maqs veberis sociologia

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maqs veberi: pirovneba da mecnieri

veberis sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi
idealuri tipi rogorc logikuri konstruqcia
gagebis problema da socialuri moqmedebis kategoria
mizanracionaluri moqmedeba rogorc veberis sociologiis
meTodologiuri kategoria.
6. socialuri moqmedeba da ganwyoba sxvaze molodini
7. socialuri moqmedebis saxeebi.
8. formaluri racionaluroba rogorc veberiseuli sociologiis
kategoria
9. veberis moZRvreba batonobis tipebis Sesaxeb
10. religiis sociologia
11. veberi da Tanamedroveoba

maqs veberi akademiuri

biografia (frenk parkinis mixedviT)

maqs veberi iyo germanuli sociologiis erTerTi yvelaze TvalsaCino

warmomadgeneli da gamoCenili sazogado moRvawe; man agreTve politikaSic scada
bedi.
igi daibada 1864 wlis 21 aprils prusiis q. erfrutSi, mdidari mewarmis ojaxSi;
is ufrosi Svili iyo. mamamisi iyo ara marto warmatebuli mewarme (misi saqmianoba
msubuq mrewvelobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli), aramed agreTve liberaluri mrwamsis
politikuri moRvawe. maqsi 4 wlis iyo, rodesac
ojaxi berlinSi
gadavida
sacxovreblad, sadac mamamisis politikuri moRvaweoba kidev ufro gaaqtiurda:
187284 wlebSi is iyo axladgaerTiaebuli germaniis raixstagis deputati; Zalze
aqtiur monawileobas iRebda berlinis politikur cxovrebaSi rogorc bismarkis
mxardamWeri erovnul-liberaluri partiis warmomadgeneli.
rac Seexeba mis
dedas, elens, is iyo Rrmad morwmune protestanti, romelic
aqtiurad monawileobda humanitarul saqmianobaSi. mklevarebi Tvlian, rom dedam
didi gavlena iqonia maqsis sulier da inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze.
veberebis bina berlinSi
gadaiqca salonad, sadac ikrifebodnen mecnierebi,
mewarmeebi, mxatvrebi da politikosebi, da ukve pataraobidan maqs vebers hqonda
saSualeba, gascnoboda Tavisi droisaTvis mowinave politikur da mecnierul
ideebs.
1882 wels, skolis damTavrebis Semdeg veberma swavla gaagrZela haidelbergis
universitetis
iuridiul
fakultetze,
eswreboda
leqciebs
istoriaSi,
ekonomikaSi, Teologiasa da filosofiaSi. haidelbergSi veberi Cveulebrivi
studenturi cxovrebiT cxovrobda cotaodeni swavla da bevri qeifi.
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1884 w. man gaatara strasburgSi, savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurSi. amis Semdeg

mamis TxovniT swavla ukve berlinis universitetSi gaagrZela veberis mamas
undoda, rom Svils Sin ecxovra; Tumca, 1885 wels erTi semestri veberma
giotingenis universitetSi gaatarga.
1889 wels maqs veberma daamTavra Tavisi sadoqtoro disertacia ekonomiuri
istoriis dargSi, romelic miZRvnili iyo Sua saukuneebis savaWro kompaniebis
istoriisadmi. am naSromis Seqmnis mizniT man damoukideblad Seiswavla italiuri
da espanuri enebi. maleve, 1891 w. veberi wers kidev erT did istoriul naSroms,
romis agraruli istoria da misi mniSvneloba saxelmwifo da kerZo
samarTlisaTvis.
1892 wels
veberma Tavisi pirveli sociologiuri naSromi dawera, romelic
Seiswavlida aRmosavleT germaniis agraruli muSebis mdgomareobas.
1893 wels veberma muSaoba daiwyo berlinis universitetSi, sadac is kiTxulobda
leqciebs samarTalSi. am samsaxurma mas
finansuri damoukidebloba moutana, da
swored am periodSi is daqorwinda Tavis kuzina mariana Snitgerze.
1895 wels
veberi gadavida fraiburgis universitetSi, sadac is politikuri
ekonomiis profesorad muSaobda, xolo 1896 wels igi miiwvies haidelbergis
universitetSi.
1897 wlis agvistoSi gardaicvala veberis mama. veberma Zalze mwvaved ganicada
mamis sikvdili. miuxedavad imisa, rom is Seecada ganeaxlebina Tavisi saqmianoba
universitetSi, axali, 1898 wlis dasawyisSi mas ukve etyoboda nerviuli sisustis
niSnebi fizikuri sisuste, uZiloba, daRliloba, rac saboloo jamSi seriozul
avadmyofobaSi gadaizarda. am avadmyofobam didi xniT moswyvita igi srulfasovan
akademiur cxovrebas. dakarga ra koncentrirebis unari, veberma ramodenime weli
gaatara mogzaurobebSi iyo amerikaSi, samxreT evropaSi, italiaSi, rac Seexeba
mis amerikul STabeWdilebebs, bevri evropelisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic xazs
usvamdnen amerikis naklovanebebs, veberma daafasa iq gavrcelebuli racionalizmi
komerciuli operaciebis gatarebisas.
mxolod 1903 wels aRidgina veberma janmrTeloba da daubrunda srulfasovan
mecnierul muSaobas haidelbergis universitetSi.
190405 ww. veberi wers Tavis pirvel axlebur naSroms protestantul eTikas da
kapitalizmis suls. es naSromi gamoqveynda JurnalSi Archiv fur Sozialwiissenschaft
und Sozialpolitik da 1910 wlamde mwvave diskusiis sagans warmoadgenda. aRsaniSnavia,
rom am diskusiaSi TviT vebermac aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo.
amave
periodSi Seiqmna veberis umniSvnelovanesi meTodologiuri naSromebi,
romlebmac safuZveli Cauyara socialuri mecnierebebis meTodologiis dRemde
mZlavr tradicias. erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da gavleniani am naSromebs Soris
aris misi esse obieqturoba socialur mecnierebebSi (1904 w.), romelic agreTve
Archiv-Si iqna gamoqveynebuli.
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1904 wlidan veberi iyo Archiv fur Sozialwiissenschaft und Sozialpolitik-is Tanaredaqtori
zombartTan da iafesTan erTad; es Jurnali, gamoCenili sociologis edvard
Silzis TqmiT, warmoadgenda socialuri mecnierebebis sferoSi arsebul udides
periodul gamocemas nebismier enaze.
maqs veberi dainteresebuli iyo msoflioSi mimdinare procesebiT. misi yuradRebis
miRma ar darCenila ruseTSi 1905 wels momxdari revolucia. raTa saSualeba
hqonoda originalSi gascnoboda rusul gazeTebs da publikaciebs, man
damoukideblad Seiswavla rusuli ena. 1906 wels gamovida misi ramdenime naSromi,
romlebic mieZRvna ruseTSi mimdinare movlenebis analizs.
veberis Sromisunarianoba gamaognebeli iyo. 190809 wlebSi man
sameurneo saqmianobis fsiqologia qarxnis
muSebTan Catarebuli
gamokvlevis safuZvelze.

Seiswavla
empiriuli

veberi akademiur cxovrebaSic aqtiur monawileobas iRebda. 1910wels Tavis

kolegebTan, tionisTan da zimelTan erTad, man daarsa germanuli sociologiuri
sazogadoeba. ramdenime wlis manZilze swored veberi iyo arCeuli am
sazogadoebis mdivnad da mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda mis saqmianobaze.
am droisaTvis veberi ukve dainteresda religiuri sistemebis, samarTlebrivi
institutebis funqcionirebis SeswavliT, politekonomiiT da politikuri
gamokvlevebiT.
1907 wels veberma miiRo memkvidreoba, ramac is finansurad damoukidebeli gaxada.
veberi 50 wlis iyo, rodesac pirveli msoflio omi daiwyo. asakis gamo mas ar
SeeZlo omSi monawileobis miReba, Tumca amis didi survili hqonda. magram is
sakmaod aqtiur monawileobas iRebda Tavisi qalaqis saavadmyofos marTvaSi,
Semdeg muSaobda saidumlo ganyofilebaSi, romelsac gzebis marTva evaleboda,
xolo omis bolo 2 weli akeTebda imas, risi gakeTebac yvelaze kargad SeeZlo
`werda sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, imis magivrad, rom emarTa is~.
SemdgomSi veberma monawileoba miiRo franqfurtis saarCevno ubanSi gamarTul
arCevnebSi. is germaniis demokratiuli partiis siiT iyo wardgenili, da Tumca
damarcxda, saarCevno komisiam is mainc Seiyvana parlamentSi, rogorc TvalsaCino
pirovneba. am ambavma Zalian didi gavlena moaxdina veberze. rogorc parkini werda,
adamiani, romelic ase gamWriaxad erkveoda Zalauflebis meqanizmebSi Teoriul
doneze, erTgvarad miamiti aRmoCnda, rodesac dadga dro, praqtikulad
gamoeyenebina es codna.
is, rom veberma ver SeZlo politikuri kariera gaekeTebina, saboloo jamSi kargic
iyo, radgan, rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, misgan SeiZleba `saSineli politikosi
gamosuliyo.
1916 wels veberma gamosca religiis sociologiis ciklis, Religions Rejections of the
World and Their Directions-is pirveli
naSromebi, romlebic exeboda CineTisa da
indoeTis religiur sistemebs. erTi wlis Semdeg gamovida am ciklis Semdegi
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naSromi, romelic mieZRvna Zvel iudaizms. SemdgomSi veberma kidev ufro ganavrco
es naSromebi da gamoaqveyna msoflio religiaTa socialuri fsiqologia (1918) da
msoflio religiaTa sameurnao eTika (1919).
mxolod 1918 wels daubrunda veberi leqciebis kiTxvas, amjerad venis
universitetSi. Semdeg man miiRo miunxenis universitetis miwveva, sadac waikiTxa
Tavisi cnobili leqciebi, mecniereba rogorc mowodeba da profesia da
politika rogorc mowodeba da profesia (1919 w). aseve miunxenis universitetSi
wakiTxuli leqciebis studentiseuli konspeqtebis safuZvelze iqna Sedgenili
veberis saerTo ekonomikuri istoria, romelic iZleva srul STabeWdilebas
veberis uzomod farTo ganswavlulobisa da misi unikaluri azrovnebis Sesaxeb.
1920 wlis 14 ivniss, 56 wlis asakSi, veberi filtvebis anTebiT gardaicvala
miunxenSi. mas uamravi naSromi darCa daumTavrebeli, maT Soris erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi, ekonomika da sazogadoeba, gamocemuli iqna 2 tomad misi
gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1922 wels. aseve misi gardacvalebis Semdeg gamovida misi
samtomiani religiis sociologia
sociologiaSi veberi movida ekonomikidan da istoriidan, da is arc Tvlida
Tavs sociologad mas politikur ekonomistad miaCnda Tavi. misi sauniversiteto
moRvaweobac, diurkemisagan gansxvavebiT, arasodes yofila dakavSirebuli kerZod
sociologiasTan, da arc arasodes yofila igi
sociologiis profesori.
miuxedavamd amisa, veberis roli sociologiis istoriaSi da misi gavlena
sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze uzomod didia; man
Semoitana sociologiaSi mravali axali Tema da
problema, romlebic dRemde
aqtualurad rCeba.
misi Tanamedrove moazrovneTagan, veberis naSromebze yvelaze didi gavlena
marqsma da nicSem iqonies. veberi kargad icnobda orive maTganis naazrevs da
iziarebda maT mier wamoWril problematikas, Tumca am problemebis arsis axxsnisa
da maTi gadaWris gzebis TvalsazrisiT bevr rameSi ar eTanxmeboda maT.

maqs veberi: biografiuli narkvevi (ritceris mixedviT)

maqvs veberi daibada erfurtSi, germaniaSi, 1864 wlis 21 aprils, saSualo klasis
ojaxSi. mis mSoblebs Soris mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas gavlena hqonda rogorc mis
intelequalur orientaciaze, ise fsiqologiur ganviTarebaze. veberis mama
biurokrati iyo da sakmaod mniSvnelovan politikur Tanamdebobasac flobda. igi
politikuri sivrcis wevri iyo da Sesabamisad gmobda yvela qmedebasa Tu ideas,
romelic moiTxovda personalur Tavdadebas an safrTxes uqmnida mis pozicias
sistemaSi. amasTanave ufrosi veberi iseTi kaci iyo, romelsac Zalian uyvarda
amqveyniuri siamovnebis miReba, riTac da ara mxolod amiT, Zalian gansxvavdeboda
sakuTari meuRlisagan. maqs veberis deda kalvinisti iyo, qali romelic asketur
cxovrebas misdevda da didad gansxvavdeboda sakuTari meuRlisagan. misi azrebi
ufro metad araamqveyniuri iyo; igi wuxda arasrulyofilebaze, romelic Tavis
mxriv imis niSans warmoadgenda rom mas codvebi ar mieteveboda da ar
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gadarCeboda. mSoblebs Soris aseTma gansxvavebam Zalian did gavlena iqonia

veberze.
imis gamo, rom SeuZlebeli iyo orive mSoblis gzas erTdroulad dasdgomoda,
vebers bavSvobidanve gamokveTili arCevani warudgines (mariane veberi, 1975:62).
Tavdapirvelad igi mamamisis gzas daadga, Tumca mogvianebiT igi ufro metad
dedis arCevans miuaxlovda. imisda miuxedavd, Tu ras airCevda veberi, msgavs
polarul gansxvavebas veberis fsiqikaze negatiuri efeqti hqonda.
Tvrameti wlis asakSi maqs veberi cota xniT heidelbergis universitetSi
saswavleblad gaemgzavra. miuedavad imisa, rom vebers ukve demonstrirebuli
hqonda Tavisi intelaqtualuri SesaZleblobebi, socialur doneze heidelbergis
universititSi igi morcxvi da dabal ganviTarebuli Cairicxa. Tumca, es maleve
Seicvala mas Semdeg rac igi SeuerTda mamamisis cxovrebis gzas. aq igi
socialurad ganviTarda, Tumca ufro metad ludis im didi raodenobis gamo,
romelsac Tavis TanatolebTan erTad miirTmevda. amasTanave, igi amayad ukeTebda
demonstracias duelis Sedegad miRebul Sramebs, romlebic aseTi cxovrebis
niSans warmoadgendnen. veberma ara mxolod mamamisis cxovrebis wesi airCia, aramed
profesiul gadawyvetilebaSic mas gahyva, radgan gadawyvita samarTali Seeswavla.
sami semestris Semdeg veberma samxedro samsaxuris gamo dastova heidelbergi da
1884 wels dabrunda berlinSi, Tavisi mSoblebis saxlSi, raTa berlinis
universitetSi swavla gaegrZelebina. igi iq momavali rva wlis ganmavlobaSi
darCa, daasrula swavla, moipova doqtoris xarisxi, gaxda samarTalmcodne, da
berlinis universitetSi leqciebis wakiTxvac daiwyo. am procesSi misi interesebi
Semoifargleboda ufro metad misi cxovrebiseuli interesebiT ekonomikiT,
istoriiTa da sociologiiT. am rva wlis ganmavlobaSi veberi finansurad mamaze
iyo damokidebuli, rac mas sul ufro naklebad moswonda. am periodSi igi ufro
metad dauaxlovda dedis Rirebulebebs, Sesabamisad mamis mimarT antipaTia
gaizarda. man asketuri cxovrebis wess mihyo xeli da mTlianad CaerTo Tavis
samuSaoSi. magaliTad, swavlis periodSi misi erTi dRis, Cveulebrivi semestruli
samuSao Cvevebi Semdegnairad xasaiTdeba: igi misdevs samuSaos mkacr disciplinas,
Tavisi cxovrebis regulirebas saaTis meSveobiT axdens, yoveldRiur rutinas
yofs konkretul seqciebad sxvadasxva samuSaosTvis, inaxavs fuls imis xarjze
rom saRamoobiT sakuTar Tavs xorciTa da oTxi kvercxiT gamokvebavs sakuTar
oTaxSi (micmani, 1969/1971:48; mariana veberi, 1975:105). dedis gzis dadgomiT veberi
asketuri cxovrebis gzas daadga, gaxda didi mSromeli da Tanamedrove terminebiT
rom avRweroT Workaholic-ic ki.
msgavsma muSaobam veberi 1896 wels heidelbergis universitetSi ekonomikis
profesoris poziciamde miiyvana. Tumca 1897 wels, rodesac veberis akademiuri
kariera ifurCqneboda, mamamisi gardaicvala, rac maT Soris saSinel kamaTs mohyva.
cota xnis Semdeg veberi ukve amJRavnebda iseT simptomebs, romlebic nerviuli
aSlilobis niSani iyo. xSirad igi ver axerxebda Zils an muSaobas, momavali eqvsiSvidi weli man fataluri kolafsis piras gaatara. 1903 wels mas zogierTi Zala
daubrunda, Tumca mxolod 1904 wlidan, rodesac a.S.S-Si eqvs naxevari wlis Semdeg
pirvelad waikiTxa leqcia, daubrunda igi aqtiur akademiur cxovrebas. 1904 da 1905
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wlebSi man gamoaqveyna Tavisi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili naSromi protestantuli

eTika da kapitalizmis suli. Tavis SromaSi man gamoacxada dedamisis religiis
dominanturoba akademiur doneze. veberi did dros uTmobda religiis Seswavlas,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad religiuri ar yofila.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mas kvlav awuxebda garkveuli fsiqologiuri problemebi,
ukve 1904 wlidan mas funqcionireba mainc SeeZlo da ramodenime mniSvnelovani
Sromac gamosca. am wlebSi veberma gamosca msoflio religiebis Seswavla
msoflio-istoriul perspeqtivaSi (magaliTad, CineTi, indoeTi da antikuri
iudaizmi). misi gardacvalebis periodSi (1920 wlis 4 ivnisi) igi muSaobda Tavis
yvelaze mniSvnelovan Sromaze ekonomika da sazogadoeba. miuxedavd imisa, rom es
wigni ar iyo dasrulebuli, igi mainc gamoqveynda da iTargmna ramodenime enaze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi Zalian bevrs werda am periodSi igi sxva
aqtivobebSic
iyo
Cabmuli.
igi
monawileobda
germanuli
sociologiuri
sazogadoebis daarsebaSi 1910 wels. igi mravali inteleqtualis centri gaxda, maT
Soris iyvnen sociologebic georg zimeli, robert miSeli da misi Zma alfredi,
aseve filosofosi da literaturis kritikosi georg lukaCi (Scaff, 1989:186-222).
garda amisa, veberi politikuradac sakmaod aqtiuri iyo da yoveldRiur Temebzec
bevrs werda.
veberis cxovrebasa da akademiur moRvaweobaSi mudmivad iyo dapirispireba
biurokratiasa, romelic mamamisis mier iyo reperezentirebuli da dedamisis
religiurobas Soris. am dausrulebel dapirispirebas mihyavda veberis rogorc
piradi cxovreba ise misi Sromebi.

maqs veberis sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi

(frank parkinis mixedviT)
maqs veberi iTvleba sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis erT-erT damaarseblad. mas
dawerili aqvs uamravi naSromi, romlebic klasikuradaa aRiarebuli, da dResac ki
iwveven did interess da samecniero diskusiebs rogorc mecnierul samyaroSi,
aseve farTo sazogadoebaSi, imaT Soris, visac surs Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
funqcionirebis safuZvlebis Seswavla.
1. meTodebi da procedurebi
VERSTEN-is meTodi
sociologiis sxva fuZemdeblebisgan, kerZod, emil diurkemisgan gansxvavebiT,
romelic sociologiuri kvlevis mTavar erTeulad `socialuri faqts~ miiCnevda,
veberi Tvlida, rom sociologiam individi unda Seiswavlos. diurkemis azriT,
`socialuri faqti~ warmoadgenda `koleqtiuri cnobierebis zewolas da
Zaldatanebas, romlebic aiZuleben adamians garkveulnairad imoqmedon~. diurkemi
aRiqvamda socialur faqtebs rogorc nivTebs da ambobda, rom `sazogadoeba
arsebobs obieqturad, yoveli CvenTaganisagan damoukideblad, Sesabamisad, is
SeiZleba Seswavlili iqnes dakvirvebis obieqturi meTodebis meSveobiT~. individis
roli aseT sazogadoebaSi meorexarisxovania, is mxolod da mxolod erTobis
nawilia, im erTobis, romelic aTasi misnairisagan Sedgeba. veberis azriT ki,
piriqiT, socialuri jgufebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT `ise TiTqos~ isini individebi
iyvnen, magram `es SeiZleba iyos mxolod da mxolod dasaSvebi Teoriuli fiqcia~.
amrigad, gansxvaveba diurkemisa da veberiseul kvlevis erTeulebs Soris
fundamentur xasiaTs iZens.
sociologiuri gamokvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare ar arsebobs iseTi cneba
rogoricaa koleqtiuri pirovneba, romelic `moqmedebs~. rodesac sociologiur
konteqstSi moiazreba saxelmwifo, nacia, korporacia, ojaxi an SeiaraRebuli
nawili, an kidev sxva analogiuri gaerTianeba, igulisxmeba ... mxolod
individualuri pirovnebebis mier realurad an Teoriulad ganxorcielebadi
socialuri moqmedebebis garkveuli varianti.
koleqtivs ar SeuZlia ifiqros, ganicdides ama Tu im grZnobebs, hqondes aRqmis
unari _ es mxolod adamianebs SeuZliaT. amitomac socialuri mecnierebis mizania
individis moqmedebebis `subieqturi gageba~. veberi amtkicebs, rom Cven `ar
SegviZlia gavigoT ujredebis moqmedeba an planetebis moZraoba. Cven vakvirdebiT
ujredebis struqturas da varskvlavebis moZraobas da Semdeg vcdilobT
CamovayaliboT saerTo kanonebi maTi struqturis da moZraobis wesebis Sesaxeb~,
da am kanonebis Camoyalibebisas xdeba Cveni axsnis koncefciebis da kategoriebis
gadatana am fenomenebze.
rac Seexeba socialuri moqmedebas, aq sruliad sxva situaciaa. ujredebisa da
varskvlavebisagan gansxvavebiT. adamianebi TavianTi motivebis Tanaxmad moqmedeben.
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adamianebis moqmedeba agreTve ganpirobebulia im subieqturi mniSvnelobebiT,

romelsac isini aniWeben am moqmedebas, e. i. adamianebs aqvT maTi saqcielis
sakuTari axsna-ganmarteba.
subieqturi azris Cawvdomis mTavar saSualebas veberisTvis Verstehen-is (`gagebis~)
meTodi warmoadgens. am sityviT aRiniSneba `socialuri moqmedebis aRqmis
mcdeloba ... damkvirveblis mxridan momqmedTan kavSiris damyarebis meSveobiT,
romelsac TanagrZnoba udevs safuZvlad~. mkvlevarisaTvis mTavaria, gaaigivos
sakuTari Tavi momqmed individTan, gaigos misi motivebi da Sexedos moqmedebas
momqmedis poziciidan. rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, veberi ganixilavs `gagebis~
meTods ara mxolod rogorc interviuebis an sxva tipis empiriuli gamokvlevebis
saSualebiT momqmedi individebis motivebis gagebis SesaZleblobas, aramed
istoriuli movlenebis gagebis saSualebasac situaciebSi, `rodesac aravin ar
darCenila cocxali, rom gamovikiTxoT~.
Cven SegviZlia SevecadoT rekonstruqcia gavukeToT arCevanis situacias, radgan
Cven mSvenivrad SegviZlia Tavi sxvis adgilze davayenoT da warmovidginoT, Tu
ras gavakeTebdiT aqtorebis adgilze, garkveul garemoSi da garkveul pirobebSi
rom vyofiliyaviT. rogorc veberi wers, `ar aris aucilebeli iyo keisari, raTa
gaugo keisars~ _ Cven SegviZlia gavigoT yvelaze cnobili adamianebis
moqmedebebic, Tu gvecodineba maTi motivebi.
Verstehen-is koncefciaSi veberi gansakuTrebulad usvams xazs im garemoebas, rom
adamianis winaSe yovelTvis dgas arCevanis problema. adamianis qceva ar imarTeba
zeindividualuri ZalebiT, romlebic `amoZraveben adamianebs ama Tu im
mimarTulebiT~.8 adamianebi damoukideblad iReben gadawyvetilebebs sakuTari
interesebidan gamomdinare, magram am gadawyvetilebebze Zalian did gavlenas
axdens is, Tu rogor aRiqvamen isini sakuTar SesaZleblobebs da im
winaaRmdegobebs, romlebic maT winaSea.
veberi gamoyofs gagebis or saxeobas: `gageba pirdapiri dakvirvebis meSveobiT~
(`direct observational understanding~) da `gageba axsnis meSveobiT~ (`explanatory understanding~).
am terminebis ganmartebis mizniT vebers Semdegi magaliTebi mohyavs. Cven SegviZlia
mivxvdeT, rom viRac ganrisxebulia, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu davinaxavT mis saxes, an
gavigebT mis yvirils an brZanebas, e. i. ubralo dakvirvebis meSveobiT. aseve, Cven
gvsmis monadiris moqmedeba, rodesac is tyeSi mxecs umiznebs, an SeSis mWrelis
moqmedeba, rodesac is xes Wris. `am moqmedebebis ubralo dakvirvebac sakmarisia
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu ra xdeba. xolo, imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu ratom
xdeba es, aucilebelia mivmarToT gavigoT sxvadasxva moqmedebis motivebi da
subieqturi mniSvnelobebi. amrigad, xis mWrelis moqmedeba ufro gasagebi xdeba
iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ra mizniT Wris is SeSas: imisTvis, rom lukma-puri iSovos,
saxlis gasaTbobad, an ubralod imitom, raTa gaivarjiSos. aseTive wesiT SeiZleba
ganvixiloT monadiris moqmedeba _ is SeiZleba umiznebdes cxovels, raTa saWmeli
iSovos, an misTvis es SeiZleba sportis saxeoba iyos. rogorc parkini aRniSnavs,
8

`Cven vwvdebiT ama Tu im moqmedebis mniSvnelobas am moqmedebis mniSvnelobaTa

ufro farTo konteqstSi moTavsebis meSveobiT~.
zemoT Tqmuli ar niSnavs, rom veberi ganixilavda gagebis meTods rogorc
erTaderT SesaZlebel meTods socialuri moqmedebis gagebis mizniT. piriqiT, misi
azriT, es meTodi unda gamxdariyo `damxmare~, damatebiTi, da unda gamoiyurebodes
sxva kvleviT meTodebTan erTad. rogorc parkini Tvlis, Verstehen-is meTodSi im
hipoTezebisa,
romlebic
SemdgomSi
empiriuli
gamokvlevebis
obieqti
da
validizaciis sagani unda gamxdariyo.
amrigad, veberi ar iyo imis winaaRmdegi, rom socialur mecnierebebSi
gamoyenebuliyo statistikuri meTodebi da empiriuli gamokvlevebi. piriqiT, is
xedavda maTSi mecnieruli hipoTezebis Semowmebis mniSvnelovan saSualebas. amave
dros, veberisTvis, sxva mecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT, is garemoeba, rom or cvlads
Soris Zlieri urTierTkavSiri aRiniSneba, ar amtkicebda imas, rom maT Soris
arsebuli kavSiri mizez-Sedegobrivi bunebisaa. statistikurma korelaciam
SeiZleba migvaniSnos aseTi kavSiris SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, magram mis
Camoyalibebaze darwmunebiT mxolod maSin SeiZleba saubari, Tu adgili aqvs
`motivaciebis Tanmimdevrobas~.
rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, veberis gagebis meTodi mecnierebis mxridan garkveul
kritikas iwvevs, kerZod, im garemoebis gamo, rom imisTvis, raTa gavigoT individis
moqmedeba masTan gaigivebis meSveobiT, aucilebelia, rom mkvlevaris da aqtoris
normatiul-moraluri baza erTi donisa iyos. Tu maTi Sexedulebebi Zalian
gansxvavdeba, an Tu maTi warmodgenebi SeuTavsebelia, maT Soris ar SeiZleba
srulas Camoyalibdes kavSiri TanagrZnobis safuZvelze.
sxva mxriv, gagebis meTodi iTvaliswinebs, rom adamianebi principSi yovelTvis
uweven angariSs im motivebs, romlebic maT amoZraveben. magram rogorc TviTon
veberi
aRniSnavs,
umravles
SemTxvevaSi
adamianebs
ara
aqvT
bolomde
gacnobierebuli Tavisi moqmedebis motivebi, maTi saqcieli arcTu iSviaTad
SeiZleba Seugnebeli iyos: `mxolod SemTxveviT xdeba, rom ... momqmedis subieqturi
mniSvneloba, gind racionaluri da gind iracionaluri, naTeli xdeba misi
cnobierebisaTvis. mniSvnelobis mqone moqmedebis idialuri tipi, romelSic
mniSvneloba srulad aris aRqmuli da gaazrebuli da ar aris orWofuli,
marginalur SemTxvevas warmoadgens~.
amrigad, kanonzomierad wamoiWreba SekiTxva: rodesac TviTon momqmeds ar SeuZlia
yovelTvis srulad aRiqvas Tavisi moqmedebebis mniSvneloba, rogor SeuZlia
mkvlevars Caswvdes moqmedebis arss da rogor unda iqnes gamoyenebuli aseT
SemTxvevaSi Verstehen-is meTodi? gamosavali, romelsac veberi gvTavazobs, SeiZleba
arc ise gamosadegi iyos _ sociologi unda gamomdinareobdes iqidan, `TiTqos~
momqmedi bolomde axerxebs sakuTari moqmedebis mniSvnelobis gaazrebas. Tu
erTmaneTs SevadarebT ama Tu im moqmedebis idealur tips da imas, Tu realurad
rogor moqmedebs individi, SeiZleba dafiqsirdes gadaxrebi am moqmedebis
WeSmaritad racionaluri saxeobisagan. aseTi Sedareba `sufTa~, Teoriul tipsa da
9

socialuri moqmedebis realur saxeobebs Soris warmoadgens `instruments,

romelsac veberi xSirad uwevs rekomendacias Tavis meTodologiur naSromebSi~.
idealuri tipi
`idealuri tipi~ veberis meTodologiis konceptualuri cnebaa. idealuri tipi
warmoadgens Teoriul abstraqcias, romelic gamoiyeneba rTuli msoflios gagebis
amocanis gaadvilebis mizniT. `veberi ... migvaniSnebs, rom Cven ar SegviZlia
srulad
CavwvdeT
socialur
fenomenebs~.
iseTi
cnobebi,
rogorebicaa
`protestantizmi~,
`biurokratia~
an
`kapitalizmi~
Sedgebian
rogorc
normatiuli,
aseve
struqturuli xasiaTis uamravi urTierTdakavSirebuli komponentebisgan, da
imisTvis, raTa gavigoT isini, aucilebelia maTi `dayvana~ maT `ZiriTad
elementebamde~. rogorc parkini Tvlis, es niSnavs, rom `savaraudoa, rom
kapitalizmis an burJuaziuli revoluciis idealuri tipebi ... ar warmoadgenen
realuri movlenebis zust
asaxvas~. Tumca aseTi tipebis konstruqciebs aqvT realobis damaxasiaTebeli
garkveuli niSanTvisebebi, ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom isini realobas zustad da
xarvezebis gareSe asaxavdnen.
idealuri tipi Taviseburi sazomia, romelsac unda SevadaroT empiriuli
gamokvlevebis Sedegebi. am proceduras veberi mosamzadebel procedurad miiCnevs,
romelic aucilebelia Semdgomi mizez-Sedegobrivi axsnisaTvis.
rogorc ar unda iyos idealuri tipis Sinaarsi ... mas mxolod erTi funqcia aqvs
empiriul gamokvlevebSi. misi funqcia aris Sedareba empiriul realobasTan.
imisTvis, raTa dadgenili iqnas misi gansxvaveba an msgavseba {am idealur tipTan} ...
da imisTvi, rom gavigoT da kauzalurad avxsnaT isini.
magram, radgan idealuri tipis Semadgeneli elementebis amorCeva ar eqvemdebareba
raime kanonebs, ar SeiZleba mas vuwodoT `swori~ an `araswori~. amrigad, veberi
ambobs, rom ar aris gamarTlebuli, gvqondes warmodgena, TiTqos Cven SegviZlia
raimenairad
CavwvdeT
socialuri
sinamdvilis
namdvil
arss.
socialur
sinamdviles ara aqvs realuri arsi imitom, rom is SeiZleba konstruirebuli iqnas
ramdenime gansxvavebuli xerxis saSualebiT.
II. kapitalizmi

socialuri moqmedeba da rwmena

veberis sociologia garkveulwilad antimarqsistulia. es yvelaze naTlad Cans
mis naSromebSi protestantizmis Sesaxeb.
`protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli~ aris veberis erT-erTi yvelaze
cnobili naSromi, romelSic is ganixilavs kavSirs realobis specifikur
religiur aRqmasa da kapitalizmis warmoSobas Soris. veberis am naSromis mTavari
10

azri xSirad vulgarizebuli formiT gadmoicema, romlis Tanaxmadac TiTqmis

kapitalizmis warmoSobis mTavar mizezs warmoadgenda kalvinizmi, protestantuli
religiis erT-erTi ganStoeba.
Tavis
naSromebSi
protestantizmis
Sesaxeb
veberi
cdilobda
gaerkvia
`damokidebuleba
gansakuTrebul
religiur
eTikasa
da
kapitalisturi
suliskveTebis garkveul saxeobas Soris~. rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, aucilebelia
visaubroT swored kapitalizmis `garkveuli saxeobis~ Sesaxeb, radgan veberi
gamoyofs kapitalizmis ramdenime saxeobas, romelTaganac yvelaze mniSvnelovnebia:
mZarcveli kapitalizmi (booty capitalism), gandegilebis kapitalizmi (pariah capitalism),
tradiciuli kapitalizmi (traditional capitalism) da racionaluri kapitalizmi (rational
capitalism).
mZarcveli kapitalizmi warmoadgens kapitalis dagrovebas da moxveWas omebis,
Zarcvebis an riskiani wamowyebebis meSveobiT, amgvari kapitalizmis magaliTs
warmoadgenen `mZarcveli baronebi~ (robber barons).
meore SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs komerciul saqmianobasTan, rogoricaa
mevaxSeoba, romelsac ewevian sazogadoebidan gamoriyuli socialuri jgufebi
(mag., ebraelebi). swored aseT konteqstSi aRiqvams veberi ebraelebs, rogorc
gandegilTa kapitalizmis warmomadgenlebs. tradiciuli kapitalizmis formebi
yvela kulturaSi
moiZebneba, adreuli xanidan dawyebuli. am saxis kapitalizmis ganmasxvavebeli
niSani aris is, rom is mimarTulia garkveuli, SezRuduli Sedegis miRebaze da mas
ar axasiaTebs kapitalis da saxsrebis Semdgomi akumulacia.
da bolos, racionaluri kapitalizmi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebulia regulirebadi bazari, mkacri buRalteria da miswrafeba, miRebuli iqnas rac SeiZleba
didi mogeba kanonieri gzebis gamoyenebiT. garda amisa, racionaluri kapitalizmi
axorcielebs
Tavisufali
muSaxelis
daqiravebas
da
amrigad,
warmoSobs
proletariatis klass. swored aseTi tipis kapitalizmia damaxasiaTebeli
dasavluri sazogadoebisaTvis da swored aseTia, veberis azriT, Tanamedrove
kapitalizmi. Tumca kapitalizmis yvela sxva saxeoba SeiZleba aRmoCenili iqnas
msoflios sxvadasxva mxareSi da sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi, racionaluri
kapitalizmi warmoiSva mxolod dasavleT evropaSi XVII-XVIII ss.-Si da es
garemoeba, rogorc veberi aRniSnavs, aris garkveuli faqtebis da movlenebis
Serwymis _ `konstelaciis~ _ Sedegi. SemdegSi veberi ganixilavs im mizezebs,
romlebmac Tanamedrove kapitalizmis warmoSoba ganapirobes.
veberi gamoyofs racionaluri kapitalizmis warmoSobis or gansxvavebul
winapirobas _ es aris racionaluri `suli~ da materialuri `Sinaarsi~ (substance).
amrigad, adgili aqvs 4 SesaZlebel kombinacia:

