3
0
2
0,04
0
0,02

4651
6182
2323
849
282
12692
4786
5135
1130
696
750
188
228
25
12
17
0,37
0,24
0,3

318,7683 walk (0-7.2km/h)

758,2725 jogging (7.2-14.4km/h)
380,1697 run(14.4-21.6km/h)
162,4797 highspeedrun6-7m/s (21.6-25.2km/h)
88,0269 sprint >7m/s(>25.2km/h)
958,9305 total distance
573,9974 total distancewithball possession
577,3328 total distancewithout ball possession
240,2102 high intensity total (meter)
183,7515 high intensity withball possession
162,1048 high intensity without ball possession
51,40141 sprint withball possession
56,29988 sprint without ball possession
7,269778 no.of sprintstotal
4,133792 no.of sprintswithball possession
4,92559 no. of sprintswithout ball possession
0,114595 timespent sprintingtotal (sec.)
0,0665 timespent sprinting withball posses.
0,077028 timespent sprinting without ball posses.

time34.2min
time34.2-16.5min
time16.5-4.1min
time 4.1-1.2min
time 22.2sec

5000
4500

4106m
<7.2 km/h

4000

3973m
7.2-14.4 km/h

3500
meter

3000
2500
1480m
14.4-21.6 km/h

2000
1500

543m
21.6-25.2 km/h

1000

155m
>25.2 km/h

500
0

Table 11.Distance and intensity of different types of running (defenders)

14%
14.4-21.6 km/h

5%
21.6-25.2 km/h

2%
>25.2kmh

39%
7.2-14.4 km/h

Table 12.Percentage and intensity of different types of running (defenders)

40%
<7.2 km/h

Aerobic-anaerobic metabolic profile

percenti

2-4m/s (7.2-14.4km/h)=aerobic profile at average intensity

4-6m/s (14.4-21.6km/h)=aerobic profile at high intesity
>6m/s ( >21.6 km/h)= anaerobic profile (Proietti R. 2003)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

4578
4515
4485
4015
3857
3775
3484
3346
3147

2000

1935
1033
1810
920
1615
822
1594
771
1504
743
1407 611
1293 561
1129 507
964 330
4000

6000

8000

10000

metri

Table 13.Percentile of distances covered at different pace and related metabolic

system required (defenders)

Table 14

Descriptive statistics prescribing distance covered with different

intensities of running during match-play (midfield) Proietti, 2003
unpublished

Descriptive Statistics(prozonem.sta)
Valid N
WALK_0_2
JOG_2_4
RUN_4_6
HSR_6_7
SPR_7
TDIST
TDISTBP
TDISTWBP
HIT_6
HIBP
HIWBP
SPRBP
SPRWBP
NSPRT
NSPRBP
NSPRWBP
TSPRT
TSPRBP
TSPRWBP

19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19

Mean
4008,632
4328,368
1766,316
640,8421
177,2105
10944,74
3986,421
3757
818,1579
438,0526
343,8421
99,94737
69,68421
16,21053
9,526316
6
0,233158
0,131053
0,091579

Minimum MaximumStd.Dev. Typesof run

3595
2322
831
346
63
8476
3242
2589
475
171
158
30
15
5
3
2
0,08
0,04
0,02

4629
4914
2395
997
317
12053
4842
4905
1313
662
833
238
217
27
19
14
0,41
0,31
0,28

271,7 walk (0-7.2km/h)

578,5382 jogging (7.2-14.4km/h)
421,0866 run(14.4-21.6km/h)
186,8669 highspeedrun6-7m/s (21.6-25.2km/h)
72,26001 sprint >7m/s(>25.2km/h)
865,1495 total distance
455,9707 total distancewithball possession
588,6934 total distancewithout ball possession
236,6489 high intensity total (meter)
162,5647 highintensitywithball possession
167,6054 high intensity without ball possession
67,14534 sprint withball possession
53,86614 sprint without ball possession
5,977541 no.of sprintstotal
4,903156 no.of sprintswithball possession
3,887301 no. of sprintswithout ball possession
0,094578 timespent sprintingtotal (sec.)
0,087362 timespent sprinting withball posses.
0,070179 timespent sprinting without ball posses.

