Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr.

Amit Prashant

Raft Foundation: Simplified Flexible Method

The subgrade soil is considered as an infinite array of

individual springs unaffected from the deformation of
others.
The spring constant is the modulus of subgrade reaction.
The following conditions are to be satisfied for this
method to be applicable

Relative stiffness factor < 0.5

Variation of adjacent column load is less than 20% of the higher
value.
value

The rigid analysis gives relatively more conservative

design of the raft against bending moment resulting in
much bigger section.
section Hence,
Hence flexible design is preferable
from the point of view the economy of structure.
Analysis
y
using
g this approach
pp
has been covered under
the course on Soil-Structure Interaction.
40

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Raft Foundation: Contact Pressure Distribution for

Simplified Flexible Method

The contact
Th
t t pressure
distribution is assumed
to be linear with its
maximum value below
columns and minimum
at the mid span.
Contact p
pressure under
interior column.

Moment below interior column

41

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Raft Foundation: Contact Pressure Distribution for

Simplified Flexible Method

Contact p
pressure below mid span
p

Moment at the mid span

42

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Raft Foundation: Contact Pressure Distribution for

Simplified Flexible Method

Moment below the exterior column,

Me is taken as the minimum of
following two values

Contact pressure below mid span,

Me is taken from Eq. (a) above:

Contact p
pressure below mid span,
p , Me is taken from Eq.
q ((b)) above:
43

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Raft Foundation: General Flexible Method

This method
Thi
th d is
i employed
l
d when
h there
th
iis significant
i ifi
t
variation is the column spacing or the intensity of column
loads on the raft foundation.
This method is based on the closed form solutions for
plates on Winkler type elastic half space.
The continuity of foundation and its effect on the analysis
is not compromised.
Numerical analysis using finite element or finite
difference approach may be employed.
Moment, shear force, and deflections are calculated for
each column load individually and then the principal of
superposition is used to find out the combined effect of
all the column loads
loads.
44

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Raft Foundation: General Flexible Method

Design Steps

Step 1:
A
Assume
thickness
thi k
off th
the matt foundation.
f
d ti
Step 2:
Determine Flexural Rigidity D of the mat

Step 3:
Determine the radius of effective stiffness

45

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Raft Foundation: General Flexible Method

Design Steps

Step 4:
D t
Determine
i radial
di l
and tangential
moment due to
column load

46

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Design Step 4 Continued

Continued.

Deflection at any point and Shear force per unit width of mat

The moment in Cartesian coordinates can be obtained using the

following relationship
y

Mt

My

Mr
Mx

x
47

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Design Step 4
Continued.

The value of functions

can be obtained using
the adjacent plot
The influence zone of
a column load reaches
to approximately 4-5
times the radius of
effective
ff ti stiffness.
tiff

48

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Design Step 4 Continued

Continued.

IIn case the

th edges
d
off matt are within
ithi th
the influence
i fl
zone off
a column load, determine the moment and shear force at
the edges
g assuming
g the mat to be continuous and apply
pp y
the same magnitude in opposite direction to satisfy the
known boundary conditions.
Th moments,
The
t shear
h
f
force,
and
d deflection
d fl ti calculated
l l t d ffor
each column are superimposed to find their resultant
values
a ues a
at eac
each location.
oca o
The reinforcement calculations can be performed
assuming the raft as an inverted beam or slab.

49

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Ring Foundations

Used for fairly small and

uniform column spacing
and there is sufficient
b di d
bending
due tto llateral
t l
forces (seismic, wind,
etc.). For example water
t k transmission
tank,
t
i i ttower,
etc.
Sometimes
So
e es a
annular
u a sslab
ab
with ring beam is used for
more economical design
when the column spacing
is large and/or the soil is
relatively more
compressible
compressible.
50

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Ring Foundations: Rigid Foundation Analysis

Assumptions:

Foundation is rigid relative to soil and compressible

layer is relatively shallow.
The contact pressure distribution varies linearly
th
throughout
h t th
the ffoundation
d ti

The following conditions are to be satisfied for

this
hi method
h d to b
be applicable
li bl

Relative stiffness factor K > 0.5

Spacing between the columns is less than 1.75xLe

51

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Rigid Foundation Analysis:

Annular Raft
b
r

c
a

Au
uniform
o d
distribution
st but o o
of
pressure is assumed
with the magnitude of
p=p1+0.5p
+0 5p2. The load p1
is due to dead load, and
p2 is due to moment in
presence of lateral loads.

p1
p2

52

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Rigid Foundation Analysis: Annular Raft

For a particular b/a ratio, the value of c/a ratio at which

th maximum
the
i
momentt are minimum
i i
could
ld b
be obtained
bt i d
from the following plot. The total area shall also satisfy
tthe
e requirement
equ e e t of
o allowable
a o ab e bea
bearing
gp
pressure
essu e