11

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

suli
_
_
+
+

Sinaarsi
_
+
_
+

rogorc vxedavT, pirvel, (a) SemTxvevaSi, arc erTi winapiroba ar arsebobs. aseTi
sazogadoebis magaliTia tomobrivi sazogadoeba, romelSic ar aris arc
normatiuli da arc instituciuri mxardaWera imisaTvis, rom warmoiSvas
racionaluri kapitalizmi.
meore, (b) SemTxveva damaxasiaTebelia aRmosavleTis sazogadoebebisaTvis, sadac
`materialuri
infrastruqtura
...
SesaniSnavad
esadageboda
kapitalistur
eqspluatacias~, magram Sesabamisi suliskveTebis ararsebobis gamo is ver iqna
gadayvanili racionaluri warmoebis principebze.
mesame, (c) SemTxvevaSi amis sapirispiro mdgomareobaa _ magaliTis saxiT vebers
mohyavs benjamen franklinis droindeli pensilvaniis Stati. benjamen franklini
ganmsWvaluli iyo kapitalisturi suliskveTebiT _ es naTeli xdeba, Tu Cven
gadavxedavT mis Canawerebs, magram maSindeli pensilvaniis sawarmoo ganviTareba
ar aZlevda franklins imis saSualebas, rom cxovreba racionalur principebze
aewyo.
da bolos, rogorc es cxrilidan Cans, mxolod meoTxe, (d) SemTxvevaSia
gaerTianebuli orive winapiroba. isini erTiandebian imisaTvis, rom `Seqmnan
feTqebadi SenaerTi, romelic gardaqmnis ekonomikuri da socialuri cxovrebis
safuZvlebs da iwvevs Tanamedrove kapitalizmis warmoSobas~.

`protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli~

protestantuli
suliskveTebis
ganxilvas
veberi
iwyebs
kalvinisturi
religiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli swavlebiT gangebis Sesaxeb. am swavlebis arsi
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom RmerTma yvela adamianis bedi mis dabadebamde gadawyvita.
es gadawyvetileba aranairad ar aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor icxovrebs
adamiani, ra moqmedebebs Caidens da rogori pirovneba iqneba. dabadebisTanave
adamians `misjili~ aqvs an gadarCena, an mudmivi tanjva. kalvinistebs am
SegrZnebiT uxdebodaT cxovreba, da am garemoebam maTSi gamoimuSava `udidesi
miswrafeba gadarCenisadmi~, survili, darwmundnen imaSi, rom sikvdilis Semdeg
uzrunvelyofili aqvT mudmivi cxovreba. magram cxovrebis manZilze adamianebma
araferi icodnen imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra bedi elodaT, da amitom, `TandaTan maT
daiwyes keTilganwyobis niSnebis an mtkicebulebebis Zebna. yoveli morwmune
cdilobda daerwmunebina sakuTari Tavi da sxvebi imaSi, rom is erT-erTi
gamorCeulTagani iyo. am miznis miRwevas ukeT emsaxureboda is saxeoba, romelsac
mohqonda TvalnaTeli nayofi da materialuri mtkicebulebebi~. amrigad, keTili
saqmeebi,
materialuri
warmateba
gaxda
`praqtikuli
saSualeba,
romlis
meSveobiTac WeSmariti morwmune aRmoaCenda~, iyo Tu ara mis mimarT RmerTi
12

gulmowyale, Sesabamisad, gaCnda rwmena, rom kalvinists SeuZlia sakuTari SromiT

moipovos gadarCena, an, rac ufro swori iqneba, darwmundes imaSi, rom is
gadarCeba.
miswrafebam gadarCenis, maradiuli cxovrebisadmi, gardaqmna kalvinisturi
swavleba gangebis Sesaxeb iseT swavlebaSi, romelsac safuZvlad edo Sroma da
kidev erTxel Sroma sruli gadarCenis mosapoveblad.
veberis am naSromSi Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba mowodebis koncefcias,
romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom TiToeulma adamianma unda misdios im mowodebas,
romelic mas RmerTma mianiWa. rodesac kalvinisti warmatebas aRwevs ama Tu im
sferoSi moRvaweobiT, is Tavisufldeba im SiSisagan, romelsac is ganicdis Tavis
bedTan dakavSirebiT.
misi {morwmune kalvinistis} mogebis da qonebis gazrda iyo ... RmerTis wyalobis
niSani ... RmerTs Tavisi sakuTari mizezi hqonda, raTa amoerCia is...
ara nakleb mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom, veberis azriT, mowodebis koncefciis
gavlena hqonda ara marto mewarmeebze, warmoebis xelmZRvanelebze, aramed ubralo
muSebzec, romlebic am sawarmoebSi muSaobdnen. Tumca Tavdapirvelad Sromis
nayofierebis gazrdam misi intensiurobis gazrdis xarjze muSebis mxridan
winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia, es winaaRmdegoba, romelic saerTod damaxasiaTebelia
tradiciuli sazogadoebebisaTvis, gadalaxuli iqna muSebis moraluri da
fsiqologiuri transformaciis Sedegad. imisTvis ki, rom es momxdariyo,
aucilebeli iyo Secvliliyo damokidebuleba Sromisadmi, rac muSebis ganaTlebis
donis amaRlebam gamoiwvia. es ki niSnavs, rom kapitalisturi suliskveTeba pirvel
rigSi warmoiSva qalaqSi, da ara soflad.
kalvinisturma swavlebam pirvelma daiwyo Sromis faseulobebis rogorc aseTis
qadageba, ise, TiTqos Sroma yofiliyos `saboloo mizani, mowodeba~. amgvarad,
protestantizmi ara marto kapitalizmis suliskveTebis wyaroa, aramed garkveuli
saxis `Sromis suliskveTebisa~. Sesabamisad, kalvinizmi warmogvidgeba rogorc
religia, romelic zegavlenas axdens yvela adamianze maTi socialuri
mdgomareobis miuxedavad. garda amisa, veberi gansakuTrebiT gamoyofda im
garemoebas, rom sxva
religiebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic adamians ubralod exmarebian, SeeCvion da
Seeguon maT garSemo arsebul samyaros, kalvinizmi, da ufro farTod,
protestantizmi, aiZulebs xalxs, Secvalon TviT msoflio, gardaqmnan da
gadaakeTon is.
kalvinizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani damaxasiaTebeli niSania is, rom mas
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvs simdidris mimarT. simdidre, romelic mimarTulia
hedonisturi survilebis dasakmayofileblad, kalvinizmSi warmodgenilia rogorc
boroteba, eSmakis xrikebi.

13

batonoba da legitimuroba
veberis politologiuri naSromebi ara nakleb mniSvnelovania
faqtiurad
SeuZlebeli
iqneboda
Tanamedrove
politikuri
safuZvlebis gageba.

_ maT gareSe
sociologiis

veberi Tvlida, rom `batonoba am sityvis farTo gagebiT aris socialuri

moqmedebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementi~. sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis
aqvs adgili Zaladobas, Zaldatanebas da Zalas, da swored Zaladobas eyrdnoba
saxelmwifoebi. amitom sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT SeuZlebelia gamoyofili
iqnes
ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebi
saxelmwifoebis
sxvadasxva
tipebs,
mag.,
totalitarulsa da demokratiuls, burJuaziulsa da monarqiuls Soris.
veberi ganasxvavebs `saxelmwifosa~ da `nacias~. nacia misTvis aris `kulturuli
gaerTianeba,
romlis
warmomadgenlebic
mWidrod
arian
dakavSirebulni
erTmaneTTan saerTo enis da moraluri urTierTobebis meSveobiT, romlebic
mSobliuri enis meSveobiT gadadis Taobidan TaobaSi~, maSin rodesac saxelmwifo
pirvel rigSi garkveul teritorias niSnavs. veberi, romelic Tavad mgznebare
nacionalisti
iyo,
Tvlida,
rom
aucilebelia
sakuTari
kulturuli
TviTmyofadobis dacva gareSe mtrebisagan, da amisTvis saWiroa, rom naciebi
Camoyalibdnen saxelmwifoebad, xolo saxelmwifoebi unda warmoadgendnen naciebs,
raTa SeinarCunon Sinagani erTianoba.
veberi batonobis or saxeobas gamoyofs. pirveli warmoiSveba arsebul bazarze
ekonomikuri resursebis monopoliuri kontrolis SemTxvevaSi. batonoba aq
xorcieldeba iribad, da `isini, vinc misgan itanjebian, formalurad Tavisufalni
arian, imoqmedon sakuTari racionaluri ekonomikuri interesebis Tanaxmad~. meore
SemTxvevaSi, Cven saqme gvaqvs pirdapir batonobasTan, romelic erTis mxriv
dafuZnebulia Zalaze, xolo meores mxriv _ damorCilebaze. vebers swored bolo
saxis batonoba ainteresebs.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom veberi batonobis am saxeobas
ganmartavs `ara ubralod rogorc xelmZRvanelobis da marTvis struqturas,
romelic damorCilebas iwvevs, aramed rogorc sakuTari nebiT damorCilebas~.
veberis Tanaxmad, arc erTi reJimi ar SeiZleba iyos dafuZnebuli mxolod da
mxolod iZulebaze, misi funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia `qvemodan~ mxardaWeris
garkveuli, Tundac minimaluri done, e. i. erTis mxriv, ubralo xalxis TvalSi
batnoba unda iyos legitimuri, xolo meores mxriv, mmarTveli jgufi yovelTvis
unda acxadebdes pretenzias am legitimurobaze. amitomaa, rom veberisTvis
batonobis sinonims warmoadgens gamoTqma `legitimuri avtoriteti~.
legitimurobaze pretenziis gamoTqma
qarizmuli da kanonier-racionaluri:

SeiZleba

sami

tipis iyos:

tradiciuli,

14

batonobis saxeoba
tradiciuli
qarizmuli
kanonierracionaluri

morCilebis moTxovnis safuZveli

`damemorCile, imitom rom swored amas
akeTebdnen Cveni winaprebi~.
`damemorCile, imitom rom me SemiZlia Seni
cxovreba Sevcvalo~.
`damemorCile, imitom rom me var Seni
kanonieri ufrosi~.

dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT batonobis es saxeobebi.

tradiciuli batonobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani tipia, sadac Zalaufleba ar aris
damyarebuli arc kanonebze da arc formalur SezRudvebze. amgvari batonobis
magaliTi SeiZleba iyo mSoblis _ mamis _ batonoba Tavis ojaxSi, sadac misdami
damorCileba `pirad loialurobazea~ dafuZnebuli. tradiciuli batonobis meore
saxeobaa patrimonialuri batonoba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia feodaluri
sazogadoebebisaTvis. misi gansxvaveba patriarqalurisagan imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
aq urTierTobebi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze viTardeba.
batonobis qarizmatul saxeobas veberi upirispirebs rogorc tradiciuls, aseve
kanonier-racionalurs, vinaidan, Tumca es ori tipi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan, maT safuZvlad udevT `formaluri da grZelvadiani struqturebi~.
qarizma ki, rogorc veberi aRniSnavs, ar aris dafuZnebuli arc ierarqiul
wesrigze, arc daqiravebul muSaxelze da arc kanonebze. `qarizmatuli lideris
avtoriteti damokidebulia mxolod mis unarze, daarwmunos Tavisi mimdevrebi da
moswavleebi sakuTar araordinalur SesaZleblobebSi~.
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, sadac mmarTvelobis sadaveebi biurokratias ukavia,
veberis azriT, xasiaTdeba batonobis kanonier-racionaluri tipiT. Tu sxva
SemTxvevaSi arsebuli avtoritetis safuZvels TviT adamianebi warmoadgenen _
ojaxis mama, feodali Tu politikuri lideri, _ biurokratia Tavis batonobas
kanonebis sistemaze afuZnebs, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs, rom biurokratebi
miukerZoeblad moqmedeben da xelmZRvaneloben mxolod kanoniT, romelsac isini
erTnairad iyeneben yvela adamianis mimarT, maT socialuri materialuri
mdgomareobis miuxedavad. magram, samwuxarod, funqcionerebi yovelTvis ar
moqmedeben kanonis Tanaxmad, maTTvisac ar aris ucxo adamianuri sisusteebi, da
isini xSirad iyeneben kanonebs sakuTari _ piradi _ miznebis misaRwevad.
Tu isini pirnaTlad asruleben sakuTar funqciebs, biurokratebi daqvemdebarebul
mdgomareobaSi unda imyofebodnen, da ver ibatoneben. xolo Tu biurokratia xelT
igdebs Zalauflebas, is amas ukanonod akeTebs, da amitom kargavs legitimurobas.
klasi, statusi da partia
veberis stratifikaciuli naSromi `klasi, statusi da partia~ eZRvneba
sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis ganawilebis am sami fenomenis ganxilvas. veberi ar
amtkicebda, rom sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis ganawileba da sazogadoebrivi
ierarqiis Camoyalibeba mxolod am sam fenomenze aris dafuZnebuli, magram swored
klass, statuss da partias aniWebda is uaRresad did mniSvnelobas.
15

klasi. socialuri klasis ganmartebaSi veberi TiTqos marqsis azrs eTanxmeba da

Tvlis, rom klasebis Camoyalibebisas mTavaria sakuTreba da adgili Sromis
bazarze. iq, sadac gamanawilebeli sistema ar aris dafuZnebuli sabazro Zalebze
da pirad sakuTrebaze. klasebi ar arseboben _ iq jgufebs da gaerTianebebs aqvs
adgili. Sesabamisad, monebi, rogorc Sromis bazris araTavisufali monawileni,
qmnian ara klass, aramed `statusur jgufs~.
rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, aseT ganmartebisas warmoiSveba klasebs Soris
ganmasxvavebeli sazRvris gayvanis problema, romelic sakmaod seriozul xasiaTs
iRebs. amas Tan erTvis isic, rom Tumca TviTon veberi xSirad xmarobda termins
`klasi~, mas ar hqonda Camoyalibebuli klasebis mtkice da sistematuri koncefcia.
`Tavis makrosocialur da SedarebiT gamokvlevebSi is xSirad iyenebda klasebis
nacnob, marqsiseul kategoriebs: aristokratia, glexoba, burJuazia, proletariati.
magram kapitalisturi sazogadoebis Tavis ganxilvaSi mas arasdros ar ganumartia
bolomde is formaluri kriteriumebi, romlebiTac burJuazia da proletariati
erTmaneTisgan unda gansxvavdebodnen~.
statusi an statusuri jgufi. statusuri jgufebis safuZvels warmoadgens
`simboluri jildoebis~ ganawileba, romlebic yovelTvis ar Seesabamebian
materialuri faseulobebis ganawilebas. statusuri jgufebi ufro `moraluri
gaerTianebebia~, romlebic aRiqvamen TavianT identurobas da sazRvrebs sakuTari
jgufis wevrebsa da sxvebs Soris.
partia. partia aris Zalauflebis ganawilebis mesame aspeqti sazogadoebaSi, magram
klasTan da statusur jgufTan SedarebiT veberi mas nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs.
sazogadoebaSi, romelmac ganviTarebis biurokratiul stadias miaRwia, cota ram
SeiZleba Seicvalos `radikaluri socialuri inJinrebis~ meSveobiT. partiebs ar
gaaCniaT sakmarisi Zala, mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdinon sazogadoebaze da
gardaqmnan is. partiebis erTaderTi sasargeblo funqcia aris is, rom `gamoCenili
liderebis seleqcias~ awarmoeben, romlebsac veberi `pasuxismgebel liderebs~
uwodebs, da es liderebi nacionalur interesebs klasobriv da jgufur
interesebze maRla ayeneben~. es liderebi iyofian or jgufad: isini, vinc sakuTar
qcevas `pasuxismgeblobis eTikaze~ afuZneben, da isini, vinc `saboloo miznis
eTikas~ misdeven. pirvelebi Tanaxmani arian, rom wavidnen kompromisebze,
daTanxmdnen ufro naklebze, `imisTvis, raTa miaRwion sakuTar arc Tu Zalian
ambiciur mizans~. meoreni ki piriqiT, bolomde dganan Tavisaze, ris gamoc bolos
da bolos xSirad yvelafers kargaven.

16

maqs veberis sociologia

1) kulturis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa meTodologiuri problemebi.
veberiseuli sociologiis meTodologiuri principebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
XIX
saukunis
dasasrulis
dasavluri
sazogadoebaTmcodneobis
Teoriul
situaciasTan,
gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania
sworad
gavigoT
veberis
damokidebuleba v. dilTaisa da neokantianelTa ideebisadmi.
kulturis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa sayovelTaobis problema veberis gamokvlevaSi
centraluri gaxda. erT sakiTxSi igi eTanxmeba v.dilTais, man gaiziara misi
antinaturalizmi da darwmunebuli iyo rom adamianis saqmianobis Seswavlisas
SeuZlebelia amovideT imave meTodologiuri principebidan, romlebidanac amodis
astronomia, romelic ciur sxeulTa moZraobas Seiswavlis. rogorc dilTai,
veberic Tvlida, rom abstrahireba imisgan, rom adamiani cnobieri arsebaa ar
SeuZlia arc istorikoss, arc sociologs da arc ekonomists, magram socialuri
cxovrebis Seswavlisas msgavsi wesis rezultatebi ar floben sayovelTaobas.
veberis Tanaxmad, dilTaisa da misi mimdevrebis ZiriTadi Secdoma fsiqologizmia,
nacvlad imisa, rom vikvlioT istorikosSi garkveuli warmodgenebis warmoqmnis
fsiqologiuri procesebi, im TvalsazrisiT, Tu rogori wesiT gamovlindnen mis
sulSi es warmodgenebi da subieqturad Tu rogor movida maT Soris kavSirebis
gagebsaTan - sxva sityvebiT, nacvlad imisa, rom vikvlioT istorikosis gancdaTa
samyaro, veberi gvTavazobs, SeviswavloT im cnebaTa warmoqmnis logika,
romlebiTac am dros operirebs istorikosi, vinaidan mxolod imis gamoxatva
sayovelTao mniSvnelobis cnebebis formaSi, rac wvdomilia intuiturad,
istorikosis warmodgenaTa subieqtur samyaros aqcevs istoriul mecnierebis
obieqtur samyarod.
Tavis meTodologiur gamokvlevaSi veberi arsebiTad SeuerTda istoriul
mecnierebis
antinaturalisturi
dafuZnebis
neokantianur
variants.
henrix
rikertis kvalad veberi erTmaneTisgan mijnavs or aqts -Rirebulebisadmi
mikuTvnebas da Sefasebas. Tu pirveli Cven individualur STabeWdilebas obieqtur
da sayovelTao mniSvnelobis msjelobad gardaqmnis, maSin meore ar gadis
subieqturobis farglebidan. kulturis, sazogadoebis da istoriis Sesaxeb
mecniereba, - acxadebs veberi - aseve unda iyos Tavisufali SefasebiTi
msjelobisagan, rogorc bunebis mecniereba. aseTi moTxovna srulebiTac ar
niSnavs, rom mecnierebam saerTod uari Tqvas sakuTar Sefasebasa da gemovnebaze. ara, isini ubralod ar unda iWrebodnen misi mecnieruli msjelobis sazRvrebSi.
am sazRvrebis miRma mas sruli ufleba aqvs, gamoTqvas isini,ramdenic surs, magram
ukve ara rogorc mecnierma, aramed rogorc kerZo pirma.
magram vebers arsebiTi Sesworeba Seaqvs rikertis
wanamZRvrebSi. rikertisgan
gansxvavebiT, romelic Rirebulebebs da maT ierarqias ganixilavs, rogorc raRac
zeistoriuls, veberi Rirebulebas gansazRvravs, rogorc ama Tu im istoriuli
epoqis ganwyobas, rogorc epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli interesis mimarTulebas:
amiT Rirebulebebi zeistoriuli sferodan gadaitaneba istoriaSi, xolo
Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb neokantianuri moZRvreba uaxlovdeba pozitivizms, gamoTqma:
17

Rirebulebisadmi mikuTvneba gulisxmobs mxolod filosofiur ganmartebas im

specifikur
mecnieruli
interesisa,
romelic
xelmZRvanelobs
empiriuli
gamokvlevis obieqtis arCevansa da damuSavebas.
epoqis interesi - es aris raRac ufro myari da obieqturi, vidre ama Tu im
mkvlevaris ubralo kerZo interesi, romelic neokantianelebTan Rirebulebis
saxelwodeba miiRo, - rikertTan Rirebulebas fesvebi gadgmuli qonda
zeistoriul realobaSi - transcendentur subieqtSi. gardaqmnis ra maT epoqis
interesebad, e.i. raRac SefardebiTad, veberi amiT ukve axdens rikertis
mecnierebaTmoZRvrebis gadaazrebas. ramdenadac veberis Tanaxmad, Rirebulebebi
Tavis drois epoqis zogadi ganwyobebis mxolod da mxolod gamoTqmebia, amdenad
yovel drosa da epoqas Tavisi absolutebiaqvs. amgvarad, absolutebi aRmoCnda
istoriuli, maSasadame SefardebiTi.
2) idealuri tipi rogorc logikuri konstruqcia
veberi iyo erT - erTi yvelaze didi istorikosi da sociologi, romelic Seecada
Segnebulad gamoeyenebina cnebaTa neokantianuri instrumentebi empiriuli kvlevis
praqtikaSi. rikertis moZRvreba cnebebis Sesaxeb rogorc empiriuli sinamdvilis
intensiuri da eqstensiuri mravalsaxeobis gadalaxvis saSvalebebis Sesaxeb,
veberTan Taviseburad gardatyda idealuri tipis kategoriaSi.
zogadad rom vTqvaT, idealuri tipi aris epoqis interesi gamoTqmuli
Teoriuli konstruqciis saxiT. amgvarad, idealuri ar amoiReba empiriuli
sinamdvilidan - realobidan, aramed igeba rogorc Teoriuli sqema. am azriT
veberi
idealur
tips
utopias
uwodebs.
rac
ufro
mkveTrad
da
erTmniSvnelovnadaa agebuli - konstruirebuli idealuri tipebi, maSasadame, am
azriT, rac ufro ucxoni arian isini samyarosadmi, miT ufro kargad asruleben
isini TavianT daniSnulebas - rogorc terminologiur da klasifikatorul, ise
evristikul mimarTebaSic.
amgvarad veberiseuli idealuri tipi axlosaa idealur modelTan, romliTac
sargeblobs bunebismecniereba. es kargad esmis TviT vebersac. azrobrivi
konstruqciebi, romlebic atareben idealuri tipebis saxelwodebas, ambobs igi.
SeiZleba, iseve nakleb gvxvdebodes realobaSi, rogorc fizikuri reaqciebi,
romlebic gamoTvlili gamoangariSebulia, mxolod absoluturad carieli
sivrcis agebisas. veberi idealur tips Cveni fantaziis produqts uwodebs,
romelic Seqmnilia Cvens mier wminda azrobrivi saxiT, is ufro amiT xazs usvams
mis gareempiriul warmoSobas.
msgavsad imisa rogorc idealuri modelebi igeba bunebis mkvlevaris mier bunebis
Semecnebis instrumentis, saSualebis saxiT, aseve idealuri tipebic iqmneba
rogorc instrumenti istoriuli realobis misaRwevad. abstraqtuli idealuri
tipebi - wers veberi ganixileba ara rogorc mizani, aramed rogorc saSualeba.
swored empiriuli realobidan Tavisi mowyvetilobis an Tavisi gansxvavebulobis
wyalobiT idealur tips SeuZlia gamogvadges TiTqosda masTan - realobasTan
idealuri tipis Tanafardobis dadgenis masStabad. (raTa gavigoT namdvili
kavSirebi, Cven vagebT aranamdvils.)
iseTi
cnebebi
rogorebicaa
ekonomikuri
gacvla,
Homo
ockonomicus
(ekonomikuri adamiani) sarewi, kapitalizmi, eklesia, seqta, qristianoba,
18

