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7a Instabilities
7a Instabilities
7a Instabilities
T. Poinsot
Institut de Mcanique des Fluides de
Toulouse
CNRS, Universit de Toulouse, France
(C. M. Ho and
Oscillation of
reactant flow rate
Unsteady pressure
INTRINSIC INSTABILITY
Growth of a spherical laminar
flame ignited by a spark.
PROPANE / AIR:
Perfectly smooth laminar
spherical front
Spark
Time
HYDROGEN / AIR:
Formation of cells on the
flame front
Spark
Time
11
Gravity + combustion
12
13
14
15
U<0
CONVECTIVE (AMPLIFIER)
ABSOLUTE (RESONATORS)
FLOW
FLOW
FEEDBACK LOOP
VORTEX
FORMATION
INLET FLOW
RATE CHANGE
ACOUSTIC
FEEDBACK
18
VORTEX
COMBUSTION
PRESSURE
WAVE
FLOW
SOUND
20
Creation of vortices
OR
Oscillation of flow
rates
Unsteady pressure
Acoustic waves
21
22
Turbine
23
From compressor
Combustor
Pressure
24
Entropy
Vorticity
Creation of vortices
OR
Oscillation of flow
rates
Unsteady pressure
Acoustic waves
25
26
Swirl: why ?
Flame stabilization !: flames do not propagate at high
speeds. Typically CxHy+Air flames move at sL=50 cm/s.
CxHy/O2 flames at a few m/s.
AIR
Propane
28
Temp
Reaction
Velocity
Mixing
Yf Yo
29
(a)
Low swirl
30
(b)
Medium swirl
(c)
High swirl
31
32
33
34
35
Rotation axis
36
37
Page 39
40
41
White surface:
flame surface
Red surface: low
pressure surface
Ch. 8
43
x
v=dx/dt
With:
46
x
v=dx/dt
47
v
F
50
LIMIT CYCLES
Overshoot zone
Non-linear zone:
limit-cycle
Pressure oscillations
Linear zone:
exponential growth
20
40
Linear phase
Exponential growth
of the amplitude
Acoustic solvers
52
60
80
Time
100
120
140
DESTRUCTION
53
54
VORTEX FORMATION
AND COMBUSTION
PRESSURE
WAVE
INLET FLOW
RATE CHANGE
ACOUSTIC
FEEDBACK
Unsteady sensor
(microphone, optical)
Loudspeaker
EXTERNAL
ACTUATION
SYSTEM
55
56
Noise level
without control
57
58
CONTROL
60
Microphone
Loud speaker
DELAY LINE
+AMPLIFIER
61
62
63
STABLE UNSTABLE
FLAME
FLAME
QUENCHING
FLAME
QUENCHED
FLAME
Noise
Heat release
65