time33.4
time33.4-18min
time18-4.9min
time 4.9-1.5min
time25.3sec

6000
5000

meter

4000

4328 m
4008 m 7.2-14.4 km/h
<7.2 km/h

3000
1766 m
14.4-21.6 km/h

2000

640 m
21.6-25.2 km/h

1000

177m
>25.2 km/h

0
Table 15.Distance and intensity of different types of running (midfield)

16%
4.4-21.6 km/h

2%
6%
21.6-25.2 km/h >25.2 km/h
37%
< 7.2 km/h

39%
7.2-14.4 km/h

Table 16.Percentage and intensity of different types of running (midfield)

Aerobic-anaerobic metabolic profile

percentil

2-4m/s (7.2-14.4km/h)=aerobic profile at average intensity

4-6m/s (14.4-21.6km/h)=aerobic profile at high intensity
>6m/s ( >21.6 km/h)= anaerobic profile (Proietti R. 2003)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

4750
4741
4733
4530
4453
4434
4278
4004
3822
2000

1183
2312
955
2120
951
2051
902
1987
884
1846
743
1676
1616 665
1373 528
1020 475
4000

6000

8000

10000

metri

Table 17.Percentile of distances covered at different pace and related metabolic

system required (midfield)

Table 5,9,13,17 can be used as a physical valuation index for the different
metabolic system involved in a soccer game. This is the first study which
reports an accurate analyses concerning the objective way to investigate the
real game performance for the different player position .The three groups
show some statistically significant differences regarding the types of run.The
data are below reported.

JOG 2-4 m/s Midfield 4328 m > Forwards 3508 m (p .00)

RUN 4-6 m/s Midfield 1766m > Forwards 1360m (p .01)

Midfield 1766m > Defender 1480m (p .03)

HSR 6-7 m/s Midfield 640m > Forwards 506m (p .05)

TDIST

Midfield 10944 m > Forwards 9774 m (p .00)

Midfield 10944 m > Defender 10286 m (p .03)

TDISTBP

Midfield 3986 m > Forwards 3594 m (p .03)

Midfield 3986 m > Defender 3439 m (p .00)

TDISTWBP

Midfield 3757 m > Forwards 3251 m (p .05)

Defender 3818 m > Forwards 3251 m (p .03)

HIBP

Forwards 378 m > Defender 226 m (p .04)

Midfield 343 m > Defender 226 m (p .00)

HIWBP

SPRBP

Defender 437 m > Forwards 278 m (p .02)

Midfield 99 m > Defender 54 m (p .02)
Forwards 101 m > Defender 54 m (p .04)

One of the factors that may account for the difference between the three
groups is that the Midfield seems to be involve in all the tactical movement
like the other player but as a linking player they run more compare to the
majority.Nevertheless all midfield include the outfield must be mobile, capable
of covering ground quickly to contest possession, play the ball, or support
team-mates in defense and attack.They may need to sustain runs and recover
quickly to move into positions supporting the player on the ball or maintain
defensive lines.Some significant correlation (p <.05) are reported between the
different tipes of run as RUN 4-6 m/s (r.91), JOG 2-4 m/s (r.90), HSR 6-7 m/s
(r.68), HIT >6 m/s (r.58), Walk 0-2 m/s (r -.44) and the TDIST.While there is
no meaningful difference between amateur and professional players as far as
the total amount of work is concerned, there is a big difference between them
in the percentage of work carried out at maximum intensity. The higher the
division, the higher the intensity (Bangsbo et al., 1991; Bangsbo, 1996; Mller
& Lorenz, 1996; Williams et al., 1999).
Evidence for an increased work intensity during contemporary soccer has
been shown by Williams at al., (1999) in their quantitative analyses of
matches played in the 1991-1992 and the 1997-1998 seasons. Objective
match statistics were presented to highlight the major changes in the game
that have occurred in this short period of time. Findings indicate that the game
has changed markedly during the intervening period. Contemporary matches
include more runs with the ball, more passes, dribbles and crosses which
suggest a significant increase in the tempo of the game. In order to cope
with these demands, players must react quickly to continually changing game
situations. Speed of movement is therefore an essential characteristic for
successful performance in contemporary professional soccer.
Anyway to understand the effective metabolic profile involve in soccer game is
necessary to analyse second by second the real behaviour of the

players.Thank to the match analyses Pro Zone system Proietti 2003 report
the following data (table 18-23) of three professional player of U.A.E soccer
League.

