T Vn i

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC XY DNG

* LUN VN THC S

KS. T VN I

* Ngnh: a k thut xy dng

TNG QUAN GIA LC P U CC V TI

TRNG CHO PHP CA CC P VI IU KIN
A CHT THNH PH V THANH

LUN VN THC S
Chuyn ngnh: a k thut xy dng

*
nm-2014

H Ni 2014

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC XY DNG

KS. T VN I

TNG QUAN GIA LC P U CC V TI

TRNG CHO PHP CA CC P VI IU KIN
A CHT THNH PH V THANH

LUN VN THC S
Chuyn ngnh: a k thut xy dng
M s : 60580211
Gio vin hng dn

: GS.TS V Cng Ng
: TS. Nguyn nh Tin

H Ni 2014

LI CAM OAN

Ti xin cam oan y l cng trnh nghin cu ca ring ti.

Cc s liu, kt qu nu trong lun vn l trung thc v cha tng c
ai cng b trong bt k cng trnh no.
TC GI LUN VN

T Vn i

LI CM N!
Em xin by t lng bit n su sc ti ban gim hiu trng i Hc
Xy Dng, Khoa o to sau i hc, to mi iu kin gip cng nh
ng vin tinh thn em hon thnh kha hc v lun vn tt nghip.
Em xin chn thnh by t lng bit n su sc ti cc thy: GS.TS V
Cng Ng, trong b mn c hc t nn mng, cng nh cc thy c trong
v ngoi nh trng tham gia dy chng em, trang b cho chng em
nhng kin thc, to iu kin gip em hc tp theo ng chuyn ngnh
yu thch.
c bit em v cng bit n gio vin hng dn trc tip ca em l
Thy Nguyn nh Tin tn tnh hng dn gip em trong sut qu
trnh hc tp, lm lun vn v hon thnh lun vn tt nghip.
Cui cng em xin chn thnh cm n UBND tnh Hu Giang quan tm
cng tc o to sau i hc cho cn b, cm n cc S Ban ngnh trong tnh
to iu kin cho em thu thp s liu nghin cu, cm n S Xy dng to
iu kin thun li cho em c tham gia kha hc v tt c bn b ng
nghip, cng kha cao hc gip em rt nhiu trong vic hon thnh lun
ny.

MC LC
M U ....................................................................................................................7
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V MNG CC C SN V TNH HNH S
DNG CC P TI THNH PH V THANH ..................................................9
1.1. TNH HNH S DNG CC P TI THNH PH V THANH .................9
1.2. KHI NIM PHN LOI PHM VI NG DNG CC P .................11
1.2.1. Khi nim mng cc ...................................................................................11
1.2.2. Phn loi cc ..............................................................................................12
1.2.3. Phm vi ng dng .......................................................................................15
1.3. S LM VIC TNG H GIA CC V T .....................................16
1.3.1. Phn tch hot ng ca t xung quanh cc p .......................................16
1.3.2. Hot ng ca cc n v nhm cc ..........................................................30
CHNG 2. CNG NGH CC P, XC NH SC CHU TI CA CC
P ..............................................................................................................................35
2.1. KHI NIM V CC P ..............................................................................35
2.1.1. nh ngha quy nh chung......................................................................35
2.1.2. Nguyn l thit b - Cng ngh p cc ........................................................38
2.1.3. Cc dng p ...........................................................................................39
2.1.4. Cng ngh cc p Cch phn loi v iu kin p dng ........................40
2.1.5. Mt s yu cu chung ca cng ngh cc p..............................................44
2.2. XC NH SC CHU TI CA CC P ..................................................47
2.2.1. Xc nh SCT ca cc p bng th nghim nn tnh ...................................47
2.2.2. Xc nh SCT ca cc p da vo kt qu th nghim trong phng...........60
2.2.3. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc p da vo kt qu SPT ..............................70
2.3. TH NGHIM NN DNG P LC K (CANADA 1978) ........................75
2.3.1. Lc chng u cc (Qp) ..............................................................................75
2.3.2. Lc ma st bn (Qf).....................................................................................76
2.2.4. Bng phng php ng th. .....................................................................76
CHNG 3. TNG QUAN GIA SCT THEO THIT K VI SCT THEO
KT QU NN TNH V LC P U CC .................................................78
3.1. CC CNG THC XC NH SCT CHO CC HAY S DNG NC
TA .........................................................................................................................79
3.1.1. Sc chu tnh theo theo TCVN 205-1998 (SCT thit k) .............................79
3.1.2. Sc chu ti theo kt qu th nghim xuyn (SPT) ......................................80
3.2. SC CHU TI CA CC THEO KT QU TH NGHIM NN TNH ..81
3.3. KHI NIM S TNG QUAN GIA SC CHU TI THEO KT QU
NN TNH V THEO THIT K .......................................................................84
3.4. KHI NIM S TNG QUAN GIA LC DNG P U CC V
SC CHU TI THEO THIT K ......................................................................85

3.5. KT QU MI TNG QUAN K1 V K3 THEO TI LIU T CC

CNG TRNH THC T. ...................................................................................86
3.5.1. Tnh ton SCT theo kt qu nn tnh ..........................................................90
3.5.2. Tnh ton SCT theo kt qu th nghim SPT ...............................................91
3.5.3. Mi tng quan gia SCT theo nn tnh v theo cc phng php khc K1
..........................................................................................................................93
3.5.4. Mi tng quan gia SCT theo thit k v lc dng p u cc K3 ..........96
KT LUN V KIN NGH ................................................................................99
TI LIU THAM KHO ....................................................................................101
PH LC ...............................................................................................................102

L
A
Ap
Ap
As
B
C
ca
cu
d
E
Fbt
Fct
FS
FSp
FSs
K1(NT-SPT)
K1(NT-Tra Bng)
K3
Ks
ktc
l
m
N
Nq
Ntb
Pa (hoc Qa)
Pa NT
Pa SPT
Pa TRA BANG (hoc Pa TK)

Danh mc cc k hiu
Khi lng ring ca t
Chnh lch chuyn v gia hai thanh ko.
Din tch mt ct ngang ca cc.
Din tch tit din mi cc m2
Din tch mi cc
Din tch mt bn cc trong phm vi lp t ri m2
st
Lc dnh ca t nn
Lc dnh gia thn cc v t
Sc chng ct khng thot nc ca t nn
ng knh cc
Mun n hi ca vt liu lm cc.
Din tch tit din phn b tng
Din tch tit din ct thp
H s an ton ca cc
H s an ton ca cc do lc chng mi.
H s an ton ca cc do ma st bn.
H s tng quan gia SCT theo nn tnh v theo th
nghim SPT
H s tng quan gia SCT theo nn tnh v theo phng
php tra bng
H s tng quan gia SCT theo thit k v lc dng p
u cc thc t
H s p lc ngang trong t trng thi ngh
H s an ton
Chiu di cc
H s iu kin lm vic
Ch s SPT trung bnh trong khong 1d di mi v 4d
trn mi cc
H s chu ti
Ch s SPT trung bnh dc thn cc trong phm vi lp t
ri
Ti trng thit k tnh ton cho php
SCT cho php ca cc tnh theo kt qu nn tnh
Sc chu ti cho php theo kt qu xuyn tiu chun
SCT ca cc c tnh theo phng php tra bng

Pepmax
Pepmin
Pgh (hoc Qgh)
Pu (hoc Qu)
Pw
qc
QC
Qp
Qp
Qs
QS
Qtc
Qva
Qva
Rbt
Rct
S
SCT
V
W

w
h
v
vp
vP

Ti trng nn p ti a m thit k cho php tc dng ln

cc
Ti trng nn p cc nh nht m thit k cho php tc
dng ln cc
Ti tng nn gii hn
Ti trng nn cc hn ca cc
Ti trng lm vic yu cu ca cc thit k
Lc khng xuyn cn
Kh nng chu ti do t nn mi cc to ra
Sc chu ti trng nn dc trc cc hn ca cc n do
lc chng ca mi.
Sc chng cc hn mi
Sc chu ti trng nn dc trc cc hn ca cc n do
ma st bn
Kh nng chu ti do ma st gia t nn m mt bn thn
cc
Sc chu ti tiu chun tnh ton theo t nn ca cc
n.
Ti trng trong cc ti im gia ca hai tm neo.
Ti trng trong cc ti v tr dn cm bin.
Cng chu nn ca b tng
Cng thp
ln ca cc
Sc chu ti
H s bin thin
m
Trng lng ca t
Khi lng t nhin ca t
ng sut hu hiu trong t theo phng vung gc vi
mt bn cc
ng sut trong t ti su tnh ton ma st bn tc
dng ln cc
ng sut hu hiu theo phng thng ng ti su
mi cc do trng lng bn thn t
ng sut hu hiu theo phng thng ng ti mi cc
S dc bin dng.
mnh ca cc
Gc ma st trong ca t nn
Gc ma st gia cc v t nn

Danh mc cc hnh v
Hnh 1.1. Tr a cht in hnh ti thnh ph V Thanh .........................................10
Hnh 1.2. Mng cc i thp, cc ma st ..................................................................12
Hnh 1.3. Mng cc i cao, cc chng ....................................................................12
Hnh 1.4. Mng cc ma st .......................................................................................15
Hnh 1.5. Chuyn v v xon ca t do cc.............................................................17
Hnh 1.6. bn ct trong t st bo ha nc ......................................................18
Hnh 1.7. S nguyn l th nghim lc ct trc tip ............................................20
Hnh 1.8. ng cong khng ct trong trng hp t nhy ...................................20
Hnh 1.9. Vng b xo ng xung quanh cc p, ng t st .................................21
Hnh 1.10. tng kh nng chu ti theo thi gian (theo Soderberg) ....................21
Hnh 1.11. nh ngha lc dnh khng thot nc....................................................23
Hnh 1.12. Th nghim thot nc gc ni ma st .................................................23
Hnh 1.13. Tm tt mt s kt qu do p lc k rng (Theo Poulous v Davit) ......24
Hnh 1.14. Cc ng trong ct, vng nh hng ......................................................25
Hnh 1.15. ng cong khng ct ca t khng nhy ............................................26
Hnh 1.16. t p gy ra ma st m ........................................................................28
Hnh 1.17. Chuyn v ca nhng cng trnh nh bn cnh do hot ng ng cc .29
Hnh 1.18. Dng ph hoi gi thit di mng su (Vesic, 1967) ............................30
Hnh 1.19. ng sut tip v bin dng trt trong t cnh cc n v nhm cc
chu ti .......................................................................................................................32
Hnh 1.20. Kh nng chu ti ca nhm cc trong t st ........................................33
Hnh 1.21. Bin dng xy ra trong t cnh cc ma st chu lc. .............................33
Hnh 2.1. My p cc t hnh. ..................................................................................41
Hnh 2.1a. My p trc. ..........................................................................................41
Hnh 2.1b. S my p trc .................................................................................42
Hnh 2.2. S my p sau ......................................................................................42
Hnh 2.3. My p neo ................................................................................................44
Hnh 2.4a. Dng vt nng lm i trng cho kch thy lc (TCVN 9393-2012) .....49
Hnh 2.4b. Dng cc neo lm i trng cho kch thy lc. ......................................49
Hnh 2.5. Thit b o chuyn v dc trc thng ng ca cc ..................................52
Hnh 2.6. H s kh nng chu ti Kq i vi mng cc c tnh ton theo b o p
lc (S tay k thut nn mng ca Canada, 1978). ..................................................75
Hnh 3.1. Tnh cht c l t in hnh .....................................................................80
Hnh 3.2. Kt qu th nghm SPT .............................................................................81
Hnh 3.3. Bng v tr 25 cng trnh thu thp s liu i din cho thnh ph V
Thanh .........................................................................................................................87

Danh mc cc biu
Biu 1. Th nghim th ti cc .............................................................................33
Biu 2.1. Quan h gia ln v ti trng ..........................................................50
Biu 2.2. Quan h gia ti trng thi gian chuyn v ....................................50
Biu 3.1. Ti trng v ln, trng hp TN cha ph hoi t ........................83
Biu 3.2. Ti trng v ln, trng hp TN ln qu gii hn cho php......83
Biu 3.3. Ti trng v ln, trng hp TN n ph hoi t nn ...................83
Biu 3.4. Quan h Pa NT vi Pa TBang (K1 NT-TBang ) ..................................95
Biu 3.5. Chui gi tr K1 NT-Tbang theo thng k...................................................95
Biu 3.6. Quan h Pa NT vi Pa SPT (K1 NT-SPT) ...........................................95
Biu 3.7. Chui gi tr K1 NT-SPT theo thng k ....................................................96
Biu 3.8. Quan h lc p u cc vi ti trng cho php ca cc .......................98
Biu 3.9. Chui gi tr K3 theo thng k ..............................................................98

Danh mc cc bng
Bng 1. ng sut ngang tc dng ln cc p trong ct .............................................26
Bng 3.1. Cc thng s xc nh sc chu ti cc theo TCVN .................................84
Bng 3.2. Tm tt s liu cng trnh .........................................................................89
Bng 3.3. Tng hp s liu tnh ton SCT theo kt qu nn tnh .............................90
Bng 3.4. Tng hp s liu tnh ton SCT Theo kt qu th nghim SPT................92
Bng 3.5. Kt qu mi tng quan K1 .....................................................................93
Bng 3.6. Kt qu x l s liu K1 NT-TBang................................................................94
Bng 3.7. Kt qu x l s liu K1 NT-SPT ..................................................................94
Bng 3.8. Kt qu mi tng quan K3 ......................................................................97
Bng 3.9. Kt qu x l s liu K3 Pep-Ptk ...................................................................98

M U
1. L do chn ti
Mng cc c s dng kh rng ri v ph bin hin nay ti thnh ph V
Thanh, c bit l i vi cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng thp tng (t 3 n 5
tng) hoc nn c lp t yu. Cc phng php tnh ton sc chu ti cho cc n
s dng ph bin Vit Nam hin nay nh TCXDVN 205-1998, hoc cc cng
thc l thuyt phn ln u tha k cc kt qu nghin cu v thc nghim t cc
nc nh Lin X (c) hoc cc nc Ty u, M. Cc kt qu ny ph hp vi
iu kin thc t v iu kin nn t, ng x ca t v cu trc a tng ca cc
nc . Do vy vic tnh ton cho kt qu ph hp s rt kh khn v thng
thng cc k s t vn thit k s thin v s an ton khi tnh ton, nh vy s tn
km nhiu chi ph cho cng trnh, chn thit b thi cng cc khng hp l. Cho nn
vic nghin cu la chn thng s cho cc, h s hiu chnh cho ph hp trong
tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc v lc p u cc trong iu kin t nn V Thanh
khi s dng cc quy trnh trn l vn cn thit.
2. i tng nghin cu v phm vi nghin cu
* i tng nghin cu:
Nghin cu lc p u cc trong thc t thi cng v ti trng cho php ca cc
p c xc nh bng th nghim nn tnh, trn c s xy dng mi quan h
gia chng, a ra nhn xt, h s hiu chnh, hng nghin cu tip, trong iu
kin a cht thnh ph V Thanh.
* Phm vi nghin cu:
- Nghin cu trong phm vi cng ngh p trc qua thc t thi cng ti thnh
ph V Thanh, tnh Hu Giang.
- S liu nghin cu ch thng k cho cc cc p b tng ct thp tit din
vung thng hay dng: 200x200; 250x250; 300x300.
- Nn t di mi cc l lp ct mn, ct pha trng thi cht va n cht, st
xm xanh, st nu .

- Khng thng k vi cc chng.

- Lc p u cc th nghim; sc chu ti theo quy phm Vit Nam hin hnh.
2. Mc ch nghin cu
Hin nay c nhiu phng php xc nh sc chu ti ca cc nh th nghim
nn tnh, th nghim ti trng ng bin dng ln PDA, tnh ton theo th nghim
hin trng CPT, SPT hoc l thuyt. Trong th nghim nn tnh l phng php
cho php xc nh chnh xc nht sc chu ti ca cc. Tuy nhin khi thit k th
ngi k s thng tnh ton theo cc cng thc theo l thuyt nn cho kt qu
cha ng vi thc t dn n vic la chn thit b thi cng cc p c cng sut
cha ph hp. Trn c s th nghim nn tnh cc cho cng trnh thc t kt hp vi
cc kt qu tnh ton theo cc quy trnh, l thuyt hin hnh, lc p u cc thc t,
lun vn a ra nhng nhn xt v nhng hng cn nghin cu, xem xt, cc h s
iu chnh cho ph hp trong iu kin t nn thnh Ph V Thanh khi s dng
cc quy trnh nu trn. ng thi lun vn cng cho php xc nh kt qu th
nghim nn tnh cn c vo lc dng p u cc thng qua h s iu chnh.

Chng 1. TNG QUAN V MNG CC C SN V TNH

HNH S DNG CC P TI THNH PH V THANH

1.1. TNH HNH S DNG CC P TI THNH PH V THANH

Cng ngh cc p c ng dng vo nc ta gn 30 nm qua, n ph hp vi
cc cng trnh vi iu kin a cht phc tp, cht hp, khng gy chn ng,
khng gy tin n, d thi cng, kim sot cht lng d dng.
Tnh Hu Giang c chia tch t thnh ph Cn Th ra, trong mi nm xy
dng v pht trin, thnh ph V Thanh, tnh Hu Giang xy dng nhiu cng
trnh tr s c quan nhm p ng nhu cu ni lm vic cho a phng. Do quy
hoch pht trin th thnh ph V Thanh c ph duyt, Quy nh chiu cao
cng trnh xy dng t 3 n 5 tng. Nn trong thi gian qua xy dng cc cng
trnh nu trn phn ln l thp tng.
a cht ni y c lp t mt t nhin l t st xm xanh trng thi chy
dy khong 10m, sc chu ti ca t nn thp. Nu nn gia c c trm L=5m mt
25 cy/m2 th sc chu ti ca t nn sau khi gia c khong 5 tn/m2. Nh ta
bit cng trnh xy dng t 3 n 5 tng, c lc dc ti chn ct khong 60 tn tr
ln. Do vic chn phng n mng n hoc mng bng trn nn gia c c trm,
cho cng trnh xy dng t 3 n 5 l khng hp l v kinh t cng nh chu lc
cho cng trnh. Theo phng n cc ng cng c nhng nhc im sau: tnh
Hu Giang khng c my ng cc, mt bng thi cng cc ng phi rng ln,
gy ting ng ln, nhim mi trng, khng ph hp cho vic cng trnh xy
chen, d gy ln nt cng trnh ln cn do trn ng khi thi cng.
Cc p c nhiu u im nh: t gy ting n, khng nhim mi trng, my
p cc c sn ti a phng, chi ph hp l, kim sot c cht lng cc khi p
d dng, t nh hng cng trnh ln cn, sc chu ti cho php ca cc ln.

10

Ngoi cc l do phn tch nu trn cn c l do thi quen s dng cc p, cc

ch u t v nh thu thit k chn phng n cc p cho cc cng trnh xy dng
t 3 n 5 tng l ch yu trong thi gian qua.

Hnh 1.1. Tr a cht in hnh ti thnh ph V Thanh

Nhn xt a cht in hnh ti khu vc ny c c im nh sau:
+ Lp th nht l lp san lp dy khong 1,2m, ch yu lp ny l tn nn
ng cao trnh thit k.
+ Lp th 2 l t st xm xanh trng thi chy dy khong 10,6m, lc dnh C
v gc ma st trong rt thp, nn sc chu ti t nn lp ny km.
+ Lp th 3 l t st nu trng thi do mm trng thi do mm dy
khong 2,3m, lc dnh C v gc ma st trong khng ln, nn sc chu ti t nn
lp ny trung bnh.

11

+ Lp th 4 l t st nu trng thi na cng dy khong 8,4m, lc dnh C

v gc ma st trong tng i ln, nn sc chu ti t nn lp ny tng i tt.
Nhn chung lp t st th 2,3,4 c tng chiu dy t 17 n 22m. Cc xuyn
qua 3 lp ny ch yu l cc ma st.
+ Lp th 5 l ct pha trng thi cht va dy khong 3m, gc ma st trong
ln, nn sc chu ti t nn lp ny tt. Nu h cc vo lp ny ngoi ma st bn
ca cc tng, th sc khng mi ca cc cng tt hn.
Do , khi thit k nn mng cng trnh thp tng thng thng ngi ta
thit k mng cc cho cc xuyn qua lp 2,3, 4 v cho mi cc ta vo lp 5.
Trong tng lai ti V Thanh c th xy dng cng trnh dn dng nhiu tng
p ng nhu cu pht trin th, th c th s dng b tng li tm tit din ln,
cc c h vo lp th 7 l lp ct trng thi cht.
1.2. KHI NIM PHN LOI PHM VI NG DNG CC P
1.2.1. Khi nim mng cc
Mng cc l loi mng su, thng dng khi ti trng cng trnh ln hoc
lp t tt nm rt su di lng t. Hai loi cc ph bin nht l cc ch sn v
cc nhi (cc ti ch).
Cc ch sn c th lm bng b tng c sn hoc thp.
Cn cc ti ch, thng gi l cc nhi, c dng hnh trn. ng knh cc
nhi trong khong 0,6-5m, vi kch thc thng gp Vit Nam hin nay l 1-2m.
Mt dng cc ti ch khc l cc barrette, thng c hnh dng ch nht v thng
dng lm mng cng trnh c ti trng rt ln.

12

Hnh 1.2. Mng cc i

thp, cc ma st

Hnh 1.3. Mng cc i

cao, cc chng

Nhim v ch yu ca mng cc l truyn ti trng t cng trnh xung lp

t di v cc lp t xung quanh n. Mng cc gm hai b phn chnh cc v
i cc.
Cc l kt cu thanh dng truyn lc, n c chiu di ln so vi b rng
tit din ngang. Cc c ng, p, hay thi cng ti ch vo lng t, truyn
ti trng cng trnh xung cc lp t, tt hn di su, cho cng trnh xy
dng bn trn t cc yu cu trng thi gii hng quy nh.
i cc l kt cu dng lin kt cc cc trong mt nhm cc li vi nhau
to thnh mt h mng cc v phn b ti trng ca cng trnh ln cc cc.
1.2.2. Phn loi cc
C nhiu cch phn chia loi cc.