53

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Rigid Foundation Analysis: Annular Raft

Circumferential and radial moments

For r < c

pa 2
M t1 =
16

b 2 a 1 c 2 b 2 3b 2
r 2 4b 2 r a 2 + r 2 b 2 a
4 1 + 2 ln + 2 2 + 2 + 3 2 2 ln 2 2 2 ln
r
a a a a r r
b
r c 2 2a a

pa 2
M r1 =
16

b 2 a 1 c 2 b 2 b 2
r 2 4b 2 r a 2 r 2 b 2 a
4 1 2 ln + 2 3 2 + 2 + 1 2 2 ln 2 2 2 ln
r
a a a a r r
b
r c 2 2a a

F r>c
For
pa 2
M t 2 = M t1 +
16

b2 c 1 c2
4 1 2 ln + 2
a r 2 2r

pa 2
= M r1 +
16

b2 c 1 c 2
4 1 2 ln + 2
a r 2 2r

Mr2

54

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Rigid
g Foundation Analysis:
y
Annular Raft with Ring Beam

The condition of maximum

pressure not exceeding
allowable bearing pressure
and non-negative minimum
pressure are satisfied if

c
a

A
a = e.x + ( e.x ) +
2
2

b= a +
2

x=
A=

qa net ( o q1 )

W+A.o

qa net + ( o q1 )
qa net

2W
2W
( o q1 )

qa-net+o

e
q1
55

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Rigid
g Foundation Analysis:
y
Annular Raft with Ring
g Beam

W = Total weight of the structure above ground

e = Eccentricity of vertical load on base due
to lateral loads
A = Area of annular raft
o = Overburden pressure due to depth
of foundation
Mi i
net soilil pressure d
desired
i d
q1 = Minimum

For a given number of columns the ring beam will have

less moment when the ring perimeter is small.

Curve A and B in the figure on next slide give the most

economical location of ring beam under uniform and
y gp
pressure conditions.
linearlyy varying
56

1.0Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Foundation
B (For linearly varying pressure)

c/a for minimum

m momen
nt

0.8

A (For uniform pressure)

06
0.6
C (Centroid of Ring
element)
0.4
Centroid
Ring beam
0.2

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6
b/a

0.8

1.0
57

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Rigid
g Foundation Analysis:
y
Annular Raft with Ring
g Beam

Tangential moments are critical at

th inner
the
i
edge,
d
under
d b
bearing
i and
d
outer edge.
Radial moment are critical under
the ring beam for sagging and at
some point in the raft for sagging

b c
a

po

58

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Rigid
g Foundation Analysis:
y
Annular Raft with Ring
g Beam

Tangential
g
and radial moments for uniform p
pressure conditions
For r < c

po a 2
M t1 =
16

b 2 1
4b 2 r a 2 + r 2 b 2 b
c c 2 r 2 b 2 3b 2
4 1 + 2 ln 2 + 2 + 2 2 3 2 ln 2 2 2 ln
a 2a a a
r
a
a a a b r
r 2

po a 2
M r1 =
16

b 2 1
4b 2 r a 2 r 2 b 2 b
c
c 2 r 2 b2 b2
4 1 2 ln 2 + 3 2 2 + 2 3 2 ln 2 2 2 ln
ae 2a a a
r
a
a a a b r
r 2

For r > c
pa 2
M t 2 = M t1 +
16

b2 c 1 c2
4 1 2 ln + 2
a r 2 2r

pa 2
= M r1 +
16

b2 c 1 c 2
4 1 2 ln + 2
a r 2 2r

Mr2

59

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Rigid
g Foundation Analysis:
y
Annular Raft with Ring
g Beam

Tangential
g
and radial moments for varying
y gp
pressure conditions
For r < c

p 2b 4 2 2 8 4
5 2 2 a2 2 2 4

2 4
4
4
2
Mt =
3a b r 5 + 2r r + 3b a r + 3 2 + 1 a c r + 3b cos
3
2
96a
ar b + a
3
3

a2 2 2 4 4
p 2b 4
4
2 2
2
2 2
4
4

Mr =
5 8r 3a b 2r 5a r 5r 3b + 3 3 2 + 1 a c r b cos
96ar 3 b 2 + a 2

)(

)(

For r > c

2b 4 2 2 8 4
5 2 2

2 4
4
3
a
b
r
5
2
r
r
3
b
ar

+
+

2
3
3
b
+
a

p
Mt =
cos
3

4
4
2
96ar
+ r 4 + 3a 4 3b c 2 2a 2 r 4 + 3b 4 3a 2 r 2 + 3b r
2

c
a

2b 4
4
2 2
2
2 2
4
4
5
8
r
3
a
b
2
r
5
a
r
5
r
3
b

2
p b +a

Mr =
3
cos
4
96ar
+3 a 4 r 4 c 2 3b 6 a 2 r 2 a 2 r 2 b 4

)(

60