Suasaukunoebrivi saqalaqo meurneoba, veberis Tanaxmad arian idealur - tipiuri

konstruqciebi, romlebic gamoiyenebian individualuri istoriuli warmonaqmnebis
gamoxatvisa da gamosaxvis saSualebebis saxiT. erT - erT yvelaze gavrcelebul
Secdomad, veberi Tvlis, idealuri tipebis realistur (Sua saukuneebis azriT)
ganmartebas, e.i. am gonebrivi konstruqciebis gaigivebis TviT istoriul kulturul realobasTan, maT substancializacias.
magram aq veberi vardeba siZneleebSi, romlebic dakavSirebulia sakiTxTan imis
Sesaxeb mainc rogor igeba - konstruirdeba idealuri tipi. AerT - erTi miseuli
ganmarteba: Sinaarsobrivad am konstruqcias (idealur tips) aqvs raRac utopiis
xasiaTi, romelic warmoSobilia sinamdvilis garkveuli elementebis azrovnebiTi
gaZlierebis, gamoyofis dros. aq SeiZleba advilad aRmovaCinoT winaaRmdegoba
idealuri tipebis ganmartebaSi. namdvilad, erTis mxriv, veberi aqcents akeTebs
imaze, rom idealuri tipebi warmoadgenen utopias, fantazias. meores mxriv,
cxadi xdeba, rom isini aRebulia TviT sinamdvilisgan - marTalia raRacnairi misi
deformaciis gziT: im elementebis gaZlierebiT, gamoyofiT, gamaxvilebiT,
romlebic mkvlevars warmoedgineba rogorc tipiurni. gamodis rom idealuri
konstruqcia garkveuli azriT amoRebulia TviT empiriuli realobisagan.
maSasadame, idealuri tipi - ra aris igi: aprioruli konstruqcia, Tu empiriuli
ganzogadeba? magaliTad iseTi cnebis Seqmnis mizniT, rogoricaa qalaquri sarewi
meurneoba, gulisxmobs individualuri movlenebidan raRac Tu yvelasaTvis ara
saerTosi da zogadisa, maSin ukidures SemTxvevaSi raRac iseTisa, romelic
mravalTaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Ees procedura pirdapir dapirispirebulia
individualuri istoriuli cnebebis warmonaqmnisadmi, rogorc es warmoedgina
rikerts; igi ufro emsgavseba
mageneralizebel cnebaTa Camoyalibebas. am
winaamRdegobis gadasawyvetad, veberi erTmaneTisgan mijnavs istoriul da
sociologiur idealur tipebs.
jer kidev rikerti aRniSnavda, rom istoriisgan gansxvavebiT sociologia
rogorc mecniereba, romelic kanonebs adgens, unda mivakuTvnoT nomoTeTikur
tipis mecnierebas, romelic mageneralizebel meTods iyenebs. maTSi zogadi cnebebi
gvevlinebian ara rogorc saSualebebi, aramed rogorc Semecnebis mizani.
sociologiuri cnebebis warmoqmnis wesi rikertis mixedviT, logikurad ar
gansxvavdeba bunebismecnieruli cnebebis warmoqmnis wesisgan. idealuri tipi
veberiseuli koncefciis Tavisebureba da mTeli rigi siZneleebi, romlebic
masTanaa dakavSirebuli, imiT ganisazRvreba, rom idealuri tipi veberTan
emsaxureba meTodologiuri principis saxiT rogorc istoriul, ise sociologiur
mecnierebasac. rogorc samarTlianad SeniSnavs veberis erT - erTi mkvlevari
maindividualizebeli da mageneralizebeli tendenciebi veberTan ... mudam
erTmaneTSia gadaxlarTuli, ramdenadac masTan istoria da sociologia xSirad
ganuyofelia.
1904 wlis sociologiur - meTodologiur SromebSi, rodesac pirvelad gamoiyena
idealuri tipis cneba, veberi mas ZiriTadad
ganixilavs rogorc istoriuli
Semecnebis saSualebas, rogorc istoriul idealur tips. swored amitom igi
xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom idealuri tipi aris Semecnebis mxolod saSualeba da
ara Semecnebis mizani.
19

magram veberi istoriuli mecnierebis amocanebis TviT gagebiTac ki gansxvavdeba

rikertisagan igi ar izRudeba imis rekonstruqciiT, rac sinamdvileSi iyo,
rogorc amas rekonstruirebas uwevda rikerti, romelic orientirebuli iyo
leopold rankes istoriul skolaze. veberi miiswrafvis dauqvemdebaros
istoriul - individualuri kauzalur analizs, ukve amiT vebers Seaqvs istoriul
gamokvlevebSi generalizaciis momenti, ris Sedegadac gansxvaveba istoriasa da
sociologias Soris arsebiTad mcirdeba, ai rogor gansazRvravs veberi idealuri
tipis rols sociologiasa da istoriaSi: sociologia rogorc es mravaljer
aRiniSneboda TavisTavad gasagebi azriT, qmnis tipebis cnebebs da eZebs
xdomilebaTa zogad wesebs, istoriis sapirispirod, romelic miiswrafvis
kauzaluri analizi gaukeTos individualur, kulturul mimarTebaSi mniSvnelovan
moqmedebebs, warmonaqmnebs, pirovnebebs.
amgvarad, istoriis amocanebi, veberis azriT mdgomareobs individualur
istoriul warmonaqmnebs Soris kauzaluri kavSiris dadgenaSi, aq idealuri tipi
warmoadgens istoriul movlenaTa genetikuri kavSiris dadgenis - aRmoCenis
saSualebas, amitom Cven mas vuwodebT genetikur idealur tips. (ai genetikuri
idealuri tipebis magaliTebi veberTan: Suasaukuneebrivi qalaqi, kalvinizmi,
meTodizmi, da a.S. yvela isini Seqmnilia rogorc veberi gvixsnis, empiriulad
mocemuli faqtebis erT - erTi mxaris xazgasmiT. magram maTsa da zogadad
gvareobiT cnebebs Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom gvareobiTi cnebebi, rogorc
varaudobs veberi, miiRebian yvela mocemul movlenaTa niSnebisgan erTis
gamoyofis gziT, maSin rodesac genetikuri idealuri tipi srulebiTac ar
gulisxmobs aseT formalur sayovelTaobas.)
ras warmoadgens sociologiuri idealuri tipi? Tu istoria veberis Tanaxmad,
unda
eswrafvodes
individualuri
movlenebis,
e.i.
droSi
da
sivrceSi
lokalizebuli movlenebis kauzalur gagebas, maSin sociologiis amocanaa daadginos xdomilebaTa arsi droul - vrceul gansazRvrulobebTan mimarTebis
gareSe. am azriT idealuri tipebi rogorc sociologiuri kvlevis instrumentebi,
rogorc Cans, unda iyvnen ufro zogadni, da genetikuri tipebisgan gansxvavebiT
SeiZleba wodebul iqnen wminda idealur tipebad. ase agebs sociologi
batonobis (qarizmatuli, racionaluri da tradiciuli) wminda idealur modelebs,
romlebic gvxvdebian yvela istoriul epoqebSi da dedamiwis yvela wertilSi.
wminda tipebi miT ufro gamosadegia gamokvlevebSi, rac ufro wmindaa e.i. rac
ufro Sorsaa namdvili, empiriulad arsebuli movlenebisgan.
sociologiis wminda tipebs veberi adarebs politikuri ekonomiis idealur tipobriv konstruqciebs im mimarTebaSi, rom pirveli, orive SemTxvevaSi adgili
aqvs iseTi adamianuri moqmedebis konstruirebas, rom TiTqos igi warmoiqmnebodes mimdinareobdes idealur pirobebSi da meore, orive disciplina moqmedebis
mimdinareobis am idealur formas ganixilaven adgilisa da drois lokaluri
pirobebisgan damoukideblad, igulisxmeba, rom Tu Sesrulebuli iqneba idealuri
pirobebi, maSin yovel epoqaSi, yovel qveyanaSi moqmedeba Sesruldeba swored
amgvarad, gansxvaveba da maTi gavlena moqmedebis msvlelobaze, veberis Tanaxmad,
fiqsirdeba idealuri tipisgan im gadaxvevis mixedviT, romelic mudam gvxvdeba,
magram am gadaxvevis SemCnevisa da sayovelTao mniSvneladi saxiT - wesiT
gamoTqmis saSualebas gvaZlevs mxolod idealuri - tipiuri konstruqcia.
20

rogorc aRniSnaven veberis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarni genetikuri idealuri tipebi

gansxvavdebian wminda tipebisgan mxolod zogadobis xarisxiT. genetikuri tipi
gamoiyeneba lokalurad drosa da sivrceSi, wminda tipis gamoyeneba ki ar aris
lokalizebuli; genetikuri tipi aris im kavSiris gamovlenis saSualeba, romelic
iyo mxolod erTxel, mxolod wminda ki warmoadgens mudam arsebuli kavSirebis
gamovlenis saSualebas. sociologias da istorias Soris arsebuli rikertiseuli
Tvisebrivi gansxvaveba icvleba veberTan raodenobrivi gansxvavebiT:
rac Seexeba istoriuli cnebebis Seqmnas, aq veberi scildeba rikerts imiT, rom
aZlierebs generalizaciis moments, sociologiaSi ki piriqiT, aq veberi
rikertiseul nomoTekurobis moments asustebs da Semoyavs individualizaciis
momenti. es ukanaskneli gamoixateba imaSi, rom veberi uars ambobs socialuri
cxovrebis kanonebis dadgenaze, da ufro moridebuli amocaniT ifargleba - adgens
socialur xdomilebaTa mimdinareobis wesebs.
amgvarad, Tu SevajamebT zemoTmoyvanil msjelobebs, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom is
winaamRdegobani, romlebic warmoiqmnen veberTan - idealur - tipobrivi cnebebis
warmoebisas, mniSvnelovnad dakavSirebulni arian idealuri tipebis gansxvavebul
funqciebTan da gansxvavebul warmoSobasTan istoriasa da sociologiaSi. Tu
istoriul idealur tipTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi warmoadgens ara
Semecniebis mizans, aramed saSualebas, maSin sociologiur idealur tipTan
mimarTebaSi amis Tqma yovelTvis ar SeiZleba. ufro metic, Tu istoriul
mecnierebebSi idealur tips Seaqvs zogadis elementi, maSin sociologiaSi igi
ufro kanonzomieri kavSirebis tipiuriT Secvlis funqcias asrulebs. idealuri
tipis daxmarebiT veberi mniSvnelovnad aviwroebs sociologias da istorias
Soris arsebul ufskruls, romelmac gayo es ori mecniereba badenis skolis
TeoriaSi. am kuTxiT marTalia germaneli sociologi hans fraieri, romelic
SeniSnavs,
rom
idealuri
tipis
cneba
arbilebs
azrovnebis
maindividualizirebeli da mageneralizebeli wesebis dapirispirebas, ramdenadac
igi,
erTis
mxriv,
gamoyofs
individualurSi
damaxasiaTebels,
xolo
generalizaciis
gzaze
midis
mxolod
tipiuramde,
magram
ara
kanonis
uzogadesobamde.
3) gagebis problema da socialuri moqmedebis kategoria
rom SegveZlos imis Tqma Tu rogor gamoiyeneba idealuri tipis cneba veberTan,
aucilebelia gavaanalizoT es cneba Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiTac. amisTvis ki
aucilebelia SemovitanoT veberis sociologiis kidev erTi kategoria - gagebis
kategoria. rogori paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, unda iTqvas, rom veberi Tavis
gamokvlevebis msvlelobaSi iZulebuli iyo esargebla kategoriebiT, romlis
winaamRdegac igi gamodioda dilTaisTan, kroCesTan da intivituizmis sxva
warmomadgenlebTan. marTalia isic, rom veberTan gagebas sxva mniSvneloba aqvs,
vidre intuitivizmSi.
veberis Tanaxmad Tavisi gamokvlevis sagnis gagebis aucilebloba ganasxvavebs
sociologias bunebismetyvelebisagan. adamianuri moqmedeba, iseve rogorc yvela
sxva sxdomileba avlens mimdinareobis kavSirebsa da kanonzomierebebs. magram
adamianuri moqmedebis (qcevis) gansxvaveba isaa, rom SeiZleba mis gasagebad
21

ganmarteba. is garemoeba, rom adamianuri moqmedeba, (qceva). emorCileba gaazrebul

ganmartebas, gulisxmobs adamianuri moqmedebis Sesaxeb mecnierebis (sociologiis)
specifikur gansxvavebas bunebismetyvelebisgan. swored aq xedavda dilTaic
gonebis Sesaxeb mecnierebebsa da bunebismecnierebebs Soris gansxvavebas.
magram veberi maSinve cdilobs gaimijnos dilTaisgan: igi ar upirispirebs
gagebas, mizezobriv axsnas, aramed piriqiT, maT mWidrod akavSirebs
erTmaneTTan. sociologia (am sityvis aq nagulisxmevi azriT) niSnavs mecnierebas,
romelsac surs ganmartebuli saxiT - wesiT gaigos (deutend verstehen) socialuri
moqmedeba da amis wyalobiT mizezobrivad axsnas igi mis mimdinareobasa da
SedegebSi. gagebis veberiseuli kategoriis gansxvaveba dilTais Sesabamisi
kategoriisagan mdgomareobs ara mxolod imaSi, rom veberi gagebas uwanamZRvrebs
axsnas, maSin rodesac dilTai maT erTmaneTs upirispirebs - gageba, garda amisa,
veberis Tanaxmad, ar aris fsiqologiuri kategoria, rogorc amas fiqrobda
dilTai, amis Sesabamisad ki gamgebi sociologia ar aris fsiqologiis nawili.
ganvixiloT veberiseuli argumentacia. sociologiam, veberis mixedviT, iseve
rogorc istoriam Tavisi gamokvlevebis amosavali punqtis saxiT unda aiRos
individis an individTa jgufis moqmedeba (qceva). calkeuli individi da misi
moqmedeba warmoadgens TiTqosda sociologiisa da istoriis ujreds, maT
atoms, im umartives erTianobas, romelic TviT ukve aRar eqvemdebareba Semdgom
danawevrebasa da dayofas. magram individis qcevas swavlobs fsiqologia da raSi
mdgomareobs individualuri moqmedebis (qcevis) Seswavlisadmi fsiqologiur da
sociologiur midgomebs Soris ganxvaveba?
sociologia, ambobs veberi, ganixilavs pirovnebis qcevas (moqmedebas) mxolod
imdenad, ramdenadac pirovneba Tavis moqmedebebSi debs garkveul sazriss. mxolod
aseTi qceva SeiZleba ainteresebdes sociologias, rac Seexeba fsiqologias, maSin
misTvis es momenti ar warmoadgens ganmsazRvrels. amgvarad, moqmedebis (qcevis)
sociologiuri cneba veberis mier Semoitaneba sazrisis cnebis meoxebiT.
moqmedebad (qcevad) - wers igi - iwodeba adamianuri qceva ... im SemTxvevaSi da
imdenad, Tu da ramdenadac moqmedi individi an moqmedi individebi ukavSireben mas
subieqtur sazriss.
mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom vebers mxedvelobaSi aqvs is sazrisi, romelsac
moqmedebaSi debs TviT individi; igi mravaljer aRniSnavs, rom bWoba exeba ara
metafizikur
sazriss,
romelic ganixileba
rogorc
raRac umaRlesi,
WeSmariti sazrisi (sociologias, veberis azriT, saqme ara aqvs metafizikur
realobebTan da ar aris normatiuli mecniereba) da arc im obieqtur sazriss,
romelic
SeiZleba
miiRos
saboloo
jamSi,
individis
moqmedebam
misi
nebasurvilisagan damoukideblad. rasakvirvelia, amiT veberi ar uaryofs rogorc
normatiul disciplinaTaAarsebobis SesaZleblobas, ise individualuri moqmedebis
subieqturad nagulisxmev sazrissa da zogierT mis obieqtur sazriss Soriss
daSorebis, uTanxmoebis SesaZleblobasac. magram ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi igi
amjobinebs ar gamoiyenos sazrisis termini, ramdenadac sazrisi: gulisxmobs
subieqts
romlisTvisac
igi
arsebobs.
veberi
mxolod
amtkicebs,
rom
sociologiuri
gamokvlevis
sagania
subieqturad
nagulisxmev
azrTan
dakavSirebuli moqmedeba. sociologia, veberis mixedviT, unda iyos gamgebi
imdenad, ramdenadac individis moqmedeba gaazrebulia. magram es gageba ar aris
22

fsiqologiuri, ramdenadac sazrisi ar miekuTvneba fsiqologiuris sferos da ar

aris fsiqologiis sagani.
gagebis principTan dakavSirebulia veberiseuli sociologiis erT - erTi
centraluri meTodologiuri kategoria - socialuri moqmedebis kategoria.
ramdenad mniSvnelovania veberisTvis es kategoria SeiZleba vimsjeloT imis
mixedviT, rom igi gansazRvravs sociologias rogorc socialuri moqmedebis
Semswavlel mecnierebebs.
rogorRa gansazRvravs veberi TviT socialur moqmedebas? moqmedebad unda
iwodos ... adamianis qceva (sulerTia garegani Tu Sinagani qmedebaa, umoqmedobaa Tu
gancdaa), ramdenadac moqmedi an moqmedni ukavSireben mas raRac subieqtur sazriss.
magram socialuri moqmedeba unda ewodos iseTs, romelic moqmedis an moqmedTa
mier nagulisxmevi sazrisis mixedviT mimarTulia, mipyrobilia sxvaTa moqmedebebze
da amiT orientirebulia Tavis mimdinareobaSi (dinebaSi).
amgvarad, socialuri moqmedeba, veberis mixedviT, gulisxmobs or moments:
individis an jgufis subieqtur motivacias, romlis gareSec saerTod SeuZlebelia
vilaparakoT moqmedebis Sesaxeb, da sxvaze (sxvebze) orientacias, romelsac veberi
uwodebs kidec molodinsac da romlis gareSec moqmedeba SeuZlebelia
ganxilul iqnes rogorc socialuri.
gavCerdeT pirveli momentis analizze. veberi daJinebiT moiTxovs imis aRiarebas,
rom moqmedi individis motivTa gaTvaliswinebis gareSe sociologias ar SeuZlia
daadginos is mizezobrivi kavSirebi, romlebic saboloo jamSi, saSualebas
gvaZleven SevqmnaT socialuri procesis obieqturi suraTi.
socialuri moqmedebis kategoria, romelic moiTxovs amovideT calkeuli erTeuli individis motivTa gagebisgan, aris is gadamwyveti momenti - punqti,
romeliTac
gansxvavdeba
veberis
sociologiuri
midgoma
diurkemis
sociologiisagan. socialuri moqmedebis cnebis SemotaniT, veberi arsebiTad,
iZleva socialuri faqtis ganmartebas, romelic polemikurad mimarTulia imis
winaamRdeg, romelic SemoTavazebuli iyo diurkemis mier. diurkemis sapirispirod,
veberi Tvlis, rom arc sazogadoeba mTlianobaSi, arc koleqtiurobis esa Tu is
forma, Tu mivudgebiT sakiTxs mkacri mecnierulobiT, ar unda ganixilebodes
moqmedebis subieqtebis saxiT: aseTebi SeiZleba iyos mxolod calkeuli
individebi. sxva (mag. iuridiuli) SemecnebiTi miznebisa an praqtikuli
miznebisTvis SeiZleba mizanSewonili da ubralod aucilebelic ki aRmoCndes
socialuri warmonaqmnebis (saxelmwifo, amxanagoba, aqcioneruli sazogadoeba,
dawesebuleba) ganxilva zustad ise, TiTqosda isini iyvnen calkeuli individebi
(mag. rogorc uflebaTa da movaleobaTa matarebelni
an rogorc damnaSaveni
moqmedebebSi,
romlebTac
aqvT
iuridiuli
Zala).
magram
sociologiis
TvalsazrisiT, romelic iZleva moqmedebis gasagebad ganmartebas, es warmonaqmnebi
arian mxolod calkeul adamianTa specifikuri moqmedebebis procesebi da
kavSirebi, radgan mxolod adamianebi arian CvenTvis gasageb moqmedebaTa
matareblebi, moqmedebaTa, romelTac aqvT sazrisiseuli orientacia. veberis
Tanaxmad, koleqtivebi sociologias SeuZlia ganixilos rogorc maTi Semadgeneli
individebisgan warmoebuli ram; koleqtivebi warmoadgenen ara damoukidebel
realobebs, rogorc es diurkemTana, aramed ufro calkeul individTa moqmedebebis
organizaciis wesebs.
23

veberi ar gamoricxavs sociologiaSi iseTi cnebebis gamoyenebas, rogorebicaa

ojaxi, eri, saxelmwifo, armia, romelTa gareSec sociologs ar SeuZlia fons
gavides. magram igi amave dros moiTxovs imis ar daviwyebas, rom koleqtiurobaTa
es formebi ar arian socialuri moqmedebis realuri subieqtebi, da amitom ar
unda mieweros maT neba an azrovneba, ar unda mivmarToT koleqtiuri nebis an
koleqtiuri azris cnebebs sxvagvarad Tu ara metaforuli azriT. SeuZlebelia ar
aRiniSnos,
rom
Tavis
meTodologiur
individualizms
igi
yovelTvis
Tanmimdevrulad ver atarebs. mas eqmneba mTeli rigi winaamRdegobebi, rodesac igi
cdilobs, gamoiyenos socialuri moqmedebis kategoria, gansakuTrebiT tradiciuli
sazogadoebis analizisas.
maSasadame,
subieqturad
nagulisxmevi
sazrisis,
motivaciaTa
gageba

sociologiuri kvlevis aucilebeli momentia. Mmagram ras warmoadgens gageba,

mas xom veberi ar uigivebs gagebis im ganmartebas, romelsac fsiqologia
gvTavazobs?
veberis
mixedviT,
sxvaTa
sulier
mdgomareobis
fsiqologiuri
gageba
sociologisa da istorikosisaTvis mxolod damxmare da ara mTavari saSualebaa.
mas SeiZleba mivmarToT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu asaxsneli moqmedeba
SeuZlebelia gagebuli iqnes misi sazrisis mixedviT. moqmedebis iracionaluri
momentebis axsnisas wers veberi gamgeb fsiqologias namdvilad SeuZlia
gagviwios ueWvelad mniSvnelovani samsaxuri. magram es, xazs usvams igi - arafers
ar cvlis meTodologiur principebSi.
rogoria es meTodologiuri principebi? Tavisi sazrisiseuli struqturis
mixedviT, uSualod yvelaze gasagebia is moqmedeba, romelic orientirebulia
subieqturad mkacrad racionaluri saxiT saSualebebTan SesabamisobaSi, romlebic
iTvlebian (subieqturad) erTmniSvnelovan adeqvatur saSualebebad. (subieqturad)
erTmniSvnelovani da naTlad Segnebuli gacnobierebuli miznebis misaRwevad.
gavaanalizoT moyvanili gansazRvreba. amgvarad, sociologia orientirebuli
unda iqnes individis an individTa jgufis moqmedebebze. am dros yvelaze
gasagebia gasazrisianebuli - gaazrebuli moqmedeba e.i. 1) moqmedeba, romelic
mimarTulia TviT moqmedi individebis mier naTlad gacnobierebuli miznebis
misaRwevad da 2) romelic am mizanTa misaRwevad iyenebs iseT saSualebebs,
romlebic TviT moqmedi individebis mier aRiarebulia
adeqvatur da Sesabamis
saSualebad. amgavard, moqmedi individis cnobiereba aucilebeli aRmoCnda
imisTvis, raTa Sesaswavli moqmedeba mogvevlinos socialuri realobis saxiT.
moqmedebis
aRwerili
tips
veberi
uwodebs
mizanracionalurs
racionalmiznobrivs (Zweckrationale). Mmizanracionaluri moqmedebis gasagebad,
veberis Tanaxmad, araa saWiro fsiqologiisadmi mimarTva. moqmedeba rac ufro
erTmniSvnelovnadaa orientirebuli swori racionalurobis tipis (richtig
keitslationalitat) Sesatyvisad miT ufro naklebadaa saWiro aixsnas misi mimdinareoba
romelime fsiqologiuri mosazrebiT. SeniSvna: (swori racionaluri moqmedebis
cnebas veberi iyenebs obieqtur racionaluri moqmedebis dasaxasiaTeblad;
mizanracionaluri da swor racionaluri moqmedebani erTmaneTs emTxvevian im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu saSualeba, SerCeuli subieqturad garkveuli miznis misaRwevad
rogorc yvelaze adeqvatur ram, amave dros aRmoCnda obieqturadac yvelaze
adeqvaturi rame).
24

gaazrebuli mizanracionaluri moqmedeba ar aris fsiqologiis sagani swored

imitom, rom mizani, romelsac individi isaxavs, SeuZlebelia gavigoT, Tu amovalT
mxolod misi sulieri cxovrebis analizisgan. Amiznis ganxilvas gavyavarT
fsiqologizmis sazRvrebidan. marTalia, mizansa da misi realizaciisaTvis
SerCeul saSualebebs Soris kavSiri gaSualebulia individis fsiqologiiT,
magram, veberis Tanaxmad, rac ufro axlosaa moqmedeba mizanracionalurTan, miT
ufro naklebia fsiqologiuri gardatexvis koeficinti, miT ufro wmindaa,
racionaluria kavSiri mizansa da saSualebebs Soris.
rasakvirvelia, es imas ar niSnavs, rom veberi mizanracionalur moqmedebas
ganixilavs rogorc moqmedebis raRac uzogades princips: piriqiT, igi ara mxolod
ar Tvlis mas sayovelTaod uzogades raimed, aramed upiratesobis mqonedac ki
ar Tvlis
empiriul sinamdvileSi. mizanracionaluri moqmedeba-esaa idealuri
tipi da ara empiriuli zogadi, miT ufro sayovelTao da uzogadesi ram. rogorc
idealuri tipi, igi wminda saxiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba realobaSi. swored
mizanracionaluri moqmedeba aris socialuri moqmedebis nimuSi, romelsac
Seefardebian moqmedebis yvela sxva saxeebi. maT veberi Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT
CamoTvlis: sociologiisaTvis arseboben moqmedebis Semdegi tipebi: 1) daaxloebiT
metad Tu naklebad miRweuli swori tipi(Richtigkeitstypus); 2) (subieqturad)
mizanracionalurad orientirebuli tipi; 3) metad Tu naklebad cnobierad da
metad Tu naklebad erTmniSvnelovnad mizanracionalurad orientirebuli
moqmedeba; 4) moqmedeba, romelic orientirebulia ara mizanracionalurad, magram
gasagebia Tavisi sazrisis mixedviT; 5) moqmedeba, romelic Tavisi sazrisis
mixedviT metad Tu naklebad gasagebadaa motivirebuli, magram darRvevadia - metad
Tu naklebad Zlierad - gaugebar elementTa SeWriT da bolos, 6) moqmedeba,
romelSic savsebiT gaugebari fsiqikuri an fizikuri faqtebi dakavSirebulia
adamianTan an adamianSi SeumCneveli gadasvlebiT.
rogorc vxedavT es Skala agebulia mizanracionalur (anu swor-racionalur)
moqmedebasTan yoveli moqmedebis Sedarebis principis mixedviT. yvelaze gasagebi
mizanracionaluri moqmedeba - aq sicxadis xarisxi - done umaRlesia.
racionalurobis klebasTan erTad klebis zomis Sesatyvisad moqmedeba xdeba
sul ufro naklebad gasagebi, misi uSualo sicxade sul ufro mcirdeba. da Tumca
realobaSi mizanracionaluri moqmedebis iracionalurobisgan gamyofi sazRvris
dadgena
arasdros ar SeiZleba mkacrad iqnes dadgenili, Tumca yoveli
sociologiurad relevanturi moqmedebis nawili (gansakuTrebiT tradiciul
sazogadoebaSi) dgas erTisa da meoris zRvarze - pirze. miuxedavad amisa
sociologi unda amovides mizanracionaluri moqmedebisgan rogorc idealur tipiuri moqmedebisgan da ganixilos adamianuri moqmedebis sxva saxeebi rogorc
idealuri tipisgan gadaxveva.
amgvarad, veberis Tanaxmad, gagebas wminda saxiT iq aqvs adgili, sadac Cvens winaa
- mizanracionaluri moqmedeba. TviT veberi Tvlis, rom am SemTxveveaSi ukve
SeuZlebelia - ar SeiZleba vilaparakoT fsiqologiuri gagebis Sesaxeb,
ramdenadac moqmedebis sazrisi, misi mizani Zevs fsiqologiis farglebs miRma
magram davsvaT sakiTxi sxvagvarad: saxeldobr ras vigebT Cven mizanracionaluri
moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi: moqmedebis sazriss Tu TviT moqmedebas? davuSvaT Cven
xvedavT adamians romelic tyeSi Cexavs SeSas. Cven SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna,
25

rom igi amas akeTebs an gasamrjelosaTvis, an imisTvis, raTa zamTrisTvis

moipovos saTbobi da a.S. amgvari wesiT msjelobisas , Cven vcdilobT gavigoT
moqmedebis sazrisi
da ara TviT moqmedi. magram igive operacia SegviZlia
gamogvadges Cven TviTmoqmedi individis analizis saSualebad. siZnele, romelic
aq warmoiSoba, friad arsebiTia. Tuki sociologia iswrafvis gaigos TviT moqmedi
individi, maSin misTvis yovelgvari moqmedeba gamodis rogorc raRacis niSani,
sinamdvileSi savsebiT sxva
ramisa, imisa, rasac an individi TviT ver xvdeba
(igebs) an Tu xvdeba, maSin cdilobs dafaros (sxvebisgan an TviT sakuTari
Tavisagan). aseTia individis moqmedebis gagebisadmi midgoma, mag. froidis
fsiqoanalizSi.
amgavri midgomis SesaZleblobas veberi principulad ar gamoricxavda. gamgebi
fsiqologiis muSaobis arsebiTi nawili werda igi - mdgomareobs swored
arasakmarisad SesamCnev an savsebiT SeumCnevel da am azriT ara subieqtur racionalurad orientirebul kavSirTa aRmoCenebSi, romlebic miuxedavad amisa,
aranaklebad obieqturad - racionaluria (da rogorc aseTebi gasagebia). Tu Cven aq
savsebiT ganveyenebiT e.w. fsiqoanalizis Sromebis zogierTi nawilisagan,
romlebic atareben am xasiaTs, maSin iseT konstruqcias, rogoricaa mag
ressentiment - is nicSeanuri Teoria, garegani qcevis obieqturi racionaluroba
gamoyavs garkveuli - cnobili interesebidan amosvliT. Tanac, meTodur
mimarTebaSi es zustad ise keTdeba, rogorc amas ramdenime aTwleulis ukan
akeTebda ekonomikuri materializmis Teoria. rogorc vxedavT socialuri
movlenebisadmi amgavar midgomas veberi xedavs imaSi, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi
subieqturad, Tumca SeumCnevlad (TviT mkvlevarisTvisac ki), mizanracionaluri da
obieqturad swori - racionaluri erTmaneTis mimarT aranaTel urTierTobaSi
aRmoCndebian. vebers aq mxedvelobaSi aqvs Semdegi friad seriozuli siZnele,
romelic fsiqologiuri midgomisas warmoiSoba. Tu individi TviTon naTlad
acnobierebs mis mier dasaxul mizans da mxolod eswrafvis sxvebisgan mis
dafarvas, maSin amis gageba araa Zneli, aseTi situacia savsebiiT SesaZlebelia
SeviyvanoT mizanracionaluri qcevis sqemis qveS. magram Tu bWoba exeba iseT
moqmedebas, rodesac individma ar uwyis sakuTari miznebi (swored am moqmedebebs
ikvlevs fsiqoanalizi), maSin warmoiSoba kiTxva: aqvs Tu ara mkvlevars sakmarisi
safuZveli imis mtkicebisa, rom igi ufro kargad igebs moqmed individs, vidre
TviT moqmedi individi
sakuTar Tavs? namdvilad: xom ar SeiZleba daviviwyoT, rom fsiqoanalizis meTodi
warmoiSva sulierad avadmyofTa mkurnalobis praqtikisgan, romelTa mimarT eqimi
sakuTar Tavs Tvlis maTi mdgomareobis ukeT gamgebad, vidre es TviTon maT
gaegebaT. namdvilad, igi xom janmrTeli adamiania, isini ki avadmyofebi. magram
ra safuZvelze SeuZlia mas gamoiyenos es meTodi sxva janmrTeli adamianebis
mimarT? amisTvis SeiZleba iyos mxolod erTi safuZveli: rwmena imisa, rom
isinic:avadmyofebia. magram maSin avadmyofobis cneba gadatanili aRmoCndeba
medicinis sferodan zogadsocialur sferoSi, xolo mkurnaloba aseT SemTxvevaSi
AaRmoCndeba fsiqoTerapia, saboloo jamSi ki mTeli sazogadoebis mkurnalobad anu fsiqoTerapia mTeli sazogadoebis mkurnali xdeba.
cxadia, am mosazrebebma aiZules veberi SeezRuda amgvar midgomaTa gamoyenebis
sfero socialur da istoriul gamokvlevebSi, magram maSin rogorRa wyvets
26