13

Nhng thng tin v cc trong mt s ti liu cho thy c th phn loi theo
nhiu cch khc nhau (Chillis, 1961, 1962, NAVFAC DM 7,2, 1982, Fuller, 1983,
Tomlinson, 1977 v Vesie, 1977). Tt c cc phng php phn loi cc chung quy
l da vo mt trong 5 cn c sau:
- Vt liu lm cc
- Phng php ch to cc
- Mc lm dch chuyn nn t khi h cc
- Phng php ch h cc
- Phng php truyn ti trng
1.2.2.1. S phn loi theo vt liu
c cn c vo vt liu chnh lm cc chia thnh cc g, cc b b tng,
cc thp, cc compzit.
Cn nhiu dng t bit nh:
- Cc tr vt liu ri: , si, ct...
- Cc vi xi mng, cc xi mng - t.
Cng tng ng vi phn loi vt liu trn.
1.2.2.2. Theo phng php ch to
C th ch to, c th xc nh cc loi cc nu chng c ch to sn hay
c ti ch. Cn cc b tng c th c c sn hoc c ti ch.
- Ch to sn: Cc c, ni bng vt liu cng, cc g v cc thp lun lun
c gia cng trc.
- Cc ti ch: Thng dng khi.
+ a tng thay i mnh
+ Chiu di cc thay i nhiu
+ Ti ln, cng trnh ln
+ Chiu di, ng knh ca cc d kin ln
+ Thi cng t cc c sn khng c

14

1.2.2.3. Theo mc nh hng ca nn t

Trong thi gian ng, p cc c th phn cc thnh 4 loi sau:
- Cc dch chuyn ln thng c hiu l cc dch chuyn t trong qu
trnh h cc xung t, nh ng hoc p rung.
- Cc dch chuyn nh l nhng cc lm dch chuyn t tng i t trong
khi h.
- Nhng cc khng dch chuyn: khng lm dch chuyn t trong khi h.
Nhng cc ny c hnh thnh bng cch: u tin khoan h, sau t cc c
sn hoc nh my hoc hin trng xung h m th tch ca cc tng ng
vi lng t chuyn ln.
- Cc hn hp: C th c hnh thnh bng cch phi hp nhng thnh
phn trong nhng loi cc nu trn.
1.2.2.4. Da vo phng php truyn ti trng
T cc vo t xung quanh, cc c th chia thnh:
+ Cc chng, chng vo , t cng, (khi R>2/3 STC cc)
+ Cc ma st (cc treo) khi ma st > 2/3 SCT cc
+ Cc chng v cc ma st phi hp
+ Cc chu ti trng ngang
- Mng cc chng l loi mng gm cc loi cc a ln trn nn t cng
(thng l nn ). Trong trng hp ny ti trng ca cng trnh ch yu do nn
cng di tip nhn. Vi loi mng cc chng vic tnh ton ch yu da vo kh
nng chu lc ca vt liu lm cc do vy trong lun vn ta khng cp n na.
- Mng cc ma st (c khi cn gi mng cc treo), l loi mng gm cc loi
cc ch xuyn qua nhng lp t thng thng ch khng ta ln nn cng .
Mng cc ma st chu c ti trng do cng trnh truyn xung ch yu nh ma
st gia cc v t nn. Hnh 1.4

15

Theo trng thi chu lc:

+ Cc chu nn
+ Cc chu ko
+ Cc chu un
Theo kch thc:
+ Cc nh d<25cm
+ Cc va d=2540cm
+ Cc ln d>40cm

Hnh 1.4. Mng

HNH cc
1.2 ma st

Theo hnh dng: Lng tr; Thp; Nng; Xon; Mega: ngn
Thc t n nay khng c mt phng php phn loi no c kh nng m t
y v cc loi cc. Hay dng hn c l s phn loi cc theo vt liu lm cc
cn c vo vt liu chnh lm cc: Cc g; Cc b tng; Cc thp; Cc hn hp;
Cc loi cc t bit.
1.2.2.5. Da vo phng php h cc
Cc c th chia thnh: Cc ng; Cc khoan; Cc p; Cc kt hp c khoan
v ng; Cc kt hp c khoan v p.
y ta ch nhiu ti cc p (phn ny c th hin k hn chng 2).
Ty theo v tr i cc so vi mt t m ngi ta phn chia thnh mng cc i
thp v mng cc i cao.Vi loi mng ny th kh nng chu ti ca cc ph
thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh tnh cht vt liu lm cc, kh nng chu ti ca cc
lp t nn, thit b v phng php h cc, cc yu t ti trng tc dng ln cc.
1.2.3. Phm vi ng dng
- Cc p, Cc khoan nhi tit din nh: c s dng khi phng n
mng nng khng p ng c v mt k thut (khng n nh, bin dng nhiu)
hoc chi ph x l nn trong mng nng qu tn km. C th do a tng ch yu
gm cc lp t yu phn b pha trn, t tt li nm su pha di, hoc b dy
lp t tt pha trn khng ln, b dy khng n nh, t yu li phn b ngay
pha di vi b dy ln. Vic chn gii php mng cc phi c c s, khi tnh ton

16

mng nng khng m bo k thut. S dng trong cc cng trnh xy chen, ti

trng khng ln lm
- Cc ng: tng t nh Cc p nhng s dng trong cc cng trnh xa
im dn c, cn thi gian thi cng nhanh. Sc chu ti khng ln lm.
- Cc nhi tit din ln: c s dng trong cc cng trnh c ti trng ln.
Phng n mng cc nhi thng c vi nh cao tng (thng trn 10 tng).
1.3. S LM VIC TNG H GIA CC V T
1.3.1. Phn tch hot ng ca t xung quanh cc p
nh hng ca vic p cc chnh l lm xo trn t xung quanh cc. Tuy
p khng lm rung v xo trn ln nh ng song v c bn t vic h cc n khi
s dng lm vic n cng chung nhng nguyn l lm vic cn bn ging nhau, ch
khc nhau v mc . Khi ng, p cc th t st v ct c nhng ng s khc
nhau. Trc ht chng ta cp mt s trng hp in hnh, nh ti ng x ca
t st v sau l ng x ca ct.
1.3.1.1 S lm vic tng h gia cc vi t st
Theo De Mello (1969) lit k 4 loi nh hng chnh khi ng, p cc vo
t st l:
- Lm thay i cu trc ca t xung quanh cc
- Lm bin i trng thi ng sut trong t vng ln cn cc
- Lm tiu tn p lc l rng d xung quanh cc
- Hin tng bin i bn theo thi gian trong t
Khi nghin cu s khc nhau quan trng gia hot ng ca cc di tc
dng ca ti trng ng v ti trng tnh ta thy r nt l nh hng ca thi gian,
do chng t ra khc nhau ln nht gia hot ng v hot ng tnh. Cc nh
hng ny c th m t kiu c hc nh sau:
Ta hy xem xt cc cc p vo tng trm tch su ca lp t st mn bo ha
nc khng thm nc c. Khi cc p xung th th tch khi t b dch chuyn

17

bng vi th tch ca cc m th tch ny cng kh ln. Do hot ng ca cc p

c th gy ra nhng thay i sau y trong t st:
- t c th b y t v tr ban u BCDE sang ti v tr B'C'D'E' (hnh 1.5)
hoc t FGHJ ti F'G'H'J'. Trong khi ng, p cc, p t st b mt mt phn
bn do t b xo trn nhng li xut hin mt lng tng i nh ma st bn.

Hnh 1.5. Chuyn v v xon ca t do cc

- V cc p vo trong t st bo ha nc khng thm c nn mt t c

th b tri ln do khi lng t b dch chuyn, ngay c khi h cc kh su.
Hnh 1.6 cc c bn knh oa c p su vo trong tng t st. S thay i
ca bn ct dc theo chiu di cc v khong cch theo phng ngang n cc
c cho trn hnh obcd, trong o l gc ta .

18

Hnh 1.6. bn ct trong t st bo ha nc

ng A biu din bn ct trc khi p cc v cng l biu din bn
ca t st khi cn nguyn dng ( bn nhanh) bn ti im b no cch o
mt khong l ng bc
Ngay sau khi ng, p cc, bn ct biu th bng ng B. Trc khi p
cc t im a, th sau khi p dch chuyn n im o, cn im o dch chuyn
ti im f. By gi ma st bn l oe, cng l bn ct b gim i v cng ch l
mt phn nh ca bn ban u od.
t im o dch chuyn v do phn ln p lc gia cc ht b bin
mt . Tng cng p lc cht ti trc bao gm p lc gia cc ht cng vi p lc
nc l rng l khng thay i. Do phn mt i ca p lc gia cc ht
chuyn thnh p lc nc l rng di dng p lc nc thy tnh d. Nh vy c
p lc nc thy tnh d ln trong t cnh cc ngay sau khi p cc.V ch c lp
t cch cc rt gn mi b xo trn nn p lc l rng tng rt t.Hn na, p lc
ngang bn cnh cc tng ln do chuyn v hng ra ngoi ca t khi ng, p cc.

19

Gradient do p lc d ny to ra lp tc gy ra thm v bt u qu trnh c kt. V

dng chy thng xuyn xy ra t im c p lc cao n im c p lc thp, do
hng ca dng chy l t cc v theo phng ng knh cc (vung gc vi
trc cc). Tuy nhin cng c th c dng chy hng ln trn. Trong thi gian c
kt, cc ht t chuyn ng theo phng ng knh v hng vo pha cc v
nc chy hng ra. Nh vy t gn mt cc b gim h s rng cn t xa li b
gin n ra mt t. Do , sau khi ng, p cc t to nn ma st bn vi tc kh
nhanh. iu ny th hin r rng trong vic th nghim v li (Taylor, 1984). Trn
hnh 1.5, oh biu hin ma st bn khi v li, cn ng C biu hin bn ph
thuc khong cch tnh t cc. Nu nh ng C biu din bn xy ra sau mt
ngy hoc ngay sau khi ng, p cc, th ng D c th l bn mt vi tun sau
khi ng, p cc. V t xa cc hi b n ra trong khi c kt nn ng bn C
v D c th di dng B mt khong nh trong vng ny. Nu cc nhn th sc
khng ma st trn b mt c th nh hn so vi bn ct trong t st cch mt
cc khng xa. Trong trng hp ny, ma st bn c biu din bng cc im h'
v j' thay cho im h v j.
Nu th nghim th ti tin hnh trn cc ny sau khi ng, p c mt vi
tun th ma st bn c biu din n gin bng oj. Cn nu sau khi ng, p c
mt vi tun, cc c ko ln th mt khi lng t kh ln c th bm vo cc
v ln cng vi cc. iu ny gii thch bn tng i; vi iu kin khng ng
nht, th mt ph hoi s khng i qua od c chu vi nh nht, cng khng i qua mt
c bn nh nht, m li xy ra cnh bn knh c tch ca bn v chu vi l nh
nht, c th l im k (Taylor, 1948).
Lc chng u cc ni chung l ln trong qu trnh, p cc v n bng vi
lc yu cu to ra tt c cc xo trn m t trn. Ngay c t c bn
nguyn dng cao cng b y ra theo cch ny. t loi ny khng th nn li c
v t bo ha nc khng c kh nng chu dn nn kh c gia ti nhanh (nh khi
p , cc). Khng cn ch thun li cho t loi ny dn n c. Do ct t
phi chuyn ng ln pha trn mt cc c th xuyn xung lp t di mi

20

cc. Thc t l tt c sc khng trong nhiu loi t st u c sc chng u cc

khi ng p cc DeMello (1969) gi thuyt rng ngay sau khi ng, p cc
lng t b xo trn gim t 100% ti mt tip gipvi cc ti 0 khong
cch c 1,5 n 2 ln ng knh cc tnh t thn cc. Orrje v Broms (1967 )
ch ra rng, vi cc b tng h trong t st nhy cm, ch sau 10 thng th bn
khng thot nc hon ton c th tr li gi tr ban u.
Hn na s tiu tn p lc l rng qu mc, mc tng bn ca t su khi
p cc cng xy ra l do tm thi ha bn trong t. Soderberg (1962) cng ch ra
rng vic tng kh nng chu ti cc hn ca t (tng bn ca t) cng rt
ging vi tc mt mt p lc l rng d v chng ph thuc thi gian.
S chng ct v nhy cm ca t st:Vic th nghim nhm o lng cc
tnh cht ca t nguyn thy, song vic to thnh cc li lm bin i t. Qu
trnh ng, p cc lm xo trn trng thi ban u ca t, ta hy di su tm hiu
vn tnh cht nguyn thy cc ng cong c bn ca sc chng ct nhy.
thy r hin tng hn chng ta xem th nghim hp ct trc tip (hnh
1.7). Cn phn bit s lc hai trng thi ca t.
+ t nhy cm (t st)

Hnh 1.7. S nguyn l th

nghim lc ct trc tip

Hnh 1.8. ng cong khng

ct trong trng hp t nhy

t hp p lc thng ng v x dch na hp pha trn bng cch tnh

tin n theo mt mt phng nh trc.

21

hng lc trn b mt a theo lut nh (1) ch ra trn hnh 1.7

- Lc khng ct tng cho n gi tr ti a max ( b ct). (2) ri c s
gim lc khng ct ti gi tr gii hn r trng thi gii hn ny, t b xo trn.
nh ngha nhy l t s:

t st, phn ln t bi, ct rt cht th hin mt trng thi nh vy.

nhy trung bnh thng ca t st vo khong 10.
Nu ct mu t b xo ng trc, ta c ng cong nh ng (2)
Cc ng trong t dnh nhy
Nhng t ny thng bo ha nc v khng th t thot nc khi ng
cc. Do , t ny b y ra xung quanh hoc tri ln mt t khi ng cc vo n
chnh v th c mt s chuyn dch ln v xp xp li xung quanh cc.
Hnh v 1.9: Vng b xo ng xung quanh cc ng trong t st (theo
Broms [2] theo chng ti nhn thy, c mt vng t b xo ng dy 25 cm xung
quanh cc ng knh 1m c p xung. Lc dnh ban u khong 0,3 bar. Lc
dnh trong vng b xo ng khong 0,025 n 0,050 bar [4]
Ngay sau khi ng cc p lc nc l rng b xo ng rt cao, p lc
ny mt dn theo thi gian v t dn dn c hi phc li.
Q

D
D

Hnh 1.9. Vng b xo ng

xung quanh cc p, ng t st

Hnh 1.10. tng kh nng

chu ti theo thi gian (theo
Soderberg)

22

Thi gian phc hi li (l giao im ca ng cong s 2 vi ng cong s

1 ca hnh 1.7 v cn gi l thi gian ngh, rt thay i theo:
Thng xo ng ban u;
thm nc ca cc: thi hn i vi cc b tng s ngn hn i
vi cc p;
Thc t ngi ta nhn thy rng cc p trong t st c kh nng chu ti lin
tc tng trong nhiu nm.
Cc c p (f 300mm) trong t st do (lc dnh l 0,3 bar) sau thi gian
ngh kh nng chu ti ca n tng ln 25%.
p lc l rng trong qu trnh p cc:
Chng ta xem xt trng hp tng i tng qut ca t bo ha. N c
to bi:
Ct khung ct liu (cc ht rn chng ln nhau);
- Nc trong l rng.
Sc khng ct tng th bng sc khng ct ca ring bn thn t, bi v sc
khng ct ca nc bng 0.
Sc khng ct ca ring bn thn t ph thuc:
- S lng tip xc gia cc ht t.
- Cng v tnh cht ca nhng tip xc (Lc lin kt kin trc)
Chng ta gii thit rng, nu t t di mt tc ng rt nhanh; cc ht c
khuynh hng xch li gn nhau. Hai trng hp xy ra:
- Hoc l nc khng th thot ra c (t t thm v d t st)
Vy khng c s bin i v s lng v v cng tip xc gia cc ht
v c nh th d ng sut php tuyn c thay i th no i na.
Nh th lc khng ct max c lp vi ng xut php tuyn trn mt b
ct (mt trt).
Th nghim c gi l khng thot nc (lc dnh khng thot nc)v max = Cu

23

Hnh 1.11. nh ngha lc dnh khng thot nc

Hoc l nc c th t thot ra (t thm nc v d: ct): cc ht c th
xch li gn nhau. Vy s c thay i s lng v cng nhng tip xc, cng
quan trng hn khi ng sut phpcng cao nh th lc khng ct ph thuc vo
ng sut cng nhiu. Th nghim c gi la thot nc. Th nghim cho php
xc nh gc ni ma st

Hnh 1.12. Th nghim thot nc gc ni ma st

Cc s o p lc l rng d pht trin trong t do ng, p cc cho thy
rng p lc ny st thn cc c th bng v thm ch cn ln hn p lc qu ti
hiu qu (Lambe v Horn 1965, Orrje v Borms 1967, Poulos v Devis 1979,
DAppolonia v Lambe 1971).
Trong vng ln cn ca cc, p lc l rng d pht sinh rt cao, trong mt s
trng hp c th xp x 1,5 n 2 ln ng xut thng ng hiu qu ti v thm

24

ch c th gp 3 n 4 ln ng sut hiu qu thng ng gn mi cc.Tuy nhin s

gim nhanh theo khong cch k t cc, v ni chung s tiu tn cng rt nhanh.
Trn hnh 1.13, p lc l rng u c biu din qua u/vo l ng xut thng
ng hiu qu trc khi ng cc n, cn khong cch hng tm S tnh cc c
biu din qua S/ro.
Trong r0 l bn knh ca cc. Ta thy cc im trn hnh ny khng tp
trung l do nhiu loi t khc nhau v cc loi t ny c nhy ln nn p lc
rng bin i ln (Poulos v Davit, 1979)
Nhng im xa c khong cch S/r0 bng 4 i vi t st thng v bng
8.

Hnh 1.13. Tm tt mt s kt qu do p lc k rng (Theo Poulous v Davit)

i vi t st nhy cm th p lc l rng gim nhanh theo khong cch.
p lc d thc t c th b qua khi ngoi khong cch S/r0 = 30.
1.3.1.2 S lm vic tng h gia cc vi t ct
Cc p trong t ct cht t n rt cht . t ct t cht v rt cht iu thm
nc, chng c cht li do vic ng, p cc. Hin tng ny c dng trong

25

mt s k thut xy dng (Cc ln cht) v n c th l mt ni phin phc cho

vic ng, p cc nhm cc nu khng c mt bn thit k ng cc ng n. Hnh
v 1.14 gii thiu theo Broms [2] vng nh hng ca mt cc ng trong ct.
Meyerhof [3]: Sau khi nghin cu mt s trng hp c th cho thy gc ma st
trong ca t ln cn xung quanh mi cc tng ln 150.
Tt c cc tc gi u thng nht ch ra cc im sau:

D
7-12 D

3-5 D

Hnh 1.14. Cc ng trong ct, vng nh hng.

- nn cht t cng tng do ng cc, khi trng thi ban u ca t ct
cng ri rc.
- nn cht ca t khng nhy do nh hng ca kch p.
- nn cht ca t c duy tr theo thi gian. Lm tng gi tr p lc
ngang xung quanh cc.
Cc h vo ct thng dng phng php ng th hp l hn c, song trong
iu kin thc t Vit Nam nhiu cng trnh vn phi dng cng ngh p vo

26

Bng 1. ng sut ngang tc dng ln cc p trong ct

Trch dn
Quan h

C s quan h

Brinch, Hansen v (a) .....nu '=300

(a) L thuyt

Lundgren

(b)

(b) Th nghim

(1960)

'h

L thuyt

Henry (1965)

'h=K 'v=(1,75 n 3) 'v

Th nghim nh

Ireland (1957)

'h=0,5'v; ct xp

Phn tch s liu

Meyerhof (1951)

'h=1,0'v; ct cht

Th nghim hin trng

Mansur

v 'h=K 'v;

K=0,3(khi nn)

Kaufman

Phn tch s liu th

K=0,6(khi ko) nghim hin trng

Cc kt qu th nghim xuyn ct trc v sau khi ng, p cc cho thy qu

trnh ng, p cc lm tng cht ca ct vi khong cch xung quanh khong
c 8 ln ng knh cc tnh t tm cc. Do tng mt nn lm tng gc ma
st. ng, p cc lm cho t dch chuyn theo phng ngang v do lm tng
ng sut ngang hu hiu ('h tc dng ln cc h trong ct. Bng 1.1 cho phm vi
cc gi tr ca ng sut hu hiu theo phng ngang, c xem l hp l vi k=2,
cn k=1 th hi ln (Lambe v Whitman, 1969).

Hnh 1.15. ng cong khng

ct ca t khng nhy

27

Ta hay nghin cu ng cong khng ct ca t ct. Trong trng hp ny

ng cocng sc khng ct khng hin ra nh nhn (hnh 1.15) v ngi ta phi
xc nh s ph hng bng bin dng.
y l trng hp ct t cht, t bi v ct ri bo ha nc b tc ng
chm.
1.3.1.3 Ma st m
Khi cc chu tc ng ca ti trng nn, n s c xu hng ln xung. Nu
khng c nhng tc nhn cp di y, ni chung t xung quanh thn cc s
ln t hn ln ca cc. Do , sc khng bn gia t v cc s c tc dng
khng li ti trng ngoi.
Tuy nhin, khi t xung quanh thn cc ln nhiu hn ln ca cc,
chuyn v tng i gia cc v t c chiu ngc li, do sc khng bn gia t
v cc cng c chiu ngc li. Sc khng bn ny khng khng li ti trng ngoi
m cn gp phn y cc xung, gi l sc khng bn m (tuy nhin thut ng
quen s dng l ma st m, mc d sc khng bn bao gm c ma st v lc
dnh).
Cc tc nhn thng gp lm cho t quanh cc ln nhiu hn ln ca
cc l:
+ C mt lp t dnh mi p (hnh 1.16a), bn thn lp t dnh ny s ln
theo thi gian (hin tng c kt thm).
+ C mt lp t bt k mi p gy ra ti trng vi nn t, hoc c ti
trng kho bi...(hnh 1.16b). Pha di nn c cc lp t dnh. Ti trng mi gy ra
ln theo thi gian trong lp t dnh ny.
+ Mc nc ngm gim, lm ng sut hu hiu tng ln. Nu trong nn t
c t dnh, th t dnh ny s ln theo thi gian do s tng ng sut hu ny.

