RESULTS

Experimental Results

Test
numb
er

Time
to
collect
5 kg of
water
(s)

U-tube (mm)
Hg Gate
valve

Piezometer tube readings (mm)

water

22.88

595

147

503

324

970

370

277

317

35.65

410

205

340

248

728

447

290

305

63.5

305

230

227

190

582

480

296

300

Calculated Results for straight pipe

Log V

Reynol
ds
numbe
r
Re

Laminar
or
turbulent
flow

Frictio
n head
loss hf
(m)

1.482

0.171

20309
.7

Turbulen
t Flow

0.179

0.00014
03

0.951

0.022

13034
.7

Turbulen
t Flow

0.092

0.00007
87

0.534

0.272

7317.
9

Turbulen
t Flow

0.037

Test
numb
er

Volume
flow rate
Q (m3/s)

Mean
velocity
V
(m/s)

0.00021
85

Log
hf

Friction
factor

0.74
7
1.03
6
1.43
2

f
0.023
95
0.029
9
0.038
1

Calculated Results for 90 elbow 12.7 mm radius

Test
number

Volume flow
rate Q (m3/s)

Mean velocity
(m/s)

Friction
head loss
hf (m)

Minor loss
coefficient
KEXP

Minor loss coefficient

KTHEO

% Error

0.0002185

1.48245

0.448

3.9995

0.3

1233.1

0.0001403

0.9514

0.205

4.4432

0.3

1381

0.0000787

0.5341

0.075

5.1573

0.3

1619.13

Friction
head loss
hf (m)

Minor loss
coefficient
KEXP

Calculated Results for 90Sharp bend (mitre)

Test
number

Volume flow
rate Q (m3/s)

Mean velocity
(m/s)

Minor loss coefficient

KTHEO

% Error

0.00021853

1.48246

0.6

5.357

1.3

312.041

0.00014025

0.9514

0.281

6.090

1.3

368.5

0.0000787

0.53415

0.102

7.014

1.3

439.54

Calculated Results for Gate valve

Test
number

Volume flow rate

Q (m3/s)

Mean velocity
(m/s)

Friction
head loss
hf (m)

Minor loss
coefficient
KEXP

Minor loss coefficient

KTHEO

% Error

0.000219

1.48246

0.504

4.4995

0.15

2899.66

0.000140

0.95144

0.189

4.0964

0.15

2630.93

0.0000787

0.53415

0.0504

3.4658

0.15

2210.51

Page 2

6. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

0.0137 2
pi=0.000147 m2
2

A=

volume of water = 0.005 =0.0002185 m3 /s

Q=
time
22.88

V=

0.0002185
Q
=
=1.482 m/ s
A 0.000147

Straight Pipe

log V = 0.171
V D
Re =
=

10001.4820.0137
=20309.7
0.001

turbulent flow
h f =h 3h4 =0. 5030. 324=0.179 m
log hf =0.747
hf
( 2gD
LV )

Friction factor f =

0.179
( 29.810.0137
0.9141.482 )
2

0.02395

90 elbow 12.7 mm radius

h f =h 1h2=0. 5950.147=0.448 m
hf29.81
V2

KEXP =

KTHEO = 0.3

Error % =

0.44829.81
1.4822

|K (Theo) K ( Eep)|
K (Theo)

x 100 =

= 1233.1 %
90Sharp bend (mitre)

= 3.9995

h f =h 5h6 =0. 9700. 370=0.6 m

Page 3

|0.33.9995|
0.3

x 100

hf29.81
V2

KEXP =

KTHEO = 1.3

Error % =

0.629.81
1.4822

|K (Theo) K ( Eep)|

= 5.357

|1.35.357|

x 100 =

K (Theo)

1.3

x 100

= 312.041 %
Gate valve

h f =( h7h 8)12.6=( 0.3170. 277 )12.6=0.504 m

hf29.81
V2

0.50429.81
1.4822

KEXP =

KTHEO = 0.15
|K (Theo) K (Eep)|
Error % =
K (Theo)

= 4.4995

|0.154.4995|

x 100 =

0.15

x 100

= 2899.66 %
7. Graphs

log V [Vs log hf

-0.3

-0.25

-0.2

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

log hf

-0.8

f(x) = 1.55x - 1.01

R = 1

-1
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6

log V

Page 4

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

The Head Loss Vs The Average Velocity

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
The Average Velocity (m/s)

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
The Head Loss (m)

log V [Vs log hf

-0.3

-0.25

-0.2

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

log hf

-0.8

f(x) = 1.55x - 1.01

R = 1

-1
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
log V

Page 5

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

For Elbow

hf (m) Vs ^2/2 (m)

0.12
f(x) = 0.26x - 0.01

0.1
0.08
( ^2)/2 (m)

0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.4

0.45

0.5

hf (m)

For sharp bend

hf (m) Vs ^2/2 (m)

0.12
0.1

f(x) = 0.26x - 0.01

0.08
( ^2)/2 (m)

0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25
hf (m)

Page 6

0.3

0.35

For Valve

hf Vs

^2/ 2

0.12
R = 1

0.1
0.08
^2/ 2

0.06
0.04
0.02
0

0.1

0.2

0.3
hf

Page 7

0.4

0.5

0.6