TviTon igi mainc gagebis Sesaxeb sakiTxs? saxeldobr ras vigebT Cven
mizanracionaluri moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi: moqmedebis sazrisis Tu TviTon moqmeds
veberma imitom airCia idealur tipiuri modelis saxiT mizanracionaluri
moqmedeba, rom masSi orive es momenti erTmaneTs emTxveva: moqmedebis sazrisis
gageba - es kidec niSnavs mocemul SemTxvevaSi moqmedis gagebas, mxolod moqmedis
gageba niSnavs misi saqcielis moqmedebis sazrisis gagebas. veberi amgvar
damTxvevas Tvlis im idealur SemTxvevad, romlidanac unda amovides sociologia.
realurad yvelaze xSirad orive es momenti erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, magram
mecnierebas ar SeuZlia, veberis Tanaxmad, amovides empiriuli faqtisgan: man unda
Seqmnas TavisTvis idealizirebuli sivrce. sociologiisTvis aseT sivrces
warmoadgens mizanracionaluri moqmedeba.
4) mizanracionaluri moqmedeba rogorc veberis sociologiis meTodologiuri
kategoria.
ramdenadac veberi mizanracionalur moqmedebas ganixilavs rogorc idealur
tips, amitom mas ufleba aqvs ganacxados, rom misi meTodis racionalisturi
xasiaTi srulebiTac ar gulisxmobs TviT socialuri realobis racionalistur
ganmartebas. Mmizanracionaluroba - veberis mixedviT - esaa mxolod sociologiis
MmeTodologiuri da ara ontologiuri ganwyoba, esaa sinamdvilis analizis
saSualeba da ara TviT am sinamdvilis daxasiaTeba. am moments veberi specialurad
xazgasmiT aRniSnavs.
marTalia veberi zrunavs imis Sesaxeb, raTa mizanracionaluri moqmedeba rogorc
konstruirebuli idealuri tipi gamoyos TviT empiriuli realobidan, magram
idealuri - tipobrivi da empiriuli realobis Tanafardobis problema araa ise
ioli gadasawyveti, rogorc es erTi SexedviT Cans, da am problemis
erTmniSvnelovani gadawyveta TviT vebersac ki ar aqvs. rogor ar surda vebers
erTxel da samudamod mkafiod gaecalkevebina es sferoebi, magram idealur tipobrivi konstruqciebiT realurad muSaobis pirvelive cdaze, es sicxade da
mkafioba gamyofisa ikargeba. saerTo formiT Cven ukve gamovavlineT es siZneleebi,
romelic aq vebers warmoeqmneba.
sociologiuri
TeoriisTvis
ra
mniSvnelovan
wanamZRvrebs
Seicavs
mizanracionaluri moqmedeba? sociologiisTvis meTodologiuri safuZvlis saxiT
mizanracionaluri moqmedebis arCeviT veberi emijneba im sociologiur Teoriebs,
romlebic amosavali realobis saxiT iReben socialur totalobebs, magaliTad:
xalxs, sazogadoebas, saxelmwifos, ekonomikas. amasTan dakavSirebiT veberi
mkacrad akritikebs organicistul sociologias, romelic calkeul individs
ganixilavs rogorc romeliRac socialuri organizmis nawils ujreds. veberi
gadaWriT
winaamRdegia
biologiuri
modeliT
sazogadoebis
ganxilvisa:
sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi organizmis cneba SeiZleba iyos mxolod metafora
da meti araferi.
sxva SemecnebiTi miznebisTvis SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos an aucilebeli
calkeuli individis gageba,magaliTad rogorc raRac ujredTa gansazogadoeba
anu bioqimiur reaqciaTa komleqsisa... magram sociologiisTvis (am sityvis aq
gamoyenebuli mniSvnelobis azriT) iseve rogorc istoriisTvis, Semecnebis obieqts
27

warmoadgens swored moqmedebis, qcevis sazrisiseuli kavSiri. sazogadoebis

Seswavlisadmi
cnobierad - Segnebulad moqmedi arseba. individsa da sxeulis
ujreds (an mis organos) Soris analogia SesaZlebelia mxolod im pirobiT, Tu
cnobierebis faqtori ara arsebiT raimed CaiTvleba. amis winaamRdeg gamodis
veberi, ayenebs ra socialuri moqmedebis iseT models, romelic am faqtors iRebs
arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqoned. xolo ramdenadac veberi am faqtors acxadebs
sociologiis aucilebel wanamZRvrad, amitom igi Tavis gamokvlevebSi amodis ara
socialuri mTelisgan, aramed calkeuli individisgan, moqmedeba rogorc
gasageb sazrisze orientirebuli qceva, CvenTvis mudam arsebobs mxolod rogorc
erTi an mraval calkeul pirovnebaTa moqmedeba.
amgvarad, gagebis principi aRmoCnda kriteriumi, romlis daxmarebiTac
gamoiyofa sociologisaTvis relevanturi sfero im sferosgan, romelic
SeuZlebelia iyos sociologiuri gamokvlevis sagani. individis qcevas Cven vigebT,
ujredisas ki - ara. Aaseve ver vigebT Cven am sityvis veberiseuli mniSvnelobiT
xalxis an saxalxo meurneobis moqmedebas, Tumca savsebiT SegviZlia gavigoT
xalxis (an saxalxo meurneobaSi monawile) Semadgenel individTa moqmedebani. ai
ratom ambobs veberi: iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa saxelmwifo, amxanagoba,
feodalizmi da sxva sociologiisaTvis aRniSnaven, sazogadod rom vTqvaT,
adamianTa
erToblivi
moqmedebebis
gansazRvruli
saxis
kategoriebs
da
sociologiis amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, rom isini daiyvanos gasageb
moqmedebebze, e.i. gamonaklisis gareSe calkeul monawileTa moqmedebebze. veberis
mixedviT aseTi midgoma savaldebuloa sociologiisaTvis. ase magaliTad,
iurisprudencias garkveul pirobebSi SeuZlia samarTlebrivi piris saxiT
ganixilos saxelmwifoca da esa Tu is sxva koleqtivic.sociologias ki amis
gakeTebis uflebac ki ara aqvs. misi midgoma gulisxmobs TviT iseTi socialuri
warmonaqmnebis, rogoricaa samarTali, ganxilvas mxolod im formiT, ra formiTac
igi gardatydeba calkeuli individis mizanracionaluri moqmedebis (maSasadame,
cnobierebis) prizmaSi ramdenadac samarTali sociologiis kvlevis obieqti
xdeba, amdenad mas saqme aqvs ara samarTlebriv principTa logikurad swor
obieqtur Sinaarsis saSualebebTan, aramed (individis) moqmedebasTan, romlis
determinantebsa da rezultatebSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben agreTve adamianis
warmodgenebic garkveuli iuridiuli principebis sazrisisa da mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb.
amgavarad,
veberis
mixedviT,
ramdenadac
sazogadoebrivi
institutebi
(samarTali,saxelmwifo,religia da sxva) unda Seiswavlebodes sociologiis mier
im formiT, ra formiTac isini mniSvnelovani xdebian calkeul individTaTvis, ra
formiTac es ukanasknelni realurad arian maTze orientirebulni TavianT
moqmedebebSi, amdenad ixsneba metafizikis is elferi, romelic mudam arsebobs
socialur moZRvrebebSi, romelTac amosavlad swored institutebi aaqvT (rogorc
saerTod mTlianobebi). es elementi aucileblad SeigrZnoba am socialur
TeoriebSi, romlebic agebulia realizmis (am cnebis Suasaukuneobrivi azriT)
meTodologiuri wanamZRvrebis safuZvelze. am Tvalsazriss veberi upirispirebs
moTxovnas imis Sesaxeb, rom sociologiaSi amovideT calkeul individTa
moqmedebebisgan. misi pozicia nominalisturia. magram es araa adeqvaturi
daxasiaTeba. individualuri moqmedebebidan amosvlis moTxovna wamoyenebulia
28

rogorc Semecnebis principi, veberis neokantianuri ganwyobis ZaliT Semecnebis

principTa daxasiaTeba srulebiTac ar warmoadgens amave dros TviT socialuri
realobis daxasiaTebas. realoba plastikuria im azriT, rom igi SeiZleba
SeviswavloT agreTve sxvagvaradac, ris Sedegadac SeiZleba miviRoT mecniereba,
romelic gansxvavebuli iqneba sociologiisgan. mag. samarTalmcodneoba an
politekonomia maSasadame. individualuri mizanracionaluri moqmedebebis Sesaxeb
laparakisas, veberi ar amtkicebs, rom igi aris TviT socialuri cxovrebis
realobis daxasiaTeba, aramed mas iRebs idealuri tipis saxiT, romelic wminda
saxiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba sinamdvileSi, amitom mizanSewonili iqneboda gvelaparaka
veberis MmeTodologiuri nominalizmis an ufro zustad, meTodologiur
individualizmis Sesaxeb.
magram
meTodologiur
individualzmsac
aqvs,
rasakvirvelia,
Tavisi
Sinaarsobrivi (ontologiuri) implikaciebi. Mmizanracionaluri moqmedebis
amosaval punqtad postulirebisas, veberi upirispirdeba cnobierebis rogorc
epifenomenis ganmartebas. veberis ZiriTadi amosavali punqti SeiZleboda
gangvesazRvra ase: adamianma TviTon icis, rac mas surs, rameTu mizanracionaluri
moqmedeba es xom idealuri SemTxvevaa. magram sociologi unda amodiodes
swored am idealuri SemTxvevidan, rogorc Teoriul meTodologiur
wanamZRvrebisagan.
Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT
aRniSnul
Sinaarsobriv
implikaciebs,
romlebic
gulisxmoben socialuri moqmedebis meTodur gagebas, maSin ar SeiZleba ar
daveTanxmoT i.konis mtkicebas, rom veberiseuli meTodologiuri principebi
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli istoriuli procesis miseul gagebasTan. sazogadoebrivi
cxovreba, veberis mixedviT, aris calkeul individTa, adamianTa urTierToba
urTierTqmedeba. da Tumca TviT veberi mudam xazs usvams Tavis idealur
tipobriv konstruqciebis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas, Cven miuxedavad amisa, unda
davadginoT,
rom
misi
meTodologiuri
individualizmi
ganuyofladaa
dakavSirebuli misi msoflmxedvelobis individualizmTan da sazogadoebis
rogorc
individaTa
urTierTqmedebis
ganmartebasTan,
e.i.
sociologiur
nominalizmTan.
5. socialuri moqmedeba da ganwyoba sxvaze

molodini

socialuri moqmedebis meore aucilebel - savaldebulo momentad vebers moqmedi

piris sxva - meore individze (an sxva individebze) orientacia miaCnia. axsnisas Tu
saxeldobr romel orientacias exeba saqme.veberi wers: socialuri moqmedeba...
SeiZleba orientirebuli iyos sxva individTa warsul, awmyo (Tanamedrove) da
momavalSi mosalodnel moqmedebebze (qcevebze). warsulSi momxdari Tavdasxmis
gamo SurisZieba, awmyoSi Tavdasxmis dros mowyobili dacva, Tavdacvis zomebis
miReba (momavali Tavdasxmis gamo). sxvaTa saxiT SeiZleba gamovidnen garkveuli
individi an ganusazRvrelad mravalni da savsebiT ucnobebic ki. (magaliTad
fuli warmoadgens gacvlis saSualebas, romelsac moqmedi individi iRebs
gacvlis dros, radgan warmarTavs Tavis moqmedebas imis molodinze, rom
momavalSi misi gacvlis dros Tavis mxriv am fuls miiReben misTvis ucnobni da
ganusazRvrelad mravali sxva individebi).
29

sociologiaSi
sxvaze
orientaciis
principis
Semotana
warmoadgens
meTodologiuri individualizmis SigniT da am ukanasknelis saSualebebiT raRac
uzogadesis mopovebis cdas, mxedvelobaSi miReba, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,
socialuris im substanciisa, romlis gareSec mizanracionaluri moqmedeba
darCeba robinzoniadis klasikur modelad. robinzoniadis avtorebi individis
moqmedebebSi ar iTvaliswinebdnen araviTar sxvaze orientacias individis
moqmedebis
safuZvelSi maTTvis ido individualuri interesi, - da araa
SemTxveveiTi, rom swored robizoniada daedo safuZvlad e.w. homo oeconomicus
(ekonomikuri adamiani) models .veberis Tanaxmad, sociologia iwyebs iq, sadac
aRmoCndeba rom ekonomikuri adamiani, - adamianis friad gamartivebuli modelia
magram aq SeiZleba warmoiSvas kiTxva:ratom dasWirda vebers amdenad SemovliTi
gza, raTa misuliyo uzogadesis arsebobis aRiarebasTan? saqme isaa, rom
mxolod iseTi gziT SeuZlia vebers aCvenos Tu rogori formiT gamodis
sociologiuri mecnierebisaTvis uzogadesi, Tu rogor formaSi eZleva
igi:mecnierebam ar unda ganixilos socialuroba individTa gareSe da maTi
gverdis avliT, aseve man ar unda dauSvas socialuris substancializaciis
aCrdilic ki, (SeniSvna:aq gadis kvlav wyalgamyofi veberiseul sociologiasa da
diurkemis sociologiis principebs Soris), mxolod im zomiT da imdenad, ra
zomiTac da ramdenadac uzogadesi aRiarebulia calkeuli individebis mier da
warmarTavs maT realur moqmedebas, mxolod amdenad arsebobs igi. veberi gvixsnis,
rom arseboba iseTi, zogadobebisa, erTobebisa rogoricaa saxelmwifo, kavSiri
sociologiis TvalsazrisiT sxva arafers ar niSnavs, Tu ara rogorc imis did an
nakleb (mcire) SesaZleblobas, rom individebi Tavis moqmedebebSi mxedvelobaSi
iReben am warmonaqmnebs rodesac es SesaZlebloba mcirdeba, mocemuli
institutisTvis arseboba ufro problematuri xdeba; am SesaZleblobis nulze
dayvana mocemuli institutis (saxelmwifo, samarTali da sxva) dasasruls
moaswavebs.
sxvaze orientaciis veberiseuli kategoria, eWvs gareSea, Tavis sawyiss
samarTlis sferodan iRebs da warmoadgenssamarTalmcodneobis da samarTlis
filosofiis sakvanZo kategoriis
aRiarebis sociologiur interpretacias.
Amgvarad, samarTlis sociologia, - esaa ara ubralod veberis sociologiis erT
erTi kerZo ganyofileba: aRiareba rogorc marTlSegnebis (iurisprudenciis)
umniSvnelovanesi pricnipi, veberis mier gamocxadebulia sazogadod yovelgvari
socialuri moqmedebis konstituciur momentad.
amgvarad, subieqturi sazrisisa da sxvebze orientaciis arseboba socialuri
moqmedebis ori aucilebeli niSania. am gansazRvrebis Sesatyvisad ara yoveli
moqmedeba, xazs usvams veberi, SeiZleba iwodos socialur moqmedebad. ase mag. Tu
individis moqmedeba orientirebulia ara sxva individebis mxridan gansazRvruli
qcevis mosalodnelobebze - (molodinze), aramed nivTobriv saganTa mimarT
(manqanebi, bunebis movlenebi da a.S.), maSin igi SeuZlebelia iwodos socialur
moqmedebebad veberiseuli azriT. zustad aseve ar aris socialuri moqmedeba
individis religiuri aqcia, rodesac igi eZleva Wvretas, TavisTvis marto
iloceba da a.S. individis sameurneo saqmianoba mxolod maSin xdeba socialuri
moqmedeba Tu garkveuli ekonomikuri dovlaTis (qonebis) ganmgeblobisas
mxedvelobaSi miiReba sxva (an sxvebi) individi (-ebi) da moqmedeba mimdinareobs am
30

sxvebze orientaciis mimarTulebiT. Aar SeiZleba, magaliTad, CavTvaloT

socialurad mraval individTa moqmedeba, Tu igi Tavisi xasiaTiT da SinaarsiT
ganisazRvreba rogorc romelime bunebriv movlenaze orientirebuli moqmedeba.
Tu quCaSi, - wers veberi - adamianTa umravlesoba erTdroulad gaxsnian qolgebs,
rodesac wvima iwyeba, maSin am dros (rogorc wesi) erTis moqmedeba ar aris
orientirebuli sxvis moqmedebaze, aramed yvelas moqmedeba Tanabari zomiT
gamowveulia wvimisagan dasvelebis Tavidan acilebis moTxovniT.
veberi socialur moqmedebad ar Tvlis agreTve wminda mibaZviT moqmedebas,
romelic Sesrulebulia individis rogorc masis, brbos atomis mier. aseTi
moqmedeba, aRwerili kerZod gustav lebonis mier, veberis mier CaTvlilia ara
sociologiis,
aramed
masebis
fsiqologiis
kvlevis
sagnad.
marTalia,
sociologiasac SeuZlia, veberis mixedviT, mravalTa moqmedebis ganxilva, da ara
mxolod erTi individisa, magram igi aseT koleqtiur moqmedebas
ganixilavs
individualuris modelis mixedviT, aRmoaCens ra koleqtivis Semadgenel individTa
moqmedebebis subieqturad nagulisxmev sazriss da maT urTierTganwyobas erTi meoreze da mesameze.
sainteresoa, rom gansazRvrul adgilze Tavmoyrili brbos qcevis analogiurad
veberi ganixilavs aralokalizebuli brbos qcevisac.calkeuli individebi
masebad iqcevian im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi qceva ganpirobebulia mraval sxvaTa
erTdroulad Tanmimdevrulad moqmedi qceviT, rac miiRweva magaliTad, masobriv
komunikaciaTa saSualebebis daxmarebiT. im martivi faqtis wyalobiT, rom
individi Tavs romeliRac masis nawilad grZnobs, pirvelad xdeba SesaZlebebli
reaqciaTa garkveuli tipebi, maSin rodesac reaqciis sxva tipebi gaZnelebulia.
sabolood gansazRvrulma xdomilebam an adamianurma qcevam SeiZleba gamoiwvion
yvelaze
gansxvavebuli
grZnobebi:
mxiaruleba,
mrisxaneba,aRmafrena,
sasowarkveTileba da yovladSesaZlebeli vnebebi, romlebic ar warmoiqmnebodnen
(an yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar warmoiqmnebodnen ase advilad) gafantulobisas da
yvelaferi es individis qcevasa da mis gamasobrivebis faqts Soris yovelgvari
sazrisiseuli damokidebulebebis gareSe.
rogorc istorikosi da sociologi, veberi rasakvirvelia igebs, rom masobrivi
moqmedebani - sociologiis kvlevis erT - erTi mniSvnelovani sagania, magram
sociologiis xedvis specifikuri kuTxe, veberis mixedviT gulisxmobs individis
qcevasa da mis gamasobrivebis
(masad qcevis) faqts Soris sazrisiseuli
mimarTebis - damokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebas, e.i. martivad rom vTqvaT,
sociologma unda gaigos, Tu rogori subieqturad nagulisxmevi sazrisi
akavSirebs individs sxvebTan, Tu ra safuZvelze erTiandebian adamianebi masad.
moqmedebas, romelsac Tavis mimdinareobaSi mizezad aqvs an mraval mizezTagan
erT - erT mizezad aqvs masis rogorc aseTis martivi faqtis zemoqmedeba da
ganisazRvreba am faqtis mier mxolod reaqtiulad da ar exeba mas gaazrebulad,
ar warmoadgens socialur moqmedebas aq
dadgenili sityvis sazrisiT mniSvnelobiT.
mniSvnelovania veberis gamoTqma masisadmi Tavisi mikuTvnebulobis faqtis mimarT
sazrisiseuli damokidebuleba. maSasadame, sakmarisia individma, romelic Seadgens
masis atoms (gaazrebulad) gaasazrisianos Tavisi gamasobriveba, rom ukve
gaCndeba distancia masa da mis masobriobas Soris da es garemoeba
31

ganmsazRvreli iqneba agreTve TviT masis struqturisaTvis. am punqtSi masobrivi

movlenebisadmi veberis sociologiuri midgoma arsebiTad gansxvavdeba socialur
- fsiqologiuri midgomisgan. Mmag. Lleboniseuli midgomisagan, leboni masis
fenomens miudga rogorc fsiqologi: igi miiswrafvoda daefiqsirebina is saerTo
(zogadi), rasac adgili aqvs yovelgvar brboSi, iqneba es revoluciuri masebi
parizis quCebSi an romael jariskacTa brboebi, mayurebelTa brbo TeatrSi da
jvarosanTa brboebi. namdvilad yovel brboSi rogoric ar unda iyos mis
Semadgenel elementTa socialuri mikuTvnebuloba, rogoric ar unda iyos maTi
inteleqtualuri done, SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT qcevis garkveuli erTianoba
zogadoba: yvela brbosaTvis saerTo iqneba is, rac mis qcevaSi ganisazRvreba
wmindad reaqtiulad, stiqiurad. magram socialuri fsiqologiis TvalTaxedvis
areSi am dros ar xvdeba is, rac ganasxvavebs iseTi tipis brbos meorisgan, da rac
unda Seiswavlos, veberis Tanaxmad, ukve ara fsiqologiam, aramed brbos
sociologiam. am punqtSi sociologiis sagnad unda iyos ara imdenad masis
uSualo qceva - moqmedeba, ramdenadac misi sazrisiseuli rezultati. masobrivi
moZraobis
xasiaTi,
romelic
mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvrulia
sazrisiseuli
ganwyobebiT, romlebiTac xelmZRvaneloben masis Semadgeneli individebi, Tavs
iCens - didi an mcire gadaxrebiT - im religiuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxva
institutebis xasiaTebze, romlebic yalibdebian am moZraobaTa msvlelobaSi da
Sedegad, religiis, samarTlisa da politikis sociologiaSi veberi swored
cdilobs masobriv moZraobaTa analizis Tavisi meTodis ganxorcielebas.
6) socialuri moqmedebis saxeebi.
moqmedebis saxeTa veberiseuli dayofis ganxilvisas Cven SevZlebT gavigoT Tu
rogor gamoiyeneba mizanracionaluri moqmedebis idealuri modeli. veberi
axasiaTebs moqmedebis oTx saxes: 1. Mmizanracionalurs (zweck rationale) 2.
RirebulebiT - racionalurs (wert wartionale), 3. afeqtursa da 4. tradiciuls.
socialuri moqmedeba yovelgvari moqmedebis msgavsad, SeiZleba ganisazRvros: 1.
mizanracionalurad e.i. garegani samyaros sagnebis da sxva adamianTa garkveuli
qcevis moqmedebis imedis (molodinis) meSveobiT da am molodinis rogorc
racionalurad warmarTuli da regulirebadi miznebisTvis pirobis an rogorc
saSualebis gamoyenebis dros. (racionalurobis kriteriumia warmateba). 2.
RirebulebiT - racionalurad, e.i. gansazRvruli moqmedebis, eTikuri, esTetikuri,
religiuri
an
sxvagvarad
gagebuli
upirobo
sakuTari
Rirebulebis
(TviTRirebulebis)
Segnebuli
rwmenis
meSveobiT
da
damoukideblad
warmatebebisgan. 3. afeqturad, gansakuTrebiT emocionalurad aqtualuri
afeqtebisa da grZnobebis meSveobiT. 4. tradiciulad, e.i. Cveulebis meSveobiT.
ar SeiZleba axlave ar aRvniSnoT, rom moqmedebis ori ukanaskneli saxe afeqturi da tradiciuli ar arian socialuri moqmedebani am sityvis sakuTrivi
mniSvnelobiT, ramdenadac aq Cven saqme ar gvaqvs gacnobierebul sazrisTan. TviT
veberi aRniSnavs, rom mkacrad tradiciuli qceva, iseve rogorc wmindad
reaqciuli mibaZva, mTlianad da savsebiT dgas zRvarze, xolo xSirad imis miRma
mxarezec ki, rasac SeiZleba saerTod sazrisis mixedviT orientirebuli moqmedeba
vuwodoT; vinaidan es mTlian xSirad mxolod dablagvebuli, dasustebuli
32

reaqciaa SeCveul Cveul gaRizianebebze, romelic mimdinareobs erTxel miRebuli

SeCveuli ganwyobis mixedviT.
mxolod RirebulebiT - racionaluri da mizanracionaluri moqmedebani arian
socialuri
moqmedebani
am
sityvis
veberiseuli
mniSvnelobiT.
wmindadRirebulebiT - racionalurad - ambobs veberi moqmedebs is, vinc ar iTvaliswinebs
mosalodnel Sedegebs, angariSs ar uwevs mosalodnel Sedegebs da moqmedebs
Tavisi rwmenis Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad da asrulebs imas, rasac, rogorc mas
hgonia, misgan moiTxovs movaleoba, Rirseba, mSveniereba, religiuri daniSnuleba,
pieteti an romelime ... saqmis umniSvnelovanesoba. RirebulebiT racionaluri
moqmedeba mudam aris mcnebis an moTxovnebis Sesatyvisi moqmedeba, romlebsac
moqmedi misadmi - TavisTavisadmi wayenebulad Tvlis. mxolod ramdenadac
adamianuri moqmedeba ... orientirebulia aseT moTxovnebze ... Cven vilaparakebT
RirebulebiTi racionalurobis Sesaxeb. RirebulebiT racionaluri da afeqturi
moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi moqmedebis mizans warmoadgens TviTon igi da ara raRac
sxva (Sedegi, warmateba, rezultati;] meorexarisxovani, araZiriTadi Sedegebi
rogorc pirvelSi, ise meore SemTxvevaSi angariSSi ar iTvleba.
RirebulebiT - racionaluri moqmedebisgan gansxvavebiT ukanaskneli, meoTxe,
mizanracionaluri moqmedebis tipi - yvela mimarTebaSi eqvemdebareba danawevrebas.
mizanracionalurad - wers veberi - moqmedebs is, vinc Tavis moqmedebas
warmarTavs mizanTan, saSualebebTan da meorad SedegebTan SesatyvisobaSi da amave
dros, racionalurad wonis rogorc saSualebebs mizanTan mimarTebaSi, ise mizans
meorad SedegebTan mimarTebaSi da bolos sxvadasxva SesaZlebel miznebs
erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi.
rogorc vxedavT, moqmedebis oTxi miTiTebuli tipi veberis mier ganlagebulia
mzardi racionalurobis wesrigis mixedviT: Tu tradiciuli da afeqturi
moqmedeba SeiZleba iwodos subieqtur racionalurad (obieqturad orive SeiZleba
aRmoCndes racionaluri), maSin RirebulebiT racionaluri moqmedeba ukve
Seicavs Tavis TavSi subieqtur racionalur moments, ramdenadac moqmedi
Segnebulad ufardebs Tavis qcevebs garkveul Rirebulebas rogorc mizans, magram
moqmedebis es tipi mxolod SefardebiTaa racionaluri, ramdenadac TviT
Rirebuleba miiReba Semdgomi gaSualebisa da dafuZnebis gareSe da SemdegSi
mxedvelobaSi
ar
miiReba
qcevis
meoradi
rezultatebi.
absoluturad
racionaluria veberiseuli mniSvnelobiT Mmxolod mizanracionaluri moqmedeba,
Tuki igi mimdinareobs wminda saxiT.
individis realurad mimdinare qceva ambobs veberi, orientirebulia rogorc wesi,
moqmedebis ori an meti saxis Sesatyvisad: masSi adgili aqvs rogorc
mizanracionalurs, ise RirebulebiT - racionalurs, afeqtursa da tradiciul
momentebsac. sazogadoebis sxvadasxva tipebSi moqmedebis esa Tu is saxe SeiZleba
iyos gabatonebuli, upiratesobis mqone: tradiciul sazogadoebebSi Warbobs
moqmedebis orientaciis tradiciuli da afeqturi tipebi, industrialurSi - mizan
- da RirebulebiT- racionaluri, pirvelis mier meoris gamodevnis tendenciiT.
socialuri moqmedebis kategoriis SemotaniT, veberma mainc ver SeZlo im
siZneleebis
gadaWra,
romlebic
warmoiSva
am
kategoriis
gamoyenebasTan
dakavSirebiT. pirveli, esaa moqmedebis obieqturad nagulisxmevi sazrisis
gansazRvris siZnele. iswrafvoda ra daezustebina Tu romel sazrissze unda iyos
33

aq saubari, veberi mravali wlis ganmalobaSi Tavs imtvrevda sociologiuri

gagebis
kategoriis damuSavebaze, ise rom bolomde ver ganTavisuflda
fsiqologizmisagan.
meore, socialuri moqmedebis kategoria socialuri cxovrebis amosavali
ujredis saxiT ar iZleva sazogadoebrivi procesis rezultatebis gagebis
SesaZleblobas, romlebic mTlianad ar emTxvevian individualuri moqmedebebis
mimarTulebas. : radganac veberi anawevrebs socialur mTels mis Semadenel
individualur - fsiqologiur komponentebad da TiToeul maTgans ganixilavs cal
- calke mTelTan kavSiris gareSe, amdenadac man ver SeZlo moexdina zogadi
istoriuli perspeqtivis rekonstruireba.
7) formaluri racionaluroba rogorc veberiseuli sociologiis kategoria
veberma SemTxveviT ar ganalaga socialuri moqmedebis oTxi aRwerili tipi
racionalurobis zrdis mixedviT, amgvari wesrigi ara mxolod meTodologiuri
xerxia,
romelic
mosaxerxebelia
axsnisTvis:
veberi
darwmunebulia,
rom
socialuri moqmedebis racionalizacia esaa TviT istoriuli procesis
tendencia. da Tumca es procesi ar mimdinareobs dabrkolebisa da gadaxrebis
gareSe mainc ukansakneli saukuneebis evropuli istoria da industrializaciis
gzaze sxva araevropuli civilizaciebis CarTva, gzaze romelic gakvala evropam
mowmoben veberis mixedviT, imas, rom racionalizacia aris msoflio - istoriuli
procesi. moqmedebis racionalizaciis erT - erTi arsebiTi komponentia moqmedi
zne - Cveulebebis da adaTebisadmi Sinagani erTgulebis Secvla interesis
gaTvaliswinebisadmi gegmazomieri SeguebiT. rasakvirvelia es procesi ar
amowuravs moqmedebis racionalizaciis cnebas, vinaidan moqmedeba SeiZleba
mimdinareobdes,
garda
amisa,
pozitiurad
cnobieri
RirebulebiTi
racionalizaciis mimarTulebiT - da negatiurad - ara mxolod zne Cveulebebis
dangrevis meoxebiT, aramed afeqturi moqmedebis gamodevnis xarjze da bolos,
agreTve RirebulebiT - racionaluri qcevis gamodevnis xarjze wminda
mizanracionaluris sasargeblod, romlis drosac ukve aRar swamT Rirebulebis.
ras niSnavs mizanracanionaluri moqmedebis rolis zrda mTlianad sazogadoebis
struqturis TvalsazrisiT? racionaluri xdeba meurneobis warmoebis wesi,
racionaluri xdeba marTva - rogorc ekonomikis sferoSi, ise politikis,
mecnierebis, kulturis sferoSi - socialuri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi;
racionaluri xdeba adamianTa azrovnebis wesi , ise rogorc maTi grZnobisa da
cxovrebis wesi mTlianobaSi. Yyvelafer amas Tan hyveba mecnierebis socialuri
rolis zrda, romelic veberis mixedviT warmoadgens racionalurobis principis
yvelaze wminda ganxorcielebas, mecniereba upirveles yovlisa iWreba warmoebaSi,
Semdeg ki marTvaSi, da bolos agreTve yofaSic - amaSi xedavs veberi Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis universaluri racionalizaciis erT - erT mowmobasa da sabuTs.
racionalizacia
veberis
mixedviT
warmoadgens
mTeli
rigi
istoriuli
faqtorebis SeerTebis rezultats, romlebmac winaswar gansazRvres evropis
ganviTarebis mimarTuleba ukanaskneli 300 - 400 wlis manZilze. am faqtorTa
konstelacia veberis mier ar ganixileba rogorc raRac winaswar gansazRvruli dadgenili - ufro esaa Taviseburi saxis istoriuli SemTxveviToba, amitom
34