28

Hnh 1.16. t p gy ra ma st m
K thut hin trng gim lc ma st m khng trnh by su y.
1.3.1.4 S chuyn v ca nn t v cng trnh do p cc
S y tri nn v cng trnh.
Ni chung vic p cc gy ra tri t xung quanh cc v gy ra p lc l
rng d lm c kt t st v tiu tn p lc l rng. Chuyn ng ny c th nh
hng quan trng ti cc cng trnh xung quanh. Nhng cc p sau c th y tri
cc p trc. trnh y tri cc cng trnh bn cnh hoc cc cc ng, p i
khi ngi ta s dng cc khoan. T s th tch phn tri ban u vi th tch cc p
trong mng, theo Adams v Hanna (1970) bng 100% i vi cc thp hnh ch H
p trong t cng, theo Hagerty v Peek (1971) bng 50% i vi cc p trong t
st, theo Averg v Wilson (1950) bng 60%, theo Orrje v Broms bng 30% i vi
cc b tng p trong t st mm nhy cm (Poulos v Davis, 1979). Orrje v
Broms (1967) nhn thy rng lng t tri gn cnh ca mng vo khong
40% ca lng tri gia mng. Adams v Hanna (1970) cng nhn thy chuyn
v theo phng ng knh ln nht khong ~3,8cm, cn chuyn v theo phng
tip tuyn ln nht khong ~1,015cm, trong khi tri thng ng trung bnh
khong ~11,43cm. So vi tri thng ng dch chuyn ngang xy ra cnh ca
mng l rt nh. Lambe v Hn (1965) bo co v dch chuyn ca mt ngi nh

29

hin c bn cnh mt cng trng ng, p cc xy ngi nh mi. Kt qu cho thy

gn gc ngi nh, tri khong 7,6mm xy ra trong khi ng, p cc.
Hnh 1.17 cho s liu o tri v ln ca ngi nh gy ra do ng, p
cc (D Appolonia v Lambe, 1971). S liu ln v v s liu nguyn o c t
1 n 3 nm sau khi kt thc xy dng. Ngi ta thy mt chuyn v ln hn so vi
gi tr do Lambe v Horn (1965) o c, mt d cc cc c khoan mi t 6
n 9m.
Hagerty v Peck (1971) nhn thy rng nu nh cc cc u tin c
ng, p xung quanh mng th tri ca mt t gia mng s tng ln, cn
tri ca vng xung quanh gim i. Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy:
- Nhng cc p sau c th y tri cc trc theo phng dc trc. Sau khi
thi cng i tr, nhng cc kim tra li bng th tnh u c ln ban u rt ln,
ngay nhng cp ti thp ban u, sau mi tr li quy lut ca gia ti thng
thng.
- Nghin cu do chuyn v
ngang chi ra rng cc cc ng,
p trc vn b chuyn dch khi
ng, p nhiu cc hn v cc dch
chuyn vn tip tc theo thi gian
sau khi hon thnh vic ng, p
cc.
- Ring i vi cc cc p
trc vic nh hng ca h thit b
p lm nh hng y tri dc trc
v chuyn v ngang l ln hn, cng
Hnh 1.17. Chuyn v ca nhng cng trnh
nh bn cnh do hot ng ng cc

ln na khi cc lp t bn trn
cng mm. iu ny cho thy do h

i trng cng nng n cng lm ln nn t xung trong khi cy cc vn ng

nguyn. Mt phn do t ln c kt v tng p lc l rng, dn n tng ma st t

30

vi thnh cc. Sau khi d ti i phn p lc l rng ny c xu th ny chuyn tr li

pha trn, nh vo ma st bn li y cc tri ln.
1.3.2. Hot ng ca cc n v nhm cc
Thng thng cc cc c p thnh nhm vi khong cch gia cc cc t
3 n 4 ln ng knh hoc cnh ca cc. Nu cc cc l cc ma st st th tng
h lm vic ca cc cc trong nhm hon ton khc vi s lm vic ca cc n.
Vi cc chng th c th khng thy c du hiu khc bit nhau nh th.
Hnh 1.18 cho cc dng ph hoi gi thit di mng cc (Vesic, 1967). nh
hng ca ti trng ch trong phm vi nh di mi cc.
Cc chng thng c xuyn mt on ngn vo tng di t c kh nng
chu lc tt v cc truyn ti trng cho t trong phm vi qu bu p lc di mi
cc. Nu tng t ny v cc tng t pha di c kh nng chu ti ln, th mi
cc trong nhm s chu ti nh nhau v nh mt cc n. Nu lp t di mi cc
c kh nng nn c th ln ca nhm cc s c th ln hn nhiu so vi ln
thu c trong th nghim cc n, mc d p lc chng c th nh hn gi tr cho
php, iu ny l do c phn chp ca vng ng sut tng di mi cc cc chng
v nhm cc hot dng nh mt th thng nht. ng sut tng cng dc biu din
bng ng m v c th ln vi ln so vi ng sut di cc n. Chiu rng
hiu qu ca nhm cng ln gp mt s ln so vi cc n. Tuy nhin, chiu rng
ca lp t chu lc khng nn c v khng c tng t mm hn di mi cc
cc th ln ca nhm cc chng c th bng ln thu c khi th ti cc n.
Trong trng hp ny, nu mun c th h cc st nhau n mc thc t c th
c.
Hnh 1.18. Dng ph
hoi gi thit di
mng su (Vesic,
1967)

31

Ghi ch: (a) Theo Prandtl, Reissner, Caquot, Buisman, Tezaghi; (b) theo De Beer,
Jaky, Meyerhof; (c) Theo Berezansev v Yaroshenko, Vesic; (d) Theo Bishop,Hill v
Mott, Skemption, Yassin.
Trong mt nhm ln gm cc cc ma st t gn nhau th hot ng ca cc
cc c phn chp ln nhau nn s phn b ti trng ln cc cc khc nhau cng
khng ging nhau. Trn hnh v, hy ly cc I v cc II l hai cc cnh nhau ca
nhm cc ma st, cc I chu ti trc cn cc II chu ti sau. Trc khi cc cc chu
ti c ch ra nh trong (a); cd l mt hnh ngang quy chiu trong t, cn cc hnh
vung e v f biu th cc phn t quy chiu trong lp t st. Sau khi cc I chu ti
c ch ra nh trong (b). ng quy chiu cd ban u s dch chuyn thnh c'd'.
Cc phn t quy chiu b mo i. Cc c ng sut tip 1 i vi phn t e'. t c
phn lc thng ng bn ngoi ca phn t f' l ng sut tip 3.
By gi ta hy gi thit cc II l chu ti. Nu cc ny chu ti mt cc c
lp (c) th dch chuyn v xon s xy ra tng t nh cc I. Khi hai cc chu ti
ng thi th s chp ng sut xy ra gia chng, v xy ra tnh hung phc tp hn
nhiu nh ch ra trong (d) phn t fi chu ti xng vi hai cc; do vi hai phn
t ny khng xy ra xon nh trong f' v f" ca (b) v (c). V n cng khng th c
ng sut tip trn cc mt phng thng ng truyn ra ngoi nh i vi cc n.
V hnh vung fi i xng vi trng hp xon nn ng sut tip trn mt ct ca f'
v f". Do i phi nh hn nhiu so vi 1 . Cht ti, cc ln tip. iu ny gy ra
do c s tt ln trn mt ngoi ca cc cc v do tng ma st bn 1e . lc ma st
biu th bng dng 1e khng th truyn bng ng sut tip ra ngoi im g c.
Pha tri cc I, phn ln lc ma st c truyn bng ng sut trn cc mt thng
ng cch kh xa cc.

32

Khi nim v hai cc nh hng

n s pht trin ma st ca cc ny vi
cc khc s mc ln hn nhiu khi
c nhm cc ln ca nhiu cc ma st
t gn nhau so vi hai cc trnh by
trn.
Nh vy, c th rt ra kt lun l
trong mng cc ma st th s phn b ti
trng cc cc khc nhau s rt khc
Hnh 1.19. ng sut tip v bin dng
trt trong t cnh cc n v nhm
cc chu ti

nhau. Cc cc gia s ln nhiu hn so

vi cc cc bn v chng c lc ma st
bn hi ln hn so vi trng hp nu

tc c cc cc u ln. Nhng v tc c cc cc trong nhm ln gn nh nhau nn

mi cc bin phi chu ti trng ln hn so vi cc cc pha trong.
nh gi s b kh nng chu ti (Qv)ult ca cc ma st ta c th xem xt
sc khng xuyn dc theo chu vi ca cc n do s tip sc gia t v cc.
Thng thng, cc ma st c ng thnh nhm, khong cch gia cc cc
t 3d -4d.
Nhm cc c th b ph hoi di tc dng ca ti trng trung bnh ca mt
cc nh hn ti trng ph hoi ca cc n.
- Kh nng chu ti ca nhm cc c th c xc nh bng vic xem xt s
ph hoi dc theo chu vi ca nhm cc.
- Kh nng chu ti ca nhm cc ma st trong t st l gi tr nh hn ca
ca hai gi tr sau:
+ Kh nng chu ti ca tng cc.
+ Khi xt hot ng ca nhm v kh nng chu ti ca c nhm nh mt
trc dc theo chu vi cho trn hnh v.
- Cc phng php th ti c trnh by trong phn sau. Cc phng php
c th phn loi thnh ba nhm sau:

33

+ Cc phng php Truyn ti trng (Load trasnsfer): Nhng phng

php ny s dng mi quan h o c gia phn lc ca cc v chuyn v ca cc
ti cc im khc nhau trn chiu di cc.
+ Cc phng php da trn l thuyt n hi trong s c s dng
phng trnh ca Mindlin (1936).
+ Cc phng php s(Numerical methol): c bit c phng php phn t
hu hn (The finite element methol).
Trn hnh v m t ln khi th ti trn cc n l rt nh, c th ch l
mt phn t nh so vi ln chung m kt cu s chu. Nh vy, th nghim th
ti nhm cung cp gi tr gii hn lc m t c th chu ng c do cc truyn
xung. N cng do bin dng yu cu cc c sc khng ny.

Hnh 1.20. Kh nng chu ti

ca nhm cc trong t st

Biu 1. Th nghim th ti cc

Hnh 1.21. Bin dng xy ra trong

t cnh cc ma st chu lc.

34

- ln ca nhm cc ma st c th c coi l do 3 nguyn nhn sau:

(Taylo, 1948):
+ ln do bin dng nn cc v do chuyn dch tng i ca cc so vi
t ngay cnh. Khi lc ma st c pht sinh y th ln ny tng ng vi
gi tr nhn c trong th nghim th ti trn cc n.
+ ln gy ra do ng sut nn xy ra trong t gia cc cc.
+ ln gy ra do nn tng t c th nn c di cc mi cc.
ln do nn t gi cc cc (mc (2) trn) v do nn vo tng t di
mi cc (mc 3) thng ln hn ln do bin dng nn ca cc v dch chuyn
ca cc so vi t (mc 1) tuy nhin nhng l ny xy ra rt chm trong dt bo
ha nc do qu trnh c kt v s tiu tn p lc l rng chm.
V c s xo trn cc b ca cu trc t xung quanh cc nn khng th
nh gi mt cch chnh xc gi tr ln xy ra trong mc (2), c th lm tng
ln sau khi gia ti cho mng cc.
Trong cc th nhim th ti, ln ca cc cc ma st n khng th i
din cho ln ca nhm cc. Do , th nghim th ti nh th cung cp thng tin
v ti trng ph hoi s thiu chnh xc v ln di tc dng do ti trng ca
nhm cc ma st.

35

Chng 2. CNG NGH CC P, XC NH SC CHU TI

CA CC P
2.1. KHI NIM V CC P
2.1.1. nh ngha quy nh chung
Mt s k hiu thng thng: C rt nhiu l thuyt tnh ton v cng thc
ring theo cc tc gi t quy nh, song tin theo di, dung thng nht cc k
hiu theo Tiu chun Vit Nam hin hnh TCXD 205:1998.
Pepmax: l ti trng nn p ti a m thit k cho php tc dng ln cc khi
xuyn qua lp xen kp hoc ti dng p quy nh ca thit k (ln qu s ph hoi
vt lm liu cc)
Pepmin: ti trng nn p cc nh nht ca cc: l ti trng nn p ti thiu
thc t tc dng ln cc khi dng p theo quy nh ca thit k.
Ntt: (hoc Pu): ti trng nn cc hn ca cc: l ti trng nn ti a tc
dng ln cc lm ph hoi cc (ph hoi vt liu ch to cc hoc ph hoi t nn
theo quy c ln lin tc).
Na (hoc Pa): ti trng thit k tnh ton cho php: Ti trng ti a chp nhn
c trn cc. Ti trng ny thng t c bng cch chia ti trng cc hn P u
cho nhng h s an ton thch hp FS.
Ngh (hoc Ptc; hoc Pgh): l ti trng gii hn, m t n nh ca cc
khng cn na.
Nk: ti trng ko (nh) tc dng ln cc.
Nh: ti trng ko ngang tc dng ln cc.
Qa: sc chu ti trng nn dc trc cho php ca cc.
Qavi: sc chu ti trng nn dc trc cho php ca cc theo vt liu.
Qad: sc chu ti trng nn dc trc cho php ca cc theo t nn.

36

Qgh: (hoc Ptc): sc chu ti trng nn dc gii hn ca cc.

Qu: sc chu ti trng nn dc trc cc hn ca cc.
Qs: sc chu ti trng nn dc trc cc hn ca cc n do ma st bn.
Qp: sc chu ti trng nn dc trc cc hn ca cc n do lc chng ca mi.
FS: h s an ton chung ca cc.
FSs: h s an ton ca cc do ma st bn.
FSp: h s an ton ca cc do lc chng mi.
2.1.1.1. nh ngha
Cc p l cc c h vo trong t tng on bng h thng sinh lc p tnh
(kch thy lc, ti ko, trng lc) c ng h o p lc, kim sot c lc. Nh
h thng ti trng v dn my lm i ti h kch tc dng ln u cc mt lc p
dc trc sao cho lc thng c tng lc ma st thnh sc khng mi cc v
trng lng bn thn cc chng vo tng t mang ti trng thit k d tinh.
Trong qu trnh p cc, c th khng ch c tc xuyn ca cc, lc p cn
thit trong tng khong su quy nh.
H thng thy trng lm i ti ty thuc vo cng ngh p (cch truyn
lc).
+ Nhng u im ca cc l:
- Thi cng bng lc p, khng c ting n, m, khng gy chn ng.
- Tnh kim tra cao, kim sot c tc xuyn, lc nn p, cht lng tng
on cc c th di lc p. Khng ch c chiu di cc v xc nh c lc
p cui cng.
- nh hng ca cc ln t nn t hn cc ng.
Thit b p t to, d ch to, d ci tin, mi a phng, thi cng mi a
hnh.

37

- Khi p su, cc c p trong qu trnh va thi cng phn thn, va p bn

di, rt ngn thi gian thi cng.
- Dng trong xy xen, chng nghin ln, ci to nng tng, gia cng cu
cha cc cng trnh h hng.
+ Nhc im ca cc p l:
- B hn ch v kch thc cc v sc chu ti ca cc (do thit b hn ch hn
so vi cng ngh khc).
- Cng do hn ch v thit b, kh vt qu c lp t xen kp (nhng ct
cht, st cng).
- Di chuyn cng knh, tn km i` vi cng ngh p trc, hon ton phi
kinh t vi cng trnh quy m nh, t cc, vn chuyn xa m phi dng phng
php thit k p trc bng i trng.
- Nhng cng trnh c lp t b mt km chu ti, kh thc hin p bng i
trng ngoi, phi x l mi di chuyn thit b c, d gy y tri cc p.
2.1.1.2. Nhng quy nh chung
Cc p v c bn trong cc bc chun b, kho st, thit k, thi cng, kim tra
cht lng, nghim thu v bn giao cng ging nh cc theo phng php khc.
Cc cng on trong kho st, thit k k thut, thi cng cn quan tm ti
nhng vn sau.
Kho st trong a hnh cn nm v nu c kh nng vn chuyn, tp kt,
tm hot ng ca thit b thi cng thun li cho cng ngh no. Ngun in, kh
nng huy ng i ti, ti liu a cht cng trnh c cc cng trnh ngm, d vt,
ct, lp st cng xen kp hay khng? Cc lp t bn trn c thun li cho cht ti,
di chuyn, neo t hay khng?...
- Thit k cc p cng nh cc cc ng, song do thit b hn ch v lc p, ta
khng nn thit k cc c chiu di v tit din ln, sc chu ti d bo phi ph

38

hp vi phng php cng ngh v thit b hin hu. bn vt liu lm cc ph

thuc nhiu vo cng ngh h cc (s trnh by k phn sc chu ti ca cc p).
- Thi cng v nghim thu cc p tun th theo quy trnh quy phm hin hnh
cng ging cc ng. Vic kim sot chc ch p lc u cc trong sut qu trnh
p rt quan trng, t bit l p lc tnh ton dng p ti su thit k. Thit b p
phi m bo vt qua sc xuyn ph cn thit vi cc lp ct, t cng xen kp
lng chng.
- Nu cc c p xong theo tun t mi thi cng xy dng di trn cc nh
cc p th gi l cc p trc. Nu xy dng i trc c sn cc l ch, sau
p cc qua cc l ch sn, cui cng bt cc l ch neo cc vo i th gi l cc
p sau.
2.1.2. Nguyn l thit b - Cng ngh p cc
Nguyn l thit b - Cng ngh p cc l ngi ta dung mt b phn lm i
trng tnh, i lc t (kch) nn ln u cc cn p mt lc a mi cc
xung v tr thit k (chiu su).
2.1.2.1. i ti
L mt h c trng lc tnh, coi l c nh lm vt t cho my kch y
cc i xung (hoc ln) theo ng mc ch ca mnh. i ti c th l cc cc i
trng, cng trnh, neo t, h ti
i trng: thng l cc khi b tng ct thp (t thp) hnh hp ch nht nng
t 2 6 tn c mc cu, c trng lng thp cu to ti thiu cht , cu lp,
vn chuyn i xa m vn m bo khi lng, hnh dng v kch thc.
i trng: thng l nhng neo t c xon vo mt s lp t pha trn
khong 4 8 mt,
Hoc i ti cng chnh l trng lng bn thn c cng trnh cn sa cha,
hay mt phn cng trnh xy dng (2 n 3 tng).

39

Hoc na l trng lng ca thit b ti ko,

2.1.2.2. Thit b my p
L h thng thit k lin hon gnh, truyn, mang lc, gia ti ln u cc.
Bn thn thit b my p cng phn chia ra cc b phn nh:
B phn tnh: L h m lm gi my, bao gm h cc dm thp hnh lin kt
v bu long d ti, truyn gnh lc chnh, d tho ra khi di chuyn xa, lp vo khi
thi cng.
B phn ng: L mt h lng g v p cc, trn thn lng cc c
chia bc hnh trnh p dng thang theo mi chu trnh ca kch.
Mt phn ngoi c nh h kch (Xi lanh)
Phn lng trong di chuyn khi chuyn v tr cc trong i cc.
B phn iu khin v gia ti: l h thng bm thy lc nm bn di,
h thng ny lin kt vi h kch bng dy dn ti thy lc. Cu thnh chng gm
c: thng cha du thy lc, moto in, puli v dy curoa chuyn ng, bm thy
lc, h van iu khin c gn ng h o p lc du.
H thng phc v cho my p: bao gm h my pht in, my hn hn ni
cc, cn cu t 10 tng tr ln.
2.1.3. Cc dng p
V vt liu lm cc ca cc p n cng nh cc ng, song cu to n gin
hn, tit kim hn so vi cc ng:
Thng dng nht l cc b tng ct thp, sau l cc thp, g v hn hu
gp cc dng cc t hp khc.
Cc b tng ct thp thng c tit din vung, ch nht, su cnh, tm cnh
trn, c hoc c l (khi cn xi nc khi p). Mt cc BTCT thch dung l 250// 300//, thp chu lc t hn, cu to mt bch u cc n gin hn, vi cng trnh
va v nh nc ta, tit din cc p t 200x200mm n 250x250mm l ph hp

40

cc vng t yu v chiu su ln th tit din cc c th tng ln t 300x300mm

n 400x400mm ty theo iu kin lm vic ca cng trnh, chiu di cy cc v
iu kin thit b m phn on ph hp, cu to ni on cho m bo. Trong thit
k, xc nh sc chu ca cc p theo vt liu lm cc phi ln hn 1,25 ln lc p
ti a.
i vi cc thp cn ch ti vic n mn ca ng hn, n mn ca chnh
bn thn cc v nh hng ca ma st thnh. Cc ng thp sau khi h cn lp y
phn rng.
2.1.4. Cng ngh cc p Cch phn loi v iu kin p dng
T khi nghin cu thnh cng cng ngh cc p trong iu kin Vit Nam n
nay, n khng ngng c ci tin, ngy cng hon thin v pht trin. Nhiu kiu,
dng thit b, ph hp vi cng ngh p cc, c nhiu cch phn loi. C cu ca
thit b p cc rt a dng theo sang kin ca ngi thi cng min l m bo cc
yu cu k thut ca cng tc p cc v m bo iu kin ca an ton lao ng.
2.1.4.1. Phn loi theo tnh cht lm vic ca thit b
p tnh bng kch thy lc: B phn kch p cc l h xi lanh thy lc gn lin
vi h bm u thy lc. Vic tng gim lc do h iu khin gia bm v xi lanh
qua ch s ng h p lc. Dng thit b ny ng dng kh rng ri trong xy dng
ca nc ta hin nay, c trong p trc v p sau.
p tnh bng Robot t hnh: Lc p c tc dng t hai bn hng cc do
chu ma st to nn p cc xung, my p khng cn phi c h khung gi di
ng, chiu di on cc p c th di hn, nng sut cao, thi cng thun li, lm
vic an ton v n nh, my c th t di chuyn trn cng trng, kt cu my linh
ng.

41

Hnh 2.1. My p cc t hnh.

1-Xilanh nng h my; 2-Dm
chnh; 3-Cabin iu khin chnh; 4-Gi
p; 5-Xilanh p; 6-Cc p; 7-Cn trc;
8-Gia trng; 9-Cp chn di chuyn
ngang; 10-Cp chn di chuyn dc;
11-Thn my; 12 Cu thang.

p qua h ti: Bng cc h thng truyn lc qua cc dy cp c ko cng

bng ti, i lc l bn than ca thit b (hin ti bng cn cu). Vi loi thit b ny
i hi mt bng v thit b ln, t kh thc hin vi cng trnh ti cao, nn t p
dng. Dng ny ch dung trong p trc.
Hnh 2.1a. My p trc.
1- Cc BTCT; 2- Khung gi di
ng; 3- Khung gi c nh; 4- ng
cung cp du; 5- i trng; 6- Ray di
chuyn; 7- ng h o kh nn; 8- Bm
du; 9- Pitong thy lc.

2.1.4.2. Phn loi theo thi gian xy dng cng trnh c

Phng php p trc:
L phng php p cc xong mi xy dng cng trnh theo th t tun t t
di ln trn. Trn nn t ban u, ngi ta p cc theo thit k, sau thi cng
i ging v sn nn ri thi cng ln phn kt cu bn trn (Xem hnh 2.1 a,b)

42

KHUNG ONG
KHUNG TNH

XI LANH THUY LC

GIA KHUNG
OI TRONG

ONG HO
O AP LC
BM DAU

DAM THEP

COC

Hnh 2.1b. S my p trc

Phng php p sau:
L phng php p cc sau khi lm trc i ging mng c cha sn cc l
cc v tr thit k. Vi phng php ny, ngi ta tin hnh thi cng phn trn
cng trnh cho n khi m bo c c i ti p cc n ti trng dng p
cn thit. Ti trng dng p thng ly bng 2 ln ti trng thit k trn u cc.
Xem hnh 2.2.
KCH THUY LC

COC

Hnh 2.2. S my p sau

2.1.4.3. Phn loi theo ti khi p
- i trng ngoi cng trnh (my p trc)

COC NEO

43

My p trc: i trng bng b tng ct thp, thng dung cc cc b tng

ct thp c sn dng hnh hp ch nht cht ln trn cc gi my p cc. Hoc cc
vt nng khc cht ln lm i ti hay bn thn cc cn cu ti in lp trn cc cc
my c trng lng ln.
Mt h thng my p ny thng dng p trc, i theo n bao gm:
- H i trng; H gin my p. (cha kch thy lc); H gin cht ti; H
thng bm du thy lc; My hn; My cn cu 10 tn.
u im:
- Thi cng c cng trnh theo th t xy dng t di ln; Ti trng ln ty
theo thit k yu cu; Chiu di, tit din cc ln theo yu cu; (My t to Vit
Nam).
Nhc im.
- Cng knh, di chuyn nng n, qu kh, qu ti, tn km; D mt an ton
trong thi cng; Nhng cc ln > 400mm di n tng ct thc hin kh m bo.
My p neo: i trng bng neo xon vo long t.
Dng neo xon hnh vt vo t lm i ti. My ny v c bn gn ging my
p sau, b phn lng gi cc c th di theo on cc, c th p cc ln nu mt
bng dng cu c (Xem hnh 2.3).
u im:
- p c theo th t xy dng; Gn nh, thi cng c trong mt bng cht
hp (thng khng cn dng cu).
Nhc im:
- Chiu di on cc l thuc vo chiu cao ta nh; Lc p nh, ph thuc
vo neo (neo ph thuc iu kin cht lng b tng ct thp i cc cng trnh);
Chiu di cc nh, nhiu mi ni, tit din cc b; i trng bng neo vo cng
trnh lun d b vng vo mng, tng, dm

44

KHUNG ONG
KHUNG TNH

XI LANH THUY LC

GIA KHUNG
ONG HO
O AP LC
BM DAU

DAM THEP

COC

NEO

Hnh 2.3. My p neo

2.1.5. Mt s yu cu chung ca cng ngh cc p
- Trong mi iu kin nn t cn phi s dng mng cc ni chung v khng
dng cc ng, khng dng cc nhi th u c th dng cc p.
- Khi nn t c
Nhng d vt nm lng chng.
Nhng ct cht, li st cng nm lng chng, ngn cn vic p cc ti
cc lp t bn di, th phi c bin php ph hp (khoan ph, khoan dn, p cc
to) c cc p vt qua cc tr ngi ti lp t chu lc tt bn di.
- Cc p s dng ph hp trong cc iu kin
+ Xy chen trong thnh ph.
+ Khi cu cha cc cng trnh h hng v ln.
+ Khi ci to, nng cp, cy mng nng tng cho cc cng trnh c.
+ Khi cn rt ngn thi gian thi cng, va lm phn thn, va p cc.
- Cc p c th dng l cc thp, cc b tng ct thp, cc t hp
- Khi thit k cc p phi d bo ng lc p cn thit tng ng vi iu kin
gi v thit b p c c

45

Mt khc do tnh khng ng nht ca nn t, cc c th t sc chu ti d

tnh nhng chiu di rt khc nhau. V vy cn d bo chiu di cc bin i
trong khong (1min,1max) m khng phi l mt hay mt vi gi tr c nh.
mnh ca cc biu hin bng h s . H s ny khng nn qu 100.
=
Trong :
l: chiu di cc.
d: ng knh hoc cnh cc.
Trng hp bt buc dng cc c >100 cn chc chun l:
+ iu kin nn t.
+ iu kin thi cng m bo cho cc vn gi c dng hnh hc tt v cn
c th nghim kim tra tng cng.
- m bo cc p t c sc chu ti d tnh th lc p phi t ti hn
ti thiu (Pp)min
- Khoan dn: Khi gp chng ngi ( ct cht, va st cng) mun vt qua
tng lc p ln hn (Pp)min ln kh ln.
Trng hp cn thit phi cho khoan dn h cc xung tng t thit k.
m bo an ton cho h neo gi v thit b p, cn khng ch lc p khng
vt qu (Pp)min
- Khi dng cc p cu cha cng trnh b ln phi m bo lien kt cc vi
cng trnh c cng nh h neo (nu cc p sau) d bn v cng tng ng vi
p cc.
- Cc p c ch to thnh tng on thun tin cho vic p cc, chiu di
on cc p chn:

46

Ty theo khng gian cng trnh khi p cc.