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

3.5
3

LENGTH4

m/s

2
1.5

min

2.5

1
0.5
0
1 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 55 61 67 73 79 85 91 97 103 109 115 121

n. sprint above 14.5 km/h

Table 18.Relation between peak of speed,acceleration length and recovery

Table 19.Activity profile 0-2 minutes (1st half) in one player

PEAKMS
RECOVER
Y

Descriptive Statistics n.3 (prozone rec.sta)

Valid N

Mean

Minimum

Maximum

Std.Dev.

LENGTH4 391

3 sec

15

.02

PEAKMS

391

19.4 km/h

14.7

32.7

1.1

RECOV.

385

53 sec

3.5

130

105

161

N.SPRINT 391

.65
113?

Table 20.Data summary of sprint length, peak of speed, recovery between every
sprint and total number of acceleration above 14.5 km/h during a game in three
player.

LENGTH4
220

200
180
160

No of obs

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

Upper Boundaries (x <= boundary)

0.12

0.14

0.16

Expected
Normal

Table 21.Distribution of length of acceleration..The main sprint length appears to be

within 4 second.
PEAKMS
200
180
160
140

No of obs

120
100
80
60
40
20
0

10

Upper Boundaries (x <= boundary)

Table 22.Distribution of speed peak.The main speed peak appears to be in the range
from 14.5-25.2 km/h.

RECOVERY
300

250

No of obs

200

150

100

50

Expected
Normal

Table 23.Distribution of recovery after each sprint.The main recovery time appears to
be within the first 50 seconds.

Aerobic metabolism in soccer

A professional soccer player should ideally be able to maintain a high level of
intensity throughout the whole game. Some studies however, have shown a
reduction in distance covered, a lower fractional work intensity, reduced
maximal heart rate, reduced sugar levels, and reduced lactate levels in the
second half of games compared with the first half (Douglas, 1993; Helgerud et
al., 2001).

There have been several attempts to determine the aerobic contribution to

metabolism by measuring oxygen uptake (VO2) during match play (Covell et
al., 1965; Durin et al., 1967; Kawakami et al., 1992; Ogushi et al., 1993).
However, data obtained is probably not representative of oxygen uptake
during match-play because, since measurement procedure interferes with
normal play (Bangsbo, 1994).
Information about the aerobic energy expenditure during soccer can also be
obtained from continuous heart rate measurement during the match. Based
on individual relationship between heart rate and VO2 during a standardized
exercise protocol in the laboratory the heart rate determinations for each
player during match-play can be transformed to oxygen uptake (Bangsbo,
1994). By such estimations mean values of about 75% VO2 max have been
obtained. (Reilly & Thomas, 1979; Ekblom, 1986; Bangsbo, 1994). However,
Bangsbo, (1994) speculates that this value of 75% is overestimating
(emotional and thermal stress) the mean relative workload and this author
believes that the real value might be close to 70% VO2 max corresponding to
an energy production of 1360 kcal for a person weighing 75kg with a
maximum oxygen uptake of 60 ml/kg/min.
Mean heart rate during soccer match-play have been found to be in a range
from 165-175 beats / minute (Figure 5) with values usually being slightly
higher during the first half of the game (for review see Tschan et al., 2001).
According to Smodlaka (1978) this heart rate is close to 85% of maximum
theoretical heartbeat for long periods of play. Similar values have been
described also by Ekblom at al. (1986). Rhode & Esperson (1988) showed
that for 63% of the game heart rate was in a range between 73 and 92% of
maximum heart rate 26% of match-play heart rate was higher than 92% and
only 11% of the playing time heart rate was bellow 73% of HRmax.

In a research on professional soccer players, Baron, et al (1986) pointed out

that the anaerobic threshold is about 78% ( 6.9) of maximum VO2, thus
confirming above mentioned findings. Other more recent study by Reilly
(1994) or Helgerud et al., (2001) also showed that the average work intensity,
measured as percent of maximal heart rate, during a 90 minute match is close
to lactate threshold, or 80-90% of the maximal heart rate. This means that
during a soccer match an alternating aerobic/anaerobic metabolic system
takes place, in relation to intense technical-tactical situations.
Heart rate profile of a professional player
during the first halve of a soccer game

Figure 5

Heart rate profile of a professional player during the first halve of a

game (Adapted from Goubet, 1989 in Weineck, 1999)

It has to be pointed out that expressing intensity as an average over 90

minutes could result in a substantial loss of specific information. Indeed, as
mentioned above, soccer matches have periods and situations of high
intensity where accumulation of lactate takes place. Therefore the players
need periods of lower intensity to remove lactate from the working muscles
(figure 6).