racionalizacia, misi TvalsazrisiT, aris ara imdenad istoriuli ganviTarebis

aucilebloba, ramdenadac misi bediswera bedi. moxda ise, rom gansazRvrul
droul periodSi da samyaros gansazRvrul raionSi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen randenime
fenomeni, romlebic Tavis TavSi atarebdnen racionalur sawyiss: antikuri
mecniereba gansakuTrebiT maTematika, romelsac aRorZinebis epoqaSi daemata
eqsperimenti da romelmac galileis droidan SeiZina axali, eqsperimentaluri,
teqnikasTan Sinaganad
dakavSirebuli mecnierebis xasiaTi. racionaluri romis
samarTali, romelsac ar icnobda sazogadoebis adrindeli tipebi da romelmac
evropul niadagze miiRo Tavisi Semdgomi ganviTareba SuasaukuneebSi. meurneobis
gaZRolis racionaluri wesi, romelic warmoiSva warmoebis saSualebebisagan
samuSao Zalis gamoyofis wyalobiT da maSasadame, imis safuZvelze, rasac marqsma
Tavis droze uwoda abstraqtuli Sroma - Sroma, romelic misadgomia
raodenobrivi gazomvisaTvis. xolo am elementebis masinTezirebel faqtorad,
veberis azriT, mogvevlina protestantizmi, romelmac Seqmna msoflmxedvelobrivi
wanamZRvrebi meurneobis gaZRolis racionaluri wesis
ganxorcielebisaTvis
(uwinares yovlisa ekonomikaSi mecnierebaTa miRwevebis danergvisaTvis da
mecnierebis uSualo sawarmoo Zalad gardaqmna), ramdenadac ekonomikuri warmateba
protestantuli eTikis mier ayvanili iyo religiuri mowodebis rangSi.
ris Sedegadac evropaSi pirvelad warmoiSva axali, adre arsad ar arsebuli da
istoriaSi analogiis ar mqone sazogadoebis tipi, romelsac Tanamedrove
sociologebi uwodeben industrialurs, yvela adre arsebul sazogadoebaTa tips,
gansxvavebiT
Tanamedrovisgan,
veberi
tradiciuls
uwodebs.
tradiciul
sazogadoebaTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegia - maTSi formalur - racionaluri
sawyisis ar arseboba. ras warmoadgens es ukanaskneli?
Fformaluri
racionaluroba
es
uwinares
yovlisa
gamoTvladobaa,
kalkulirebaa, formalur racionaluri - esaa is, rac eqvemdebareba raodenobriv
aRricxvas, rac naSTis gareSe amoiwureba raodenobrivi daxasiaTebiT. "meurneobis
formaluri racionaluroba ganisazRvreba teqnikurad misTvis SesaZlebeli da
namdvilad mis mier miRebuli gaangariSebis zomiT. piriqiT, materialuri
racionaluroba xasiaTdeba xarisxiT, ra xarisxiTac adamianTa garkveuli jgufis
momarageba sasicocxlo sikeTeebiT, xorcieldeba ekonomikurad orientirebuli
socialuri
moqmedebis
gziT
garkveuli...
RirebulebiTi
postulatebis
TvalsazrisiT. sxva sityvebiT, ekonomika xelmZRvanelobs ra garkveuli
krieriumebiT, romlebic Zevs im sazRvrebs miRma, rac SeiZleba racionalurad
gamovTvaloT, da rasac veberi RirebulebiT postulatebs uwodebs, e.i. ekonomika,
romelic emsaxureba ara TviT mis mierve gansazRvrul miznebs, xasiaTdeba rogorc
materialurad (e.i. Sinaarsobrivad) gansazRvruli. materialuri "racionalurobaesaa
racionaluroba
raRacisTvis;
formaluri
racionaluroba
esaa
racionaluroba arafrisTvis, racionaluroba TavisTavad, aRebuli rogorc
TviTmizani, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom formaluri racionalurobis cnebaesaa idealuri tipi da empiriul realobaSi igi wminda saxiT gvxvdeba Zalian
iSviaTad. magram formaluri racionalizaciis mimarTulebiT moZraoba esaa
rogorc amas veberi aCvenebs Tavis mraval SromaSi--TviT istoriuli procesis
moZraoba.
sazogadoebis
adrindel
tipebSi
Warbobda
materialuri
35

racionaluroba, TanamedroveSi ki--formaluri racionaluroba, rac Seesatyviseba

yvela sxva tipis moqmedebebze moqmedebis mizanracionaluri tipis siWarbes.
is, rasac veberi formalur racionalurobas uwodebs, Tavis Ddroze aRmoCenili
iyo k.marqsis mier, abstraqtuli Sromis saxiT. marTalia es cneba marqsTan ufro
sxva rols TamaSobs, vidre veberTan formaluri racionaluroba, magram marqsis
gavlena veberze aq eWvsgareSea. abstraqtuli Sromis umniSvnelovanesi niSani
marqsTan es aris is, rom igi ar flobs araviTar Tvisebebs da amitom mxolod
gazomvadia
raodenobriv
mimarTebaSi.
marqsis
mixedviT,
Sromis
wminda
raodenobrivi
daxasiaTeba
SesaZlebeli
gaxda
mxolod
kapitalistur
sazogadoebaSi, romelmac Seqmna Sromis burJuaziuli forma misi antikuri da
Suasaukuneobrivi
formebis
sapirispirod.
am
Sromis
Tavisebureba
da
gansakuTrebuleba uwinares yovlisa esaa misi abstraqtuli sayovelTaoba, e.i.
gulgriloba imasTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ra moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs es
ukanaskneli. abstraqtuli sayovelTao Sromis
marqsiseuli gansazRvreba
afiqsirebda Sromis sazogadod simdidris Seqmnis saSualebad gadaqcevis faqts.
adamiani da misi moTxovnilebebi, rogorc aCvena marqsma, am dros iqcevian mxolod
warmoebis normaluri cxovrebisaTvis aucilebeli saSualebad, momentad.
analogiuri da ufro arsebiTia formaluri racionalurobis daxasiaTeba
veberTan, rogorc aRniSnavs erT - erTi misi mimdevari - karl leviti, mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom meurneobis wesi xdeba imdenad damoukidebeli, rom ... mas ukve ar aqvs
araviTari naTeli damoukidebloba adamianis rogorc aseTis moTxovnebTan.
Fformaluri racionaluroba - esaa principi, romelsac eqvemdebareba ara mxolod
Tanamedrove ekonomika, aramed tendenciaSi agreTve Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
cxovrebiseuli warmonaqmnebis mTeli erToblioba.
formaluri racionalurobis Sesaxeb moZRvreba es, arsebiTad, kapitalizmis
veberiseuli Teoriaa. aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, mWidro kavSiri veberiseul
meTodologias, kerZod socialuri moqmedebis Teoriasa da moqmedebis tipTa
gamoyofas Soris erTis mxriv da kapitalizmis genezisis miseul Teorias Soris
meores mxriv. sinamdvileSi namdvilad veberi xazs usvamda, rom mkvlevari
idealur - tipobrivi konstruqciis Seqmnisas, saboloo jamSi xelmZRvanelobs
epoqis interesiT, romelic aZlevs mas kidec Sexedulebis mimarTulebasac,
epoqam dasva veberis winaSe centraluri saxiT sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris
Tanamedrove kapitalisturi sazogadoeba, rogoria misi warmoSoba da ganviTarebis
gzebi, rogoria individis bedi am sazogadoebaSi da rogor moaxdina man an
moaxdens momavalSi im idealebis realizebas, romlebic 17 18 e saukuneebSi misi
ideologebis mier gacxadebuli iyo rogorc gonebis idealebi. sakiTxis xasiaTma
winaswar gansazRvra veberis meTodologiuri instrumentebi. Seiqmna socialuri
moqmedebis, kerZod mizanracionaluri moqmedebis tipi, romelic aRmoCnda aTvlis
wertili moqmedebis sxva tipebis konstruirebisTvis. damaxasiaTebelia, rom TviT
veberi Tvlida yvelaze wminda empiriul nimuSad mizanracionaluri moqmedebisas
individis qmedebas ekonomikur sferoSi. Aaraa SemTxveviTi, rom mizanracionaluri
moqmedebis magaliTebi vebers moyavs, rogorc wesi, am sferodan: esaa an saqonelTa
gacvla, an konkretuli brZola bazarze, an sabirJo TamaSi, da a.S. Sesabamisad,
rodesac bWoba exeba tradiciul sazogadoebebs, veberi aRniSnavs, rom moqmedebis
miznaracionaluri tipi aq upiratesad gvxvdeba meurneobis sferoSi.
36

kapitalizmis bedis Sesaxeb sakiTxma ganapiroba veberis meTodologiuri

individualizmi. veberma amiT daikava savsebiT gansazRvruli socialuri pozicia:
igi gamovida Tavis sociologiaSi rogorc burJuaziis msoflmxedvelobisa da
interesebis gamomxatveli.
8) veberis moZRvreba batonobis tipebis Sesaxeb
Cven davinaxeT, rom racionalizaciis veberiseuli Teoria yvelaze mWidrod
dakavSirebulia socialuri moqmedebis miseul gagebasTan. ara nakleb mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli socialuri moqmedebis kategoriasTan Zalauflebis veberiseuli
sociologia. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, veberi socialuri moqmedebis ganuyofel
momentad sxvaze orientacias Tvlis, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara
samarTalmcodneobis tradiciuli kategoria aRiareba. Tu aRiarebis kategorias
gavanTavisuflebT
im
normatiuli
mniSvnelobisgan,
romelic
mas
aqvs
iurisprudenciaSi, da im metafizikuri mniSvnelobisgan romelic mas hqonda
bunebrivi samarTlis TeoriebSi, maSin Cven miviRebT swored molodinis cnebas,
romelsac veberi aucileblad Tvlis sazogadoebis sociologiuri kvlevisaTvis.
Zalian mniSvnelovania am cnebis roli veberis moZRvrebaSi legitimuri batonobis
tipebis Sesaxeb. e.i. iseTi batonobis Sesaxeb, romelic aRiarebulia qveSevrdomTa
e.i.
marTuli
individebis
mier.
damaxasiaTebelia
batonobis
veberiseuli
gansazRvreba: batonoba - wers igi - niSnavs garkveuli brZanebisadmi
damorCilebis Sanss. amgvarad, batonoba gulisxmobs urTierTmolodins: imas, vinc
brZanebs, - rom mis brZanebas daemorCilebian; imaT molodins, vinc emorCileba-rom
brZanebas eqneba is xasiaTi, ra xasiaTsac isini moelian e.i. aRiareben. Tavisi
meTodologiis sruli SesatyvisobiT veberi batonobis legitimuri tipebis
analizs iwyebs morCilebis SesaZlebel (tipobriv) motivTa ganxilviT. amgvar
motivebs veberi poulobs sams da maT Sesatyvisad ganasxvavebs batonobis sam
wminda
tips.
batonoba
SeiZleba
ganpirobebuli
iyos
interesebiT,
e.i.
upiratesobaTa an ara xelsayrelobaTa (usarfoba) mimarT qveSevrdomTa (morCilTa)
mizanracionaluri mosazrebebiT: Semdeg igi SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos
ubralod zne - CveulebebiT, garkveul qcevaTa CveviT; da bolos, igi SeiZleba
efuZnebodes qveSevrdomTa martiv pirad midrekilebebs, miswrafebebs, siyvaruls,
e.i. hqondes afeqturi baza.
rogorc vxedavT batonobis pirvel tips - romelsac veberi legalurs uwodebs damTmoblobis
motivis
saxiT
aqvs
interesis
mosazrebebi
(interesTa
gaTvaliswineba); mis safuZvelSi devs mizanracionaluri moqmedeba. amgvar tips
veberi miakuTvnebs Tanamedrove evropul saxelmwifoebs: ingliss, safrangeTs, aSS
- s da sxva. aseT saxelmwifoSi, xazs usvams veberi, emorCilebian ara pirovnebebs,
aramed dadgenil kanonebs; maT emorCilebian ara mxolod marTulni, aramed
mmarTvelnic (Cinovnikebic). marTvis aparati Sedgeba specialurad ganswavluli
Cinovnikebisgan,
maT
waeyenebaT
moTxovna
imoqmedon
provnebaTa
gauTvalsiwineblad, e.i. imoqmedon mkacri formaluri da racionaluri wesebis
Sesatyvisad. formalur samarTlebrivi sawyisi esaa principi, romelic Zevs
legaluri batonobis safuZvelSi, veberis Tanaxmad, swored es principi aRmoCnda
37

Tanamedrove kapitalizmis rogorc formaluri racionalurobis sistemis erT

erTi aucilebeli wanamZRvari.
biurokratia, ambobs veberi, teqnikurad warmoadgens legaluri batonobis
yvelaze
wminda
tips. magram veraviTari batonoba
ver iqneba mxolod
biurokratiuli: kibis saTaveSi - mwvervalze dganan an memkvidreobiTi monarqebi,
an xalxis mier arCeuli liderebi ... magram yoveldRiuri, ganuwyveteli muSaoba
mimdinareobs am dros specialist - CinovnikTa ZalebiT. e.i. marTvis manqaniT,
romlis saqmianobac SeuZlebelia SeCerebul iqnes ise, rom aman ar gamoiwvios
seriozuli darRvevebi socialuri meqanizmis funqcionirebaSi.
saxelmwifos racionaluri tipis Sesatyvisi iuridiuli ganaTlebis garda
Cinovniki unda flobdes specialur ganaTlebas, ramdenadac misgan moiTxoveba
kompententurobac.
ai
rogor
aRwers
veberi
racionalur-biurokratiuli
mmarTvelobis wminda tips: mTlianobaSi mmarTvelobis Stabi Sedgeba calkeuli
Cinovnikebisgan, romlebic 1)piradad Tavisufalni arian da eqvemdebarebian,
mxolod saqmian samsaxureobriv movaleobas; 2) aqvT myari samsaxureobrivi
ierarqia; 3) aqvT mtkiced garkveuli samsaxureobrivi kompentencia; 4) muSaoben
kontraqtis ZaliT, maSasadame principulad Tavisufali arCevanis safuZvelze
specialuri kvalifikaciis Sesdatyvisad; 5) gasamrjelos iReben mudmivi fuladi
sargoebiT; 6) TavianT samsaxurs ganixilaven rogorc erTaderT an mTavar
profesiad; 7) TavianT karieras, dawinaurebas winaswarWvreten - xedaven - an
samsaxurSi ufrosobis Sesatyvisad an ufrosis Sexedulebisgan damoukideblad
unarTa - niWTa SesatyvisobaSi; 8) muSaoben marTvis saSualebebisgan sruli
mowyvetis pirobebSi da samsaxureobrivi adgilebis miTvisebis gareSe; 9)
eqvemdebarebian erTian mkacr samsaxureobriv disciplinasa da kontrols.
batonobis es tipi veberis mixedviT yvelaze ufro Seesatyviseba 19 - e saukunis
bolos evropasa da aSS - i Camoyalibebuli ekonomikis formalur - racionalur
struqturas, marTvis sferSi adgili aqvs iseTive specializacias da Sromis
danawilebas, rogorc warmoebaSi. aqac iseve, rogorc iqac, emorCilebian upirovno
saqmian princips, mmarTvelic iseve mowyvetilia mmarTvelobis saSualebebisgan,
rogorc mwarmoebeli - warmoebis saSulebebisgan. biurokratiuli marTva niSnavs
codnis meSveobiT batonobas - amaSia misi specifikuri racionaluri xasiaTi.
veberis mier aRwerili formalur - racionaluri mmarTvelobis idealuri tipi,
upirobod warmoadgens nivTTa realuri viTarebis idealizacias, mas ar hqonia da
arca aqvs empiriuli ganxorcieleba arcerTi Tanamedrove dasavlur saxelmwifoSi.
vebers aq arsebiTad, mxedvelobaSi aqvs marTvis manqana, manqana am sityvis sityva sityviTi mniSvnelobiT - am ukansaknels namdvilad ar SeiZleba hqondes araviTari
interesebi, garda saqmis interesebisa, da igi ar eqvemdebareba korufcias. veberi
Tvlis, rom aseTi adamianuri manqana ufros zusti da iafia, vidre meqanikuri
agregati. samyaros veraviTari maSineria (manqana) ver SeZlebs imuSaos iseTi
sizustiT, rogorc am adamianurma manqanam da amave dros iyos ase iafic. magram
marTvis manqana, yoveli manqanis msgavsad, saWiroebs programas. Pprograma ki
SeiZleba mas misces mxolod politikurma liderma (an liderebma), romlebic
garkveul miznebs isaxaven, e.i. sxva sityvebiT, romlebic mmarTvelobis formalur
meqanizms ayeneben garkveuli politikuri Rirebulebis samsaxurSi. veberiseuli
38

meTodologiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mecnierebisa da Rirebulebis gacalkeveba

gaTiSva batonobis sociologiaSic poulobs kidev erT gamoyenebas.
legitimuri batonobis meore tips, romelic ganpirobebulia garkveuli qcevisadmi
adamianTa zne CveulebebiT, veberi uwodebs tradiciuls. tradiciuli batonoba
dafuZnebulia ara mxolod kanonierebis rwmenaze, aramed uZveles droSi arsebuli
wesrigisa da Zalauflebis RvTaebriobis rwmenazec. maSasadame, mis safuZvelSi
Zevs, tradiciuli moqmedeba. amgvari batonobis yvelaze wminda tips warmoadgens
patriarqaluri moqmedeba. gabatonebulTa kavSiri warmoadgens erTobas (gunds),
ufrosis tips - batoni, mmaTvelobis Stabs - msaxurni, daqvemdebarebulni
qveSevrdomT,
romlebic
batonis
morCilni
arian
pietetis
(mowiwebuli
damokidebuleba vinmesadmi, raimesadmi) ZaliT. veberi xazs usvams, rom batonobis
patriarqaluri tipi Tavisi struqturis mixedviT mraval rameSi emsgavseba ojaxis
struqturas. (swored es garemoeba aqcevs legitimurobis am tips gansakuTrebiT
mtkice gamZle tipad, romelic damaxasiaTebelia am tipis batonobisTvis.
arsebiTad ojaxuri kavSiri aris batonobis tradiciuli urTierTobebis ujredi.
am gamoTqmaSi araa Zneli davinaxoT is, rom Zalauflebis tradiciuli da
legitimuri tipebis gansxvaveba amodis Fferdinand tionisis mier gaanalizebuli
socialuri struqturis ori ZiriTadi tipis gemainSaftisa da gezelSaftis
dapirispirebidan. Ggarda amisa, veberi araerTxel aRniSnavda Tanamedrove
samarTlebriv
saxelmwifoSi
legitimurobis
sisustesa
da
aramdgradobas;
marTalia batonobis legaluri tipi mas ufro Sesatyvisad eCveneba Tanamedrove
industrialuri sazogadoebisaTvis, magram miaCnia, rom igi saWiroebs raRacnair
gamagrebas, swored amitom veberi sasargeblod Tvlida memkvidreobiTi monarqis
SenarCunebas saxelmwifos meTauris saxiT, rogorc es iyo zogierT evropul
qveyanaSi)
am tipis batonobisas mmarTvelobis aparati Sedgeba batonze piradad
damokidebul SinamosamsaxureTagan, naTesavTagan, piradi megobrebisgan an piradad
misdami erTguli vasalebisgan. yvela SemTxvevaSi ara samsaxureobrivi disciplina
da ara saqmiani kompetenturoba, rogorc amas adgili hqonda ukve ganxilul
batonobis tipis arsebobisas, aramed swored piradi erTguleba warmoadgens
safuZvels Tanamdebobaze daniSvnasa da ierarqiul kibeze winwawevisaTvis.
ramdenadac araferi ar zRudavs batonis TviTnebobasa da neba survils, amdenad
ierarqiuli danawevreba kibe xSirad irRveva privilegiebiT.
veberi ganasxvavebs tradiciuli batonobis or formas: mmarTvelobis wminda
patriarqalur da wodebriv struqturas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi msaxurni mTlianad
pirad damokidebulebaSi imyofebian batonTan, anu batonze mTlianad piradad
arian damokidebuli, amasTanave mmarTvelobaSi SeiZleba CarTon, miizidon
adamianebi savsebiT uuflebo fenebidan da dasvan mTavris
naTesavebis da
megobrebis gverdiT. tradiciuli batonobis aseTi saxe gvxvdeba magaliTad,
bizantiaSi. meore SemTxvevaSi msaxurni ar arian batonze piradad damokidebulni,
maTi mmarTveloba garkveul zomamde avtokefaluria da avtonomiuri. aq Zala
aqvs wodebrivi Riresebis pativis princips, romlis Sesaxebac laparakic ki
SeuZlebelia, mmarTvelobis patriarqaluri struqturis dros. am tipTan yvelaze
axlos dganan dasavleT evropis feodaluri saxelmwifoebi. mmarTveloba
patrimonialurad damokidebulTa (monebis, ymebis daxmarebiT rogorc adgili
39

hqonda wina aziasa da egvipteSi TiTqmis mamluqTa epoqamde, aris arawodebrivi,

wminda patrimonialuri batonobis ukiduresi da yovelTvis Tanmimdevruli tipi.
Tavisufali plebeebis daxmarebiT marTva SedarebiT axlosaa racionalur
CinovnikobasTan. humanitarTa daxmarebiT marTvas SeiZleba hqondes gansxvavebului
xasiaTi magram mudam uaxlovdeba wodebriv tips: brahmanebi, mandarinebi,
budisturi da qristianuli klirikebi.
tradiciuli batonobis Cveulebrivi saxeebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia formaluri
samarTlis ararseboba da Sesabamisad arc imis moTxovna, ar gaviTvaliswinoT
pirebi, ar SevxedoT saxeze,yovel sferoSi urTierTobaTa sfero uaRresad
piradulia; marTalia, rom wminda piraduli sawyisisgan garkveuli TavisuflebiT
tradiciuli sazogadoebis yvela tipebSi, rogorc aRniSnavs veberi, sargeblobs
vaWrobis sfero, magram es Tavisufleba SefardebiTia, Tavisufali vaWrobis
gverdiT mudam arsebobs misi tradiciuli forma.
veberis mixedviT batonobis mesame wminda tips warmoadgens qarizmatuli
batonoba. Qqarizmis cneba (nawarmoebia berZnulidan RvTaebrivi niWi, saCuqari
madli) veberis sociologiaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs; qarizma ukidures
SemTxvevaSi
am sityvis etimologiuri mniSvnelobis Sesatyvisad aris raRac
eqstraordinaluri unari, romelic gamoyofs individs danarCenebisgan da rac
mTavaria,mis mier SeZenili da mopovebuli ki araa, aramed naCuqaria misdami
bunebis, RmerTis Tu bedis mier. Qqarizmatul unarebs veberi miakuTvnebs magiur
unarebs, winaswarmetyvelebis niWs, gonisa da sityvis gamorCeul Zalas; veberis
mixedviT
qarizmas
floben
gmirebi,
didi
mxedarTmTavrebi,
jadoqrebi,
winaswarmetyvelebi da naTelmxilvelni, genialuri xelovanni, gamoCenili
politikosebi, msoflio religiebis damfuZnebelni buda, ieso, muhamedi,
saxelmwifoTa damfuZnebelni soloni da likurge, didi dampyroblebi
aleqsandre makedoneli, keisari, napoleoni.
legitimuri
batonobis
qarizmatuli
tipi
tradiciuli
tipis
pirdapir
sapirispiroa: Tu batonis tradiciuli tipi arsebobs, Tavs inarCunebs CveulebiT,
erTxel da samudamod gadmocemulis, Cveulebrivis, adaTebis erTgulebiT, maSin
qarizmatuli, piriqiT, eyrdnoba raRac araCveulebrivs, adre arasodes aRiarebuls,
araa SemTxveviTi, rom winaswarmetyvelisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, veberis mixedviT,
aseTi tipis gamoTqma: naTqvamia ... me ki geubnebiT Tqven ... socialuri moqmedebis
afeqturi tipi warmoadgens qarizmatuli batonobis ZiriTad bazas. veberi
ganixilavs qarizmas rogorc did revoluciur Zalas, romelic arsebobs
tradiciuli tipis sazogadoebaSi da romelsac unari Seswevs Seitanos
cvlilebebi am sazogadoebaTa dinamizms moklebul struqturaSi. magram
miuxedavad batonobis tradiciul qarizmatul tipTa Soris gansxvavebisa da
dapirispirebisa, maT Soris aris raRac saerToc, saxeldobr: erTic da meorec
eyrdnobian batonsa da qveSevrdoms Soris pirad urTierTobebs. am mimarTebiT
orive es tipi upirispirdebian batonobis formalur racionalur tips rogorc
upirovnos arapiraduls. qarizmatuli liderisadmi xelmwifisadmi piradi
erTgulebis wyaroa ara tradicia da ara misi formaluri samarTlis_uflebis
aRiareba aramed misadmi emocionalurad Seferili erTguleba
da
misi
qarizmisadmi rwmena. swored amitom, xazs usvams veberi, qarizmatulma beladma
mudam unda asabuTos am qarizmis Tavis TavSi arseboba. gabatonebulTa kavSiri,
40

rogorc
winandel
SemTxvevaSi,
aris
gemainSafti

erToba,
romelSic
gaerTianebulia qarizmis xasiaTis mixedviT maswavlebeli da
misi
moswavleebi, beladi da misi mimdevrebi da momxreebi da a.S. mmarTvelobis aparati
dgeba mmarTvelebSi qarizmis arsebobisa da beladisadmi piradi erTgulebis
safuZvelze kompententurobis racionaluri cneba, aq srulebiTac ar arsebobs
rogorc formalur-racionalurisagan, ise batonobis tradiciuli tipisagan
qarizmatuli gansxvavdeba imiT, rom aq ar aris dadgenili (racionalurad Tu
tradiciis mixedviT) wesebi: yvela sakiTxi wydeba iracionalurad gamocxadebis an
Semoqmedebis, saqmianobisa da piradi magaliTis safuZvelze SemTxvevidanSemTxvevamde.
legitimurobis qarizmatuli principi formalur-racionalurisagan gansxvavebiT
avtoritarulia. arsebiTad, qarizmatis avtoriteti efuZneba mis Zalas, oRond ara
uxeS, fizikurs (rac srulebiTac ar aris gamoricxuli), aramed misi qarizmis
Zalas. Aar SeiZleba yuradReba ar mivaqcioT imas, rom veberi qarizmas ganixilavs
mis SinaarsTan yovelgvari mimarTebis gareSe, rasac gvauwyebs, risTvisac gamodis,
rac moaqvs qarizmatiks, erTgulia ra Tavisi sociologiis, romlis Tanaxmadac
sociologia rogorc mecniereba Tavisufali unda iyos Rirebulebebisagan, veberi
xazgasmiT gulgrilia qarizmatuli lideris mier samyaroSi Semotanili
Rirebebulebisadmi: perikle, kleoni, napoleoni, ieso an Cingis xani--veberis
TvalsazrisiT rogorc Zalauflebis sociologisaTvis-erTnairad qarizmatuli
moRvaweebia. maT mier Seqmnili saxelmwifoebrivi an religiuri gaerTianebebi
winmoadgnen batonobis qarizmatuli tipis saxesxvaobebs.
veberis meTodologiuri principebi gamoricxaven im tipis
politikosis, rogoric iyo perikle, politikuri demagogis im tipisgan, rogoric
iyo hitleri gansxvavebis SesaZleblobas, romlebic eyrdnoboda
masebze
zemoqmdebis sugestiur emocionalur formebs da amitom savsebiT Sedis
qarizmatikis veberiseul gansazRvrebaSi, ramdenadac veberis mixedviT, sociologs
unda ainteresebdes ara subieqturi gansxvaveba (vTqvaT, namdvili religiurobis
fsevdoreligiurobisgan), aramed ama Tu im istoriuli pirovnebis moqmedebaTa
obieqturi rezultatebi, amdenad veberiseuli sociologia aucileblobiT atarebs
Tavis TavSi orazrovnebas. Aam orazrovnebam TviT veberis politikuri
ganwyobisgan damoukideblad uaryofiTi roli iTamaSa im rTul social politikur situaciaSi, romelic Camoyalibda germaniaSi pirveli msoflio omis
Semdeg vaimaris respublikis periodSi.
9. veberis politikuri poziciis winaamRdegoba
Cven ukve vaxseneT, rom veberis azriT legalur batonobas aqvs ufro susti
malegitimirebeli Zala, vidre tradiciuls an qarizmatuls. batonobis legaluri
tipis
safuZvelSi
veberi
mizanracionalur
moqmedebas,
e.i.
interesTa
gaTvaliswinebas
debs. maSasadame, Tavisi wminda saxiT legalur batonobas
RirebulebiTi
fundamenti
ar
aqvs,
da
amitom
am
tipis
batonobis
ganmaxorcielebeli formalur racionaluri biurokratia unda emsaxurebodes
gansakuTrebiT saqmis interesebs. misi upirovno xasiaTi Seesabameba mis
nagulisxmev uRirebulebo ganwyobebs.
41

racionalur saxelmwifoSi batonobis urTierTobani veberis mier ganixileba

kerZo
mewarmeobis
sferoSi
arsebul
urTierTobaTa
analogiurad
(aki
mizanracionaluri moqmedebas modelis saxiT ekonomikiuri moqmedeba ara aqvs).
veberis Tanaxmad, ekonomikis sferoSi arsebuli urTierTobani is ujredia,
romlisganac viTardeba batonobis legaluri tipi. ras warmoadgens es ujredi.
Tanamedrove kapitalizmis racionaluri ekonomikis yvelaze zogadi wanamZRvaria
kapitalis racionaluri gaangariSeba rogorc norma yoveldRiuri moTxovnaTa
dasakmayofileblad momuSave yvela didi samrewvelo sawarmoTaTvis swored
balansis Sedgenis gziT sawarmos Semosavlianobis mkacri aRricxvis da
angariSiani kontrolis SesaZlebloba, romelic vlindeba
mxolod
iseT
wanamZRvarTa safuZvelze, romlebic adre ar iyo cnobili, gzas uxsnis
racionaluri ekonomikis ganviTarebas. rogoria es specifikuri wanamZRvrebi?
pirveli, esaa avtonomiuri kerZo samrewvelo sawarmoTa mier warmoebis nivTobriv
saSualebebze
(miwa, xelsawyoebi, manqanebi, iaraRebi da a.S.) Tavisufali
sakuTrebis miTviseba.
meore, Tavisufali bazari, e.i. bazris ganTavisufleba gacvlis araracionaluri
Seviwroebebisgan, magaliTad wodebrivi SezRudvebisgan...
mesame, racionaluri, e.i. mkacrad gaTvlil - gaangariSebuli da amitom
meqanizirebuli teqnika rogorc warmoebis ise gacvlis ...
meoTxe, racionaluri e.i. mtkiced dadgenili samarTali. raTa kapitalisturma
wyobam wesrigma imuSaos - ifunqciros, racionaluri meurneoba unda daeyrdnos
sasamarTlos da marTvis myar samarTlebriv normebs ...
mexuTe, Tavisufali Sroma, e.i. iseT adamianTa arseboba, romelTac ara mxolod
ufleba aqvT bazarze
gayidon Tavisi samuSao Zala, aramed ekonomikurad
iZulebuli arian gaakeTon es ...
meeqvse, meurneobis komerciuli organizacia, romlis qveSac
aq
igulisxmeba
fasiani qaRaldebis farTo gamoyeneba warmoebaSi monawileobis uflebis da
sakuTrebaze uflebis dasadgenad, erTi sityviT: gansakuTrebuli orientirebis
SesaZlebloba sabazro moTxovnilebebis dafarvaze da sawarmoTa Semosavlebis
dros.
kapitalisturi meurneobis wanamZRvarTa am CamonaTvals aqvs erTi saerTo momenti,
romelic SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc ganTavisufleba bazrisa - wodebrivi
SezRudvebisgan, samarTlisa - zne - CveulebebTan gadabmisgan, mwarmoeblis warmoebis saSualebebisgan. advili gasagebia, Tu ratomaa es wanamZRvrebi
aucilebeli imisTvis, raTa ganxorcieldes kapitalis racionaluri gaangariSeba:
angariSi xom gulisxmobs yvela Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebis raodenobrivad
gardaqmnis SesaZleblobas da yvelaferi is rac ar eqvemdebareba aseT gardaqmnas,
gvevlineba
rogorc
dabrkoleba
racionaluri
kapitalisturi
meurneobis
ganviTarebis gzaze.
racionaloba veberiseuli gagebiT esaa formaluri, funqcionaluri
racionaluroba. misi sruli ganviTarebisTvis aucilebelia, raTa warmoiqmnas
aseTive
funqcionaluri
e.i.
yovelgvari
Sinaarsobrivi
(RirebulebiTi)
momentebisgan Tavisufali, mmarTvelobis tipi.aseT tipad, veberi Tvlis legalur
batonobas. magram radganac formaluri racionaluroba, rogorc misi Sesatyvisi
mizanracionaluri moqmedeba, aris ara TviTmizani, aramed raRac sxvis miRwevis
42