Ty theo thit k p cc.
Khi p trc, chiu di cc khng b hn ch bi khng gian thi cng, m b
hn ch c cu kch thc thit b cng nh iu kin vn chuyn dng lp. Khi p
sau, chiu di on cc b khng ch bi khng gian tng mt.
- m bo cht lng cc, cn m bo dng hnh hc cu cc ( ghp tng
on ngn) do cn hn ch s lng mi ni trong mt cc.
Khng qu 15 mi cho mt cc c tit din 20x20cm.
Khng qu 20 mi cho mt cc c tit din 30x30 cm.
Loi (a) thch hp cho vic p cc on cc ngn: 1,5m; 2,0m; 2,5m.
Loi (b) thch hp cho vic p cc on cc di hn: 4m, 5m, 6m, 8m.
Thit b p cc t hnh l ton b thit b t trn xe c ng c di chuyn trn
mt t.
- Thit b p cc phi m bo c:
* L lch ni sn xut cp v c quan c thm quyn kim nh xc nhn k
thut an ton bao gm:
Ti trng cho php lm vic ca h bm, kch, ng ng, van chu p (tn).
Ti trng cho php lm vic ca h kt cu truyn lc ca my. (tn).
* L lch do n v o lng tiu chun hoc cc c quan c chc nng kim
tra kim nh xc nhn cc t tnh k thut bao gm:
+ Liu lng du ca my bm:

(lt/pht).

+ p lc bm du ln nht:

(kg/cm2).

+ ng knh pit tng ca bm:

(mm).

+ ng knh trong xi lanh ca my p:

(mm).

47

+ ng knh trong ca kch p:

(mm).

+ Tng din tch lm vic ca y pittong ca h kch:

(cm2).

+ Hnh trnh cu kch lm vic cho php:

(cm)

+ Phiu kim nh cht lng ng h o p lc du do cc n v o lng

tiu chun cp trc khi vo p cc, thi hn khng qu 1 nm.
- Thit b p cc c la chn s dng vo cng trnh phi tha mn cc
yu cu sau y:
Lc nn ln nht (danh nh) ca thit b phi ln hn lc nn ln nht
(Pcp)max theo quy nh ca thit k. H s an ton do cn b thi cng la chn, ch
nn ng khong (0,7 0,8) kh nng ti a ca thit b.
Lc nn ca kch phi m bo tc dng dc trc (khi p nh) hoc tc dng
u mt bn cc (khi p m), khng gy ra lc ngang hay lc nn un khi p.
Chuyn ng ca pittong kch phi u v khng ch c tc p cc.
ng h o p lc phi tng xng vi khong lc o.
Thit b p cc phi m bo iu kin vn hnh theo ng cc quy nh v an
ton lao ng khi thi cng.
Gi tr p lc o ln nht ca ng h khng vt qu hai ln p lc o ln
nht p cc.
Trong qu trnh p cc phi tun th tc p m bo cc yu cu k
thut.
2.2. XC NH SC CHU TI CA CC P
2.2.1. Xc nh SCT ca cc p bng th nghim nn tnh
Sc chu ti ca cc theo t nn c th xc nh bng cc phng php th
nghim, phng php quy phm hoc phng php l thuyt. i vi vic tnh ton
cc cng thc l thuyt , thc nghim, bn kinh nghim s nu k phn sau. u

48

tin thng dng cc phng php ny tnh ton l thuyt d bo ra sc chu ti

ca cc, sau tt c cc phng php u kim nghim qua th nghim nn tnh
trng ca cc n. Qua kt qu nn tnh cc n ngi ta xc nh c sc
chu ti ca t nn v ln ca chng. Trc khi thi cng i tr, ngi ta thng
thi cng p th mt s cy cc i din cho cc khu vc a cht khc nhau trong
Tiu chun Vit Nam quy nh (TCXD 189 190 1996 v TCXD 205 1998)
Ring vi cc p th trong sut qu trnh p cc th cng nh i tr u
c kim tra p lc u cc mt cch k cng (Theo tiu chun nghim thu thi
cng mng cc) theo dc chiu di cy cc. t bit ngi thi cng s ghi t m
hn i on gn dng p, theo di ghi khong 0,2m mt ln, n khi t ng thi
c chiu su ln p lc dng p tnh ton cn thit.
Cc ti liu nghin cu v mng cc u a ra nhn xt chung rng: Kt qu
kim nghim qua th nghim nn tnh l kt qu chnh xc hn c: Kim tra c c
cng v bin dng. Vy ta i su v phng php th nghim nn tnh ngoi
hin trng.
2.2.1.1. Phng php th nghim
Phng php nn tnh dc trc:
Ni dung ca phng php ny l: H cc n mt su no (thng l
su tnh ca ngi thit k) sau tc dng ti trng tnh dc trc ln cc theo
nguyn l tng dn tng cp cho n khi t ti trng ph hoi (quy c) ca nn
t (nn khng sc gi cc na); T xc nh c sc chu ti cc hn ca
cc, chia cho h s an ton quy nh s c sc chu ti cho php. Trong sut qu
trnh th nghim, tin hnh theo di ln ca n ng vi mi cp ti trng quy
nh.
Vic tc dng ti trng tnh ln cc thng c tin hnh bng kch thy lc.
Kch thy lc ny c t t mt u ln u cc, u kia t ln h dm gi i
trng. i trng thng dng mt trong cc s sau:

49

- Gia ti bng kch thy lc, dng dn cht ti v i trng lm phn lc (Hnh
v 2.4a).
- Gia ti bng kch thy lc, dng cc neo lm phn lc (Hnh v 2.4b).
Hnh 2.4a. Dng vt nng lm i
trng cho kch thy lc (TCVN
9393-2012)

V d v b tr t ti trng nn (Sharama v cc cng s, 1984)

Hnh 2.4b. Dng cc neo lm i trng cho kch thy lc.

50

- Khi kt thc qu trnh th nghim, thng ngi ta v ra hai biu :

+ Biu th nht biu din mi quan h gia ti trng v chuyn v (Biu
2.1).
+ Biu th hai biu din quan h gia ti trng thi gian chuyn v
(Biu 2.2).

Biu 2.1. Quan h gia ln v ti trng

Biu 2.2. Quan h gia ti trng thi gian chuyn v

* Thit b th nghim
+ Thit b th nghim bao gm h gia ti phn lc v h o c quan trc.

51

+ H gia ti gm kch, bm v h thng thy lc phi bo m khng b r

r, hot ng an ton p lc khng nh hn 150 % p lc lm vic. Kch thy lc
phi bo m cc yu cu sau:
C sc nng p ng ti trng ln nht theo d kin; C kh nng gia ti,
gim ti vi cp ti trng ph hp vi phng n th nghim; C kh nng gi ti
n nh khng t hn 24 h; C hnh trnh p ng chuyn v u cc ln nht
theo d kin cng vi bin dng ca h phn lc; Khi s dng nhiu kch, cc kch
nht thit phi cng chng loi, cng c im tnh k thut v phi c vn hnh
trn cng mt my bm.
+ Tm m u cc v u kch bng thp bn c cng v cng
bo m phn b ti trng ng u ca kch ln u cc.
+ H o c quan trc bao gm thit b, dng c o ti trng tc dng ln
u cc, do chuyn v ca cc, my thy chun, dm chun v dng c kp u cc.
+ Ti trng tc dng ln u cc c o bng ng h p lc lp sn trong
h thng thy lc. ng h p lc nn hiu chnh ng b cng vi kch v h
thng thy lc vi chnh xc n 5 %. Nu khng c iu kin hiu chnh ng
b th c th hiu chnh ring ng h p lc.
+ Chuyn v u cc c o bng 2 n 4 chuyn v k c chnh xc
n 0,01 mm, c hnh trnh dch chuyn t nht 50 mm hoc o chuyn v ln
nht theo d kin;
Chuyn v mi cc hoc bin dng dc thn cc c th o c bng cc
thit b t sn trong cc nh cm bin in tr, cc thanh o...
+ My thy chun dng o kim tra dch chuyn, chuyn v ca gi k
dn cht ti, h thng neo, dm chun g lp chuyn v k, vng ca dm chnh...
v chuyn v u cc. Cc s liu o chuyn v u cc bng my thy chun ch
c dng nh l s liu kim tra th.

52

+ Cc thit b o ti trng v chuyn v phi c kim nh v hiu chnh

nh k. Cc chng ch kim nh thit b phi trong thi gian hiu lc.
+ Cc b phn g lp thit b o chuyn v gm dm chun bng g hoc
bng thp v dng c kp u cc bng thp bn phi m bo t b bin dng do
thi tit.
+ H phn lc phi c thit k chu c phn lc khng nh hn 120
% ti trng th nghim ln nht theo d kin. Ty thuc iu kin th nghim, c th
chn mt trong ba dng kt cu sau y lm h phn lc:
Dm chnh (dm chu ti) kt hp vi dn cht ti; Dm chnh kt hp vi
h dm chu lc lin kt vi neo; Phi hp c hai dng trn.
+ Cc b phn cu to ca h phn lc phi bo m cc yu cu sau:
Mi loi dm (dm chnh, dm ph dn cht ti, dm chu lc lin kt vi
neo) phi cng chng loi, cng , cng v kch thc; Chiu su mi neo
(cc neo hoc neo t)
OI TRONG

khng ln hn chiu su
mi cc th nghim; Tng
trng lng i trng k
c dn cht ti, dm

DAM THEP
MIENG EM
KCH THUY LC

ONG BM
THUY LC

chnh... khng nh hn
120

ti

trng

th

nghim ln nht theo d

DAM
COC TH NGHIEM

CHUYEN V KE
TAM EM

kin.

Hnh 2.5. Thit b o chuyn v dc trc thng ng ca cc

Chuyn v dc trc ca u cc: Thit b chung nht dng o chuyn v
ca u cc l chuyn v k (indicator), dy cng, gng v thc o, my thy
chun.

53

Chuyn v k: Trong h thng o bng chuyn v k, 2 dm t song song

hai bn ca cc th nghim v c t trn gi c nh. Nhng gi ny phi c
t xa dm th nghim t nht 2,5m. Dm phi cng thit b v phi
cng khi dc khng xy ra dao ng. Khuyn ngh rng dm cn phi lm bng
g dao ng nhit khng nh hng ti s dc. Nu dm bng thp m bo mi
dm phi t do chuyn ng theo phng ngang c th iu tit c s thay i
chiu di ca dm do s bin i ca nhit . Hai cp chuyn v k phi t trn
dm v t v hai pha i din cu cc th nghim. Davisson (1970) khuyn
ngh rng hai cp chuyn v k phi t trn hai trc ng chnh ca mt ct ngan
cc v cch mt on xuyn tm bng nhau, hoc theo 4 gc cc. Vi cch ny c
th ly trung bnh cc s dc ca hai chuyn v k lm chuyn v ca tm cc,
chuyn v k phi c hnh trnh t nht l 500mm. Chn (trc) chuyn v k di hn
s c t ni c chuyn v ln hn gi tr bit. Tt c cc chuyn v k cn
phi chia nh nht l 0,01mm. hnh v cho s b tr cch o ny.
H quan st thy chun: My thy chng ni chung c dng o chuyn
v trc ca cc vi ngha kim tra hn l ngha o. H ny bao gm mt my thy
lc chun t cch cc th nghim v c cc nheo t nht 10 ln ng knh cc.
Davisson (1970). S o ly trn thc o gn cc bn ca cc th nghim nh
trnhi2nh v. S dc ny c so snh vi mc t ngoi vng th nghim th ti.
o bin dng tng dc theo chiu di cc: Vic o bin dng tng dc theo
chiu di cc nhm xc nh s phn b ca ti trng chuyn t cc vo t. Vic
o cng cung cp thng tin chuyn v ca y cc hoc chuyn v dc theo cc.
Thit b dng cho vic o ny l cc cm bin in tr (Datstric in tr) hoc
dng thit b ng h (Telltale).
H thng o bng h: Hnh v cho cch b tr h thng o bng ng h
hoc thanh ko. Thng thng h ny bao gm cc ng nha polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) ko di ti u tm thp c t su trong cc ti nhng v tr khc nhau
dc theo chiu di cc. Trong cc ng PVC t cc thanh thc khng r gn vo

54

tm thp v ko di ln ti nh cc. Thanh thp phi c chuyn v t do trong

ng. Chuyn v ca nh mi thanh ko ny l chuyn v tng i so vi u cc
m chuyn v ca u cc c o bng chuyn v k c nhy 0,025mm.
Bnh thng s dc ca ng h cu thanh ko l so vi nh cc. Bng vic
nh v c cc tm ca thanh ko hoc tm neo v bng vic o c chuyn v
tng i ca cc thanh ko ta c th xc nh c bin dng nn n hi ti v tr
. Vi thng tin ny, ta c th xc nh c ti trng trong cc ti im gia ca
khong gia hai tm neo ca thanh ko cch nhau mt khong L theo biu thc sau:
Qa

Trong :
Qva: ti trng trong cc ti im gia ca hai tm neo.
A: din tch mt ct ngang ca cc.
L: chnh lch chuyn v gia hai thanh ko.
L: khong cch gia 2 tm neo dc theo cc.
E: mun n hi ca vt liu lm cc.
H thng o bng cm bin in tr: (Dattric in tr) v cho s b tr
h thng o bng cm bin in tr. Cc cm bin in tr hoc cc cm bin in
tr dy rung c th dn dc theo chiu di cc ti nhng v tr khc nhau trc khi
cc c h.
Trong trng hp cc khoan nhi th cc cm bin ny phi c gn cht vi
cc thanh ct thp cn cc dy dn c th c lun qua ng PVC. Trong cc khoan
th cc cm bin v dy dn c bo v mt cch t bit. Mt v d v cch t
ny s c trnh by trong mc sau. V cc b cm bin ny rt nhy vi nhit
nn phi dng cc cm bin b nhit cho tng cm bin. Bin dng lu di trong
cc b tng v cc g chnh l s bin i trong chnh bn thn vt liu cc, cng
chnh l chuyn v cc i vi t. Bin dng tng i c th xc nh trc tip

55

t s bin i trong s dc ca cm bin in tr ti trng bt k. Ti trng mi

im c tnh ton theo quan h sau:
Qva= AE
Trong :
Qva: ti trng trong cc ti v tr dn cm bin.
A: din tch mt ct ngang ca cc.
: s dc bin dng.
E: mun n hi ca vt liu lm cc.
2.2.1.2. Phng php gia ti th nghim
Cc k s thc hnh v cc nh nghin cu s dng nhiu phng php th
nghim th ti ca cc. Cc phng php ny cng c vit trong mt s sch
ASTM D1143-81, Butle v Hoy, 1977, Fellenius, 1975, 1980; Mohan v cc cng
s 1967; New York State DDT, 1974; y ban v Mng cc ca Thy in, 1970;
Whitaker, 1957, 1963; Wkitake vad Cooke, 1961). Trong hng lot cc phng
php th 4 phng php sau y c th coi l cc phng php c bn v gia ti cc
th (Joshi v Shama, 1987);
* Phng php th ti duy tr chm (SM) (Tiu chun D1143-81):
Phng php th nghim ny c ASTM D1143-81 ngh gm cc bc
chnh sau:
Gia ti cho cc thnh 8 bc bng nhau t ti 200% ca ti trng thit k c
ngha: 25%; 50%; 75%; 100%; 125%; 150%; 200%.
Duy tr mi cp gia ti cho ti khi mc ln khng ln hn 0,25mm/h nhng
khng qu 2h.
Duy tr cp ti 200% trong 24h.

56

Trong thi gian gi ti yu cu li gim ti tng nc 20% v mi ln duy tr 1h

sau khi tng gia ti v gim ti li tip tc tng v gim ti nh trn ti 1,5 tn ln
ti trng thit k v mi cp ti trng gi trong thi gian 20 pht.
Sau li tng ti vi mi bc tng l 10% ti trng thit kcho ti khi ph
hoi, mi cp ti trng gi trong thi gian 20 pht.
* Phng php th ti duy tr nhanh (QM), tiu chun ASTM D1143-81:
Phng php th nghim ny bao gm cc bc chnh sau:
- Ti trng th nghim cc c chia thnh 20 cp v tng ti 300% ti trng
thit k (c ngha mi cp tng l 20% ti trng thit k).
- Gi mi cp ti trng ny trong 5 pht v c 2,5 li c s liu 1 ln.
- Dng kch b sung ti nhm duy tr c mc ti th nghimhoa85c phi
tng b sung t n mc ti th nghim.
- Sau khong 5 pht khi t c ti trng th nghim, ta gim ti chia
thnh 4 cp bng nhau, mi cp duy tr 5 pht.
- Phng php th nghim ny nhanh v kinh t, thi gian tin hnh th nghim
3 5 gi.
* Th ti vi tc xuyn khng i (CRP) (Tiu chun BS-8004):
Theo mt th nghim vi mc xuyn khng i (CRP), cc c tc ng
xuyn vo nn t vi mt tc khng i trong khi lc t ln nh cc duy tr
mc xuyn o c mt cch lin tc. Do s chuyn ng ca cc, t nn phi
chu ng sut tng dn cho n khi b hng do ct, khi iu xy ra, cng
chu ti cc hn ca cc cng t i. Phng php ny gm cc bc chnh sau:
- Lc tc dng ln u cc c ln 1,25mm/pht.
- Lc tc dng cn phi to ra tc xuyn ghi c.
- Th nghim c tin hnh c xuyn tng cng l t 50 n 75mm

57

- u im ca phng php ny l r v nhanh (2-3 gi).

* Phng php th nghim theo chu k ca Thy in (Th nghim SC)
Phng php ny bao gm cc bc sau:
- Ti trng tc dng ln cc ly bng 1/3 ti trng thit k (a)
- D ti cn 1/6 ti trng thit k. Lp gia ti v ti 20 tn (b).
- Tng ti cao hn 50% ca mc ti bc (a), sau lp li bc (b).
- Tip tc cho n khi t c ph hoi.
- Phng php th nghim ny tn nhiu thi gian v ng x ca cc chu thay
i theo chu k s khc vi ng x ca cc nguyn.
2.2.1.3. Th nghim nn ti trng tnh Vit Nam
Hin nay, nc ta, vic th nghim kim tra sc chu ti cc bng phng
php nn tnh i vi cc p tr thnh tiu chun bc buc, n tr nn thng
dng v gn gi vi cc n v chuyn thi cng nn mng. Mt mt do s nhn thc
c tm quan trng ca n trong giai on thit k v thi cng ca cc nh u t,
cc nh t vn thit k , t vn gim st, n v thi cng. Kt qu ca nn tnh lun
c dng lm chun mc cho quyt nh thi cng i tr. Mt khc ta cng thy
rng li th ca vic thi cng cc p l bn thn thit b thi cng cng l gn y
cho vic tip tc th nghim nn tnh cho mi phng php cng ngh p.
Trong thi im ny, chng ta ang song song tn ti hai tiu chun th
nghim cc p, l TCVN 9393 20122 dng cho th nghim cc c tit din t
250x250mm tr ln; TCXD 190 1996 dng cho th nghm cc tit din nh t
250x250mm tr xung.
C 2 tiu chun ca ta trn mi ci u c u nhc im ring, song u ch
gia ti n 150% hoc 200% ti trng thit k d kin m cha gim nn ti ph
hoi t nn, thi gian lu ti cng ngn. Theo quan im ca mt s chuyn gia th

58

phng php cng gn vi cc tiu chun th nghim ca Anh, M th cng chun

hn, song tn km hn.
Phn thit b v cng c th nghim th v c bn ging cc nc v h dm,
ti trng, bm, kch v ng h o ln (chuyn v k). Trong cc th nghim ca ta
cn hn ch bi chnh h gia ti v h mc chun nn ln o c cha phn nh
thc cht ln ca cc.
Nhn xt kt qu t th nghim nn tnh cc: cc s liu dng tnh ton thng
k tng quan ny ch lm c vi cc n trong giai on p th v th nghim.
Trong khi , chng ta cha c c vic di theo tng quan ca lc dng tng
u cc vi ln th nghim cho c nhm cc (i cc). M ta bit s lm vic
ca nhm cc rt khc so vi s lm vic ca cc n trong phn tng quan mng
cc phn tch. Nu iu kin v thi gian cho php chng ta nn quan tm th
nghim cho c nhm cc cho s liu tin cy hn.
Mt khc, ln ca u cc thng thng bao hm c 3 thnh phn:
Scc= S1 + S2 + S3.
Trong :
S1: ln do bin dng nn cc v do chuyn dch tng i ca cc so vi
t ngay cnh. Khi lc ma st pht sinh y th ln ny tng ng vi gha
tr nhn c trong th nghim th ti trn cc n.
S2: ln gy ra do ng sut nn xy ra trong t gia cc cc.
S3: ln gy ra do nn tng t c th nn c di cc mi cc.
M ln ko di theo thi gian i vi tng loi t, cng nh nhiu nh
hng khc. Tuy nhin, trong kt qu nn tnh c h s = 0,1 hoc = 0,2 k
n iu ny. Nu c iu kin th nghim trn c nhm cc hay quan trc ln tng
th cng trnh, quan trc ln mt i cc ta s b sung them vo ti liu kinh
nghim.

59

Mt khc, i vi s liu ca kt qu th nghim nn tnh in, hu ht mi ch

xt dng th nghim nn tnh dc trc theo phng php duy tr ti trng ta thy
cng cn nhiu mt hn ch, lm nh hng ti kt qu o nh:
nh hng ca thit b o: Chng ta thy cng ngy cng c hon thin v
thit b, song mt s n v o cha chuyn su, cn tn ti nhiu sai st dn n
kt qu thit k b sai lch. Mt s thit b o c k bo qun v cch s dng
khng ng gy nh hng n s liu o.
ng h o p lc khng chun dn n lc o phn nh khng chnh xc (
chia phn di cao, kim ng h khi gim ht lc khng n hi v 0).
ng h o ln khng chun (kt, ln xung khng tt, khng n hi, khng
v 0) dn n o ln khng ng, n hi ca cc t, cc km, thm ch cn hi
v m. Kt qu tng quan P v S khng chun, xc nh sc hu ti sai.
nh hng ca quy trnh o v phng php thc hin:
Chn quy trnh cng l mt vn cn bn ci: Cc cp chia nh dn n vic
chia ti ln cc din ra t t, tng ln s nh hn so vi ta dung cc cp chia ln
vi cng mt ti trng th nghim. Song vic chia cp 25% Ptk cng c li hn, tc
ln nhanh, tng ln s ln dn n sc chu ti chn thin v an ton.
Hin nay quy trnh 9393 2012 theo Lin X c c phn li thi hn. Song
nu th nghim n giai on ph hoi m cc cp giai on cui, cp cng chia
nh s cng xc nh chnh xc Pu hn.
Quy trnh theo TCXD 190 1996 v ASTM S1143 81, BS 8004 ,cp
chia 5% Pd kin c phn u vit hn v p dng tip cn vi tiu chun quc t
hn (C p thay i t 0 => Ptk ngay v c ln d). Song cng cn lu nu n
giai on ph hoi cn theo di mc tng ti cc cp khng ln qu khi kh
xc nh tiu chun Pu ch nn chn ~ 5 tn/cp s kinh t hn.
Cch gia ti theo nguyn l tng chm v duy tr ti trng, song i khi ngi
lm th nghim li gia ti nhanh qu (khng cn tnh na) => ln s tng nhanh.