Fractions of heart rate (in % of maximal heart rate)

and fractions of VO2 (in % of VO2 max) of a professional soccer player
during a match of the local championship

Figure 6

Fractions of heart rate (in % of maximal heart rate) and fractions of

VO2 (in % of VO2 max ) of a professional soccer player during a match
of the local championship. (Adapted from Goubet, 1989 in Weineck,
1999).

In determining aerobic endurance, VO2 max is considered the most important

element. Other important elements are lactate threshold (a higher lactate

threshold theoretically means, that a player is able to maintain a higher

average intensity in an activity without accumulation of lactate) and running

economy (cardiovascular efficiency).

Several studies have determined the VO2 max for male elite adult players,

and mean values in a range between 55 and 65 ml kg min have been

reported with few individual values over 70 ml kg min (Bangsbo, 1994; Chin et

al., 1992; Dowson et al., 2002; Ekblom, 1986; Tschan et al., 2001; Tumilty

2000; Wisloff et al., 1998).

Reviewing available VO2 max values of the last decade (see table 23) of

international elite teams show that this magnitude did not change significantly

compared with values from the 1980s. Although several studies observed

higher VO2 max values of elite players of top class teams compared to lower

ranked teams other studies failed to show any relation which indicates that

this variable is not crucial for good performance in soccer (Bangsbo &
Michalsik, 2002; Dowson et al, 2002).
Table 23

Published mean VO2 max values (ml/kg/min) of elite players

Author
Faina et al., 1990
Chatard et al., 1990
Bangsbo et al., 1991
Davis et al., 1992
Chin et al., 1992
Kindermann et al., 1993
Heller et al., 1993
Adhikari et al., 1993
Bangsbo, 1993
Aigner et al., 1993
Marella, 1993

Bangsbo, 1994
Rico, 1996
Urhausen et al., 1996
Ramirez, 1997

Proietti, 1997
Baron, 1997
Jakob, 1998
Jakob, 1998
Jakob, 1998
Wisloff et al., 1998
Wisloff et al., 1998
Mc Gregor et al., 1999
Reilly et al., 2000

Aziz et al., 2000

Drust et al., 2000
Al-Hazzaa et al., 2001
Casajus, 2001
Filaire et al, 2001
Dowson et al, 2002
Ostojic et al., 2002
Strudwick et al., 2002

Country / Team
France national team
France 1st division
Denmark 1st division
England 1st & 2nd division
Hong Kong - elite players
Germany national team
Czechoslovakia - elite players
India elite players
Denmark first division
Austria U18
Italy - professionals

VO2 max
59.11.5
60.02.0
60.9 (51.7-68.4)
60.43.0
59.1
62.01.9
59.3
59.3
60.8 (52.3-76.1)
62.42.4
defender:57.34.2
midfield: 57.54.1
forward: 56.63.9
Denmark - top level players
60.44.0
Puorto Rico national team
62.20.7
Germany top level players
59.54.8
Spain - 2nd division
defender:64.35.3
midfield: 62.93.9
forward: 58.15.9
Italy - juniors
57.33.1
Austria - juniors
58.62.9
Germany regional league
57.93.9
nd
Germany 2 division
58.82.8
Germany 1st division
61.82.7
Norway - champion
67.64.0
Norway elite league
59.94.1
England semi-professionals
59.11.3
England U16 internat. Players defender:59.61.0
midfield: 60.40.9
forward: 60.01.5
Singapore national team
58.04.9
Liverpool university team
58.93.5
Saudi national team
56.84.8
st
Spain 1 division
65.5
France - professionals
60.50.3
New Zealand - national team
60.52.6
Yugoslavia - 1st division
55.28.9
England premier league
59.46.2

Several studies have determined the VO2 max for male elite players, based
on their positional role within the team (Di Salvo et al., 1998; Di Salvo et al.,
2001; Bangsbo et al., 2002). However, most of these studies failed to
evaluate significant differences between different position (exception goal
keepers) see figure 7.
Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) of Danish elite male players
in different team positions

70
60

Sign.