saSualeba, amdenad legalurs ara aqvs sakmarisad Zlieri legitimuroba da unda

gamagrdes raRaca sxvaTi: tradiciiT an qarizmiT. Tu veberis am debulebas
gadavTargmniT politikis enaze maSin mas aseTi JReradoba eqneba: klasikuri
liberalizmis mier dasavlur evropuli burJuaziuli samarTlebrivi tipis
saxelmwifoSi
erTaderT
samarTlebrivad
kanonier
(legitimur)
organod
parlamentaruli demokratiis
aRiarebas, masebis TvalSi ara aqvs sakmarisi
malegimitilebeli Zala da amitom damatebul unda iqnes an memkvidreobiTi
monarqiT (romlis uflebebic ra sakvirvelia, SezRudulia parlamentis mier), an
plebiscentrulad
arCeuli politikuri lideriT. (SeniSvna: imisTvis, raTa ar
CavardeT veberis politikuri Sexedulebebis ganxilvisas calmxrivobaSi, saWiroa,
mxedvelobaSi gvqondes, rom igi, arasdros ar ayenebda parlamentis aucileblobis
eWvis
qveS,
romelic
SezRudavda
plebiscistarulad
arCeuli
lideris
Zalauflebas da ganaxorcielebda rogorc mis mimarT, ise mmarTvelobis aparatis
mimarT kontrolis funqciebs swored sami urTierTSemvsebi da damatebiTi
momentebis arseboba marTvis aparatis (manqanis) rogorc Zalauflebis
ganxorcielebis racionaluri saSualebis, politikuri lideris qarizmatikis
rogorc politikuri programis (Rirebulebis) Camomyalibebeli da gamtarebeli,
da
bolos
parlamentis
rogorc
instanciis,
romelic
kritikulad
makontrolebelia ZiriTadi aparatisa, magram nawilobriv ki prezidentisa, aucilebelia, veberis TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sazogadoebisTvis,
erT-erTi motivi, romelmac aiZula veberi gansakuTrebiT gaesva xazi plebiscitis
mniSvnelobisTvis, iyo miswrafeba SeezRuda burJuaziul partiaTa aparatis
yovelmxriv mzardi Zala, romelic ukve mis dros atarebda Tavis TavSi TviT im
partiuli oligarqiis saSiSroebas, romlis Sesaxebac SeSfoTebiT sweren axla
dasavleTSi.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi legaluri batonobis legitimuroba Zlierdeba tradiciis
saSualebiT, meoreSi - qarizmis daxmarebiT. TviT veberi Tavisi moRvaweobis
ukanasknel periodSi mivida parlamentaluri legalobis swored plebiscitaruli
legitimiurobiT Sevseba - damatebis aucileblobis
Sesxeb
daskvnamde:
politikuri lideris
saxiT
unda gamovides, ara parlamentis mier arCeuli,
aramed mTeli xalxis mier arCeuli politikuri lideri, romelsac ufleba eqneba
uSualod mimarTos xalxs parlamentis meSveobiT.
mxolod plebiscists SeuZlia - veberis azriT - mianiWos politikur liders
legitimurobis is Zala, romelic nebas miscems - nebas darTavs
gaataros
garkveuli wesiT orientirebuli politika, e.i. daayenos saxelmwifeobriv biurokratiuli manqana ama Tu im Rirebulebebis samsaxurSi.
amave dros, Tu gavixsenebT, rom veberis sociologiaSi qarizma principulad ar
uSvebs araviTar Sinaarsobriv ganmartebas, maSin gasagebia, rom veberis
politikuri pozicia gamoiyureba friad orazrovnad im xdomilebaTa Suqze,
romlebic moxda germaniaSi veberis sikvilidan 13 wlis Semdeg da Tu misi
mimdevrebis erTi nawili Tvlis, rom, man Teoriulad iwinaswarmetyvela evropaSi
totalitaruli
reJimis
warmoSoba
da
gvafrTxilebda
am
ukanasknelTa
SesaZleblobaTa Sesaxeb, maSin sxvebi adanaSauleben mas imaSi, rom Teoriulad
marTalia arapirdapir - man xeli Seuwyo am reJimTa warmoqmnas. mag. germaneli
filosofosi karl loviti wers: pozitiurad, man gza gaukafa avtoritarul da
43

diqtatorul
saxelmwifos
imis ZaliT, rom man wamoayena iracionaluri
qarizmatuli fiurerizmisa da manqanaze dayrdnobili - dafuZnebuli beladebis
demokratiis idea, xolo negatiurad - ki Tavisi politikuri eTosis uSinaarsobis,
formalizmis gamo, romlis ukanaskneli sityva iyo erTi Rirebulebis gabeduli
arCevani, yvela danarCenebidan ise rom mniSvneloba ar hqonda, Tu romeli iqneboda
igi.
namdvilad veberma mogvca seriozuli safuZveli aseTi SefasebebisTvis: misi
politikuri pozicia, iseve rogorc batonobis misi Teoria, warmoadgenda
klasikuri liberalizmisagan arsebiT gadaxvevas, romelic germaniaSi Teoriulad
warmodgenili iyo, kerZod neokantianelTa mier. Teoriulad es gadaxveva yvelaze
naTlad gamovlinda samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos, rogorc wminda funqcionaluri
warmonaqmnis ganxilvaSi, romelsac sWirdeba misTvis garegani Rirebulebebis
legitimireba. (SeniSvna: sxvaTaSoris, swored am sakiTxis irgvliv gaCaRda
ukanasknel wlebSi kamaTi veberis interpretatorebsa da kritikosebs Soris).
germanelma sociologma vinkelmanma specialurad ikvlia, raTa daesabuTebina, rom
veberi arsebiTad amodioda klasikuri liberalizmis winamZRvrebidan. vinkelmanis
mixedviT legalur batonobas aqvs sakmarisad legitimirebadi Zala, ramdenadac
igi eyrdnoba ara imdenad mizanracionalur, ramdenadac RirebulebiT-racionalur
moqmedebas. sakiTxis principuli dayenebis Sesatyvisad legaluri batonobis
cnebas veberi akuTvnebs racionalur, saxeldobr _ RirebulebiT racionalurad
orientirebul
batonobas,
romelic
gadagvarda
uRirss,
RirebulebebTan
mimarTebaSi
neitralur
wminda
mizanracionalur,
legalobis
formalur
batonobad mxolod mis degeneraciul formaSi. sxva sityvebiT, vilkelmanis
Tanaxmad,
Tanamedrove
samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifo
agebulia
ara
wminda
funqcionaluri
principis
mixedviT

mis
safuZvelSi
Zevs
garkveuli
Rirebulebebi, romlebic Tavis droze wamoyenebuli iyo liberalizmis ideologTa
mier, da romelTac fesvebi gadadgmuli aqvT, rogorc amas vinkelmani asabuTebs,
suverenitetze pirovnebis bunebriv uflebaSi. samarTlebriv-saxelmwifoebriv
dawesebulebebTan mimarTebaSi sxva pirebTan erTad Tanasworobis Sesaxeb bunebriv
uflebebSi da a.S.
esaa is Rirebulebebi, romelsac axali dro icavda Sua saukuneTa Rirebulebebis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, Rirebulebebi, romelTac vinkelmanis rwmeniT, aqvT ara
naklebi malegitimirebeli Zala, vidre tradiciuli sazogadoebis Rirebulebebs,
da amitom ar aris imis araviTari saWiroeba, gavamagroT isini tradiciuli an
qarizmatuli elementebiT.
sociologi momzeni ewinaaRmdegeba vinkelmans, miuTiTebs ra, rom veberma
legaluri
batonoba
daafuZna
mizanracionalur
da
ara
RirebulebiTracionalurze, da Sesabamisad, Tavis samarTlis sociologiaSi gamodioda
pozitivizmis poziciebidan. Mmomzenis Tezisis dasadastureblad SeiZleba
moviyvanoT mravali gancxadeba veberisa imis Sesaxeb, rom bunebiTi samarTlis
Teoria sxvas arafers ar warmoadgens, Tu ara rogorc filosofiur-samarTlebriv
iaraRs, romliTac Cveulebriv sargeblobs qarizmatuli pirovneba, romelic
iswrafvis daasabuTos Tavis moqmedebaTa legitimuroba arsebul tradiciul
batonobasTan mimarTebaSi. amiT vebers arsebiTad, bunebiTi samarTlis Teoria
dahyavs ideologiur warmonaqmnebze da arTmevs maT ontologiur statiebs,
44

romlis SenarCunebac swadda vinkelmans. magram miuxedavad imisa, rom momzenis

Tvalsazriss Tavis mxareze aqvs amdenad seriozuli argumentebi, vinkelmanis cdac
ar aris safuZvlebs moklebuli.
is faqti, rom samarTlisa da saxelmwifos veberiseuli sociologia iZleva
garkveul safuZvlebs aseTi sapirispiro interpreti-rebisaTvis, kidev erTxel
mowmobs veberisaTvis sakvanZo cnebis-racionalurobas, radikalur orazrovnebas.
aq veberis poziciis orazrovneba dakavSirebulia racionaluri tradiciisadmi mis
winaaRmdegobriv damokidebulebasTan. erTis mxriv veberi gamodis rogorc
racionalizmis warmomadgeneli. Ees vlindeba rogorc mis meTodologiaSi,
romelic orientirdeba gacnobierebulad subieqturad motivirebul individualur
moqmedebaze, ise mis politikur SexedulebebSic: gasuli saukunis 90 wlebidan
veberis
gamosvlebi
da
politikuri
statiebi
mimarTulia
agraluri
konservatizmisa da germanuli iunkrobis ideologiis winaaRmdeg, romelTac
veberi upirispirebs burJuaziul-liberalur pozicias. sicocxlis filosofiis
romantikuli
iracionalizmis
veberiseuli
kritika
savsebiT
Seesatyviseba
politikaSi konservatuli iunkrobis kritikas. meTodologiaSi racionalizms
Seesatyviseba racionalobis Segnebuli dacva, rogorc burJUaziuli ekonomikis
ZiriTadi principisa.
racionalizmisadmi, rogorc eTikuri principisadmi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino
RirebulebiTi damokidebuleba vlindeba mis mier e.w. pasuxismgeblobis eTikisadmi
(Verantwortundethik) upiratesobis miniWebaSi darwmunebis eTikasTan (gesinnungsethik)
SedarebiT. pasuxismgeblobis eTika, romelic situaciis fxizel Sefasebas
gulisxmobs, alternatul SesaZleblobaTa mkacrad racionalur formulirebas,
erT-erTi SesaZleblobis Segnebul arCevansa da mis cxovrebaSi ganuxrelad
gatarebas, da agreTve am arCevanisadmi pirad pasuxismgeblobas gulisxmobs, mudam
iyo TviT veberis saqmianobis saxelmZRvanelo principi. igi moiTxovda
gvexelmZRvanela swored im principiT, rogorc mecnierebis sferoSi (misi
idealuri
tipebi,
arsebiTad
mowodebulia,
misces
mkacri
racionaluri
formulireba
alternatiul,
urTierTgamomricxvel
SesaZleblobebs),
ise
politikis sferoSi.veberis Tanaxmad pasuxismgeblobis eTika savaldebuloa
politikuri liderisaTvis.
roSerTan, knisTan da maierTan polemikaSi veberi miuTiTebda racionalobis
cnebis misTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan RirebulebasTan TavisuflebasTan
kavSirze. (SeniSvna: Tu romantikulad ganwyobili knisisaTvis pirovnebis
safuZvelSi Zevs iracionaluri, arafriT ar ganpirobebuli Tavisufleba, maSin
veberis Tanaxmad, adamianuri moqmedebis racionalurobis zoma aris misi
Tavisuflebis zoma. "cxadia, - wers igi, daSvebis simcdare, rom nebis
Tavisufleba
moqmedebis
iracionalobis
igiveobrivia.
specifikuri
arawinaswarmetyveladoba
tolia
bneli
bunebrivi
Zalebis
arawinaswarmetyvelebisa, magram meti arafriT araa - es SeSlilis privilegiaa.
piriqiT, Tavisuflebis empiriuli grZnobis yvelaze didi xarisxi axlavs
CvenTvis im moqmedebebs, romlebic Cvens mier gacnobierebulnia, rogorc
racionalurad ganxorcielebadni, e.i. fizikuri an fsiqikuri iZulebis, vnebiTi
afeqtebis da SemTxveviTi msjelobebis sicxadis SezRudulobis gareSe, is
moqmedebebi, romlebTac Cven mivsdevT gacnobierebul mizans im saSualebaTa
45

daxmarebiT, romlebic Cveni codnis Sesabamisad gveCveneba yvelaze adeqvatur

saSualebebad, e.i. miznebs mivsdevT cdis wesebis Sesatyvisad.
magram veberi bolomde arc racionalisturi tradiciis principebsac ar iziarebs.
igi
aRiarebs
racionalizmis
ara
ontologiur,
aramed
meTodologiur
mniSvnelobas; TviT veberis tendencia erTis mxriv meTodologiisa da ontologiis
gaTiSvisadmi, xolo meores mxriv, meTodologiisa da msoflmxedvelobisa, aixsneba
swored racionalobis principisagan veberis zogierTi gadaxriT. politikur
planSi es gamoixateba klasikuri liberalizmidan veberis gadaxraSi _
daSorebaSi. es daSoreba yvelaze metad SeimCneva masTan politikuri ekonomiis
problemebis ganxilvisas. politikur ekonomias werda igi ar SeuZlia
orientacia warmarTos arc eTikur, arc sawarmoo-teqnikur, arc evdemonistur
idealebze mas SeuZlia da unda orientirebul iyos erovnul ideebze: misi
mizani unda iyos eris ekonomikuri gaZliereba da gafurCqvna. eri veberTan
gvevlineba rogorc mniSvnelovani politikuri Rirebulebac. marTalia, veberis
racionalizmi srulebiTac ar atarebda iseT xasiaTs, rogorc germanul
konservatorebTan aqvs mas: veberi SesaZleblad ar miiCnevda eris gulisTvis
calkeul individTa politikuri Tavisuflebebis Sewirvas. misi ideali iyo
politikuri Tavisuflebebisa da erovnuli Zlierebis Serwyma. politikuri
liberalizmis
erovnul
motivebTan
Serwyma
sazogadod
damaxasiaTebelia
germaniisaTvis da aqac veberi ar warmoadgens gansakuTrebulobas, magram igi
nacionalizmis ideebs aZlevs ramdenadma sxvagvar dasabuTebas, vidre XX-is
germanuli liberalizmi.
aseTive ormagobaa damaxasiaTebeli formaluri racionalurobisadmi veberiseuli
damokidebulebisadmidac. amerikeli sociologi micmeni Seecada eCvenebina, rom
formaluri nacionalurobisadmi veberis damokidebuleba arsebiTad icvleboda
misi ganviTarebis proceSi. Micmeni Tvlis, rom Tu veberi Tavisi moRvaweobis
pirvel periodSi iyo racionalobis momxre da damcveli, maSin pirveli msoflio
omis Semdeg igi racionalobis princips epyroba kritikulad, upirispirebs ram as
iracionalur qarizmas. Cven gvgonia, rom veberis SemoqmedebaSi aseTi mkveTri
evoluciis dadgena SeuZlebelia. Tu SevadarebT erTmaneTs veberis iseT
qmnilebebs, rogoricaa protestantuli eTika da katalizmis suli (igi
ganekuTvneba pirvel periods veberis moRvaweobisas) da mecniereba rogorc
mowodeba da profesia (veberis sicocxlis ukanaskneli weli), maSin erTSic da
meoreSic
SeiZleba
aRmovaCinoT
racionalobis
principisadmi
veberis
ambivalenturi damokidebuleba. SeiZleba vilaparakoT mxolod aqcentebis Secvlis
Sesaxeb: gmiruli pesimizmis ganwyobileba, romelic sustad iyo warmodgenili
axalgazrda veberTan, sicocxlis bolo periodSi wlidan wlamde Zlierdeboda.
ara mxolod racionalobisadmi hqonda vebers ormagi damokidebuleba;
aranakleb ormagad exeba igi mis antipods qarizmas da TviT misdami yvelaze
ucxo tradicias. es garemoeba yovelTvis paralizebas ukeTebda veberis, rogorc
politikosis moqmedebas. ama Tu im politikuri sakiTxis erTmniSvnelovan
gadawyvetas: yoveli dRes napovni gamosavali mas warmoedgina rogorc xvalindeli
Cixi. isini vinc icnobdnen veberis politikur temperaments, gakvirvebulni iyvnen,
rodesac man amjobina mecnieris kariera profesionali politikosis karieras,
magram, rogorc samarTlianad aRniSna momzenma, veberis piradi tragedia
46

mdgomareobda imaSi, rom Tumca igi dabadebuli iyo moRvawed, misi aqtiuroba
yovelTvis paralizdeboda gansjis mier.
10. religiis sociologia
idealuri tipebisadmi racionalurobis, qarizmis, tradiciis mimarT veberiseuli
damokidebulebis
ormagoba
yvelaze
naTlad
gamovlinda
mis
religiis
sociologiaSi.
religiis sociologiaSi veberiseuli gamokvlevebi daiwyo misi Sromidan
protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli (1904) da dasrulda didi
istoriul-sociologiuri eqskursebiT, romelic eZRvneba msoflio religiebis
analizs: induizmi, budizmi, konfucianeloba, daoizmi, iudaizmi da sxv. religiis
Sesaxeb veberis SromebSi SeiZleba gamovyoT ori etapi, romlebic gansxvavdebian
ara mxolod sagnis, aramed nawilobriv kvleviTi interesis mimarTulebiTac.
pirvel etapze protestantul eTikaze muSaobis periodSi, religiisadmi veberis
interesi ZiriTadad izRudeboda sakiTxiT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra roli iTamaSa
religiuri eTikis Secvlam, romelic ganpirobebuli iyo protestantizmis
warmoSobiTa da ganviTarebiT, Tanamedrove kapitalizmis CamoyalibebaSi da
farTod-cxovrebaSi racionalobis principis gatarebaSi. amitom veberis kvlevis
sagani xdeba religiur-eTikur principebsa da ekonomikuri saqmianobis formebs
Soris kavSiri, Tan veberis polemikuri patosi mimarTulia religiis rogorc
ekonomikur urTierTobaTa produqtis marqsistuli gagebis winaaRmdeg.
protestantul eTikaSi dasaxuli Tema religiis da ekonomikis kavSiri da
urTierTgavlena inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas religiis Semdgom veberiseul
gamokvlevebSic. rogor gavlenas axdenen religiur-eTikuri ganwyobani ekonomikuri
saqmianobis ganxorcielebis xasiaTsa da wesze, da rac mTavaria, misi motivaciis
formebze, Semdeg, meurneobis marTvis esa Tu is principi rogor axdenen
religiur-eTikuri principebis deformirebas _ ai veberis erT-erTi mTavari Tema
msoflio religiebis kvlevisas. amasTanave analizis ZiriTad saSualebas veberTan
warmoadgens Sedareba: amas moiTxovs idealuri tipizirebis misi meTodi. Sedarebis
safuZvlad uwinares yovlisa, gvemsaxureba (rasakvirvelia, ara gansakuTrebiT) ama
Tu im religiuri eTikis mier daSvebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobis racionalizaciis
xarisxi. racionalizaciis xarisxi, rogorc aCvenebs veberi _ ukuproporciulia
magiuri elementis Zalisa, romelic gansxvavebuli xarisxiT arsebobs yovel
religiaSi. dapirispirebuli wyvili racionaluri-magiuri warmoadgens analizis
erT-erT instruments msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTikaSi. (am saxelwodebiT
gamoaqveyna veberma 1916-1919 wlebSi statiaTa seria religiis sociologiaSi
Jurnal Archiv fur Sozialwissennschaft und Sozialpolitik 1916, Bd 41, 1916-17, Bd 42 1917-18, Bd
44, 1918-19, Bd 46).
magram, imis da mixedviT, Tu rogori zomiT gadioda veberi Tanamedrove
kapitalizmis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb sakiTxidan sociologiis
rogorc sazogadoebis Sesaxeb dadebiTi empiriuli mecnierebis uSualo Seqmnaze,
im zomiT, ra zomiTac igi iazrebda religiuri faqtoris rolsa da adgils
socialuri
warmonaqmnebis
struqturaSi,
misi
religiis
sociologia
_
adrindelTan erTad, iRebda datvirTvas: swored religiis sociologiis
daxmarebiT cdilobda veberi aRmoeCina-aexsna socialuri moqmedebis kategoriis
47

Sinaarsi: religiis sociologias Tavis sagnad aqvs subieqturad nagulisxmevi

azri-sazrisi. Tu samarTlisa da saxelmwifos sociologiaSi veberi aanalizebs
sxvaze orientaciis formebs, maSin religiis sociologiaSi igi axdens sazrisTa
ZiriTadi saxeebis tipologizacias, rogorc isini gamodiodnen istoriaSi.
saboloo jamSi, religiis sociologia iqca mTeli veberiseuli sociologiis erTerT centralur ganyofilebad.
rogorc realur socialur moqmedebaSi Znelia erTmaneTisagan gamoyo misi
momentebi _ subieqturad nagulisxmevi sazrisi da sxvaze orientacia, aseve
Znelia erTmaneTisagan ganvacalkevoT religiur-eTikuri da saxelmwifoebrivsamarTlebrivi warmonaqmnebi, romlebic istoriaSi mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebulni. magram analizis mizniT veberi Segnebulad anawevrebs am
momentebs, raTa Semdeg kvlevis msvlelobaSi axsnas maTi kavSiris meqanizmebi.
amitom msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTikaSi bWoba exeba ukve ara mxolod
religiis da meurneobis Tanafardobas, aramed religiisa da Zalauflebis
formebis, religiisa da xelovnebis, mecnierebis, filosofiis da a.S. Tanafardobis
sakiTxebsac.
magram miuxedavad Temis gafarToebisa da gaRrmavebisa religiuri eTikis analizis
meTodologiuri
saSualebebi
veberTan
mniSvnelovnad
adrindeli
rCeba.
SedarebisTvis
etalonad
aqac,
iseve
rogorc
misi
sociologiis
sxva
ganyofilebebSi rCeba mizanracionaluri moqmedeba, xolo mis yvelaze wminda
variants warmoadgenda ekonomikuri moqmedeba . amitom religiis swored sameurneo
eTikasTan kavSiris tipis dadgena veberisaTvis kvlavindeburad rCeba mniSvnelovan
saSualebad
rogorc
TviT
religiis
analizisaTvis,
ise
samarTlisadmi,
saxelmwifosadmi da a.S. misi damokidebulebis analizisaTvis.
es Sedareba veberis mier ar iwarmoeba religiuri moqmedebis garegnulad
fiqsirebuli momentebis safuZvelze _ swored rom religiur movlenebTan
mimarTebaSi gvaZlevs es midgoma yvelaze cotas. mxolod Sesrulebul moqmedebaTa
sazrisis,
e.i.
moqmedi
individebis
motivTa
gageba
gvaZlevs
religiis
sociologiuri analizis SesaZleblobas. manam, sanam movaxdendeT religiuri
qcevis tipTa klasifikacias da Sedarebas, saWiroa davinaxoT is sagani, romelic
Sedarebul
da
klasificirebul
unda
iqnas.
religiis
sociologiaSi
gansakuTrebiT naTelia gagebis meTodis roli. Tu idealuri tipis konstruqcia
vebers aaxloebs pozitivizmTan da nominalizmTan, maSin gagebis misi principi
piriqiT, moiTxovs ufro Wvretasa da Tanagancdas, rac safuZvels gvaZlevs
SevadaroT veberis religiis sociologia Eedmund huserlisa da maqs Seleris
fenomenologias. swored aman misca saSualeba pitirim sorokins, emtkicebina, rom
religiis veberiseuli sociologia arsebiTad aris mTlianad kulturis
sociologiaa. veberiseuli midgoma erTi mxriv gansxvavdeba franguli skolisagan
(diurkemi, levi-briuli da sxv.) da meores mxriv teilorisa da freizerisagan
momdinare inglisuri tradiciebisagan. rogorc franguli skolisaTvis, ise
ingliselebisTvis uwinares yovlisa, damaxasiaTebelia religiis genezisis, misi
adrindeli formebis kvleva: araa SemTxveviTi, rom erTnic da meorenic mimarTaven
pirvelyofili sazogadoebis religiur warmodgenebs, da misgan amosvlisas
ganixilaven religiuri cnobierebis rogorc aseTis struqturas. ingliseli
eTnografebi
da
religiaTmcodneni,
xelmZRvaneloben
ra
evolucionizmis
48

principebiT, ver iazreben religia gaigon sxvagvarad Tu ara rogorc misi

warmoSobis dadgenis gziT. Ddiurkemi, romelic Tvlida rom religiisa da
socialurobis cneba sazogadod rom vTqvaT, igiveobrivia,ganixilavs religiis
arsebisa da warmoSobis
problemas sazogadoebis arsebisa
warmoSobis
igiveobrivad, _ amitom gasagebia, Tu rogor mniSvnelobas aniWebs igi religiis
sociologiaSi mimdinare gamokvlevebs.
ramdenadac veberi centraluri saxiT ar svams religiis warmoSobis sakiTxs,
amdenad igi specialurad ar ganixilavs sakiTxs misi arsebis Sesaxebac. rogorc
sworad SeniSna e. kasirerma, Tavis sociologiaSi veberi svams sakiTxs religiis
ara empiriul da TviT Teoriul warmoSobazec ki, aramed mis wminda
Sedgenilobaze (Bestand), Cvevebze. sazogadod saqme unda gvqondes ara religiis
arsebasTan, gansazRvruli saxis erTobis _ Temis moqmedebis (Gemeinschaftslandeln)
pirobebTan da SedegebTan, romelTa gagebac aqac SeiZleba mopovebul iqnas
mxolod calkeuli individis subieqturi gancdebis, warmodgenebis, miznebisagan
amosvliT; e.i. sazrisisagan amosvliT, radgan maTi garegnuli mim dinareoba
umaRlesi xarisxiT mravalsaxeobrivia.
moTxovniT
amovideT calkeuli
individebisa misi motivebis-gancdebis, warmodgenebis, miznebisagan _ veberi
xelmZRvanelobs religiis gamokvlevebis drosac. amitom gasagebia, rom igi
diurkemisagan gansxvavebiT xazs usvams yovelgvari, maT Soris primitiuli,
religiis savsebiT sxva moments _ misi azriT magiur da kultobriv moqmedebebs
mudam aqvT amqveyniuri (miwieri) miznebi. moqmedebebi, romlebic motivirebulni
arian religiurad an magiurad... Tavdapirveladve mimarTulni arian amqveyniur
miznebze. Eesaa uwinares yovlisa, amindis regulireba (wvimis gamowveva, qariSxlis
moTviniereba-Cadgoma da a.S.) avadmyofobisagan gankurneba (maT Soris avadmyofis
sxeulisagan boroti sulebis gandevna), momavali xdomilebebis winaswarmetyveleba
da a.S. swored ramdenadac magiur da ritualur moqmedebebs _ veberis rwmeniT _
TavianT miznad aqvT garkveuli, savsebiT amqveyniuri da am azriT racionaluri
rezultatebis
_
Sedegebis
miRweva,
amdenad
igi
SesaZleblad
Tvlis
daakvalificiros es moqmedeba, rogorc ukidures SemTxvevaSi SefardebiT
racionalur moqmedebad.
religiis veberiseuli sociologiis meore mniSvnelovani aspeqtia _ misi
yuradRebis gamaxvileba individis araCveulebrivi, zebunebrivi unarebis rolis
Sesaxeb, romlis wyalobiTac mas SeuZlia iyos magikosi, Samani, winaswarmetyveli,
axali religiis damaarsebeli. es unarebi (individualuri qarizma) warmoadgenen
veberis azriT, uzarmazar socialur Zalas, magram iracionalur Zalas, romelsac
igi upirispirebs racionalur faqtorebs. amave dros qarizma veberis mier kvlav
ganixileba rogorc faqtori, romelic miuTiTebs individuumze da romelic
moiTxovs imas, rom mxedvelobaSi miviRoT swored individualuri moqmedeba
rogorc socialuri procesis ujredi.
Tavisi interesebisa da meTodis Sesatyvisad veberi irCevs kvlevis sagansac:
ZiriTadad igi swavlobs ganviTarebul sazogadoebaTa religiebs, e.i. msoflio
religiebs, romlebic gulisxmoben socialuri diferenciaciis SedarebiT maRal
dones, mniSvnelovan inteleqtualur ganviTarebas, naTeli TviTcnobierebis mqone
pirovnebis arsebobas. marTalia, ritualur-kultobriv moments adgili TviT
msoflio religiebSic aqvs, magram am zomiT, ra zomiTac aq sustdeba jgufuri
49

sawyisi da gamoiyofa individualuri, izrdeba dogmatur da eTikur elementTa

mniSvneloba adaT-wesebTan da ritualebTan SedarebiT. Dda ai aq veberiseuli
meTodologia, romelic moiTxovs moqmed individTa motivebis analizs, poulobs
kvlevis Sesatyvis sagans.
religiuri
cxovrebis
maRalganviTarebuli
formebis
uzarmazar
masalaze
empiriuli dakvirvebebisa da Sedarebebis gziT veberi afiqsirebs, sad da rogori
socialuri arsebobisas, romel socialur fenebsa da profesiul jgufebs Soris
Warbobs religiaSi ritualur-kultobrivi sawyisi, sad asketur-mosaqme, sad
mistikur mWvretelobiTi, sad inteleqtualur-dogmaturi. mag.: veberis Tanaxmad,
magiuri elementebi yvelaze ufro damaxasiaTebelia miwaTmoqmed xalxTa
religiebisaTvis da _ maRalganviTarebul kulturaTa farglebSi _ glexTa
fenisaTvis; racionalur xasiaTs atarebs qalaqur fenaTa religiebi, kerZod
xelosanTa, romlebic naklebaa damokidebuli, vidre glexebi garegan bunebriv
pirobebze da gacilebiT metad arian damokidebulni Sromis ritmulad swor,
racionalur organizaciaze. magram ramdenadac msoflio religiebi, rogorc wesi,
warmoiqmnebian da vrceldebian ara mxolod erT fenaSi, amdenad maTSi Taviseburi
SerwymiT arseboben sxvadasxva momentTa mTeli rigi.
magaliTisaTvis gavCerdeT konfucianelobis veberiseul analizze. marTalia,
mkacri azriT, konfucianelobas arc ki SeiZleba religia ewodos, rameTu masSi ar
arsebobs mag: saiqio cxovrebis rwmena, magram misi socialuri mniSvnelobisa da im
rolis mixedviT, romelic man iTamaSa Cinuri kulturis SigniT, igi veberis
mixedviT SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT msoflio religiebs. konfucianeloba, ambobs
veberi zRvrulad realisturia, misTvis ucxoa miRmuri samyarosadmi interesi.
konfucianuri eTikis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani saTnoeba _ sikeTenia:
dRegrZeloba, janmrTeloba, simdidre _ erTi sityviT, bednieri _ keTildReobiT
savse miwieri sicocxle. Aamitom misTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli arc esqatologiuri
motivebi, arc saiqio cxovrebis rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli codvaTa monaniebis _
gamosyidvis, xsnis motivebi, misTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli; da Tumca CineTSic,
rogorc aRniSnavs veberi, arsebobda kidec amqveyniuri mxsneli _ imperatoris
mesianisturi imedi da rwmena, magram mas ar miuRia utopiis rwmenis is forma,
romelic damaxasiaTebelia iudevelobisa an qristianobisTvis.
saboloo jamSi saxelmwifoebrivi kulti iyo xazgasmiT gonivruli saRi da
martivi ubralo: msxverpli, ritualuri locva, musika da ritmuli cekva.
kultidan mkacrad iyo gamoricxuli yovelgvari origiastuli elementi.
konfucianelobisTvis ucxo iyo rogorc eqstativizmi, ise asketizmic: yvelaferi
es warmodgenili iyo iracionalur sawyisad, romelsac uwesrigobisa da SfoTis
suliskveTeba Sehqonda mkacrad racionalur eTikaSi da klasikurad mowesrigebul
kultSi. rasakvirvelia, oficialur konfucianelobaSi ar iyo individualuri
locvebi am sityvis dasavluri azriT; man icoda mxolod ritualuri formebi.
adamiansa da RmerTs Soris individualuri, piradi urTierTobis ararsebobis gamo
SeuZlebeli iyo warmoSobiliyo Sewyalebis, RvTis rCeulobis ideebi. rogorc
budizmi, konfucianeloba iyo mxolod eTika. magram budizmis sapirispirod, igi
iyo gansakuTrebiT Sida samyaroseuli profanuli eTika da budizmTan ufro
kontrastulad igi iyo Segueba samyarosadmi, misi wesrigisa da pirobebisadmi...
weswyobileba _ wyoba, wesrigi da harmonia _ ai konfucianuri eTikis ZiriTadi
50