60

Song thc t khi cht ti xung quanh cc th nghim, do trng lng ca h ti th

nghim n nn lm ln nn xung => t lm cc c xu th tri y ln. Ngay cc
quy trnh tng ti, ri li h ti, nhiu ln cng nh hng n s lm vic ca
cc, vng b y tri nhiu hn.
c bit cc mc o ln thng t cch ~ 5d cc song li b chi phi bi
quanh h ti ny. Khi gia ti kch ln u cc lc cao nht => ton b nn coi nh
khng c ti => t li ht ri, mt nn li ln xung ni cm mc => ko mc
xung. Khi gim ti kch ln cc => ti tr v ln lm vng tri phn mc ln
bin dng d ca cc o (-) => tht v l. Nh vy phi c gi mc quan trc chun
dn n kt qu th nghim nn tnh hay km, phn nh khng trung thc s vic
ca cc => kt qu l sc chu ti khng chun. iu ny ni ln rng cnh bo
cho nhng kt qu th nghim nn tnh t cc cng trnh m ngi thit k cn c
hiu chnh sau th nghim.
Sau kt qu th nghim nn tnh ta ly kt qu lm th nghim cn c
hiu chnh li s liu cc. Theo thc t cc cng trnh sau khi th nghim hu ht
u t kt qu tng hn sc chu ti d bo nhng t c iu chnh s lng cc
hoc kch thc cc cho tit kim chi ph xy dng.
2.2.2. Xc nh SCT ca cc p da vo kt qu th nghim trong phng
2.2.2.1. Khi nhim chung
Sc chu ti cho php (SCT) ca cc l kh nng chu lc ca cc c tnh
ton c k n h s tin cy theo quy nh lm vic an ton, tha mn yu cu c
v cng v bin dng, di mi iu kin tc ng ca ti trng, cng nh mi
nhn t nh hng khc.
V nguyn l tnh ton xc nh sc chu ti (SCT) ca cc p khng khc g
nguyn l tnh ton ca cc thng thung khc, tnh ton theo trng thi gi hn v
cng v bin dng.

61

T hp ti trng t khung truyn xung mng v t tnh ton ra ti trng

truyn xung i v mi cc. Tnh cc, mng cc v nn ca chng ta theo sc chu
ti cn thc hin trn t hp ti trng c bn v ti trng t bit, cn khi tnh ton
theo bin dng tnh trn t hp ti trng c bn.
Cho n nay, mi phng php tnh ton xc nh sc chu ti cc u quy v
2 trng hp, l:
- Sc chu ti ca chnh bn thn vt liu lm cc.
- Sc chu ti ca t nn v sc chu ti tnh ton cho php ca u cc s l
gi tr an ton nht cho c 2 trng hp trn.
Qa = min (Qa vl; Qa )
- Qa vl Sc chu ti cho php ca cc theo phng din vt liu l kh nng
chu ti ln nht m cc phi gnh chu trong iu kin bt li nht (QVL) chia cho
mt h s an ton ring FSvl:
QVL: l kh nng chu ti ln nht m cc phi gnh chu trong iu kin
bt li nht theo phng din vt liu. Ngi ta tnh ton theo cng v bin
dng ca vt liu trong c qu trnh thi cng p v s dng.
V d liu tnh ton, n c tnh vi mi yu t tc ng trong qu trnh thi
cng v s dng lm vic trong cng trnh. Trong ngi ta phi k n cc vic:
+ Thi cng:
Sn xut cc,k kch xp gn trn kho bi.
Cu, lp, vn chuyn v cc yu t giao thng.
Lc p nn ti a, ti thiu khi thi cng qua lp xen kp st cng hay ct.
Lc nn chng vo , p lch tm gy nn un, ko do trng lng bn thn
hay do lm cc neo th nghim.
+ S dng:

62

Lc x ngang do ti trng cng trnh truyn xung.

Ko t do trong lng bn thn khi kp lp cng ngang thn bn trn cc,
phn di cn trong tng yu, hay do lc ko ca cng trnh.
Cc di, nhiu mi ni tng bn d mt n nh.
Lc x ngang, y tri do thi cng cng trnh ln cn, ma st m, ng t,
Nguyn l tnh ton: Cc c dng tnh ton nh kt cu thanh chu nn un,
ko,ty theo trng thi lm vic v ti trng tc ng (Cch tnh theo tiu chun
ca kt cu vt liu lm cc: kt cu thp, g, BTCT)
- Qad Sc chu ti cho php ca cc theo t nn l kh nng chu ti m cc
phi gnh chu (Q) khi tnh n chia cho mt h s an ton ring FSa d:
Q: l kh nng chu ti ca cc theo t nn m ti ngi ta quy c
mng ti : hoc l cc bt u lm cho nn t ln gii hn (TTGH 2), hoc
l nn t t ti trng thi gii hn v cng (TTGH 1).
iu c ngha sc chu ti ca cc theo t nn theo quan nim vic tnh
ton cc s a n mt trong hai trng hp:
+ Ph hoi ct t (Qu sc chu ti cc hn trong nghim nn tnh)
+ Ph hoi ln (Qgh sc chu ti gii hn trong ngim nn tnh).
Trong hai trng hp trn th trng hp no l bt li hn? y cng l mt
iu cn nghin cu su hn phn quyt, khi iu kin kinh t k thut c th
p ng th nn phn nh r rang, (s ni thm phn nn tnh).
Cc phng php xc nh sc chu ti ca cc s trnh by di y, ngi ta
phn nh mt cch p t kh nng chu ti ca cc theo t nn thnh 2 phn
(trong thc t chng gia chng c tc ng qua li mt thit)
Qu= Qp + Qs
Hin nay, t cc phng php kinh nghim v bn kinh nghim ngi ta c
rt tn ti hai cch xc nh chu ti ca cc l bng tnh ton v th nghim.

63

Thng ban u, ngi ta dung cc cng thc l thuyt, cng thc thng k,
phng thc th nghim trong phng, xuyn ngoi hin trng, sau kim nghim
li ri bo qua kt qu nn tnh, th ng, Trong , phng php th nghim nn
tnh lun c coi l phng php tin cy nht. Di y ln lt l cc phng
php ng dng xc nh sc chu ti ca cc QVL v Q.
2.2.2.2. Phng php xc nh sc chu ti ca cc p
* Sc chu ti ca ca cc theo cng vt liu lm cc: QVL
Nh trn ta nu, cc tc ng n bn than cy cc trong qu trnh thi cng
cng nh trong s dng, do vy trong qu trnh tnh ton, ngi thit k phi r sot
k lng cc yu t tnh ton cho an ton v nhanh nht. Theo kinh nghim cho
thy cc p thng thng ch phi m bo lc p ti a cho php. Sc chu ti theo
vt liu lm cc c tnh ton nh kt cu BTCT, hoc cc g, chu nn, chu
un theo cc tiu chun tnh ton kt cu.
Cc b tong ct thp
Qa = m (RbtFbt + RctFct)
Trong :
Rbt cng chu nn ca b tng; Fbt din tch tit din phn b tng; Fct
din tch tit din ct thp; Rct cng thp; m h s iu kin lm vic.
Cc b tong ct thp c lp y phn rng bng b tong
Qa = m (RbtF1 + RctFct + 2,5 RctFct)
Trong :
m - h s iu kin lm vic; F1 tit din ngang ca li b tng; Rct cng
chu ko gii hn ca ct thp xon; Fct din tch tit din ngang tnh i ca
ct thp xon, xc nh nh sau:

64

Fct =

D1Fx
Bx

Trong : D1 ng kinh li b tng; Fx din tch tit din ngang ca

thanh ct thp xon; Bx bt ca ct thp xon.
Lu y khi tnh ton cc p theo bn vt liu n khng phi chu ng
lc va p ln nh cc ng, n ch yu chu lc un ca cu lp, vn chuyn, ca
ng giao thong g gh sinh gy, nt. Do vy i vi nhng a tng yu, n
gin , khng c lp xen kp (ct, st cng) hoc khoan dn, th vic thit k cu
to cc ch chu lc dng p ti a theo thit k quy nh (thng ly FS 2 ln
PTK)
i vi nhng a tng c lp xen kp l ct, st cng vic h cc xuyn qua
s gp nhiu kh khn. Thng khng ch phn ny cc d b v nu khng c
gii php khoan dn.
Do vy vic tnh ton phi tnh QVL > Qt max trn dc chiu di cy cc xuyn
qua, khng k n cc h s iu kin lm vic cu vt liu, ca t nn, h s trc
ti bt li nht,
i vi nhng cc xuyn qua nhng vng t yu m mi cc chng vo tng
ct cht, ct si cui.
Cng thc:
QVL > Pp max
Trong :
Qt max sc chu ti ca cc theo iu kin t nn vi trng hp ln nht,
bt li nht cho my p phi xuyn qua.
Pp max lc p cc ln nht thng c kh nng chu ti ln nht ca cc
theo iu kin t nn.

65

Q sc chu ti ca cc theo iu kin t nn c xc nh thng thng

t cc c s tnh ton bng cng thc l thuyt, thc nghim, bng nguyn l kt
hp vi thng k kinh nghim.
* Sc chu ti ca cc theo t nn.
Cc phng php kinh nghim hoc bn kinh nghim. i vi vic tnh ton
theo cc cng thc l thuyt t kinh nghim v bn kinh nghim s nu ra sau y
cng c th cho php chng ta nh gi tng i ng kh nng chu nn dc trc
cc hn ca cc, song ch c tnh gii thiu li v trch dn v n c gii thiu
kh t m trong cc gio trnh ging dy, cc ti liu hng dn thit k mng cc
ca cc chuyn gia u ngnh Vit Nam, Lin X (c), Anh, M, mng cc trong
thc t xy dng ca Shamsher Prakash Hari D.Sharma. Mt s tc phm xut
bn nh: Kezdi (1975), Meyehof (1976), Tomlisnon (1977), Vesis (1977), S tay v
nn mng v kt cu di t (1982). Cc tiu chun thit k mng cc nc ngoi
v tiu chun hin hnh ca Vit Nam: Cc tit din nh TCXD 189 1996,
TCXD 190 1996, TCXD 205 1998,Cc thng tin lien quan ti thit k, vn
ny v cc n phm nh hng cho thc t khc c s dng ngy cng
hon thin cc phng php thit k hp l mng cc.
Ban u thng dng cc cng thc ny tnh ton l thuyt d bo ra sc
chu ti ca cc, sau dng kt qu th nghim nn tnh kim tra li.
Ni chung, cc cng thc sau ychi3 c tnh trch dn cho thit k tnh ton
d ton kh nng chu ti ca cc chu nn dc trc theo t nn:
- Phn tch tnh bn t s dng t th nghim trong phng da vo:
+ Cc ch tiu c l ca t nn (Ph lc A TCXD 205 1998)
+ Cc ch tiu cng ca t nn (Ph lc B TCXD 205 1998)
2. Phn tch s liu th nghim hin trng tiu chun.
+ Cc gi tr th nghim xuyn tiu chun

66

+ Cc gi tr xuyn tnh
+ Th nghim nn dng p lc k (Canada 1978)
- Theo cng thc th ng.
+ Bng cc cng thc h cc (cha c cho cc p)
+ Bng cc phng trnh sng
- Th nghim p nn tnh dc trc cc
Ngoi ra, ta cn tnh ton cho cc chu: Ti trng ngang
i vi thit k mng cc, ngi ta phi tnh bin dng ln na ( y khng
trnh by)
Thi gian hn hp v trnh c hn nn khng i su vo bn lun chi tit
nhng u nhc im ca cc cng thc ny i vi tng loi t v i vi cc
trng hp khc nhau hin trng. Di y s im li nhng cng thc hin
hnh xc nh sc chu ti ca cc:
Phn tch tnh bn t s dng t th nghim trong phng da vo:
Cc ch tiu c l ca t nn (Ph lc A TCXD 205 1998)
Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo ch tiu c l ca t nn (Da theo tiu
chun Lin X c - Theo Snip 2.02.03.85)
Cc ch tiu c l dng trong tnh ton ca ph lc ny c xc nh theo
TCVN 195:1995 TCVN 4202:1995 t xy dng
Sc chu ti cho php ca cc n, theo t nn c tnh:

Qtc
Qa =

ktc

Trong :

(A.1)

67

Qa sc chu ti cho php tnh ton theo t nn bng phng php nu trong
ph lc ny.
Qtc sc chu ti tiu chun tnh ton theo t nn ca cc n.
ktc h s an ton ly bng: t 1,2 n 2,0
1,4 (1,25): i vi mng c u i thp, cc ma st, cc chng, cn khi cc
i cao khi cc chng ch chu ti thng ng, khng ph thuc s lng cc
trong mng.
i vi i cao hoc i thp m y ca n nm trn t c tnh nn ln v
i vi cc ma st chu ti trng nn, cng nh i vi bt k loi i no m cc
nh, cc chu ti trng nh, ty thuc s lng cc trong mng, tr s ktc ly nh
sau:
- Mng c trn 21 cc: ktc = 1,4 (1,25); Mng c 11 20 cc: ktc = 1,55 (1,4);
Mng c t 6 10 cc: ktc 1,65 (1,5); Mng c t 1 5 cc: ktc = 1,75 (1,6)
Sc chu ti tiu chun ca cc chng trn t nn co (khi Ex = 500kg/cm3)
c nh theo cng thc:
Qtc = mqpAp

(A.2)

Trong :
m: h s iu kin lm vic ca cc trong t, ly bng m = l
Ap: din tch da trn t ca cc, i vi cc tit din t ly bng din tch
tit din ngang .
qp cng chu ti ca t mi cc, T/m2.
Sc chu ti tiu chun ca cc ma st thi cng bng phng php p c b
rng tit din n 0,8m, chu ti trng nn, c xc nh theo cng thc:
Qtc = m(mRqpAp + umtfsili)
Trong :

(A.3)

68

qp cng chu ti mi v mt bn ca cc, ly theo bng A.1 v A.2 ;

TCXD 205:1996
m h s lm vic ca cc trong t, ly bng 1,0;
mRmt cc h s iu kin lm vic ca t ln lc mi cc v mt bn
cc c k n nh hng ca phng php h cc n sc chng tnh ton ca t,
xc nh theo bng A TCXD 205.
Cc ch tiu cng ca t nn (Ph lc B TCXD 205:1998)
Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo ch tiu cng ca t nn
- Yu cu chung.
+ Sc chu ti cc hn ca cc tnh theo cng thc:
Qu= Asfs + Apqp

(B.1)

+ Sc chu ti cho php ca cc tnh hteo cng thc:

Qtc
Qa =

ktc

Q
+

FSp

(B.2)

Trong :
FSs h s an ton cho thnh phn ma st bn, ly bng 1,5 2,0;
FSp H s an ton cho sc chng di mi cc, ly bng 2,0 3,0;
+ Cng thc chung tnh ton ma st bn tc dng ln cc l:
fs = ca + h tan a

(B.3)

Trong :
ca Lc dnh gia thn cc v t, T/m2; vi cc ng b tong ct thp
c, vi cc thp ly ca = 0,7c, trong c l lc dnh ca t nn;

ca =

69

h - ng sut hu hiu trong t theo phng vung gc vi mt bn cc,

T/m2;
a Gc ma st gia cc v t nn; vi cc b tng ct thp h bng phng
php ng ly a = , i vi cc thp ly = 0,7 , trong l gc ma st trong
ca t nn.
+ Cng chu ti ca t di mi cc tnh theo cng thc:
qp = cNc + vp + Nq + dpN

(B.4)

Trong :
c Lc dnh ca t, T/m2
vp - ng sut hu hiu theo phng thng ng ti su mi cc do trng
lng bn thn t, T/m2;
Nc ,Nq ,Ny H s sc chu ti, ph thuc vo ma st trong ca t, hnh dng
ca cc v thi cng cc;
trng lng ca t su mi cc, T/m2
- Sc chu ti cc hn ca cc trong t dnh tnh theo cng thc;
Qu = Ascu + ApNccu

(B.5)

Trong :
cu sc chng ct khng thot nc ca t nn, T/m2
H s khng th nguyn
Nc H s sc chu ti ly bng 9,0 cho cc ng trong st c kt bnh thng
v bng 6,0 cho cc khoan nhi.
Ch thch:
H s an ton khi tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc tnh theo cng thc (B.5) ly
bng 2,0 3,0.
Tr gii hn ca cu trong cng thc (B.5) ly bng 1kg/cm2.

70

- Sc chu ti cc hn ca cc trong t ri tnh theo cng thc:

Qu = AsKsvtan a + ApvPNq

(B.6)

Trong :
Ks h s p lc ngang trong t trng thi ngh, ly theo hnh B.2.
v - ng sut trong t ti su tnh ton ma st bn tc dng ln cc, T/m2;
a Gc ma st gia t nn v thn cc;
vP - ng sut hu hiu theo phng thng ng ti mi cc, T/m2;
Nq h s chu ti, xc nh theo hnh B.3;
Cng chu ti di mi cc v ma st bn tc dng ln cc trong t ri
nhng su ln hn su gii hn, zc, m c ly bng gi tr tng ng
su gii hn, ngha l:
fs (z > zc) = qp(z = zc).
2.2.3. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc p da vo kt qu SPT
2.2.3.1. Tnh ton theo s liu th nghim xuyn tiu chun
Theo TCXD 9351: 2012
- Kt qu xuyn tiu chun (SPT) trong t ri c th s dng tnh ton sc
chu ti ca cc (Meyerhof 1956)
- Sc chu ti cc hn ca cc tnh theo cng thc ca Meyerhof 1956.
Qu = K1NAp + K2NtbAs

(C.1)

Trong :
N ch s SPT trung bnh trong khong 1d di mi v 4d trn mi cc;
Ap Din tch tit din mi cc m2;
Ntb Ch s SPT trung bnh dc thn cc trong phm vi lp t ri m2;
As Din tch mt bn cc trong phm vi lp t ri m2;

71

K1 H s ly bng 400 cho cc p v bng 120 cho cc khoan nhi;

K2 H s ly bng 2,0 cho cc ng v bng 1,0 chop cc khoan nhi;
H s an ton p dng khi tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc theo xuyn tiu chun
ly bng 2,5 3,0.
- Sc chu ti cho php ca cc theo cng thc ca Nht Bn:
Qa =

NaAp + (0,2NsLs + CLc) d

(C.2)

3
Trong :
Na ch s SPT ca t di mi cc; Ns ch s SPT ca lp ct bn thn
cc; Ls chiu di on cc nm trong t ct m; Lc chiu di on cc nm trong
t st m; Ap Tit din cc, d ng knh cc; C Lc dnh; H s ph
thuc vo phng php thi cng cc; Cc b tng ct thp thi cng bng phng
php ng = 30; Cc khoan nhi = 15;
- Th nghim xuyn tiu chun: c nh kh nng chu ti ca mng cc trn
nn t khng dnh;
C.1.4.1 Kh nng chng u cc (Qp) theo Meyerhof (1976) th sc khng gii
hn u cc (tnh bng tn) ca cc h c th c nh theo cc quan h sau:
i vi ct:
Qp* = (0,4 N/B) DfAp 4NAp

(C.3)

i vi t ph sa khng dnh hoc khng chy:

Qp* = (0,4 N/B) DfAp 3NAp

(C.4)

Trong N l gi tr trung bnh th nghim xuyn tiu chun gn u cc c

th ly theo quan h sau:
N = CNN

(C.5)

72

Trong CN = 0,77 log10 20/v v N l gi tr trung bnh xuyn tnh tiu

chun gn u cc. Vic hiu nh ny tnh n p lc vt ti v vn ny khng
c cp y.
Df: l su cc trong lng t cu to ht, cn cc di L nm trong vng t
khng dnh ng nht. B l chiu rng hoc ng knh cc, cn Ap l din tch mi
cc tnh bng ft2
C.1.4.2 Kh nng chu ma st bn (Qf) c th c nh lc ma st bn ca cc
theo quan h sau:
Qf = (fs). (chu vi). ( di cc h vo t)

(C.6)

Trong : fs l lc ma st n v cc hn tnh bng tn /ft2. Vi cc c h

th gi ny c tnh bng quan h sau (Meyerhof, 1976, 1983):
Fs* = N/50 1 T/ft2

(C.7)

Trong : N l gi tr trung bnh ca th nghim xuyn tiu chun.

Kh nng chu ti ti hn ca cc trong t khng dnh bng tng ca Q p v Qf
tnh t phng trnh (C.3) v (C.4). Kh nng chu ti cho php bng kh nng chu
ti ti hn chia cho h s an ton ly bng 3.
i vi cc khoan nhi th Qp ly bng 1/3 ca gi tr tnh bng phng trnh
(C.3) v (C.4). Cn Qf ly bng gi tr tnh bng phng trnh (C.7). S hiu nh
ny phn nh s hiu nh mt t xung quanh do vic khoan gy ra.
2.2.3.2. Theo cc gi tr xuyn tnh
- Phng php tnh theo tiu chun TCXD 9352: 2012
+ su ngm cc gii hn zc l su m vut qu gi tr th cng
chu ti gi nguyn gi tr khng i:
Trng hp t nn mt lp: zc = 6d, trong d l kch thc cnh tit din
hoc ng knh tit din cc.

73

Trng hp t nn nhiu lp:

zc = 3d khi v > 0,1 MPa
zc = 3d 6d khi v < 0,1 MPa (trong v l p lc ct t).
2.1.2. Sc chng cc hn mi tnh theo cng thc:
Qp = Apqp

(C.8)

Gi tr Qp c tnh theo cng thc:

qp = Kc qc

(C.9)

Trong :
Kc = H s mang ti ly theo bng C.1 trang 437 TCXD 205
qc sc chng xuyn trung bnh, ly trong khong 3d pha trn v 3d pha
di mi cc.
+ Sc chng cc hn mt bn cc c xc nh theo cng thc:
Qs = u hsifsi

(C.10)

Trong : hsi D( di ca cc trong lp t th I, m; u chu vi tit din cc

m; fsi ma st bn n v ca l

chng

xuyn u mi qc cng su, theo cng thc:

fsi =

(C.11)

Trong : i l h s ly theo bng tra

+ Sc chu ti cho php ca mt cc c xc nh bng cch ly sc chu ti
gii hn tnh theo quy nh trn chia cho h s an ton FS = 2 3.
Kh nng chu ti gii hn
- Kh nng chu ti gii hn cng c th c nh bng cch s dng cc gi
tr xuyn cn tnh nh sau:

74

+ Lc chng u cc (Qp) B xuyn cn tnh l mt cc m hnh. Lc khng

xuyn cn tnh khi nn vo t khng dnh ng nht c th lin quan vi cc
nguyn c h tng t;
Theo Meyerhof (1976) lc khng u cc gii hn Qp cng c th nhn c
cc gi tr khng cn tnh (qc) v tnh theo biu thc sau:
Qp = A p + q c

(C.12)

Trong : Ap l din tch mi cc; qc l lc khng xuyn cn.