50
40
30
20
10
0
go al
keepers

(5)

Figure 7

c e n tr a l
d e fe n d e rs

(13)

fu ll b a c k s

(12)

m id fie ld
p la y e rs

(21)

fo rw a r d s

(14)

Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) of Danish elite players in different

team positions (adapted from Bangsbo & Michalsik, 2002)

Anaerobic metabolism in soccer

As already mentioned soccer in contrast to other sports taps into both aerobic
and anaerobic metabolism. Anaerobic energy production is extremely
important, in soccer as it provides energy at a very high rate during periods of
intense exercise in a match. The concentration of lactate in the blood is
frequently used as an indicator of anaerobic lactacid energy production in
soccer. High level of lactic acid in the blood of soccer players during a match,
with peaks of 12 mmol/l, (average values: 3-8 mmol/l) are evidence of the
high intensity of some fractions of play (for review see Tschan et al., 2001).
Explosive actions (sprint with quick change of direction, jumps, tackles, kicks)
mainly require an anaerobic-alactacid metabolism and are repeated with
remarkable frequency during a match, and making up about 15-20% of total
playing time. When explosive actions are spaced very closely, there is a shift
from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism and this accounts for the high
accumulation of lactic acid during a match-play.
Soccer requires intermittent physical activity in which sequences of actions
requiring a variety of skills of varying intensities are strung together (Cometti
et al., 2001). The exercise pattern is characterized by repeated short duration

bouts of high intensity exercise interspersed with longer periods of lower

intensity exercise and passive recovery (Balsom et al., 2001).

Although the total duration of high intensity exercise performed during a

multiple sprint sport only accounts for a very small proportion of the total

game time, such periods are most often instrumental in determining the

outcome of the game.

Many activities in soccer require forceful and explosive bursts of energy

including tackling, jumping, kicking, turning and changing pace. The power

output during such activities is critical in determining the overall success of

performance (Strudwick et al, 2002). In order to cope with the physical

requirements for elite soccer match-play, it is important that the players have

a high level of speed, agility, muscular strength and anaerobic power.

Is there any correlation between game analysis and aerobic

anerobic power tests?
Proietti (2002) reported a significant correlation between the aerobic power
(Synthesis test 1999) and the high speed running (> 21.6 km/h) during a
soccer game (table 24,25,26).Further correlation was found also with the
anaerobic sprint power (Rast test 1996).The tests explanation and protocol
are below reported.

Synthesis test (Proietti R. 1999)

Objective: this test was set up to meet the need to have a test
that could measure metabolic properties in conditions of intermittent
work in the field;
that could approximate the soccer players kind of run from the
biomechanical standpoint;
that could provide information on the fitness level and that, without
special machines (except for the heart rate meter), could enable the
coach to customize the physical conditioning work loads by measuring
the athletes maximum heart rate.
Equipment: heart rate meters.

Performance: the test is comprised of eleven 20-meter sprints, with 20-second

recovery periods between sprints, plus an 8-minute run at maximum speed

over a 20-40-60-80-100-meter long shuttle track. In the last minute of the run,

the athlete should be urged to carry out a maximum sprint in order to reach

exhaustion and maximum heart rate.

There are significant positive correlations between the results obtained here

and the results obtained in the Canadian version of the Leger test (p.< 0.05;

r.0.95), and the Mongnoni-test (p < 0.05 and r.0.85) they show that the

subjects who have a high maximum VO2 can run longer distances during the

8-minute run. Also, there is significant correlation between the maximum heart

rate measured at the end of this test and the maximum heart rate measured in

the Leger test (p.< 0.05; r.0.90).

Results: aerobic power is calculated by the following formula:

V02max = (meters run in the 8-min. run x 0.01635) + 27.353

Anaerobic threshold = (meter x 0.00705) + 1.7592

Assessment in the Synthesis test

Meters run in 8
minutes

Assessment

< 1,500 m.

Poor

1,500-1,600 m.
1,600-1,700 m.
1,700-1,800 m.
1,800-1,900 m.
> 1,900 m.