principebi, romlebic Tanabrad misaRebia saxelmwifoebrivi viTarebisa da

adamianuri sulis mdgomareobisaTvis. konfucianelobis goneba, _ wers veberi _
iyo wesrigis racionalizmi... aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis amocanebi mTlianad
daqvemdebarebuli iyo am ZiriTad Rirebulebebze. ganaTleba atarebda humanitarul
xasiaTs (literaturul xasiaTs): klasikuri Cinuri literaturis codna
leqsTwyobis xelovnebis floba, mravalricxovan ritualTa faqizi codna _ ai is
wminda tradiciuli elementebi, romlebic aucilebeli iyo aeTvisebina Cinel
aristokrats.konfucionaluri
eTikis
specifikaa
is,
rom
miuxedavad
racionalizmisa igi ar aris magiis mimarT
mtrul damokidebulebaSi. marTalia,
eTikuri saTnoebani magiur Tilismebze _ jadoze da Selocvebze maRla dganan:
magia saTnoebaTa winaaRmdeg uZluria, _ Tvlida konfuci, magram principulad
magia ar aris uaryofili, aRiarebulia, rom mas Zalaufleba _ Zala aqvs borot
sulebze, Tumca ara aqvs Zala keTilze _ da es Seesatyviseboda bunebis Sesaxeb
konfucianur warmodgenebs, romelic savse iyo sulebiT rogorc keTili, ise
boroti sulebiT. amgvarad, veberi aCvenebs, rom konfucianelobaSi SeerTebuli iyo
ori sawyisi: eTikur-racionaluri da iracionalur magiuri; aq racionalizms
hqonda gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba racionalizmis
dasavluri tipisgan: igi gaerTianebuli iyo magiasTan da tradicionalizmTan.
Swored am garemoebaTa ZaliT CineTSi ver SeZlo warmoqmna mecnierebis im tipma,
romelic ganviTarda dasavlur-evropul niadagze, da ver SesZlo Seeqmna
mmarTvelobis formalur-racionaluri tipi.
SemdgomSi sxva msoflio religiur-eTikur sistemaTa individualuri saxis
ganxilvisas,
veberi
iZleva
maT
klasifikacias
imasTan
SedarebiT,
da
SesabamisobaSi, Tu saxeldobr romeli socialuri fenebi iyvnen am sistemaTa
mTavari matareblebi: konfucianelobis matarebeli _ msoflios mamoZravebeli
biorokrati, induizmisa _ msoflios momwesrigebeli magia_jadoqari, budizmis _
msoflioSi moxetiale beri _ mWvreteli, islamisa _ msoflios mpyrobeli _
damamorCilebeli meomari; qristianobisa _ moxetiale xelosani.
veberis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyro pariebis e.w. religiis problemam, e.i.
jgufTa religiam, romlebic idgnen socialuri ierarqiis yvelaze dabal
safexurze an am ierarqiis miRmac ki imyofebodnen. Tu yvelaze privilegirebul,
aristokratiuli fenebisaTvis, rogorc wesi (magram ara
gansakuTrebiT),
damaxasiaTebelia interesTa mimarTuleba amqveyniur samyaroze, mowesrigebis
miswrafeba (konfucianeloba), organizebis miswrafeba (induizmi), am samyaros
gaSuqeba _ ganaTeba (samyaros msoflios am gaSuqebis miswrafebis elementebi
SeiZleba vipovoT qristianobis kaTolikur da marTlmadideblur variantebSi),
maSin pariebis religiaSi pirvel planze gamodian esqatologiuri motivebi,
miRmurisaken miswrafebani.
pariebis religiuri eTikis iudaizmis masalaze analizisas, gansakuTrebiT
winaswarmetyvelTa
religiebis,
agreTve
sxvadasxva
Sida
qristianul
mimdinareobaTa
da
seqtaTa
analizisas,
veberi
aCvenebs,
rom
pariaTa
religiurobis matarebelni arasdros yofilan monebi an Tavisufali medReuri
mSromelebi, romlebic veberis mixedviT, saerTod ar arian aqtiurni religiur
51

mimarTebaSi. am gamonakliss ar Seadgens, veberis Tanaxmad, misi Tanamedrove

proletariatic. religiur mimarTebaSi yvelaze aqtiurni araprivilegirebulTa
fenebSi, veberis mixedviT, arian wvrili xelosnebi, ufro privilegirebuli
fenebisgan gamosuli gaRaribebulni (mag: Cinel mandarinTa) an mRvdelTa
moZRvarTa (induizmi, iudaizmi) da a.S. inteleqtualizmi.
veberi religiis klasifikacias axdens agreTve samyarosadmi maTi sxvadasxva
damokidebebulebis safuZvelze. mag: konfucianelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
samyaros miReba; piriqiT, samyaros uaryofa da miuRebloba damaxasiaTebelia
budizmisaTvis. indoeTi, veberis mixedviT, esaa religiur-eTikur moZRvrebaTa
akvani, romlebic Teoriulad da praqtikuladac uaryofen samyaros _ moflios.
zogierTi religia samyaros _ msoflios iRebs misi gaumjobesebisa da
gamosworebis pirobiT: aseTebia islami, qristianoba, zoroastrizmi. imisagan,
miiReba samyaro Tu ara da Tu miiReba, maSin rogori zomiT, damokidebulia
religiuri eTikis mimarTeba politikis sferosadmi, sazogadod Zalauflebisadmi
da Zaladobisadmi. samyaros _ msoflios uarmyofeli religia, rogorc wesi ,
apolitikuria, igi gamoricxavs Zaladobas; aq yvelaze Tanmimdevrulia budizmi,
Tumca araZaladobis ideebi damaxasiaTebelia agreTve qristianobisTvisac. iq,
sadac samyaro mTlianad miRebulia, religiuri Sexedulebebi, SeniSnavs veberi,
advilad eTanadebian politikur sferos, sazogadod magiuri religiebi ar
upirispirdebian politikas.
msoflio religiebi atareben, rogorc wesi, soteriologiur xasiaTs. xsnis
problema _ erT-erTi centraluria religiur eTikaSi. veberi aanalizebs
religiur-eTikur ganwyobebs imisda mixedviT. Tu xsnis rogor gzebs gvTavazoben
isini; uwinares yovlisa, SesaZlebelia ori varianti: xsna sakuTari moqmedebebis
meSveobiT, mag: budizmSi, da xsna Suamavali _ mxsnelis meSveobiT (iudaizmi,
islami, qristianoba). pirvel SemTxvevaSi xsnis meTodebia an ritualuri sakulto
moqmedebani da ceremoniebi, an socialuri moqmedebani (moyvasis siyvaruli, sikeTis
mqneloba, axloblebze zrunva _ konfucianelobaSi), da bolos, TviTsrulyofileba.
meore SemTxvevaSic (xsna macxovris meSveobiT) agreTve ramdenime variantia xsnisa.
pirveli, institucionalizaciis (eklesiisadmi mikuTvnebuloba rogorc xsnis
piroba kaTolicizmSi) meSveobiT; meore, gangebis, bedisweris wyalobis meSveobiT
(islami, kalvinizmi).
bolos veberi ganasxvavebs xsnis gzebs, romlebic damokidebulnia ara imdenad
morwmuneTa mier mcnebebisa da saritualo moqmedebebis Sesrulebaze, ramdenadac
maT Sinagan ganwyobebze. aqac igi aRmoaCens or gansxvavebul tips: xsna aqtiuri
eTikuri moqmedebiT da mistikuri Wvretis meSveobiT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi morwmune
acnobierebs Tavis Tavs rogorc RvTaebrivi nebis iaraRs. misi saqmianobis eTikuri
xasiaTis aucilebeli pirobaa _ asketizmi. aqac Tavis mxriv SesaZlebelia ori
SemTxveva: an mizania msofliosagan gaqceva _ da maSin asketizmi aris
ganTavisufleba yvela jaWvisagan, romlebic adamians msofliosTan akavSireben,
anda mizania samyaros _ msoflios gardaqmna (kalvinizmi) _ da aqac asketizmi
emsaxureba Sida ekonomikuri, mecnieruli da sxva saxis saqmianobaTa miznebs.
meore _ WvretiT _ gzas miznad aqvs mistikuri ganaTebis mdgomareobis miRweva,
union mistica-s miRweva, RvTaebrivSi gansveneba. aqac askezi atarebs racionalur
52

xasiaTs. magram racionalur-asketuri qceva mimarTulia amqveynidan gandgomaze da

usasrulobis WvretaSi Caflobaze.
rogorc vxedavT, klasifikaciisa da Sedarebebis is meTodebi, romlebsac mudam
mimarTavs veberi, moiTxoven religiuri cnobierebis fenomenTa dapirispirebaSepirispirebasa da mudmiv gansxvavebas. gansxvavebis safuZvlad veberTan kvlav
gvevlinebian idealuri tipebi, romlebic gamodian rogorc racionaluri,
qarizmatuli da tradiciuli.
am idealuri tipebis ukan dganan TviT veberis ukanaskneli Rirebulebani: 1. Zmuri
siyvarulis eTika (sikeTe); 2. Rirebulebebisagan ganTavisuflebuli da wmindad
funqcionalurad gamxdari goneba, e.i. formaluri racionaluroba (yofili
WeSmariteba, sekuliarizebul meqanizmamde); 3. stiqiur-eqstatikuri sawyisi,
qarizma _ magiur religiaTa safuZveli. (iracionaluri Zala, stiqiuri
Zala_Zliereba,
mSveniereba,
romlis
mxarezea
yvelaze
iracionaluri
sasicocxlo Zala _ sqesobrivi siyvaruli).
ueWvelia, rom es sami sawyisi _ idealuri tipebia, rom empiriul sinamdvileSi
isini wminda saxiT, rogorc wesi, ar gvxvdebian, magram ueWvelia isic, rom yvela
isini
warmoadgenen
ZiriTad
Rirebulebebs,
romlebic
TviT
veberis
msoflmxedvelobaSic iseve iswrafvian erTmaneTisken da gamoricxaven erTmaneTs,
rogorc maT Sesabamisad konstruirebuli idealuri tipebi. Cven dRes viciT ara
mxolod is, rom raRac SeiZleba iyos mSvenieri, Tumca igi ar aris keTili, aramed
isic,rom igi mSvenieria swored imaSi, raSic igi ar aris keTili; es CvenTvis
cnobilia nicSes droidan, xolo kidev ufro adre Tqven ipoviT mas borotebis
yvavilebSi, rogorc bodlerma uwoda misi leqsebis tips da ukve moxetialemoaruli sibrZnea is, rom raRac SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti, imdenad. ramdenadac igi
araa mSvenieri, araa wminda da araa keTili.
(veberi, rC. Canawerebi gv.726).
poliTeizmi
RmerTTa
maradiuli
brZola
_
veberis
azrovnebis
msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvelia, religiis sociologiaSi igi gamoCnda yvelaze
gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT, ramdenadac TviT veberi ganixilavs religiis rogorc
yvela RirebulebaTa ukanasknel, sxvaze dauyvanad safuZvels; erTmaneTis
dapirispirebul _ mebrZol RirebulebaTa Serigeba, veberis mier SeuZlebelia ,
rom veraviTari mecnieruli azrovneba, veraviTari filosofiuri meditacia, veraa
SemZle ipovos sakmarisi safuZveli RirebulebaTa erTi jgufis meoreze
upiratesobis dasadgenad. Tu rogor iazreben frangul da germanul kulturebs
Soris mecnieruli arCevanis SesaZleblobas, es me ar vici. aqac
igive kamaTia
gansxvavebul RmerTTa da kamaTi maradiulia... xolo am RmerTebze da maT
brZolaze batonobs bediswera _ bedi, magram ara mecniereba...romeli adamiani
gabedavs mecnierulad uaryos mTiani qadagebis eTika, magaliTad debuleba
borotebisadmi winaaRmdegobis gauwevlobis Sesaxeb an igavi adamianis Sesaxeb,
romelic uSvers marcxena da marjvena loyas da miuxedavad amisa, naTelia, rom aq,
Tu amas SevxedavT saero TvalsazrisiT, naqadagebia eTika, romelic moiTxovs
sakuTari Rirsebis grZnobebze uaris Tqmas. saWiroa, arCevani gavakeToT religiur
Rirsebaze, romelsac gvaZlevs es eTika da mamakacur Rirsebas Soris, rom eTika
qadagebs raRaca savsebiT sxvas: winaaRmdegoba gauwios borotebas, sxvagvarad Sen
pasuxismgebeli iqnebi Seni wili pasuxismgeblobisa, Tu igi dagZalavs. individis
saboloo ganwyobis Sesabamisad erT-erTi am eTikuri poziciebidan amodis
53

eSmakisagan, meore _ RmerTisagan, da individma unda gadaWras, vinaa misTvis RmerTi

da vin _ eSmaki. (726-727).
es poliTeizmi saboloo
RirebulebaTa doneze avlens veberSi ukve ara
imdenad kantisa da neokantianelebis mimdevars, ramdenadac moazrovnes, romelic
Tavisi msoflmxedvelobrivi ganwyobebiTa da tradiciebiT axlosaa hobsis,
makiavelis, nicSes poziciebTan. swored maTgan miiRo veberma memkvidreobiT
moTxovna mkacri da vaJkacuri miswrafebisa WeSmaritebis Semecnebisaken, rogorc
ar unda yofiliyo igi. swored am tradiciisagan momdinareobs veberis Rrma
rwmena, rom WeSmariteba _ ufro saSineli da mkacria, vidre damamSvidebeli.
Taviseburi winaaRmdegobizmi, bedisweris siyvaruli, rogori mkacric ar unda
iyos igi, veberma memkvidreobiT miiRo nicSesgan.
veberis sociologiam Tavis TavSi gaaerTiana yvela is winaaRmdegobani, romelic
damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sazogadoebisaTvis. es winaaRmdegobani
veberis azrovnebas afeTqeben Signidan. marqsisti sociologebis azriT, saWiroa,
TviT wanamZRvrebis Secvla, burJuaziuli tipis msoflmxedvelobis gadalaxva,
rasac veberi principulad da Segnebulad akeTebs da ar surs, rameTu me
burJuaziuli klasis wevri var, vgrZnob Tavs aseTad da aRzrdili var misi
SexedulebebiTa da idealebiT _ araorazrovnad acxadebda igi jer kidev 1885
wels.

54

veberis sociologia da meTodologia

jorj ritceris mixedviT (moamzada ana kvintraZem)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

istoria da sociologia
Verstehen
kauzaloba
idealuri tipebi
Rirebulebebi
substanciuri sociologia
ra aris sociologia?
socialuri moqmedeba
klasi, statusi da partia
mmarTvelobis struqtura
racionalizacia
religia da kapitalizmis aRmasvla

maqs veberi (1864-1920) savaraudod yvelaze cnobili da gavleniani figuraa

sociologiur TeoriaSi. veberis Sromebi imdenad gansxvavebuli da sxvadasxva
interpretaciis mqonea, rom man sociologiuri Teoriis sakmaod farTo nawilze
moaxdina gavlena. mas namdvilad hqonda gavlena struqturul funqcionalizmze,
talkot parsonsis Sromebidan gamomdinare. mas aseve didi gavlena hqonda
konfliqtisa da kritikuli Teoriebis tradiciaze, romelic iseve gansazRvra
veberis ideebma, rogorc marqsis orientaciam, iseve rogorc iurgen habermasma,
rogorc
kritikuli-Teoriis
tradiciebis
STamomavalma.
simboluri
interaqcionizmic moeqca veberis gavlenis qveS, verstehen-isa da sxva Sromebis gamo.
alfred
Sutci,
romelsac
Cven
mecamete
TavSi
ganvixilavT,
veberis
mniSvnelobebisa da motivebis Sesaxeb Teoriebis gavlenis qveS iyo, da man Tavis
mxriv umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula fenomenologiisa da eTnomeTodologiis
ganviTarebaSi. veberi iyo da rCeba mniSvnelovnad gavlenian Teoretikosad.
am Tavs Cven daviwyebT veberis im ideebis gacnobiT, romelic socialuri
mecnierebebis meTodologias exeba (1903-17/1949) (rac dResac ki sakmaod
mniSvnelovani da nayofieria). am ideebis srulyofilad gageba mniSvnelovania
veberis substanciuri da Teoriuli ideebis gasagebad. veberi upirispirdeboda
wminda abstraqtul Teoritizirebas. amis sapirispirod misi Teoriuli ideebi
Caflulia empiriul, ZiriTadad istoriul, gamokvlevebSi. veberis meTodologia
gansazRvravda mis kvlevas, am oris kombinacia ki qmnis misi Teoriuli
mimdinareobis bazas.

meTodologia
istoria da sociologia
veberi meTodologiis sakiTxebs did mniSvnelobas ar aniWebda. rogorc lasmani
da velodi aRniSnaven vebers namdvilad ar hqonia kanonebis krebuli swori
praqtikisaTvis... misi meTodologiuri naSromebi ufro metad warmoadgens
55

filosofiur refleqsias istoriuli da socialuri codnis debulebebis

xasiaTisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb (1989:192). am zogadi sakiTxebis ganxilva
veberisaTvis
nayofieri
inteleqtualuri
Sromis
mosamzadebel
fazas
warmoadgenda (1903-17/1949:115; ixileT aseve mariana veberi, 1975:309). veberi
fokusirebas axdenda substanciur samuSaoze: mxolod substanciuri problemebis
gadawyvetiT SesZlebs mecniereba Tavisi meTodebis ganviTarebas. TumcaRa, mxolod
epistemologiur da meTodologiur refleqsiebs arasdros ar uTamaSiaT
gadamwyveti roli aseT ganviTarebaSi (1903-17/1949:116).
imisaTvis, rom veberis meTodologias CavwvdeT, jer misi damokidebuleba unda
gavigoT istoriisa da sociologiis Soris urTierTobis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa,
rom veberi samarTlis studenti iyo da misi pirveli akademiuri samsaxuric
samarTalTan iyo dakavSirebuli, misi adreuli kariera istoriisadmi interesiT
xasiaTdeba. misi sadoqtoro disertaciac Sua saukuneebisa da romis istoriul
Seswavlas Seexeboda. Tumca, mogvianebiT wlebSi is ufro da ufro metad
identificirdeba sociologiasTan. arsebobs mosazreba, rom swored 1909 wlidan,
rodesac veberma Tavis masiur Sromaze ekonomika da sazogadoeba daiwyo muSaoba,
miuZRvna sakuTari Tavi mTlianad sociologias (R. Frank, 1976:13).
rac ufro metad miiwevda veberi sociologiis SedarebiT axali dargisaken, miT
ufro metad cdilobda Tavisi damokidebulebis gamorkvevas ukve Camoyalibebul
istoriis dargTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeuli maTgani saWiroebda meores,
sociologiis amocanad is istoriisTvis samuSaos Sesrulebas ganixilavda (Roth,
1976:307). veberis sityvebiTve, sociologia asrulebda mosamzadebel, sakmaod
umniSvnelo
samuSaos
(R. Frank, 1976:21).
veberma
gansazRvra
gansxvaveba
sociologiasa da istorias Soris: sociologia miznad isaxavs empiriuli
procesebis tipiuri konceptebis da generalizebuli formebis Camoyalibebas. es
ganasxvavebs mas istoriisgan, romelic orientirebulia kulturuli mniSvnelobis
matarebeli individualuri qmedebebis, struqturebisa da pirovnebebis mizezSedegobriv analizsa da axnaze (1921/1968:19). miuxedavad am mkveTri gansxvavebisa,
veberi mainc axerxebs am oris dakavSirebas Tavis SromebSi. misi sociologia
orientirebuli iyo naTeli cnebebis ganviTarebaze, raTa SesZleboda istoriuli
fenomenebis mizez-Sedegobrivi gaanalizeba. veberma Tavisi idealuri procedura
gansazRvra rogorc: istoriul realobaSi individis konkretuli qmedebebis
darwmunebiTi pasuxismgebloba konkretul istoriul SemTxvevebSi im zusti
empiriuli monacemebis Seswavlis gziT, romlebic amorCeuli iqna specifiur
TvalTaxedvebze dayrdnobiT (1903-17/1949:69). Cven veberi SegviZlia istoricistul
sociologad miviCnioT.
sociologiis Sesaxeb veberis Sexedulebaze gavlena iqonia im inteleqtualurma
debatebma (Methodenstreit) romlebic im periodis germaniaSi mimdinareobda. amaTgan
yvelaze mniSvnelovani Seexeboda istoriisa da mecnierebis urTierTmimarTebas. am
debatebis saZirkvels warmoadgenda is Sexedulebebi romlebic (pozitivistebi)
Tvlian rom istoria Sedgeba zogadi (nomoTeturi) kanonebisagan da isini
romlebsac (subieqtivistebi) istoria dayavT idiosinkretul (ideografiul)
moqmedebebsa da movlenebze. (pozitivistebi Tvlidnen, rom istoria SegviZlia
56

ganvixiloT rogorc naturaluri mecniereba da obieqtivistebi am ors

radikalurad ganasxvaveben erTmaneTisgan.) magaliTad, nomoTeturi mozarovne
moaxdens ganzogadoebebs socialuri revoluciebis Sesaxeb, xolo ideografiuli
analitikosi fokusirebas im specifiur movlenebze moaxdens, romlebsac
amerikuli revoluciisaken mivyavarT. veberi am or radikalur mimarTebas
uaryofda da istoriuli sociologiis gansxvavebul gzas anviTarebda. veberis
azriT, istoria Sedgeba unikaluri empiriuli movlnebisagan: empiriul doneze
veranairi generalizeba ver moxerxdeba. sociologebma erTmaneTisgan unda
ganacalkevon empiriuli samyaro im konceptualuri universidan, romelsac isini
qmnian. konceptebi verasdros srulad ver aRweren empiriul samyaros, Tumca maTi
gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia realobis ukeTesad gagebisaTvis. am konceptebis
meSveobiT sociologebs SeuZliaT generalizeba, magram es ganzogadoebebi ar
warmoadgenen istorias da ar SeiZleba maTi empiriul realobaSi areva.
miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi ganzogadoebebis momxre iyo, is mainc uaryofda im
istorikosebis Sexedulebas, romelTac istoria kanonebis martiv Semadgenlobze
dayavdaT: konkretuli istoriuli fenomenebis Sesaxeb codnis misaRebad, yvelaze
zogadi kanonebi yvelaze nakleb Rirebulia, radgan isini Tavs arideben Sinaarss
(1903-17/1949:80). magaliTad, veberi uaryofda erT-erT istorikoss (vilhelm roSers),
romelic xalxTa istoriuli evoluciis kanonebs eZebda, da Tvlida, rom xalxebma
ganviTarebis tipiuri stadiebi ganvles (1903-06/1975). rogorc veberma gansazRvra,
empiriuli realobis kanonebze dayvana azrs moklebulia (1903-17/1949:80). sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: kulturis sistemuri mecniereba azrs moklebulia Tavis
TavSive (veberi, 1903-17/1949:84). es Sexeduleba asaxulia mraval istoriul
kvlevebSi. magaliTad Tavis kvlevaSi antikuri civilizaciis Sesaxeb veberi
acxadebs, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveul doneze adreuli wlebi imis
winamZRvari
iyo,
rac
momavalSi
moxdeboda,
xmelTaSuazRvis
evropuli
civilizacia ar xasiaTdeba sruli ciklebiT an lineuri progresiT. zogjer
antikuri civilizaciis fenomenebi sruliad uCinardebodnen da Semdeg sruliad
axali konteqstiT aRmocendebodnen (1896-1906/1976:366).
germanuli istoriuli mecnierebis am ori midgomis uaryofiT veberi ayalibebs
Tavis sakuTar perspeqtivas, romelic am ori orientaciis sinTezs warmoadgens.
veberi grZnobda, rom istoria (anu, istoriuli sociologia)
aucileblad iyo
dakavebuli rogorc individualizmiT, ise ganzogadebiT. maTi gaerTianeba
moxerxda zogadi konceptebis ganviTarebiTa da gamoyenebiT (romelTac Cven
mogvianebiT idealur tipebs vuwodebT) kerZo individis, movlenisa Tu
sazogadoebis Seswavlisas. es zogadi konceptebi gamoyenebuli unda iqnas
TiToeuli ganviTarebis identifikaciisa da gansazRvris dros, im Taviseburebebis
gansazRvrisas, romlebic ase ansxvaveben erT maTgans meorisagan. amis Semdeg, ukve
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba im mizezebis Zieba, romlebmac am gansxvavebisken ubiZga
movlenebs (veberi, 1896-1906/1976:385). am tipis mizez-Sedegobrivi (kauzaluri)
analizisas veberi istoriis manZilze mxolod erTi kauzaluri mizezis Zebnas
uaryofda, yovel SemTxvevaSi cnobier doneze mainc. amis nacvlad, man Tavisi

57

konceptualuri arsenali mocemuli istoriuli SemTxvevisaTvis

mniSvnelovnebis xarisxiT sxvadasxvagvarad daalaga (Roth, 1971).

kauzaluri

veberis
Sexeduleba
istoriuli
sociologiis
Sesaxeb
garkveulwilad
gansazRvruli iyo erTis mxriv empiriuli istoriuli monacemebis arsebobiTa da
meores mxriv misi mondomebiT Seeswavla es monacemebi. igi ekuTvnoda mecnierebis
pirvel Taobas, romelsac xeli miuwvdeboda sando monacemebze istoriuli
fenomenebis Sesaxeb msoflios sxvadasxva nawilidan (MacRae, 1974). veberi ufro
metad iyo dainteresebuli gamoekvlia es monacemebi, vidre istoriis Sesaxeb
abstraqtuli ganzogadoebebi moexdina. miuxedavad imisa, rom aman migviyvana
zogierT mniSvnelovan Sexedulebamde, aseve didi problema Seqmna misi Sromis
gagebisas; zogjer igi imdenad erTveboda istoriul detalebSi, rom istoriuli
Seswavlis bazisur mizezs sruliad scildeboda. amasTanave, istoriulma
mecnierebam imdeni epoqa da sazogadoeba gamoiara, rom mas uxeSi generalizaciis
garda araferi darCenoda (Roth, 1971). miuxedavad am problemebisa, veberis
mondomebam, empiriuli fenomeni Seeswavla mecnierulad, igi amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi ganviTarebadi sociologiis disciplinisaTvis mimzidveli gaxada.
jamSi, vebers sjeroda, rom istoria specifiuri fenomenebis dausrulebeli
nakrebisgan Sedgeboda. am fenomenebis Sesaswavlad, saWiro iyo sxvadasxva
konceptebis ganviTareba, romlebic realur cxovrebaSi kvlevisaTvis gamoyenebadi
iqneboda. rogorc wesi, arc veberi da arc sociologTa da istorikosTa
umravlesoba emorCileba mkacrad imas rom, sociologiis amocanaa ganeviTaros
iseTi konceptebi, romelTac istoria sxvadasxva istoriuli fenomenis kauzaluri
analizisas gamoiyenebs. am gziT, veberi konkretulisa da zogadis erTmaneTTan
SerwymiT cdilobda ganeviTarebina mecniereba, romelic socialuri cxovrebis
kompleqsur bunebas gamoikvlevda.