Thc nghim chng t rng phng trnh trn ch dng c khi cc c
ng vo lp t c cu to ht, c ngha l chiu di cc t nht ln gp 10 ln
chiu rng hoc ng knh cc (Meyerhof, 1976); (S tay thit k nn mng v kt
cu di t 7.2, 1982) Vi su nng hn th biu thc ny c th khng dng
c. De Ruiter v Beringen (1979) a ra mt phin bn ca chng trnh
(C.12) c nh lc khng gii hn u cc. Tuy nhin phin bn ny cn phi
c kim tra ti hin trng. c gi cng cn tham kho bn gc chi tit ca
cng thc c thay i ny.
+ Lc ma st bn (Qr) lc ma st bn i vi cc ng c th d on theo
quan h sau:
Qr = (fs) (chu vi) (chiu di ng vo t)
fs ma st gii hn ca cc.
fs c th xp x bng sc khng n v ca ng ngoi chu ma st cc b fc ca
xuyn cn tnh (Meyerhof, 1976) TCXD 174-1989 cho chi tit hn phng php
th nghim xuyn cn tnh.
Kh nng chu ti gii hn (Qv)ult ca cc ng trong t khng dnh s bng
tng ca Qp v Qf c tnh t phng trnh (C.12) v (C.13). Khi tnh kh nng
chu ti cho php t cc phng trnh trn, s dng h s an ton bng 3. Trong
trng hp cc cc khoan hoc khoan nhi th khi khoan c th lm cho mt ca

75

t xung quanh gim xung. Do vi cc cc khoan ch dng gi tr kh nng

chu lc tnh trn (Meyerhof, 1976)
2.3. TH NGHIM NN DNG P LC K (CANADA 1978)
Th nghim bng p lc k: p lc k l mt thit b dng o t trng ca
t ti ch. Cc quan h kinh nghim lin h cc thng s ny vi p lc c
thit lp tnh ton mng cc (Baguelin v cc cng s, 1978 v s tay nn mng
cng trnh ca Canada1978*, 1985). Cc quan h ny dng tnh ton lc chng
u cc v ma st bn.
2.3.1. Lc chng u cc (Qp)
Biu thc kinh nghim sau y c th dng c tnh lc chng u cc nu
nh o c p lc gii hn P1 v P0 bng th nghim:
Qp = Ap q0 + Kq + (P1 P0)

(C.14)

Trong :
Qp lc chng u cc gii hn; Ap Din tch mi cc; q0 - ng sut theo
phng ngang trong t do u cc b nng ln; Kq H s kh nng chu ti
c xc nh theo thc nghim.

Hnh 2.6. H s kh nng

chu ti Kq i vi mng cc
c tnh ton theo b o p
lc (S tay k thut nn mng
ca Canada, 1978).

76

Trong hnh ny, ng loi 1 dng cho t st v t ph sa; ng loi 2

dng cho t st cng, t ph sa chc, ct khng chc v xp hoc phong
ha; ng loi 3 dng cho ct, si v ; ng loi 4 dng cho ct rt chc v si
(Shields, 1978). Khi tnh sc chu ti cho php t phng trnh trn dng h s an
ton bng 3.
2.3.2. Lc ma st bn (Qf)
Lc ma st bn ti hn Qf c th tnh bng tch ca lc ma st bn gii hn
n v f = fs vi di v chu vi cc. Lc ma st bn n v c lien quan ti p lc
ti hn PL . Hnh ny da theo cc biu thc kinh nghim ca Baguelin v cc cng
s (1978). Trong hnh ny, ng A dng trc tip cho cc g hoc cc b tong h
trong t dnh. Nu l cc thp th cc gi tr ny phi nhn vi 0,75. Nu cc h
trong t khng dnh th ng A dng cho cc b tng ng chi v cc thp
cn chuyn v, cn nu cc thp chi th cc gi tr ny phi nhn vi 0,5. ng B
dng cho cc b tng cha chi. tnh gi tr lc ma st bn cho php th dng h
s an ton bng 2 (S tay nn mng cng rnh ca Canada 1978).
2.2.4. Bng phng php ng th.
2.2.4.1. Cng thc chung cho sc chu ti cho php ca cc theo kt qu th ng
c xc nh theo cng thc:

Qu
Qa =

kd

(D.1)

Trong :
Qu sc chu ti cc hn theo cng thc ng; kd h s an ton.
S m phng h thng h cc: Trong cc cng thc ng, ch c k ti mt
phn nng lng v d on phn nng lng mt mt. S m phng h cc qu
n gin v cc cng thc ny cng khng phi c xy dng trn c s ca

77

thit b n gin ny. Nh vy s m phng thit b h cc trong cc cng thc

ng ch l gn ng.
mm ca cc: Khi thit lp cng thc ng, ngi ta tha nhn cc l
cng v b qua tt c cc nh hng ca mm.
Sc khng ca t: Khi tnh ton m hnh t a ra khc xa vi t thc v
rng khi coi sc khng ca t khng i. Sc khng tnh ca cc cng c th
khng bng sc khng ng ca cc (xem chng 1).
2.2.4.2. Bng phng php th bin dng ln PDA
Cc c coi nh vt liu n hi ng nht v t c coi nh m hnh do
l tng. Theo gi thuyt trn v da theo l thuyt truyn sng, ngi ta rt ra
khng tnh ca t nh sau:
Pt = ( 1 J) F(t1 + ZV (t1) / 2 + (1 + J) F (t2) ZV (t2) /2

(D.2)

Trong :
J: h s cn ng.
Z: tr khng ca cc.
V(t1): vn tc o c ti u cc ng vi thi im va chm ton phn (Lc
va chm cc i)
V(t2): vn tc o c ti u cc ng vi thi im sng ng sut i ht mt
chu k t u cc n mi cc v phn x ngc li;
F(t1): lc o c ti u cc ng vi thi im t1;
F(t2): lc o c ti u cc ng vi ti 72 im t2;
Z: Tr khng, c xc nh theo cng thc: Z = M.C/L
Trong : M l trng lng cc; C l tc truyn sng ng sut; L l chiu
di cc.

78

CHNG 3. TNG QUAN GIA SCT THEO THIT K VI

SCT THEO KT QU NN TNH V LC P U CC
Hin nay, trong thc t c nhiu phng php xc nh sc chu ti ca cc
nh tnh ton theo th nghim nn tnh, theo th nghim ti trng ng bin dng ln
PDA, theo kt qu th nghim hin trng CPT, SPT hoc theo l thuyt. Trong
th nghim nn tnh l phng php cho php xc nh chnh xc nht sc chu ti
ca cc. Tuy nhin khi thit k s b th ngi k s thng la chn theo cc cng
thc kinh nghim hoc theo l thuyt nn cho kt qu cha ng vi thc t. Trn
c s , ngi thit k hay thi cng s thit k lc p u cc P p. Trn c s th
nghim nn tnh cc cho cng trnh thc t kt hp vi cc kt qu tnh ton theo
cc quy trnh, l thuyt hin hnh, trong chng ny, lun vn nhm a ra mi
quan h gia SCT theo kt qu th nghim nn tnh v SCT theo thit k; mi quan
h gia SCT theo thit k v lc dng p u cc. Kt qu s c phn tch, nh
gi cc h s iu chnh cho ph hp trong iu kin t nn Vit Nam khi s
dng cc quy trnh t nc ngoi.
Trong chng ny, chng ta tp hp c mt s lng ln kt qu SCT
ca cc theo thit k v theo kt qu th nghim nn tnh ca cc cng trnh thc t
s dng mng cc thi cng bng phng php p thnh ph V Thanh. Vi 25
cng trnh bao gm 92 kt qu th nghim nn tnh cc, phn b u trn ton b
thnh ph, cho php chng ta nh gi c mt cch khch quan mi quan h gia
SCT theo thit k v theo th nghim nn tnh. Ngoi ra, vi lc dng p u cc
thu thp c, lun vn cng cho php xem xt mi quan h gia lc dng p u
cc thc t so vi thit k, nhm c th a ra c nhng h s iu chnh ph
hp vi a cht ca thnh ph V Thanh.

79

3.1. CC CNG THC XC NH SCT CHO CC HAY S DNG

NC TA
Sc chu ti gii hn Pgh ca cc c hiu l gi tr ti trng ln nht m
cc c kh nng chu c trc thi im xy ra ph hoi, c xc nh bng tnh
ton hoc th nghim.
Sc chu ti cho php ca cc:
Pa

Pgh
Fs

Qs Qc
Fs

Trong : Pa- Sc chu ti cho php ca cc; QC l kh nng chu ti do t

nn mi cc to ra, QS l kh nng chu ti do ma st gia t nn m mt bn
thn cc, Fs - h s an ton. Tu theo tng loi t, trng thi, kch thc v chiu
di cc m sc chu ti ca cc s khc nhau. Hin nay, nc ta thng s dng
cc phng php sau tnh ton sc chu ti cho cc ni chung v cc p, cc
ng ni ring:
3.1.1. Sc chu tnh theo theo TCVN 205-1998 (SCT thit k)
SCT thit k thng c cc k s tnh ton theo cc cng thc l thuyt
(phng php tra bng), k hiu Pa Tra Bng . Theo phng php ny, sc chu ti cho
php ca cc:
Pa Tra Bng =

Pgh
Fs

Fs= 1,4 (cc chu nn); 2,5 (cc chu ko)

Trong : Sc chu ti gii hn ca cc: Pgh= m(Qs + Qc)

n

Qs = 2 . u i .l i . i : l sc khng do ma st quanh chu vi cc.

i 1

Qc = 1 .Rn.F : l sc khng mi cc.

80

Hnh 3.1. Tnh cht c l t in hnh

3.1.2. Sc chu ti theo kt qu th nghim xuyn (SPT)
Theo phng php ny, cng thc tnh SCT ca cc gm 2 thnh phn:
Pgh = Qs + Qc.
Trong
Qs : tng lc khng bn quanh cc.
Qc : lc khng ti mi cc.
Da vo kt qu xuyn tiu chun SPT:
Theo Meyerhof: Pgh = Qs + Qc trong :

Qs ui .li K2 .Ni

(0.1)

Qc K1.Nn .F

(0.2)

N i , N n - tr s SPT trung bnh ca cc lp t cc qua v mi cc

81

K1 (kN/m2)- h s = 400(cc ng), 120 (cc nhi) KN/m2

K2(kN/m2)- h s = 2(cc ng), 1 (cc nhi) KN/m2
SCT cho php theo kt qu xuyn tiu chun :
Pa SPT

Pgh
Fs

Qs Qc
35

(0.3)

Hnh 3.2. Kt qu th nghm SPT

3.2. SC CHU TI CA CC THEO KT QU TH NGHIM NN TNH
Vic d bo sc chu ti gii hn ca cc v xc nh ti trng cho php tng
ng l mt yu t quan trng trong thit k cc ni ring v mng cc ni chung.
Tuy vy, kh nng lm vic thc s ca cc l kt qu ca rt nhiu yu t nh
hng trc tip hoc gin tip. Trong s , cng ngh v th tc thi cng cc, vt
liu cc v bn cht mi tng tc cc-t, s bin ng bt thng ca iu kin
a cht l nhng yu t c tnh quyt nh phm cht cc [Nn Mng Phan Hng
Qun].

82

Do vy, th nghim nn tnh cc c t ra nh mt yu cu bt buc

nhm:
m bo mt cch chc chn rng s ph hoi cc khng xy ra trc khi
xut hin ti trng gii hn mong mun bng Fs ln ti trng lm vic d
kin tc dng ln cc.
xc nh li sc chu ti gii hn ca cc so vi cc d bo tin hnh trn
c s ti liu a cht, kt qu ng th cc ...nhm phc v iu chnh thit
k ban u mt cch hp l v c hiu qu kinh t cao.
tm hiu c tnh bin dng-ti trng ca cc v kh nng d bo ln ca
nhm cc hoc nhng cc khc
xc nh cng ca cc phc v cho tnh ton h thng kt cu nh mt th
thng nht.
Hin nay c rt nhiu phng php th nghim khc nhau c s dng cho cc
mc ch ni trn. Trong s , cc phng php sau y c s dng rng ri
hn c: th nghim di cc mc ti trng c duy tr khng i cho n khi cc
t c s n nh v ln (ML : maintained loading).
a. Nguyn l: Tc dng ln cc th nghim ti trng coi l tnh ; o xc nh quan
h ti trng- ln (chuyn v cc) ; trn c s xc nh c Pgh (Pu) - sc
chu ti gii hn ca cc v phng din t nn. T suy ra sc chu ti tnh
ton Pa Nn Tnh
b. Din dch kt qu:
Theo quan im cng t nn :
P =

Pgh
Fs

vi Fs 2

Theo quan im bin dng: t gi tr [S ] Pgh. vi Fs 1,2

Trong = 0,1-0,2, xt n hiu ng nhm cc v thi gian. Nu ng S = [S ]
khng ct ng P - S th ly Pgh = PmaxTN

83

Mt vi dng kt qu thng thng thu c qua biu ti trng v ln

nh biu 3.1; 3.2; 3.3.

Pgh =PmaxTN
P(t)

8mm
= .Sgh
S(mm)

Biu 3.1. Ti trng v ln,

trng hp TN cha ph hoi t
nn

Pgh

Pgh =Pu
P(t)

P(t)

8mm
= .Sgh

S(mm)

Biu 3.2. Ti trng v ln,

trng hp TN ln qu gii
hn cho php

= .Sgh=40mm
hoc 0,1d

S(mm)

Biu 3.3. Ti trng v ln,

trng hp TN n ph hoi t
nn

84

Bng 3.1. Cc thng s xc nh sc chu ti cc theo TCVN

TCVN(9393-2012)
Pmax

n ln S=40mm nhng khng nh hn 1.5Pgh*

<25% Ptk cho cc cp ti trng ban u; <10% Pmax cho cc cp

cui cng (Pmax =1,53 Pgh)

S/t

0.25 mm/h khi t mi cc l ct hoc st cng - na cng

0.1 mm/h khi t mi cc l st do

0.2[S] hoc 40mm, ly gi tr b

Chu trnh th
nghim

Th nghim n Pmax vi P10%Pmax. D ti vi P=2P, mi

cp 15 pht

Pgh

Pu hoc pgh tng ng vi chuyn v [S ]

Ghi ch:
Pw : ti trng lm vic yu cu ca cc thit k hay i khi c hiu ly
theo sc chu ti cho php

Pgh
Fs ( 2)

Pgh : sc chu ti gii hn ca cc theo d bo bng cc phng php khc.

- Trong ti nghin cu, ta chn (Fs=2 khi th nghim NT n cc hn;
Fs=1,2 khi th nghim NT cha n cc hn).
- V tr cc th nghim NT ng vo v tr h khoan a cht v th nghim
SPT.
- Chiu di cc TN c p ng theo su thit k (d bo theo phng
php tra bng).
3.3. KHI NIM S TNG QUAN GIA SC CHU TI THEO KT
QU NN TNH V THEO THIT K
Hin nay, SCT c tnh theo kt qu th nghim nn tnh c coi l
phng php tin cy nht. Da vo kt qu ny, chng ta s xy dng mi quan
h gia SCT ca cc theo phng php nn tnh v theo cc phng php khc
(theo tra bng, theo SPT), nhm c th nh gi c mt cch chnh xc hn kt
qu SCT trong thit k hin nay. Chng ta nh ngha 2 h s tng quan nh sau :
H s tng quan gia SCT theo nn tnh v theo phng php tra bng, k
hiu

K1(NT-Tra Bng), c nh ngha bng :

85

K1 NT-TRA BANG

Pa NT
Pa TRA BANG

(0.4)

Trong : Pa NT : l SCT cho php ca cc tnh theo kt qu nn tnh; Pa TRA BANG :

l SCT ca cc c tnh theo phng php tra bng.
H s tng quan gia SCT theo nn tnh v theo th nghim SPT, k hiu
K1(NT-SPT), c nh ngha bng :
K1 NT-SPT

Pa NT
Pa SPT

(0.5)

Trong : Pa NT : l SCT cho php ca cc tnh theo kt qu nn tnh; Pa SPT :

l SCT ca cc c tnh theo kt qu th nghim SPT.
Cc h s tng quan ny cng gn 1 th chng t rng cc kt qu tnh ton SCT
ca cc thit k cng gn vi thc t (kt qu nn tnh).
3.4. KHI NIM S TNG QUAN GIA LC DNG P U CC V
SC CHU TI THEO THIT K
Thng thng, trong thit k cng nh trong cc ti liu nn mng, SCT ca
cc

Pgh = min{Pgh(vl) ; Pgh(t nn)} = Pgh(t nn). Bi v vt liu cc l yu t nhn

to c th ch ng la chn cc tc nhn nh hng mt cch thch hp trong khi

t nn quanh cc l yu t t nhin hu nh khng th la chn do xu hng
ph bin v hp l ca ngi thit k l la chn sao cho Pgh(vl ) Pgh(n): tc l
Sc chu ti gii hn ca cc trong phn ln trng hp ng ngha vi sc chu ti
gii hn ca cc theo t nn. [Nn Mng Phan Hng Qun].
Nu chn Pgh(vl) Pgh(t nn) th cng tit kim vt liu, tuy nhin khi thit k cc
ng hoc cc p th SCT ca cc theo vt liu Pgh(vl) tnh ra lun phi ln hn rt
nhiu sc chu ti ca t nn cc khng b ph hoi khi b my ng hoc p tc
dng vo n. Khi thi cng p cc phi tha mn iu kin lc Ppmin v Ppmax :
Ppmin = (1.5-2) x Pthit k; Ppmax = (2-3) x Pthit k

86

Trong : Pthit k l ti trng thit k d kin tc dng ln cc. Ppmax khng c

vt qu sc chu ti ca vt liu cc (Pvl). Do Pthit k nh hn rt nhiu so vi
Pvl (thng t 2-3 ln).
Vi cc s liu lc dng p u cc v SCT thit k ca cc thu c t cc
cng trnh thc t thnh ph V Thanh, trong phn ny, chng ta xy dng mi
quan h gia SCT theo thit k v lc dng p u cc thc t, k hiu l K3, nhm
c th a ra mt h s iu chnh chnh xc khi thit k lc p u cc cng nh
tnh ton Pvl tng ng mt cch tit kim nht. K3 c nh ngha bng :
K3

Pdung ep
Pa TK

(0.6)

- Lc dng p u cc th nghim l Pp max khi cc c p xung ng theo

chiu di thit k d bo bng phng php tra bng, v tr cc cc TN ng vo v
tr h khoan a cht cng trnh (c th nghim SPT), trong cng tng cng trnh
ng b vi nhau.
3.5. KT QU MI TNG QUAN K1 V K3 THEO TI LIU T CC
CNG TRNH THC T.
Trong t kho st nghin cu, tc gi thc hin tin hnh thu thp s liu
kho st a cht, th nghim nn tnh cc ngoi hin trng, s liu h s thit k
PTK, lc dng p u cc P dng p vi 25 cng trnh bao gm 92 kt qu th nghim
thnh ph V Thanh.

87
Hnh 3.3. Bng v tr 25 cng trnh thu thp s liu i din cho thnh ph V Thanh

88

* PHNG PHP X L THNG K KT QU

-

XC NH GI TR TIU CHUN V GI TR TNH TON

Sau khi kim tra thng k tc c cc s liu th nghim trong phm vi nghin
cu (trong khu vc thnh ph V Thanh tnh Hu Giang), loi tr cc s liu qu
sai (sai s th) cn st li (cc gi tr ring Ki max hay Ki min ) khng tha mn iu
kin sau:
< Sth
Trong :

(1)
(2)
(3)

y: l tr trung bnh cng (s hc); Sth l lch qun phng trung

bnh tng hp; l tr s tiu chun thng k ly theo (tra bng A.3) ph lc A Tiu
chun TCVN 9153:2012 ph thuc vo n th nghim, vi xc xut tin cy =0,95.
Niu tha iu kin (1), tr s V v S c thc hin tip theo:
- lch qun phng trung bnh (S):

H s bin thin (bin sai) V; V=

-H s an ton v t (K) xc nh theo cng thc sau; K =

Trong : l tr s chnh xc (khong tin cy) ln cn tr s trung bnh
thc ca c trng (ch tiu):

t l tr s ly theo (bng A1 ph lc A) TCVN 9153:2012, ph thuc

vo tin cy mt pha cho trc v s bc t do K=n-1.

- =0,95 Khi tnh nn theo sc chu ti; =0,85 Khi tnh nn theo bin dng.

Ktt =

Tra bng t: =0,95 s bc t do n-1, => t; =0,85 s bc t do n => t

Gi tr tnh ton ca ch tiu (Ktt); Ktc=

89

Bng 3.2. Tm tt s liu cng trnh

P a NT
Tn Cng Trnh
(Tn)
59,528
1: Tr s S xy dng

P dng p
(Tn)
79,667

2: Tr s UBND tnh

61,217

85,143

3: Tr s S T php

59,444

80,667

4: Trng dy ngh
63,056
5: Di tch nh chin v Ci
Snh
63,333
6: Nh Trng by
116,667

84,667

P TK
Ch thch (lp t
mi cc)
(Tn)
36 Ct pha trng thi cht
va
St xm xanh, nu vng,
34,75 do cng
Ct vng ht trung, trng
36 thi cht
St mu nu , trng thi
38 cng

84,550
148,000

Ct ht nh nu vng, trng
38 thi cht va
70 Ct pha, trng thi cht va

7: Tr s UBND phng 7
8: Bnh vin tnh
9: Bnh vin TP V Thanh

50,833
23,095
49,942

67,250
30,929
68,450

St nu pha ct mn,
31 trng thi do cng
14 Ct pha, trng thi cht va
30 St pha trng thi do cng

10: Nh thi u a nng

11: Tr s S Vn ha th
thao v du lch

49,722

60,667

St pha mu nu vng ,
30 trng thi do cng

35,000

86,000

Ct mn ln bi nu ,
28 trng thi do cng

12: Trng chnh tr tnh

13: Trung tm hot ng
thanh thiu nin

58,148

79,833

Ct ht trung mu vng, kt
35 cu cht va

43,333

65,250

St pha mu nu vng ,
26 trng thi do cng

14: Tr s Bo Hu Giang
15: Tr s chi cc bo v
ti nguyn v mi trng

91,667

119,250

66,667

84,350

49,688

65,925

16: Trung tm gio dc

thng xuyn
17: Tng i chin thng
75 tiu on ch
18: Tr s S Khoa hc v
cng ngh
19: Tr s S K hoch v
u t
20: Bnh vin lao

St pha, mu xm nu vng,
55 trng thi do cng
St mu xm nu vng,
40 trng thi do na cng
St mu xm nu vng,
vng trng trng thi do
30 na cng

74,167

91,400

47,917

65,325

St, st pha, nu , mu
nu vng, xm trng trng
45 thi do mm na cng
St, st pha, xm vng, nu
vng, trng thi do n na
29 cng

58,333

83,667

St pha, mu vng, xm nu
35 trng thi do cng

53,333

81,167

St pha, xm trng thi

32 na cng n cng

90

21: Trng PTTH Chim

Thnh Tn
22: Trng cao ng cng
ng

63,333

82,250

60,000

78,200

23: Sn giao dch vic lm

87,500

123,000

Ct pha st, mu xm vng,

36 cht trung bnh
t st bt t ct mu vng
xm, m nu , do
60 trung bnh

24: Trm Y t phng 1

25: Trung tm phng chng
HIV

46,667

64,500

Ct ht trung mu nu vng,
28 cht va

54,500

St nu , xm trng trng
25 thi na cng

43,333

38 Ct pha st, mu xm

Nhn xt : Da vo s liu trn a s mi cc c xuyn vo lp st pha

hoc ct pha ty thuc vo chiu di cc do TK quyt nh, cc TK ch yu
l cc ma st.
3.5.1. Tnh ton SCT theo kt qu nn tnh
Pa Nn Tnh = Pgh /2 ; (Da vo biu ti trng v nn ln, trng hp th nghim
nn tnh n ph hoi)
Pa Nn Tnh = Pgh /1,2 ; (Da vo biu ti trng v nn ln, trng hp th
nghim nn tnh cha n ph hoi)
Bng 3.3. Tng hp s liu tnh ton SCT theo kt qu nn tnh
P gh
P a NT
Ch thch v
Tn Cng Trnh
ng cong P-S
(Tn)
(Tn)
1: Tr s S xy dng
2: Tr s UBND tnh
3: Tr s S T php
4: Trng dy ngh
5: Di tch nh chin v Ci Snh
6: Nh Trng by
7: Tr s UBND phng 7
8: Bnh vin tnh
9: Bnh vin TP V Thanh
10: Nh thi u a nng