Adequate
Fairly good
Good
Very good
Excellent

Max VO2
< 52
ml/kg/min
52-53.5
53.5-55
55-57
57-58.5
> 58.5

Anaerobic
threshold
<12.3 km/h
12.3-13
13-13.7
13.7-14.4
14.4-15.1
> 15.1

RAST test 1996

The Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) has been developed at the
University of Wolverhampton as a sports-specific anaerobic test. It is similar to
the Wingate anaerobic 30 cycle Test (WANT) in that it provides coaches with
measurements on peak power, average power and minimum power along
with a fatigue index. The tests differ with regard to specificity and cost of
administration. The Wingate test is more specific for cyclists, whereas the
RAST provides a test that can be used with athletes where running forms the
basis for movement. The WANT necessitates the use of a cycle ergometer
and computer which are not available for all coaches. The RAST requires only
a stopwatch and a calculator for some simple computations. The RAST
provides a more specific test of anaerobic performance in running-based
sports.
The Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test
Prior to the test each athlete is weighed. They then need to warm up for a
period of five to 10 minutes followed by a three to five minute recovery. The
RAST is a six by 35m dis-continuous sprint. Each sprint represents a maximal
effort with 10 seconds allowed between each sprint for turnaround. The time

taken for each sprint should be recorded to the nearest hundredth of a second
(the greater the accuracy the better). To perform the test accurately there will
need to be two timers, one to time each run, the other to time the 10-second
turnarounds. The athlete must sprint at maximum speed through the line each
time. The arrangement for administration of the test can be seen in the
diagram below. The next sprint starts from the opposite end of the measured
track. The time between each run is designed to allow the athlete to return to
the start line after running through the line, to record the time and reset the
watch. The total running time is close to 30 seconds, making the test
comparable with the WANT. At the end of the test the coach will have six
times which can be used, along with body weight, to calculate maximal,
minimal and average power outputs along with a fatigue index.

Example results and calculations

Power output for each sprint is found using the following formulas (Harman,

1995):

The result from the first sprint of one athlete (with a body weight of 74

kilograms and a first sprint of 4.79 seconds) at the University of

Wolverhampton can be seen below.

The power output for the athlete's first run was therefore 825 watts. The

power output for each of the other five sprints can be seen in the table below

(having been calculated in exactly the same way)

From these power outputs the same measures as for the WANT can be easily

found. Maximal power is the highest output, which in this case is the first

sprint; 825 watts and minimum power the lowest output which is the final

sprint; 376 watts. The average power is found by adding each of the outputs

and dividing by 6 (the number of sprints); 3666/6 = 611 watts. The fatigue

index is found by taking the minimum power away from the maximal power

and then dividing by the total time for the sprints; (Max - Min 825 - 376 = 449),

(Time 32.2) (Fatigue index = 449/32.2 = 14 watts/sec). The results can also

be displayed on a graph and used to compare with previous results or other

athletes.

Explanation of the results

Maximal/Peak Power Output: is a measure of highest power output. The
range in scores in our research has been between 1054 and 676 watts. It
provides information about strength and maximal sprint speed.
Minimum Power Output: reveals the lowest power output achieved and
allows the calculation of fatigue index. The range in scores has been between
674 and 319 watts.
Average/Mean Power Output: gives an indication of an athlete's ability to
maintain power over time. The higher this score the better the athlete's ability
to maintain anaerobic performance.
Fatigue Index: indicates the rate at which power output declines for an
athlete. The higher this rate the lower his or her ability to maintain power over
the six runs. This can provide the coach with information about the athlete's
anaerobic capacity or endurance. With a high fatigue index the athlete may
need to focus on improving his or her lactate tolerance and this could be a
focus of training.

Table 24

Descriptive statistics of aerobic power level and most important

phases during the game (all players)

types runs

Valid N

T_SINT
T_RUN
HIR_6MS
N_HIR
T_HIR
D_PB
D_WBP

synthesis test (meter)

total distance
high int.run >6m/s
no. of high int.run
time high int.run
distance ball poss.
distance with.b.poss

Mean
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

Minimum

1811,11
10410,67
766,89
64,22
1,8
3063,89
4179,44

1700
7217
248
18
0,39
1878
2907

Maximum Std.Dev.
2000
12635
1438
102
3,47
3957
4732

85,797
1500,092
348,6
23,931
0,895
588,346
677,218

In green the data statistical (p.<0.05) correlated with the level of aerobic power in red