71,433
77,883
71,333
75,667

59,528
61,217
59,444
63,056

76,000
140,000
61,000
27,714
59,930
59,667

63,333
116,667
50,833
23,095
49,942
49,722

ng cong P-S dng 1

Hnh 3.5 (cha ph
hoi)

91

11: Tr s S Vn ha th thao v du
lch
12: Trng chnh tr tnh
13: Trung tm hot ng thanh thiu
nin
14: Tr s Bo Hu Giang
15: Tr s chi cc bo v ti nguyn
v mi trng

70,000
69,778

ng cong P-S dng 2

35,000 Hnh 3.6 (ph hoi)
58,148

52,000
110,000

43,333
91,667

80,000

66,667

16: Trung tm gio dc thng xuyn

17: Tng i chin thng 75 tiu
on ch

59,625

49,688

89,000

74,167

18: Tr s S Khoa hc v cng ngh

57,500

47,917

19: Tr s S K hoch v u t
20: Bnh vin lao

70,000
64,000

58,333
53,333

21: Trng PTTH Chim Thnh Tn

76,000

63,333

22: Trng cao ng cng ng

23: Sn giao dch vic lm
24: Trm Y t phng 1

72,000
105,000
56,000

60,000
87,500
46,667

25: Trung tm phng chng HIV

52,000

43,333

ng cong P-S dng 1

Hnh 3.5 (cha ph
hoi)

3.5.2. Tnh ton SCT theo kt qu th nghim SPT

Pa SPT = (1/3) * [NaAp + (0,2NsLs + CLc) d]

[Nht Bn]

trong :
Pa SPT l sc mang ti cho php ca cc, tnh bng tn (T);
Ap l tit din cc, tnh bng mt vung (m2);
D l ng knh cc, tnh bng mt (m);
Ls l chiu di on cc nm trong t ct, tnh bng mt (m);
Lc l chiu di on cc nm trong t st, tnh bng mt (m);
Na l gi tr Nspt ca t di mi cc, tnh bng ba trn 30 cm (ba/30 cm);
Ns l gi tr Nspt ca t ct bn thn cc, tnh bng ba trn 30 cm (ba/30 cm);
C l lc dnh ca t st bn thn cc, tnh bng tn trn mt vung (T/m2);

92

l h s ph thuc vo phng php thi cng, a c ly bng 30 vi cc b

tng ct thp.
Bng 3.4. Tng hp s liu tnh ton SCT Theo kt qu th nghim SPT
Tn Cng Trnh

Gi tr Pa
SPT

1: Tr s S xy dng

53,633

2: Tr s UBND tnh

61,850

3: Tr s S T php

52,067

4: Trng dy ngh
5: Di tch nh chin v
Ci Snh
6: Nh Trng by

53,843
53,050
101,700

40,700

18: Tr s S Khoa hc v
cng ngh
19: Tr s S K hoch v
u t

Ct pha trng thi cht va

St xm xanh, nu vng, do
cng
Ct vng ht trung, trng thi
cht
St mu nu , trng thi
cng

63,333

10: Nh thi u a nng

11: Tr s S Vn ha th
thao v du lch

17: Tng i chin thng

75 tiu on ch

59,528
61,217

63,056

38,600
19,733
41,780

14: Tr s Bo Hu Giang
15: Tr s chi cc bo v
ti nguyn v mi trng
16: Trung tm gio dc
thng xuyn

Ch thch (lp t mi cc)

59,444

7: Tr s UBND phng 7
8: Bnh vin tnh
9: Bnh vin TP V Thanh

12: Trng chnh tr tnh

13: Trung tm hot ng
thanh thiu nin

P a NT

116,667
50,833
23,095
49,942
49,722

St nu pha ct mn, trng

thi do cng
Ct pha, trng thi cht va
St pha trng thi do cng
St pha mu nu vng ,
trng thi do cng

35,000

Ct mn ln bi nu , trng
thi do cng

58,148

Ct ht trung mu vng, kt
cu cht va

43,333

St pha mu nu vng ,
trng thi do cng

91,667

St pha, mu xm nu vng,
trng thi do cng

66,667

St mu xm nu vng, trng
thi do na cng

49,688

St mu xm nu vng, vng
trng trng thi do na cng

74,167

St, st pha, nu , mu nu
vng, xm trng trng thi do
mm na cng
St, st pha, xm vng, nu
vng, trng thi do n na
cng

30,600
47,683
37,225
85,650
56,700
42,733

62,833
47,917
41,550
58,333
49,800

Ct ht nh nu vng, trng
thi cht va
Ct pha, trng thi cht va

St pha, mu vng, xm nu
trng thi do cng

93

53,333

20: Bnh vin lao

21: Trng PTTH Chim
Thnh Tn
22: Trng cao ng cng
ng

43,550

St pha, xm trng thi na

cng n cng

63,333
55,950

Ct pha st, mu xm
60,000

50,075
87,500

23: Sn giao dch vic lm

73,300

24: Trm Y t phng 1

25: Trung tm phng
chng HIV

Ct pha st, mu xm vng,

cht trung bnh
t st bt t ct mu vng
xm, m nu , do
trung bnh

46,667

Ct ht trung mu nu vng,
cht va

43,333

St nu , xm trng trng
thi na cng

37,900
35,050

3.5.3. Mi tng quan gia SCT theo nn tnh v theo cc phng php khc K1
T cc kt qu tnh ton trn, ta c bng kt qu mi tng quan K1 nh sau :
Bng 3.5. Kt qu mi tng quan K1
Tn Cng Trnh
1: Tr s S xy dng
2: Tr s UBND tnh
3: Tr s S T php
4: Trng dy ngh
5: Di tch nh chin v
Ci Snh
6: Nh Trng by
7: Tr s UBND
phng 7
8: Bnh vin tnh
9: Bnh vin TP V
Thanh
10: Nh thi u a nng
11: Tr s S Vn ha
th thao v du lch
12: Trng chnh tr
tnh
13: Trung tm hot
ng thanh thiu nin
14: Tr s Bo Hu

Pa NT

Pa
TBang

Pa SPT

59,528
36 53,6333
61,217 34,75
61,85
59,444
36 52,0667
63,056
38 53,8433
63,333
116,667

38
70

53,05
101,7

50,833
23,095

31
38,6
14 19,7333

49,942
49,722

30
30

41,78
40,7

35,000

28

30,6

58,148

35 47,6833

43,333
91,667

26
55

37,225
85,65

K1 NT-TBang
K1 NT-SPT
=Pa NT/Pa TBang =Pa NT/Pa SPT
1,654
1,110
1,762
0,990
1,651
1,142
1,659
1,171
1,667

1,194

1,667

1,147

1,640

1,317

1,650

1,170

1,665

1,195

1,657

1,222

1,250

1,144

1,661

1,219

1,667

1,164

1,667

1,070

94

Giang
15: Tr s chi cc bo
v ti nguyn v mi
trng
16: Trung tm gio dc
thng xuyn
17: Tng i chin
thng 75 tiu on ch
18: Tr s S Khoa hc
v cng ngh
19: Tr s S K hoch
v u t
20: Bnh vin lao
21: Trng PTTH
Chim Thnh Tn
22: Trng cao ng
cng ng
23: Sn giao dch vic
lm
24: Trm Y t phng 1
25: Trung tm phng
chng HIV

66,667

40

49,688

30 42,7333

74,167

45 62,8333

47,917

29

41,55

58,333
53,333

35
32

49,8
43,55

63,333

38

55,95

60,000

36

50,075

87,500
46,667

60
28

73,3
37,9

43,333

25

35,05

1,667

1,176

1,656

1,163

1,648

1,180

1,652

1,153

1,667

1,171

1,667

1,225

1,667

1,132

1,667

1,198

1,458

1,194

1,667

1,231

1,733

1,236

56,7

* Kt qu x l s liu K1
Bng 3.6. Kt qu x l s liu K1 NT-TBang
t

V
0,0025

0,0066

1,7200

Ktc
1,6600

K1 NT-TBang
1,6641
1,6559

Bng 3.7. Kt qu x l s liu K1 NT-SPT

t

V
0,0142

0,0407

1,7120

Ktc
1,1802

K1 NT-SPT
1,1970
1,1634

95

* V th :
Biu 3.4. Quan h Pa NT vi Pa TBang (K1 NT-TBang )
140
120
P a NT (T)

100
80

Quan h Pa NT Pa TBang

60
40
20
0
0

20

40
P a TBang (T)

60

80

Biu 3.5. Chui gi tr K1 NT-Tbang theo thng k

1,670
1,660
1,650
1,640
1,630
1,620
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Series1

Biu 3.6. Quan h Pa NT vi Pa SPT (K1 NT-SPT)

120
100

P a SPT (T)

80
Quan h Pa NT - Pa SPT

60

Linear (Quan h Pa NT - Pa
SPT)

40
20
0
0,000

50,000

100,000

P a NT(T)

150,000

96

Biu 3.7. Chui gi tr K1 NT-SPT theo thng k

1,400
1,200
1,00
,800
,600
,400
,200
,00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Chui Gi Tr K1 (NT-SPT) Theo Thng K

T kt qu tnh ton trn ta thy K1 NT-SPT nh nht nht so vi K1 NT-TBang

Ta ly kt qu th nghim nn tnh cc lm chun.
Nhn xt kt qu tnh theo SPT cho thy gn vi kt qu nn tnh nht.
Thit k thng qu an ton (v Thit k nh hn so vi nn tnh nhiu),
lng ph. Kin ngh l tng SCT thit k ln, c th gim cc, chn tit din nh
hn, chiu di cc ngn hn,...
Kin ngh vi a cht thnh ph V Thanh, th kt qu SPT thng cho
kt qu tin cy nht, v h s iu chnh vi phng php l K1 =(1,163 1,197).
Vy khi thit k nu cha c kt qu th nghim nn tnh th dng cc phng php
(SPT, Tra bng) vi cc h s iu chnh tc gi tm c ln lt l :
K1NT-SPT =(1,163 1,197); K1 NT-TBang= (1,655 1,664)
y l h s iu chnh thc t p dng c trn a bn thnh ph v
thanh.
3.5.4. Mi tng quan gia SCT theo thit k v lc dng p u cc K3
T cc kt qu tnh ton trn, ta c bng kt qu mi tng quan K3 nh sau :

97

Bng 3.8. Kt qu mi tng quan K3

Tn Cng Trnh

1: Tr s S xy dng
2: Tr s UBND tnh
3: Tr s S T php
4: Trng dy ngh
5: Di tch nh chin v Ci Snh
6: Nh Trng by
7: Tr s UBND phng 7
8: Bnh vin tnh
9: Bnh vin TP V Thanh
10: Nh thi u a nng

P dng p
P TK
(Tn)
(Tn)
79,667
36,000
85,143
34,750
80,667
36,000
84,667
38,000

K3=Pe/Pa TK
2,213
2,450
2,241
2,228

84,550
148,000
67,250
30,929
68,450
60,667

38,000
70,000
31,000
14,000
30,000
30,000

2,225
2,114
2,169
2,209
2,282
2,022

11: Tr s S Vn ha th thao v du lch

12: Trng chnh tr tnh

86,000
79,833

28,000
35,000

3,071
2,281

13: Trung tm hot ng thanh thiu nin

14: Tr s Bo Hu Giang
15: Tr s chi cc bo v ti nguyn v
mi trng

65,250
119,250

26,000
55,000

2,510
2,168

84,350

40,000

2,109

65,925

30,000

2,198

91,400

45,000

2,031

65,325
83,667
81,167
82,250
78,200
123,000
64,500
54,500

29,000
35,000
32,000
38,000
36,000
60,000
28,000
25,000

2,253
2,390
2,536
2,164
2,172
2,050
2,304
2,180

16: Trung tm gio dc thng xuyn

17: Tng i chin thng 75 tiu on
ch
18: Tr s S Khoa hc v cng ngh
19: Tr s S K hoch v u t
20: Bnh vin lao
21: Trng PTTH Chim Thnh Tn
22: Trng cao ng cng ng
23: Sn giao dch vic lm
24: Trm Y t phng 1
25: Trung tm phng chng HIV

98

* Kt qu x l s liu K3
Bng 3.9. Kt qu x l s liu K3 Pep-Ptk
t

V
0,0207

0,0594

Ktc

1,7120

K3

2,2291

2,275
2,182

* V th:
Biu 3.8. Quan h lc p u cc vi ti trng cho php ca cc
80
70

P a TK (T)

60
50
40

Quan h Pp - Pa TK

30

Linear (Quan h Pp - Pa TK)

20
10
0
0

50

100
P p u cc (T)

150

200

Biu 3.9. Chui gi tr K3 theo thng k

3,000
2,000
1,000
,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Series1

99

Kt qu s liu trn ta thy rng lc p u cc ln hn ti trng thit k

t (2,182 2,275) ln.
Nhn xt kt qu:
T kt qu cho ta thy lc p u cc thc t ln hn nhiu so vi lc p u
cc d bo theo thit k, trn thc t ch cn lc dng p l P = 1,5-2 PTK th
cc t c su thit k.
Kin ngh c th gim Pvl nh i = K3. PTK tit kim vt liu. (gim ct
thp, ...)
Thit k vi Pp max gim i, t s dng c cc my c cng sut ph
hp. Tn dng c my thi cng.

KT LUN V KIN NGH

Mt phn do thi gia eo hp, mt phn do trnh cn hn ch, kinh nghim
v hiu bit cha su. Song c s hng dn ca thy Nguyn nh Tin v cc
thy trong b mn C hc t Nn mng, cc thy ca trng i hc xy dng
gip em thc hin thnh cng ti. Qua kt qu thng k tm tng quan
gia lc p u cc v sc chu ti cho php ca cc ti rt ra c mt s kt
lun v kin ngh nh sau:
* Tng quan gia SCT theo nn tnh v theo cc phng php khc K1
Ta ly kt qu th nghim nn tnh cc lm chun.
Nhn xt kt qu tnh theo SPT cho thy gn vi kt qu nn tnh nht.
Thit k thng qu an ton (v Thit k nh hn so vi nn tnh nhiu),
lng ph. Kin ngh l tng SCT thit k ln, c th gim cc, chn tit din nh
hn, chiu di cc ngn hn,...
Kin ngh vi a cht thnh ph V Thanh, th kt qu SPT thng cho
kt qu tin cy nht, v h s iu chnh vi phng php l K1 =(1,163

100

1,197). Vy khi thit k nu cha c kt qu th nghim nn tnh th dng cc

phng php (SPT, Tra bng) vi cc h s iu chnh tc gi tm c ln lt l :
K1NT-SPT =(1,163 1,197); K1 NT-TBang= (1,655 1,664)
y l h s iu chnh thc t p dng c trn a bn thnh ph v
thanh.
* Tng quan gia SCT theo thit k v lc dng p u cc K3
Kt qu s liu trn ta thy rng lc p u cc ln hn ti trng thit k t
K3=(2,182 2,275).
Nhn xt kt qu:
T kt qu cho ta thy lc p u cc thc t ln hn nhiu so vi lc p u
cc d bo theo thit k, trn thc t ch cn lc dng p l P = 1,5-2 PTK th
cc t c su thit k.
Kin ngh c th gim Pvl nh i = K3. PTK tit kim vt liu. (gim ct
thp, ...)
Thit k vi Pp max gim i, t s dng c cc my c cng sut ph
hp. Tn dng c my thi cng.
* Quan h gia K1 vi K3:
K3

Pdung ep

(1)

Pa TRABANG

K1 NT-TRA BANG

Pa NT
Pa TRA BANG

(2)

T (1) v (2) ta suy ra Pa NT K1 NT-TRABANG

Pdung ep
K3

Vy sau ny ta c th khng cn th nghim nn tnh na, m ta ch cn nhn

vo s liu ng h lc p u cc ta xc nh c SCT ca cc theo nn
tnh.

101

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. V Cng Ng, Nguyn Thi (2004), Mng cc phn tch v thit k, NXB
Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni.
2. V Cng Ng, Nguyn Thi (2006), Th nghim t hin trng v ng dng
trong trong phn tch nn mng, NXB Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni.
3. Phan Hng Qun (2006), C hc t, NXB xy dng, H Ni.
4. Nguyn nh Tin (2002), Bi ging nn mng, H Ni.
5. L c Thng (1998), Tnh ton mng cc, NXB Giao thng vn ti, H Ni.
6. Trng i hc xy dng chuyn ngnh cu ng a k thut (1994),
Mng cc CTFE My vn b tc cho k s xy dng, NHB Xy dng,
H Ni.
7. Trn Vn Vit, Cm nang dng cho k s a k thut xy dng, NXB Xy
dng, H Ni.
8. H.M.TEPCEBAHOBA, nhm bin dch Nguyn B K, Nguyn Vn Quang,
Trnh Vit Cng (1993), Hng dn thit k mng cc, NXB xy dng.
9. SHAMSHER PRAKSH HARI D.SHARMA (1999), Mng cc trong thc
t xy dng, NXB Xy dng, H Ni.

102

PH LC
Phn 1
1. Sc chu ti ca cc tnh theo kt qu nn tnh v lc p u cc
Tng s cng trnh: 25
Tng s cc th nghim: 92
1: TR S S XY DNG
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
24 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2
3

Ptn
72
72
72

Ptk= 36

tn

Ct pha trng thi cht va

Pe

Pgh
71
72
71,3

Pa NT
59,1667
60
59,4167

71,4333

59,5278

78
82
79

Pu

Tr s Ktb
79,6667
2: TR S UBND tnh
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

300X300 (mm)
20,5 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Ptn
78,2
78,2
78,2
78,2
78,2
78,2
78,2

Ptk= 34,75

St xm xanh, nu vng, do cng

Pe

Pgh
77,5
78,2
77
78,2
78,2
78,2

Pa NT
39,1
64,5833
65,1667
64,1667
65,1667
65,1667
65,1667

77,8833

61,2167

85
87
87
75
88
87
87

Pu
78,2

Tr s Ktb
85,1429

tn

103

3: TR S S T PHP
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
21 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2
3

Ptk= 36

tn

Ct vng ht trung, trng thi cht

Ptn
72
72
72

Pe

Pgh
84
78
80

Pu

Pa NT

72
70
72

60
58,3333
60

71,3333

59,4444

Tr s Ktb
80,6667
4: TRNG DY NGH
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
25 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2
3

Ptn
76
76
76

Ptk= 38

tn

St mu nu , trng thi cng

Pe

Pgh
76
76
75

Pa NT
63,3333
63,3333
62,5

75,6667

63,0556

85,6
84,9
83,5

Pu

Tr s Ktb
84,6667

5: DI TCH CHIN THNG VM CI SNH

Tit din cc

300X300 (mm)

Chiu di cc

22,8 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2

Ptn
76
76

Ptk= 38

tn

Ct ht nh nu vng, trng thi cht va

Pe

Pgh
85,6
83,5
Tr s Ktb

Pu
76
76

Pa NT
63,3333
63,3333

104

84,5500

76,0000

63,3333

6: NH TRNG BY
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

350X350 (mm)
35,1 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2

Ptn
140
140

Ptk= 70

tn

Ct pha, trng thi cht va

Pe

Pgh
140
140

Pa NT
116,667
116,667

140,0000

116,6667

147
149

Pu

Tr s Ktb
148,0000
7: TR S UBND PHNG 7
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
23,4 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2

Ptn
62
62

Ptk= 31

tn

St nu pha ct mn, trng thi do cng

Pe

Pgh
66
68,5

Pu

Pa NT

60
62

50
51,6667

61,0000

50,8333

Tr s Ktb
67,2500
8: BNH VIN TNH
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

200X200 (mm)
18,5 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2
3
4
5

Ptn
28
28
28
28
28

Ptk= 14

tn

Ct pha, trng thi cht va

Pe

Pgh
30
31
28,5
31
32

Pu
28
28
27
28
28

Pa NT
23,3333
23,3333
22,5
23,3333
23,3333

105

6
7

28
28

35
29

28
27

23,3333
22,5

27,7143

23,0952

Tr s Ktb
30,9286
9: BNH VIN TP V THANH
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
25 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Ptn
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60

Ptk= 30

tn

St pha trng thi do cng

Pe

Pgh
70
68
69
72
69,5
58
66
67
73
72

Pu

Pa NT

60
60
60
60
60
59,3
60
60
60
60

50
50
50
50
50
49,4167
50
50
50
50

59,9300

49,9417

Tr s Ktb
68,4500
10: NH THI U A NNG
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
16 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2
3

Ptn
60
60
60

Ptk= 30

tn

St pha mu nu vng , trng thi do cng

Pe

Pgh
63
57
62

Pu

Pa NT

60
59
60

50
49,1667
50

59,6667

49,7222

Tr s Ktb
60,6667

106

11: TR S VN HA TH THAO V DU LCH

Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
20 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2

Ptn
80
80

Ptk= 28

tn

Ct mn ln bi nu , trng thi do cng

Pe

Pgh

Pu

85
87

Pa NT
70
70

35
35

70,0000

35,0000

Tr s Ktb
86,0000
12: TRNG CHNH TR TNH
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

300X300 (mm)
29,2 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Ptn
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70

Ptk= 35

tn

Ct ht trung mu vng, kt cu cht va

Pe

Pgh
70
70
70
70
70
69
69
70
70

Pa NT
58,3333
58,3333
58,3333
58,3333
58,3333
57,5
57,5
58,3333
58,3333

69,7778

58,1481

87
76
87
83,5
81
68
70
80
86

Pu

Tr s Ktb
79,8333

13: TRUNG TM HOT NG THANH THIU NIN

Tit din cc
Chiu di cc
Lp t mi cc

250X250 (mm)
21 m

Ptk= 26

St pha mu nu vng , trng thi do cng

tn

107

STT-TN
1
2
3
4

Ptn
52
52
52
52

Pe

Pgh
52
52
52
52

Pa NT
43,3333
43,3333
43,3333
43,3333

52,0000

43,3333

66
68
65
62

Pu

Tr s Ktb
65,2500
14: TR S BO HU GIANG
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

350X350 (mm)
26 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2

Ptn
110
110

Ptk= 55

tn

St pha, mu xm nu vng, trng thi do cng

Pe

Pgh
110
110

Pa NT
91,6667
91,6667

110,0000

91,6667

118
120,5

Pu

Tr s Ktb
119,2500

15: TR S CHI CC BO V MI TRNG

Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
25,7 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2

Ptn
80
80

Ptk= 40

tn

St mu xm nu vng, trng thi do na cng

Pe

Pgh
80
80

Pa NT
66,6667
66,6667

80,0000

66,6667

86
82,7

Pu

Tr s Ktb
84,3500

16: TRUNG TM GIO DC THNG XUYN

Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
21 m

Ptk= 30

tn

108

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
Ptn
1
2
3
4

St mu xm nu vng, vng trng trng thi do na

cng
Pe

60
60
60
60

58
68
68,7
69

Pgh
58,5
60
60
60

Pu

Pa NT
48,75
50
50
50

Tr s Ktb
65,9250

59,6250

49,6875

17: TNG I CHIN THNG 75 TIU ON

Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

300X300 (mm)
27 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2
3
4

Ptn
90
90
90
90

Ptk= 45

tn

St, st pha, nu , mu nu vng, xm trng trng thi

do mm na cng
Pe

Pgh
87
90
90
89

Pa NT
72,5
75
75
74,1667

89,0000

74,1667

88
93
97,6
87

Pu

Tr s Ktb
91,4000

18: TR S KHOA HC V CNG NGH

Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
21 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2
3
4

Ptn
58
58
58
58

Ptk= 29

tn

St, st pha, xm vng, nu vng, trng thi do n na

cng
Pe

Pgh
55
67
70
69,3

Pu
56
58
58
58

Pa NT
46,6667
48,3333
48,3333
48,3333

109

Tr s Ktb
65,3250

57,5000

47,9167

19: TR S K HOCH V U T
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
25 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2
3

Ptn
70
70
70

Ptk= 35

tn

St pha, mu vng, xm nu trng thi do cng

Pe

Pgh
70
70
70

Pa NT
58,3333
58,3333
58,3333

70,0000

58,3333

82
85
84

Pu

Tr s Ktb
83,6667
20: BNH VIN LAO
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
25 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2
3
4
5
6

Ptn
64
64
64
64
64
64

Ptk= 32

tn

St pha, xm trng thi na cng n cng

Pe

Pgh
64
64
64
64
64
64

Pa NT
53,3333
53,3333
53,3333
53,3333
53,3333
53,3333

64,0000

53,3333

85
77
81
83
79
82

Pu

Tr s Ktb
81,1667

21: TRNG PTTH CHIM THNH TN

Tit din cc
Chiu di cc
Lp t mi cc

250X250 (mm)
24,7 m
Ct pha st, mu xm

Ptk= 38

tn

110

STT-TN
1
2

Ptn
76
76

Pe

Pgh
76
76

Pa NT
63,3333
63,3333

76,0000

63,3333

82
82,5

Pu

Tr s Ktb
82,2500

22: TRNG CAO NG CNG NG

Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

300X300 (mm)
23,6 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2

Ptk= 36

tn

Ct pha st, mu xm vng, cht trung bnh

Ptn
72
72

Pe

Pgh
77
79,4

Pu

Pa NT

72
72

60
60

72,0000

60,0000

Tr s Ktb
78,2000
23: SN GIAO DCH VIC LM
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

300X300 (mm)
27 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2

Ptk= 60

tn

t st bt t ct mu vng xm, m nu , do trung

bnh

Ptn
105
105

Pe

Pgh
105
105

Pa NT
87,5
87,5

105,0000

87,5000

120
126

Pu

Tr s Ktb
123,0000
24: TRM Y T PHNG 1
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc
Lp t mi cc

250X250 (mm)
21 m

Ptk= 28

Ct ht trung mu nu vng, cht va

tn

111

STT-TN
1
2

Ptn
56
56

Pe

Pgh
56
56

Pa NT
46,6667
46,6667

56,0000

46,6667

62
67

Pu

Tr s Ktb
64,5000
25: TRUNG TM PHNG CHNG HIV
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
20,6 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2

Ptn
50
50

Ptk= 25

tn

St nu , xm trng trng thi na cng

Pe
48
61

Pgh
49,5
54,5

Tr s Ktb
54,5000
52,0000

Pu

Pa NT
41,25
45,4167
43,3333

2. X l thng k K1 NT-Tbang - KTB

CNG TRNH
1: Tr s S xy dng
2: Tr s UBND tnh
3: Tr s S T php
4: Trng dy ngh
5: Di tch nh chin v Ci Snh
6: Nh Trng by
7: Tr s UBND phng 7
8: Bnh vin tnh
9: Bnh vin TP V Thanh
10: Nh thi u a nng
11: Tr s S Vn ha th thao v du
lch
12: Trng chnh tr tnh
13: Trung tm hot ng thanh thiu
nin
14: Tr s Bo Hu Giang
15: Tr s chi cc bo v ti nguyn
v mi trng
16: Trung tm gio dc thng xuyn
17: Tng i chin thng 75 tiu
on ch
18: Tr s S Khoa hc v cng ngh
19: Tr s S K hoch v u t
20: Bnh vin lao
21: Trng PTTH Chim Thnh Tn
22: Trng cao ng cng ng
23: Sn giao dch vic lm
24: Trm Y t phng 1
25: Trung tm phng chng HIV
Gi tr trung bnh( KTB)
lch qun phng trung bnh tng
hp (S)
Loi tr sai s th
KTB-Kmax

K1 NT-TBang

lch =
K1 NT-TBang - KTB

1,6535
1,7616
1,6512
1,6594
1,6667
1,6667
1,6398
1,6497
1,6647
1,6574

0,0110
0,1191
0,0087
0,0168
0,0241
0,0241
-0,0028
0,0071
0,0222
0,0149

lch
bnh
phng
0,0001
0,0142
0,0001
0,0003
0,0006
0,0006
0,0000
0,0001
0,0005
0,0002

1,2500
1,6614

-0,3926
0,0188

0,1541
0,0004

1,6667
1,6667

0,0241
0,0241

0,0006
0,0006

1,6667
1,6563

0,0241
0,0137

0,0006
0,0002

1,6481
1,6523
1,6667
1,6667
1,6667
1,6667
1,4583
1,6667
1,7333
1,2500
1,6426

0,0056
0,0097
0,0241
0,0241
0,0241
0,0241
-0,1842
0,0241
0,0908

0,0000
0,0001
0,0006
0,0006
0,0006
0,0006
0,0339
0,0006
0,0082

0,0934
s mu
n=25
=2,88
*S
Kim tra:
0,1191 0,2691

Tha mn

113

KTB-Kmin
Kt lun c sai s th, cn loi b
lch qun phng trung bnh

Loi b
Kmin

0,3926 0,2691

X l s liu tip theo

STT

1,6535
1,7616
1,6512
1,6594
1,6667
1,6667
1,6398
1,6497
1,6647
1,6574

lch =
K1 NT-TBang - KTB
-0,0054
0,1027
-0,0077
0,0005
0,0078
0,0078
-0,0191
-0,0092
0,0058
-0,0015

lch bnh
phng
0,0000
0,0106
0,0001
0,0000
0,0001
0,0001
0,0004
0,0001
0,0000
0,0000

1,6614

0,0025

0,0000

1,6667
1,6667
1,6667

0,0078
0,0078
0,0078

0,0001
0,0001
0,0001

1,6563

-0,0027

0,0000

1,6481
1,6523
1,6667
1,6667
1,6667
1,6667
1,4583
1,6667
1,7333

-0,0108
-0,0066
0,0078
0,0078
0,0078
0,0078
-0,2006
0,0078
0,0744

0,0001
0,0000
0,0001
0,0001
0,0001
0,0001
0,0402
0,0001
0,0055

K1 NT-TBang

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
KTB
S

1,4583
1,6589
0,0490
s mu n=24

=2,86

114

*S
Kim tra:
0,1027 0,1402
0,2006 0,1402

Tha mn
Loi b Kmin

=>X l s liu tip theo

STT

1,6535
1,7616
1,6512
1,6594
1,6667
1,6667
1,6398
1,6497
1,6647
1,6574

lch =
K1 NT-TBang - KTB
-0,0141
0,0940
-0,0164
-0,0083
-0,0010
-0,0010
-0,0278
-0,0180
-0,0029
-0,0102

lch bnh
phng
0,0002
0,0088
0,0003
0,0001
0,0000
0,0000
0,0008
0,0003
0,0000
0,0001

1,6614

-0,0063

0,0000

1,6667
1,6667
1,6667

-0,0010
-0,0010
-0,0010

0,0000
0,0000
0,0000

1,6563

-0,0114

0,0001

1,6481
1,6523
1,6667
1,6667
1,6667
1,6667

-0,0195
-0,0153
-0,0010
-0,0010
-0,0010
-0,0010

0,0004
0,0002
0,0000
0,0000
0,0000
0,0000

1,6667
1,7333

-0,0010
0,0657

0,0000
0,0043

K1 NT-TBang

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
KTB
S

1,7616
1,6676
0,0261
s mu n=23

=2,84

115

Kim tra:
0,0940
0,0278

*S
0,0742
0,0742

Loi b Kmax
Tha mn

=>X l s liu tip theo

STT

1,6535

lch =
K1 NT-TBang - KTB
-0,0141

lch bnh
phng
0,0002

1,6512
1,6594
1,6667
1,6667
1,6398
1,6497
1,6647
1,6574

-0,0164
-0,0083
-0,0010
-0,0010
-0,0278
-0,0180
-0,0029
-0,0102

0,0003
0,0001
0,0000
0,0000
0,0008
0,0003
0,0000
0,0001

1,6614

-0,0063

0,0000

1,6667
1,6667
1,6667

-0,0010
-0,0010
-0,0010

0,0000
0,0000
0,0000

1,6563

-0,0114

0,0001

1,6481
1,6523
1,6667
1,6667
1,6667
1,6667

-0,0195
-0,0153
-0,0010
-0,0010
-0,0010
-0,0010

0,0004
0,0002
0,0000
0,0000
0,0000
0,0000

1,6667
1,7333

-0,0010
0,0657

0,0000
0,0043

K1 NT-TBang

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
KTB
S

1,7333
1,6634
0,0177
s mu n=22

=2,82

116

Kim tra:
0,0700
0,0236

*S
0,0498
0,0498

Loi b Kmax
Tha mn

=>X l s liu tip theo

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1,6535

lch =
K1 NT-TBang - KTB
-0,0141

0,0002

1,6512
1,6594
1,6667
1,6667
1,6398
1,6497
1,6647
1,6574

-0,0164
-0,0083
-0,0010
-0,0010
-0,0278
-0,0180
-0,0029
-0,0102

0,0003
0,0001
0,0000
0,0000
0,0008
0,0003
0,0000
0,0001

1,6614

-0,0063

0,0000

1,6667
1,6667
1,6667

-0,0010
-0,0010
-0,0010

0,0000
0,0000
0,0000

1,6563

-0,0114

0,0001

1,6481
1,6523
1,6667
1,6667
1,6667
1,6667

-0,0195
-0,0153
-0,0010
-0,0010
-0,0010
-0,0010

0,0004
0,0002
0,0000
0,0000
0,0000
0,0000

1,6667

-0,0010

0,0000

K1 NT-TBang

lch bnh phng

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
KTB
S

1,6667
1,6600
0,0110
s mu n=21

=2,80

117

Kim tra:
0,0066
0,0202

*S
0,0308
0,0308

Tha mn
Tha mn

3. X l thng k K3
CNG TRNH
1: Tr s S xy dng
2: Tr s UBND tnh
3: Tr s S T php
4: Trng dy ngh
5: Di tch nh chin v Ci Snh
6: Nh Trng by
7: Tr s UBND phng 7
8: Bnh vin tnh
9: Bnh vin TP V Thanh
10: Nh thi u a nng
11: Tr s S Vn ha th thao v
du lch
12: Trng chnh tr tnh
13: Trung tm hot ng thanh
thiu nin
14: Tr s Bo Hu Giang
15: Tr s chi cc bo v ti
nguyn v mi trng
16: Trung tm gio dc thng
xuyn
17: Tng i chin thng 75 tiu
on ch
18: Tr s S Khoa hc v cng
ngh
19: Tr s S K hoch v u t
20: Bnh vin lao
21: Trng PTTH Chim Thnh
Tn
22: Trng cao ng cng ng
23: Sn giao dch vic lm
24: Trm Y t phng 1
25: Trung tm phng chng HIV

2,2130
2,4502
2,2407
2,2281
2,2250
2,1143
2,1694
2,2092
2,2817
2,0222

lch =
K3-KTB
-0,0499
0,1873
-0,0221
-0,0348
-0,0378
-0,1486
-0,0935
-0,0537
0,0188
-0,2406

lch bnh
phng
0,0025
0,0351
0,0005
0,0012
0,0014
0,0221
0,0087
0,0029
0,0004
0,0579

3,0714
2,2810

0,8086
0,0181

0,6538
0,0003

2,5096
2,1682

0,2468
-0,0947

0,0609
0,0090

2,1088

-0,1541

0,0237

2,1975

-0,0653

0,0043

2,0311

-0,2317

0,0537

2,2526
2,3905
2,5365

-0,0103
0,1276
0,2736

0,0001
0,0163
0,0749

2,1645
2,1722
2,0500
2,3036
2,1800

-0,0984
-0,0906
-0,2128
0,0407
-0,0828

0,0097
0,0082
0,0453
0,0017
0,0069

K3

3,0714

118

Gi tr trung bnh
lch qun phng trung bnh
tng hp
Loi tr sai s th
KTB-Kmax
KTB-Kmin
Kt lun c sai s th, cn loi b
lch qun phng trung bnh

2,2628
0,2099
s mu n=25
Kim tra:
0,8086
0,2406

=2,88
*S
0,6045
0,6045

Loi b Kmax
Tha mn

=>X l s liu tip theo

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

K3

lch = K3-KTB

lch bnh phng

2,2130
2,4502
2,2407
2,2281
2,2250
2,1143
2,1694
2,2092
2,2817
2,0222

-0,0162
0,2210
0,0116
-0,0011
-0,0041
-0,1149
-0,0598
-0,0200
0,0525
-0,2069

0,0003
0,0488
0,0001
0,0000
0,0000
0,0132
0,0036
0,0004
0,0028
0,0428

2,2810

0,0518

0,0027

2,5096
2,1682
2,1088

0,2805
-0,0610
-0,1204

0,0787
0,0037
0,0145

2,1975

-0,0316

0,0010

2,0311
2,2526
2,3905
2,5365
2,1645
2,1722
2,0500

-0,1980
0,0234
0,1613
0,3073
-0,0647
-0,0569
-0,1791

0,0392
0,0005
0,0260
0,0944
0,0042
0,0032
0,0321

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

119

24
25

2,3036
2,1800
KTB
S

0,0744
-0,0491

2,2291
0,1323
s mu n=24
Kim tra:
0,3073
0,2069

0,0055
0,0024

=2,86
*S
0,3785
0,3785

Tha mn
Tha mn

4. K1 NT-TBang V K3 sau khi loi s liu th.

0,0025

t
0,0066

1,7200

Ktc

K1 NT-TBang

1,6600

1,6641
1,6559

0,0207

t
0,0594

1,7120

Ktc
2,2291

K3
2,2754
2,1829

120

Phn 2
1. Sc chu ti ca cc tnh theo kt qu th nghim SPT v lc p u cc
Ptt= Qa = (1/3) * [NaAp + (0,2NsLs + CLc) d]
Tng s cng trnh: 25
Tng s v tr th nghim SPT: 73
1: TR S S XY DNG
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
24 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN

Ptk= 36

tn

Ct pha trng thi cht va

Ptn

1
2
3

Pe
72
72
72

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

72
82
79

53,1
54,6
53,2

Tr s Ktb
53,6333
2: TR S UBND tnh
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

300X300 (mm)
20,5 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN

Ptk= 34,75

tn

St xm xanh, nu vng, do cng

1
2

Ptn
78,2
78,2

3
4

Pe

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

85
88

60,7
63,6

78,2

87

61,2

78,2

87

61,9

Tr s Ktb
61,8500
3: TR S S T PHP
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
21 m

Ptk= 36

tn

121

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN

Ct vng ht trung, trng thi cht

Ptn

1
2
3

Pe
72
72
72

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

84
78
80

53,2
51,1
51,9

Tr s Ktb
52,0667
4: TRNG DY NGH
Tit din cc

250X250 (mm)

Chiu di cc

25 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN

Ptk= 38

tn

St mu nu , trng thi cng

Ptn

1
2
3

Pe
76
76
76

Pgh

Pu

85,6
84,9
83,5

Pa SPT
54,28
54,1
53,15

Tr s Ktb
53,8433
5: DI TCH CHIN THNG VM CI SNH
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

300X300 (mm)
22,8 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN

Ptk= 38

tn

Ct ht nh nu vng, trng thi cht va

Ptn

Pe

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

76

85,6

53,1

76

83,5

53

Tr s Ktb
53,0500
6: NH TRNG BY
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

350X350 (mm)
35,1 m

Ptk= 70

tn

122

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2

Ct pha, trng thi cht va

Ptn

Pe

140
140

Pgh

Pu

147
149

Pa SPT
102,4
101

Tr s Ktb
101,7000
7: TR S UBND PHNG 7
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
23,4 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN

Ptk= 31

tn

St nu pha ct mn, trng thi do cng

Ptn

1
2

Pe
62
62

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

66
68,5

38,2
39

Tr s Ktb
38,6000
8: BNH VIN TNH
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

200X200 (mm)
18,5 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2
3

Ptk= 14

tn

Ct pha, trng thi cht va

Ptn

Pe
28
28
28

Pgh

Pu

30
35
29

Pa SPT
19,8
21
18,4

Tr s Ktb
19,7333
9: BNH VIN TP V THANH
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc
Lp t mi cc

250X250 (mm)
25 m

Ptk= 30

St pha trng thi do cng

tn

123

STT-TN

Ptn

1
2
3
4
5

Pe
60
60
60
60
60

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

70
66
67
68
72

42,1
41,2
40
43,6
42

Tr s Ktb
41,7800
10: NH THI U A NNG
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
16 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN

Ptk= 30

tn

St pha mu nu vng , trng thi do cng

Ptn

1
2
3

Pe
60
60
60

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

63
57
62

41,7
41
39,4

Tr s Ktb
40,7000
11: TR S VN HA TH THAO V DU LCH
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
20 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2

Ptk= 28

tn

Ct mn ln bi nu , trng thi do cng

Ptn

Pe
80
80

Pgh

Pu

85
87

Pa SPT
30,2
31

Tr s Ktb
30,6000
12: TRNG CHNH TR TNH
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

300X300 (mm)
29,2 m

Ptk= 35

tn

124

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN

Ct ht trung mu vng, kt cu cht va

Ptn

1
2
3
4
5
6

Pe
70
70
70
70
70
70

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

87
76
87
70
80
86

48,3
47
47,7
48
46,9
48,2

Tr s Ktb
47,6833
13: TRUNG TM HOT NG THANH THIU NIN
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
21 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2
3
4

Ptk= 26

tn

St pha mu nu vng , trng thi do cng

Ptn

Pe
52
52
52
52

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

66
68
65
62

37,2
37,9
37
36,8

Tr s Ktb
37,2250
14: TR S BO HU GIANG
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

350X350 (mm)
26 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2

Ptk= 55

tn

St pha, mu xm nu vng, trng thi do cng

Ptn
110
110

Pe
118
120,5

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT
85,3
86

Tr s Ktb
85,6500

125

15: TR S CHI CC BO V MI TRNG

Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
25,7 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN

Ptk= 40

tn

St mu xm nu vng, trng thi do na cng

Ptn

1
2

Pe
80
80

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

86
82,7

57,4
56

Tr s Ktb
56,7000
16: TRUNG TM GIO DC THNG XUYN
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
21 m

tn

St mu xm nu vng, vng trng trng thi do

na cng

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN

Ptk= 30

Ptn

1
2
3

Pe
60
60
60

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

58
68
69

43
42,5
42,7

Tr s Ktb
42,7333
17: TNG I CHIN THNG 75 TIU ON
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

300X300 (mm)
27 m

1
2
3

tn

St, st pha, nu , mu nu vng, xm trng trng

thi do mm na cng

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN

Ptk= 45

Ptn

Pe
90
90
90

Pgh
88
93
87

Pu

Pa SPT
62,6
62,9
63

126

Tr s Ktb
62,8333
18: TR S KHOA HC V CNG NGH
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
21 m

tn

St, st pha, xm vng, nu vng, trng thi do n

na cng

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN

Ptk= 29

Ptn

1
2
3
4

Pe
58
58
58
58

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

55
67
70
69,3

41,3
41,8
42
41,1

Tr s Ktb
41,5500
19: TR S K HOCH V U T
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
25 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN

Ptk= 35

tn

St pha, mu vng, xm nu trng thi do cng

Ptn

1
2
3

Pe
70
70
70

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

82
85
84

49,6
49,8
50

Tr s Ktb
49,8000
20: BNH VIN LAO
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
25 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN

Ptk= 32

tn

St pha, xm trng thi na cng n cng

Ptn

Pe

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

127

1
2
3
4

64
64
64
64

85
77
79
82

44,3
42,9
43,1
43,9

Tr s Ktb
43,5500
21: TRNG PTTH CHIM THNH TN
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
24,7 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN

Ptk= 38

tn

Ct pha st, mu xm
Ptn

1
2

Pe
76
76

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

82
82,5

55,9
56

Tr s Ktb
55,9500
22: TRNG CAO NG CNG NG
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

300X300 (mm)
23,6 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2

Ptk= 36

tn

Ct pha st, mu xm vng, cht trung bnh

Ptn

Pe
72
72

Pgh

Pu

77
79,4

Pa SPT
50
50,15

Tr s Ktb
50,0750
23: SN GIAO DCH VIC LM
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc
Lp t mi cc

300X300 (mm)
27 m

Ptk= 60

tn

t st bt t ct mu vng xm, m nu , do
trung bnh

128

STT-TN
1
2

Ptn
105
105

Pe

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

120
126

72,9
73,7

Tr s Ktb
73,3000
24: TRM Y T PHNG 1
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
21 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN

Ptk= 28

tn

Ct ht trung mu nu vng, cht va

Ptn

1
2

Pe
56
56

Pgh

Pu

Pa SPT

62
67

37
38,8

Tr s Ktb
37,9000
25: TRUNG TM PHNG CHNG HIV
Tit din cc
Chiu di cc

250X250 (mm)
20,6 m

Lp t mi cc
STT-TN
1
2

Ptk= 25

tn

St nu , xm trng trng thi na cng

Ptn

Pe
50
50

Pgh

Pu

48
61

Pa SPT
35,3
34,8

Tr s Ktb
35,0500
2. X l thng k K1
STT

K1 NT-SPT

1
2
3
4

1,1099
0,9898
1,1417
1,1711

lch =
K1 NT-SPT-KTB
-0,0627
-0,1828
-0,0309
-0,0015

lch bnh phng

0,0039
0,0334
0,0010
0,0000

129

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Gi tr trung
bnh
lch qun
phng trung
bnh tng hp
Loi tr sai s
th
KTB-Kmax
KTB-Kmin

1,1938
1,1472
1,3169
1,1704
1,1953
1,2217
1,1438
1,2195
1,1641
1,0702
1,1758
1,1627
1,1804
1,1532
1,1714
1,2246
1,1320
1,1982
1,1937
1,2313
1,2363
0,9898

0,0212
-0,0254
0,1443
-0,0022
0,0227
0,0491
-0,0288
0,0469
-0,0085
-0,1024
0,0032
-0,0099
0,0078
-0,0194
-0,0012
0,0520
-0,0406
0,0256
0,0211
0,0587
0,0637

0,0005
0,0006
0,0208
0,0000
0,0005
0,0024
0,0008
0,0022
0,0001
0,0105
0,0000
0,0001
0,0001
0,0004
0,0000
0,0027
0,0017
0,0007
0,0004
0,0034
0,0041

s mu n=25

=2,88

1,1726
0,0601

0,1443
0,1828

Kim tra:
0,173056308
0,173056308

*S
Tha mn
Loi b KMin

130

=>X l s liu tip theo

STT

K1 NT-SPT

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

1,1099

Gi tr trung
bnh
lch qun
phng trung
bnh tng hp

1,1417
1,1711
1,1938
1,1472
1,3169
1,1704
1,1953
1,2217
1,1438
1,2195
1,1641
1,0702
1,1758
1,1627
1,1804
1,1532
1,1714
1,2246
1,1320
1,1982
1,1937
1,2313
1,2363
1,0702

lch =
K1 NT-SPT-KTB
-0,0703

lch bnh
phng
0,0049

-0,0385
-0,0091
0,0136
-0,0331
0,1367
-0,0099
0,0151
0,0415
-0,0364
0,0392
-0,0161
-0,1100
-0,0044
-0,0175
0,0002
-0,0270
-0,0089
0,0444
-0,0483
0,0180
0,0135
0,0511
0,0561

0,0015
0,0001
0,0002
0,0011
0,0187
0,0001
0,0002
0,0017
0,0013
0,0015
0,0003
0,0121
0,0000
0,0003
0,0000
0,0007
0,0001
0,0020
0,0023
0,0003
0,0002
0,0026
0,0031

s mu n=24

=2,86

1,1802
0,0481

131

Loi tr sai s
th
KTB-Kmax
KTB-Kmin

*S

Kim tra:
0,137463117
0,137463117

0,1367
0,1100

Tha mn
Tha mn

3. K1 NT-SPT sau khi x l s liu thng k

0,0142

0,0407

1,7120

Ktc
1,1802

K1 NT-SPT
1,1970
1,1634