Table 25

Descriptive statistics of aerobic power level and most important

phases during the game (shown for each player analyzed)

player

T_SINT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1750
1800
1850
1850
1700
1800
1750
2000
1800

T_RUN
HIR_6MS N_HIR
10097
471
10010
565
11122
971
11400
984
10605
673
9580
891
7217
248
12635
1438
11030
661

49
53
80
81
65
73
18
102
57

T_HIR
D_PB
D_WBP
1,16
2759
4274
1,3
2722
4281
2,31
3265
4270
2,39
3421
4637
1,49
2918
4689
2,2
3444
3169
0,39
1878
2907
3,47
3957
4732
1,47
3211
4656

In green the data statistical (p.<0.05) correlated with the level of aerobic power in red

Table 26.Correlation between the time spend at high intensity run (>21.6 km/h) and
the level of minimum anaerobic power in the Rast test (p.<0.05)
MIN_POW vs. T_HI (Casewise MD deletion)
T_HI = -8.102 + .02019 * MIN_POW
Correlation: r = .90023
3.4
3.0

T_HI

2.6
2.2
1.8
1.4
1.0
460

480

500

520
MIN_POW

540

560

580

Regression
95% confid.

Conclusion

Various types of measurement have been conducted to evaluate specific

aspects of the physical performance of soccer players.Several measurement
obtained in the laboratory such as vo2 max and power output during maximal
running, may give a general picture of the physical capacity of the player.Such
test do not give a complete measure of performance in soccer.Instead, game
analysis provide a better measure of performance in soccer.Neverthless, it
has to be recognized that no single method may allow for a representative
assessment of a player' s physical performnce during a soccer match.It
seems that there are many characteristic that are required for play at top level
in contemporary football.A success is dependent on how individuals are
knitted together into a competent unit, the combination of physiological
characteristics may vary from player to player.Nevertheless it is possible to
generalize on physiological

characteristics of specialists in this sport.Leg

muscle composition is not extreme, the fiber type distribution favoring fast
movements but demonstrating histochemical properties of aerobically trained
athletes.This leads us to assume that intermittent training, which set running
speeds corresponding to lactate concentrations between 4 and 8 mmol/l
within a hearbeat range between 90-95% of max , have a conditioning effect
both on aerobic/anaerobic power (Proietti R.1997). In soccer training, these
exercises should be carried out in a linked way, with few seconds of recovery
between the various fractions of the run, as it often happens in a match
(Proietti R.1999; Colli R., Introini E, Bosco C.1997). Besides, as Evertsen F.,
Medbo J.I., Jebens E., Gjovaag T.F. 1999 pointed out, it is vital that the
intensity of the work be comprised between 80-90% of the maximum VO2,
that is, around the anaerobic threshold. In fact, the tested athletes improved
their performance, and there was also a significant 6% (p.<0.02) increase of
SDH enzyme (present in type I and IIa fibers), while the concentration of PFK
(present in IIa and IIb fibers) decreased by 10% (p.=0.02). We should not
forget that the activity of these enzymes in fundamental from the physiological
standpoint, as they catalyze the chemical reactions that control energy
metabolism during physical activity. More exactly, SDH enables the pyruvic

acid, which is the by-product of the aerobic combustion of sugars, to be

oxidized, while PFK catalyzes the reaction that starts from glycogen to

produce pyruvic acid. In other words, conditioning based on intermittent

exercises enables the athlete to bear high intensity work, drawing fully on the

aerobic system, and less on the lactacid system.

Therefore, it is highly recommended that soccer training sessions include all

those exercises made up of pliometric jump, combined with a sprint in the last

part of the exercise, if possible. In fact, it is better to combine the two

exercises because while jumps improve intramuscular coordination, sprints

improve intermuscular coordination. The main objective of pliometric physical

conditioning is to increase the ability to accelerate.

Sensory physiological mechanisms are also relevant considerations in the

make-up of football players.It is likely that central factors in deciding the timing

of game-related movement, supported by sufficiently well-developed muscular

strength, motor coordination, and oxygen trasport mechanisms to implement

the decisions, are the keys to successful football play.

Acknowledgments
I am grateful to Univ. Prof. Dr. Ramon Baron, Univ. Ass. Mag. Dr. Harald
Tschan (Sport University of Vienna) and Jamie Atherton (ProZone football
analyst ) for their valuable comments.

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