Verstehen
veberi grZnobda, rom sociologebs bunebis mecnierebebTan SedarebiT upiratesoba
gaaCndaT. es upiratesoba mdgomarobda imaSi, rom sociologebs SeeZloT
socialuri fenomenis gageba, maSin rodesac bunebis mecnierebs ar SeeZloT atomis
an qimiuri naerTis moqmedebis gageba. gagebis germanuli Sesatyvisi aris sityva
verstehen. veberis mier am terminis specialurad gamoyeneba Tavis istoriul
kvlevaSi aris misi yvelaze metad cnobili da yvelaze kontroversuli wvlili
Tanamderove sociologiis meTodologiur ganviTarebaSi. mas Semdeg, rac
ganvsazRvarv Tu ras gulisxmobda veberi verstehen-Si, Cven aseve davinaxavT im
poblemebs romlebic dakavSirebulia mis konceptualizaciasTan. im dapirispirebas
rac Tan sdevs koncepts verstehen da aseve im problemebs rac erTvis mis
veberiseuli interpretacias, mivyavarT veberis meTodologiuri azrovnebis zogad
problemebamde. rogorc Tomas burgeri acxadebs, veberi ar yofila arc
darwmunebuli da arc mdgardi Tavis meTodologiur gancxadebebSi (1976, aseve ix.
hekmani, 1983:26). igi did yuradRebas ar uTmobda d arc azustebda, radgan Tvlida,
rom igi ubralod imeorebda im ideebs romlebic ukve kargad iyo cnobili misi
58

drois germanel istorikosebSi. amas garda, rogorc zemoT ukve davinaxeT, veberi
didad ar ufiqrdeboda meTodologiur refleqsiebs.
veberis azrebi verstehen-is Sesaxeb kargad iyo cnobili im periodis germenel
istorikosebs Soris, da momdinareobda iseTi dargidan rogoric hermenevtikaa
(Mueller-Vollmer, 1985; Pressler & Dasilva, 1996). hermanevtika warmoadgenda specialur
midgomas gamoqveynebuli naSromebis gagebisa da interpretaciisaTvis. mis mizans
warmoadgenda rogorc avtoris naazrevis, aseve teqstis bazisuri struqturis
gageba. veberi da sxvebi (magaliTad vilhelm dilTai) cdilobdnen teqsis gagebis
ideis socialur cxovrebaze gavrcelebas:
rogorc ki gavaanalizebT, rom misi istoriuli meTodi sxva araferia Tu ara
interpretaciis klasikuri meTodi, romelic morgebulia moqmedebebze da ara
teqstze, meTodi, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianis dizainis identificirebas,
mniSvnelobis povnas dakvirvebad movlenebSi, Cven aRar gagviZneldeba imis miReba,
rom igi SeiZleba iseve moergos adamianTa interaqcias, rogorc individualur
aqtors. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, mTeli istoria warmoadgens interaqcias,
romlis interpretireba unda moxdes sxvadasxva aqtorebis mtruli gegmebis
terminebSi.
(Lachman, 1971:20)
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, veberi iyenebda hermanevtikis iaraRebs, raTa
Caswvdomoda aqtorebs, interqcias, da mTlianad adamianur istorias. verstehen-is
erT-erTi yvelaze xSir miskoncepcias warmoadgens misi mkvlevris intuiciasTan
gaigiveba. Sesabamisad, bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs mas, rogorc rbil, iracionalur
da subieqtur kvlevis meTodologiad. Tumca, veberi aqtiurad ewinaaRmdegeboda im
ideas, rom verstehen moicavs ubralod intuicias, simpateTikur monawileobas an
empaTias (1903-17/1949). misTvis, verstehen moicavda sistematur da TavauRebel kvlevas
da ara ubralod teqstisa da socialuri fenomenis Sesaxeb SegrZnebis
Camoyalibebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, veberisaTvis (1921/1968) verstehen Seswavlis
racionalur proceduras warmoadgenda.
veberiseuli verstehen-is interpretaciisas sakvanZo SekiTxvaa is Tu misi azriT
verstehen
ufro
metad
miesadageboda
individualuri
aqtoris
subieqturi
mdgomareobis aRweras Tu ufro farTo masStabiani struqturebis (magaliTad,
kulturis) subieturi aspeqtebis analizisasac gamodgeboda. Tuki mxolod veberis
pozicias daveyrdnobiT, mivxvdebiT rom igi verstehen-is individualur doneze
interpretaciisaken ixreba (magaliTad, veberi, 1903-06/1975:125). am interpretacias
iziarebs damkvirvebelTa garkveuli jgufic (Burger, 1976; Shutz, 1932/1967; Warriner,
1969). Tumca zogierTma verstehen-isa da veberis Sexedulebis interpretacia
moaxdines rogorc gamosadegi teqnikis, romlis mizani kulturis gagebacaa. susan
hekmani amas veberis axlebur interpretaciad miiCnevs, iseT kulturul
elementebze fokusirebisas, rogorebicaa intersubieqturi mniSvnelobebi an
socialurad
konstruirebuli
wesebi,
romlebic
gansazRvraven
moqmedebas
konkretuli sazogadoebis farglebSi (1983:46). l. m. lakmani gansakuTrebiT
59

yuradRebas am aspeqts aqcevs: gegmiuri elementebi romlebic Cven gvainteresebs ar

warmoadgenen milionobiT adamianis miznebs, aramed im saerTo elementebs,
rogorebicaa normebi, institutebi da zogadi garemo, romelSic es yvela gegma
unda realizdes (1971:21). msgavsi TvalsazrisiTve, v. g. runcimani (1972) da m. veqsi
(1967) verstehen-s mocemuli sazogadoebis kulturisa da enis Seswavlis iaraRad
miiCnevdnen.
sabolood, zogierTma moazrovnem wamoayena Tvalsazrisi rom verstehen moicavs
orive midgomas. magaliTad, p. a. munqi (1975) ambobs, rom moqmedebis sruliad
gagebisaTvis
Cven
(1)
unda
movaxdinoT
moqmedebis
avtoriseuli
miznis
identificireba da (2) unda gavarCioT is konteqsti romelsac es moqmedeba
ekuTvnis da romlisTvisac azrs iZens.
verstehen-is mravali interpretacia gvexmareba imis danaxvaSi Tu ratom ikavebs
veberi aseT centralur rols sociologiur TeoriaSi. verstehen-is kulturul
doneze interpretacia makro donis mqone Teoriebis Semadgenelia (magaliTad,
struqturuli funqcionalizmis), xolo indvidualur doneze interpretacia mikro
donis mqone Teoriebisa (magaliTad, simboluri interaqcionizmi). munqis
urTierTTavsebadi midgoma ki misaRebia orive tipis TeoriebisaTvis. am samidan,
romeli interpretaciaa swori? erTis mxriv, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom amas did
mniSvneloba ar aqvs. mniSvnelovani ki swored is aris, rom arsebobs mravali
interpretacia da maT gavlena moaxdines sxvadasxva Teoriul prespeqtivebze.
Tumca meores mxriv, Cven unda SevTanxmdeT verstehen-is Sesaxeb veberis SromebSi.
yvelaze sando informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras gulisxmobda veberi verstehen-Si da
sxva meTodologiur iaraRebSi, moipoveba ara mis programul gancxadebebSi
meTodologiis Sesaxeb, aramed mis substanciur SromebSi. rogorc vnaxavT, veberis
kulturul da socio-struqturul konteqstebze fokuss mivyavarT verstehen-is iseT
xedvamde, romelic mas makro-donis analizis iaraRad ganixilavs.

kauzaloba
veberis meTodologiis kidev erT aspeqts warmoadgenda mis mier kauzalobis
Seswavla (Ringer, 1997:75). veberi socialuri fenomenebis mizezebis Seswavlas
istoriis dargSi ufro metad xedavda vidre sociologiis. da imdenad ramdenadac
sociologiisa da istoriis gancalkeveba mkafiod ar xdeba da isini namdvilad
ar arian gancalkevebulni veberis substanciur SromebSi kauzalobis sakiTxi
relevanturia sociologiisTvisac. kauzaloba aseve mniSvnelovania, radganac
rogorc SemdegSi vnaxavT igi swored is adgilia sadac veberi nomoTeturi da
idiografiuli midgomebis gaerTianebas isaxavda miznad.
kauzalobis qveS vebers (1921/1968) ubralod esmoda imis albaToba, rom garkveul
movlenas mohyveba an Tan sdevs sxva movlena. misi azriT, sxva istorikosebis
msgavsad mxolod istoriuli ganmeorebadobebis, analogiebisa da paralelebis
Zebna sakmarisi ar aris. amis magivrad mkvlevarma unda eZebos istoriuli
cvlilebebis mizezebi da aseve mniSvnelobebi (Roth, 1971). miuxedavad imisa, rom
SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rom vebers hqonda rogorc erTmniSvnelovani kauzaluri
60

modeli marqsis mizezobriobis dialeqtikuri modelis sapirispirod Tavis

substanciur sociologiaSi igi ikvlevda interdamokidebulebas ekonomikas,
sazogadoebas, politikas, organizacias, social stratifikacias, religiasa da
sxva mravals Soris (Roth, 1968).
veberi multikauzaluri midgomiT operirebda,
sadac interaqtiuli gavlenis maspinZlebi (mimRebni) sakmaod xSirad efeqturi
kauzaluri faqtorebi iyvnen (kalbergi, 1994:13).
veberi sakmaod mkafio iyo multikauzalobis Sesaxeb protestantizmisa da
kapitalizmis
sulis
damokidebulebis
swavlisas.
Tumca
xandaxan
misi
interpretacia gansxvavebulad xdeba, veberi (1904-05/1958) ubraod Tvlida rom
protestantuli eTika erT-erTi faqtori iyo Tanamedrove kapitalizmis sulis
aRmasvalSi. igi sulelurad miiCnevda iseT ideas, romlis mixedviTac
protestantizmi erTaderTi mizezi iyo. aseve sulelurad miiCnevda im xedvasac,
rom kapitalizmi mxolod protestantuli reformaciis Sedegad aRmocenda; sxva
faqtorebsac
SesaZloa
igive
gamoewviaT.
qvemoT
moyvanilia
Tu
rogor
gansazRvarvda amas veberi:
Cven rac SeiZleba kargad unda ganvsazRvoT is zogadi gza, romliTac religiurma
mimdinareobebma gavlena iqonies materialuri kulturis ganviTarebaze. mxolod
mas
Semdeg
rac
es
iqneba
mniSvnelovani
akuratulobiT
gansazRvruli,
SesaZlebelia imis garkveva Tu ra ZaliT SeiZleba Tanamedrove kulturis
istoriuli ganviTareba mivakuTvnoT am religiur Zalebs da ra ZaliT sxvebs.
(veberi, 1904-05/1958:91-92)

protestantul eTikasa da kapitalizmis sulSi da aseve sxva istoriul SromebSi

veberi kauzalobiT Zalian iyo dainteresebuli, Tumca mxolod calmxrivi
modeliT ar operirebda; igi yovelTvis sxvadasxva socialur faqtorebs Soris
urTierTobiT iyo dainteresebuli.
veberis kauzalobis Sesaxeb saubrisas kritikulia imis gaxseneba, rom radgan Cven
SegviZlia socialuri cxovrebis gageba (verstehen), socialuri mecnierebebis
kauzaluri codna gansxvavdeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis kauzaluri
codnisgan. rogorc veberma gansazRvra: mniSvnelobiT savse interpretirebadi
adamianuri
qmedebebi
(moqmedeba)
identificirebadia
Sefasebasa
da
mniSvnelobasTan mimarTebaSi. swored am mizezis gamo, kauzaluri axsnis Cveneuli
kriteriumebi floben unikalur dakmayofilebas msgavsi erTobis istoriuli
axsnisas (1903-06/1975:185). swored amitomac, socialur mecnierTa kauzaluri codna
gansxvavdeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierTa codnisagan.
kauzalobis Sesaxeb veberis Sexedulebebi dakavSirebulia mis cdasTan gadaelaxa
konfliqti nomoTetur da idiografiul codnas Soris. isini, vinc nomoTetur
Tvalsazriss emxrobian Tvlian, rom aucileblad arsebobs kavSiri socialur
fenomenebs Soris, amis sapirispirod, idiografiuli perspeqtivis mixedviT am
erTobebs Soris kavSiri mxolod SemTxveviTia. rogorc yovelTvis veberi saSualo
pozicias ikavebda, da saubrobda iseTi terminiT rogoricaa adekvaturi
kauzaloba. adekvaturi kauzalobis mixeviT saukeTeso rac Cven SegviZlia
61

gavakeToT sociologiis farglebSi aris albaTuri xasiaTis debulebebis

wamoyeneba socialur fenomenebs Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb; es niSnavs, rom Tuki X
arsebobs, maSin SesaZloa aseve iarsebos Y-m. mizania rom Sefasdes is xarisxi ra
donezec faqti xelSewyobilia garkveuli pirobebiT (veberi, 1903-17/1949:183).

idealuri tipebi
idealuri tipis cneba veberis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Senatania
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi (Drysdale, 1996; Hekman, 1983; Lindbekk, 1992; McKinney, 1966).
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, veberis azriT, sociologebi pasuxismgeblebi iyvnen
ganeviTarebinaT konceptualuri iaraRebi, romelTac mogvianebiT istorikosebi da
sociologebi gamoiyenebdnen. msgavs konceptualur iaraRebs Soris yvelaze
mniSvnelovani idealuri tipi iyo:
ideluri tipi Seqmnilia erTi an ramodenime midgomis erTmxrivi aqcentirebiT da
uamravi difuziuri, gansxvavebuli, met-naklebad warmodgenili da SemTxveviT
ararsebuli individualuri fenomenebis sinTeziT, romlebic dalagebulia erTian
analitikur konstruqtad am erTmxrivad xazgasmuli xedviT... Tavis konceptualur
siwmindeSi, es mentaluri konstruqti... realobaSi empiriulad mocemuli ar aris.
(veberi, 1903-17/1949:90)
miuxedavad am gansazRvrebisa, veberi mainc ar inarCunebda SeTanxmebulobas
idealuri tipis gamoyenebisas. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT Tu ras niSnavs es koncepti,
aucileblad unda gadavxedoT zogierT SeuTavseblobas. upirveles yovlisa,
idealuri tipi aris socialuri mecnieris mier, misi interesebidan da Teoriuli
orientaciidan gamomdinare, Seqmnili konstruqti, romelic saWiroa socialuri
fenomenebis Sinagani maxasiaTeblebis Sesaswavlad.
idealuri tipis Sesaxeb yvelaze mniSvelovni aris is, rom igi damxmare xasiaTisaa,
igi gamoiyeneba da gvexmareba empiriuli kvlevis warmarTvaSi da socialuri
samyraos (an istoriuli individis) specifiuri aspeqtis gagebaSi. rogorc
lakmanma aRniSna idealuri tipi Sinaganad mzomavi iaraRia (1971:26) an kelbergis
mixedviT kriteriumi (1994:87). qvemoT moyvanilia veberiseuli ganmarteba: misi
funqcia empiriul realobasTan SedarebaSi mdgomareobs, raTa davinaxoT
msgavsebebi an gansxvavebebi, raTa avRweroT isini yvelaze naklebad bundovani,
Wkvianuri konceptebiT, da gavigoT da avxsnaT isini kauzalurad (1903-17/1949:43).
idealuri
tipebi
istoriuli
realobis
nawilebis
Sesaswavli
damxmare
instrumentebia. magaliTad, socialuri mecnierebi Seqmnian biurokratiis idelur
tips, maTi istoriul monacemebSi gamoCenis mixedviT. idealuri tipi Semdeg
SesaZlebelia rom Sedardes realurad arsebul biurokratias. mkvlevari cdilobs
ipovos is gansxvavebebi rac arsebobs realursa da idealur tips Soris. amis
Semdeg, socialurma mecnierma unda eZios deviaciuri SemTxvevebis mizezebi.
zogierTi tipiuri mizezi am gansxvevebisa aris:
1. biurokratTa is moqmedebebi, romelic misi informaciiT imarTeba.
2. biurokratiuli liderebis mier daSvebuli strategiuli Secdomebi.
62

3.

liderebis an maTi mimdevrebis moqmedebis Sedegad

gamowveuli

logikuri

moqmedebebis

nebismieri

warumateblobebi.
4. emociebiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi.
5. biurokratiuli liderebisa da maTi

mimdevrebis

iracionaluroba.
sxva magaliTi rom ganvixiloT, idelur-tipuri samxedro brZola aseTi tipis
brZolis yvela principul komponents Seicavs mowinaaRmdege armiebi,
mowinaaRmdege strategiebi, TiToeuli maTganis xelT arsebuli materialuri
SesaZleblobebi, miwa, romelic brZolis mizezi gaxda (arcerTi adamianis miwa),
resursebi da damxmare Zalebi, gankargulbiTi centrebi, da liderTa xarisxi.
uSualod brZolas SesaZloa ar hqondes es yvela elemti, da swored es aris erTerTi sakiTxi risi codnac mkvlevars ainteresebs. aq mniSvnelovani sakiTxi swored
imaSi mdgomarobs, rom nebismieri samxedro brZolis elementebi SeiZleba Sedardes
idealur tipSi identificirebul elementebTan.
idealuri tipis (magaliTad idealur-tipuri samxedro brZolis) elementebi
uyuradRebod ar unda SeirCes; maTi kombinireba swored maTi Tavsebadobidan
gamomdinare xdeba. rogorc hekmani gansazRvravs: idealuri tipebi socialuri
mecnierebis keTilganwobis an arakeTilganwyobis produqtebs ar warmoadgenen,
isini logikurad konstruirebuli konstruqtebia (1983:32). (Tumca isini SeiZleba
da sasurvelicaa rom asaxavdnen socialuri mecnieris interesebs).
veberis mixedviT, idealuri tipi socialuri istoriuliis samyarodan induqciis
meTodiT unda aigos. veberis azriT, mxolod yuradRebiT SerCeuli konceptebis
erTobliobis SeTavazeba sakmarisi ar iyo, miTumetes Tu isini abstraqtuli
Teoriidan deduqciis gziTaa miRebuli. konceptebi unda iyos empiriulad
adekvaturni (Roth, 1971). Sesabamisad, imisaTvis rom miviRoT idealuri tipi,
mkvlevarma pirvel rigSi istoriul realobaSi unda SeaRwios da Semdeg am
realobidan Seqmnas es tipi.
nomoTetur da idiografiul codnas Soris oqros Sualedis povnis cdis Sedegad,
veberis azriT, idaluri tipi arc Zalian zogadi unda iyos, da arc Zalian
konkretuli. magaliTad, istoriis SemTxvevaSi, igi uaruofda zogadad religiis
istorias rogorc idealur tips, magram amavdroulad igi kritikulad Sexvdeboda
Zalzed specifiuri fenomenis, magaliTad individualuri religiuri gamocdilebis
idealur tips. amis nacvlad, idealuri tipebi iqmneba iseTi saSualo fenomenebis
mixedviT rogorebicaa kalvinizmi, meTodizmi da baptizmi (veberi, 1904-05/1957).
miuxedavad imisa, rom idealuri tipebi realuri samyarodan iqmneba, isini mainc ar
unda warmoadgendnen am samyaros sarkisebur suraTs. amis nacvlad, isini unda
warmoadgendnen imis erTmniSvnelovan gazviadebas (mkvlevaris interesebidan
gamomdinare) Tu ra xdeba am realur samyaroSi. veberis mixedviT, rac ufro
gadaWarbebulia idealuri tipi, miT ufro gamosadegi iqneba is istoriuli
kvlevisaTvis.
63

sityvis idealuri an utopia xmareba ar unda moxdes iseT konteqstSi, romelic am

konceptSi saukeTeso samyaros arsebobas gulisxmobs. rogorc Tavad
veberi
iyenebda, es koncepti aRwers iseT formas, romelic iSviaTad an arsdros gvxvdeba
realobaSi. veberi Tvlida, rom idealuri tipi ar unda ganvixiloT rogorc
pozitiuri an swori; idealuri tipi aseve SeiZleba iyos negatiuri an moraluri
TvalsazrisiT autaneli (1903-17/1949).
idealuri tipebi TavisTavSive unda qmnidnen azrs, maTi komponentebis mniSvneloba
urTierT Tavsebadi unda iyos da realuri samyaros gagebaSi unda gvexmarebodnen.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven mivediT im azramde rom idealuri tipebi gamoiyeneba
statikuri erTobebis aRsawerad, veberi Tvlida, rom maTi gamoyeneba aseve
SesaZlebelia rogorc statikuri ise dinamiuri erTobebis aRsawerad. ase rom,
Cven SegviZlia gvqondes socilauri struqturis, magaliTad biurokratiis,
idealuri tipi, da aseve socialuri ganviTarebis, vTqvT biurokratizaciis
idealuri tipi.
idealuri tipebi ar yalibdebian mxolod erTxel da yvelafrisaTvis. gamomdinare
iqedan, rom icvleba rogorc socialuri samyaro, ise socialuri mecnieris
interesebi, aucilebelia ganvaviTaroT axali tipologiebi, romelic moergeba
cvalebad realobas. es kidev erTxel miyveba veberis im ideas, romlis mixedviTac
socialur mecnierebebSi ar arsebobs maradiuli terminebi (Roth, 1968).
miuxedavd imisa, rom idealuri tipis sakmado garkveuli xati SevqmeniT, veberis
mier am konceptis gansazRvrisas mainc arsebobs winaaRmdegobebi. amasTanave, Tavis
substanciur SromaSi, veberi ise iyenebda am koncepts, rogoradac gansazRvravda
rom ar unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli. rogorc burgerma aRniSna: SromaSi
ekonomika da sazogadoeba warmodgenili idealuri tipebi warmoadgenen
gansazRvrebebis, klasifikaciis, da specifiuri hipoTezebis erTobliobas,
romelic sakmado gansxvavebulia imisaTvis, rom moergos veberis gancxadebebs
(1976:118). miuxedavad imisa, rom hekmani (1983:38-59) ewinaaRmdegeba burgeris ideas
veberis mier idealuri tipis gansazRvrisas araerTgvarovnebaSi, igi aseve Tvlis,
rom veberma idealuri tipis sxvadasxva variantebi SemogvTavaza:
1. istoriuli idealuri tipebi. es gulisxmobs garkveul fenomenebs, romlebic
SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT konkretul istoriul epoqaSi (magaliTad, Tanamedrove
kapitalistur bazarze).
2. zogadi sociologiuri idealuri tipebi. es gulisxmobs im fenomenebs,
romlebic arseboben ramdenime
istoriul periodsa da
sazogadoebaSi
(magaliTad, biurokratia).
3. moqmedebis idealuri tipebi. es gulismobs aqtoris motivaciaze dafuZnebul
moqmedebebis idealur tipebs (magaliTad, afeqturi moqmedeba).
4. struqturuli idealuri tipebi. es ki gulisxmobs iseT formebs, romlebic
aRebulia
socialuri
moqmedebis
mizezebidan
(magaliTad,
tradiciuli
dominireba).

64

naTelia, rom veberma idealuri tipebis gansxvavebuli variacia SemogvTavaza, da

misi Sromis Rirsebac swored am gansxvavebulobidan gamomdinareobs, Tumca is,
rasac TiToeuli maTgani iziarebs aris maTi construirebis meTodi.
kalbergi (1994) aseve miiCnevs, rom rodesac vsaubrobT empiriul kvlevaSi
idealuri tipebis damxmare rolze, ar unda dagvaviwydes isic, rom isini sakvanZo
Teoriul rols asruleben vebris SromaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi uaryofs
Teoriul wesebs, idealur tipebs sxvadasxva gziT Teoriuli modelebis
Sesaqmneladac iyenebs. anu, idealuri tipebi qmnian Teoriul samSeneblo agurebs
sxvadasxva Teoriuli modelebis konstruqciisaTvis (magaliTad, qarizma, an
sazogadoebis racionalizacia orive maTgani mogvianebiT iqneba ganxiluli am
TavSi),
da
es
modelebi
Semdeg
konkretuli
istoriuli
ganviTarebis
analizisTvisaa gamoyenebuli.

Rirebulebebi
Tanamderove
amerikuli
sociologiuri
midgoma
socialur
mecnierebebSi
Rirebulebebis rolis Sesaxeb Camoyalibda veberis Rirebulebebisgan-Tavisufali
sociologiis xSirad martivi da SecdomiTi interpretaciiT (Hennis, 1994). veberis
midgomis yvelaze xSiri warmodgena gulisxmobs imas, rom socialurma mecnierebma
ar unda miscen sakuTar Tavs imis neba, rom maTma personalurma Rirebulebebma
raime tipis gavlena iqonion mecnierul kvlevaze. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, veberis
Sroma Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb ufro metad rTulia, da ar unda moxdes misi dayvana
im martiv Sexedulebaze, romlis mixedviTac sociologia Rirebulebebisagan unda
gavanTavisufloT (Tribe, 1983:3).
Rirebulebebi da swavla. veberi (1903-17/1949) yvelaze kargad gansazRvravda imas,
Tu rogor unda Seikavon Tavi maswavleblebma saklaso oTaxSi sakuTari
Rirebulebebis gamovlenisagan. misi azriT, akademikosebs Tavsuflad SeuZliaT
sakuTari perosonaluri Rirebulebebis gamovlena TavianT gamosvlebSi, presaSi
da ase Semdeg, magram saleqcio auditoria sul sxvaa. veberi ewinaaRmdegeboda im
leqtorebs, romlebic SekiTxvebze sakuTar Sefasebebs qadagebdnen mecnierebis
saxeliT mTavrobis privilegirebul saleqcio auditoriebSi sadac arc maTi
gakontroleba
xdeba,
arc
Semowmeba
diskusiis
gziT,
da
arc
SewinaaRmdegeba...saleqcio
auditoria
gancalkevebuli
unda
iyos
sajaro
diskusiisagan (1903-17/1949:4). yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba sajaro gamosvlasa
da leqcias Soris auditoriis bunebaSia. xalxi, romelic sajaro gamosvlas
usmens iq sakuTari surviliT mivida da nebismier dros SeuZlia wasvla. magram
studentebs, miTumetes Tu warmatebis miRweva surT, sakuTari profesoris
RirebulebebiT-Seferili poziciis yuradRebiT mosmenis garda araferi darCeniaT.
arsebobs mcire gaurkvevloba veberis poziciaSi Rirebulebisgan-Tavisuflebis
Sesaxeb. akademikosma auditoriaSi
unda gamoxatos
faqtebi, da ara Tavisi
personaluri Rirebulebebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom maswavlebels SeiZleba didi
cduneba hqondes sakuTari Rirebulebebis gamoxatvisa, radgan es ufro
sainteresoso gaxdidida leqcias, Tumca leqtorma mainc Tavi unda Seikavos
Rirebulebebis CarTvisagan, radgan es studentebs Seumcirebs wminda empiriuli
65

analizis Catarebis survils (veberi, 1903-17/1949:9). mniSvnelovan kiTxvad rCeba Tu

ramdenad realuria rom profesorebma sakuTari Rirebulebebis amogdeba SesZlon
prezentaciebidan. veberi miiRebda am pozicias, radgan misi azriT SesaZlebelia
faqtisa da Rirebulebebis gamijvna. Tumca, marqsi mas ar daeTanxmeboda, radgan
misi azriT faqtebi da Rirebulebebi urTierTgadabmulia da dialeqtikur
kavSirSi imyofebian.
Rirebulebebi da kvleva. veberis pozicia kvelvaSi Rirebulebebis adgilis Sesaxeb
kidev ufro bundovania. vebers swamda rom SesaZlebelia faqtisa da Rirebulebebis
gamijvna da misi es pozicia SegviZlia kvleviT samyarozec ganvavrcoT:
mkvlevarma da maswavleblebma upirobod unda ganacalkevon empiriuli faqtebis
ganviTareba... da misi piradi Sefaseba, magaliTad, imis Sefaseba Tu ramdenad
damakmayofilebeli an aradamakmayofilebelia es faqtebi (1903-17/1949:11). igi
xSirad ganacalkevebda erTmaneTisagan egzistencialur codnas imis Sesaxeb Tu ra
aris da normatiul codnas imis Sesaxeb Tu ra unda iyos (veberi, 1903-17/1949).
magaliTad, germanuli sociologiuri asociaciis dafuZnebisas man ganacxada:
asociacia
principulad
da
aucileblad
uaryofs
nebismier
qmedebazeorientirebuli ideis propagandas. amis nacvlad, asociacia mimarTuli iyo imis
Seswavlaze Tu ra aris, ratom aris iseTi saxiT rogoriTac aris, da ra
istoriuli da socialuri mizezebis gamo (Roth, 1968:5).
miuxedavad zemoT aRwerilisa, faqtebi imasac mowmoben, rom veberi zogjer ar
xelmZRvanelobda im martivi midgomiT, rom Rirebulebebi sruliad unda
gamovTiSoT kvlevidan. veberi Rirebulebebis rols kvlevis specifiur aspeqtSi
xedavda da miiCnevda rom isini kvlevis monacemTa Segrovebis procesisgan unda
CamovaSoroT. amiT veberi gulisxmobda, rom Cven unda vixelmZRvaneloT
mecnieruli kvlevis regularuli procedurebiT, rogorebicaa dakvirveba da
sistematuri Sedareba.
Rirebulebebi aseve unda SevzRudoT im periodisaTvis sanam kvleva uSualod
daiwyeba. maT unda gansazRvon imis SerCeva Tu risi Seswavla gadavwyviteT. veberis
(1903-17/1949:21) idea Rirebulebebis rolze kvlevis dawyebamde procesSi kargad
aris warmodgenili mis konceptSi RirebulebiT-relevanturi. rogorc veberis
bevri
sxva
meTodologiuri
koncepti
RirebulebiT-relevanturoba
aseve
momdinareobs germanel istorikos heinrix rikertisgan, romlisTvisac es koncepti
gulisxmobda
empiriuli
realobis
im
nawilebis
SerCevas
romlebic
adamianebisaTvis moicaven im kulturul Rirebulebebs, romelTac iziarebs is
sazogadoeba sadac mecnieri damkvirveblebi cxovroben (Burger, 1976:36). istoriul
kvlevaSi es gulisxmobs, rom Sesaswavli obieqtebis SerCeva moxdeba imis
safuZvelze Tu ra miiCneva mniSvnelovnad im konkretul sazogadoebaSi sadac
mkvlevari cxovrobs. anu, isini warsulis faqtebis Seswavlas gadawyveten iqidan
gamomdinare Tu rogoria Tanamedrove RirebulebiTi sistema. Tavis konkretul
SemTxvevaSi, veberi RirbulebiTi-relevanturobis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove evropelis
TvalTaxedvidan gamomdinare werda (1903-17/1949:30). magaliTad, biurikratia veberis
droindeli germaniis Zalzed mniSvnelovani nawili iyo da swored amitom
66

gadawvita man Seeswavla am fenomenis (an misi ar arsebobis) SemTxvevebi sxvadasxva

istoriul periodSi.
Sesabamisad, veberis azriT, RirebulebiTi gansjebi srulebiT ar unda
CamovaSoroT mecnierul diskurss. miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi ewinaaRmdegeboda
Rirebulebebisa da faqtebis aRrevas,
igi mainc ar Tvlida rom Rirebulebebi
sruliad unda CamovaSoroT socialur mecnierebebs: moraluri indiferentulobis
damokidebulebas araferi ar aqvs saerTo mecnierul obieqturobasTan (190317/1949:60). igi Tvlida, rom Rirebulebebs garkveul adgili aqvT, Tumca aseve
afrTxilebda mkvlevarebs rom frTxilad yofiliyvnen Rirebulebebis rolis
Taobaze: aucileblad unda ganisazRvros... Tu rodis Cumdeba mecnieruli
mkvlevari, da rodis iwyebs Semfasebeli da moqmedi adamiani saubars (veberi, 190317/1949:60). rodesac gamoxataven RirebulebiT pozicias, sociologi mkvlevarebi
yovelTvis unda ecadon moaridon sakuTari Tavica da auditoriac am poziciebs.
didi gansxvaveba arsebobs imas Soris Tu ras ambobda da ras akeTebda veberi.
vebers ar eSinoda RirebulebiTi gansjis gamovlena, Tundac es yofiliyo
istoriuli monacemebis analizi. magaliTad, igi acxadebda rom romi itanjeboda
sakuTari socialuri sxeulis avadmyofobisagan. SegviZlia ganvacxadoT rom veberi
Rurebulebebs mxolod Sesaswavli obieqtebis SerCevisas ar gamoiyenebda, igi maT
socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb codnis drosac iyenebda. gari abrahami (1992) Tvlida,
rom veberis Sromebi da gansakuTrebiT misi Sexedulebebi iudaizmis, rogorc
msoflio religiis Sesaxeb, misive Rirebulebebis gavlenis qveS iyo. Tavisi
religiis sociologiaSi (romelsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT am TavSi) igi
ebraelebs pariaTul xalxs uwodebda. veberma es autsaideris pozicia kidev
ufro gaamyara ebraelebis surviliT moexdinaT segregacia da ar gamoetovebinaT
sakuTari Tavi mTeli darCenili sazoggadoebidan. igi eTanxmeboda imdroindel
gavrcelebul Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviTac imisaTvis rom ebarelebis
asimilacia
momxdariyo
germanul
sazogadoebaSi
saWiro
iyo
ebraelebs
mietovebinaT iudaizmi. abrahamis mixedviT msgavsi uzustobebi gavlenas axdenen ara
mxolod veberis Sexedulebebze ebraelebis Sesaxeb, aramed mis Sromebze zogadad.
es ki eWvs aRZravs veberis rogorc Rirebulebisgan-Tavisufali sociologis da
rogorc liberali moazrovnis Sesaxeb. rogorc abrahami ambobs: maqs veberi iseve
axlos iyo tolerantul liberalizmTan, rogoradac amis saSualebas germanuli
umravlesoba aZlvda (1992:22). veberi ufro metad nacionalisti iyo, romelic
umciresobaTa jgufebis asimilaciis momxre iyo, vidre klasikuri liberali
romelic mxars dauWerda pluralizms, da am faqtma didi gavlena iqonia mis
Sromebze.
amerikeli
sociologebis
umravlesoba
vebers
Rirebulebisgan-Tavisufali
sociologis eqponantad miiCnevs. saqme ki imaSia, rom amerikeli sociologebis
umravlesoba miuTiTeben Rirebulebisgan-Tavisuflebaze, da sakuTari poziciis
gasamyareblad veebris moSveliebas cdiloben. da rogorc ukve vnaxeT, veberis
Sromebze didi gavlena swored Rirebulebebs aqvT.

67

veberis Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb Sromis kidev erTi aspeqti mdgomareobs im rolSi,

romlis mixedviTac socialuri mecnierebebi adamianebs sxvadasxva RirebulebiT
poziciebebs Soris arCevanis gakeTebaSi exmarebian. veberis idea mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom warmoudgenelia alternatiul RirebulebiT poziciebs Soris mecnierulad
gaakeTo arCevani. Sesabamisad, socialur mecnierebs ar SeuZliaT msgavsi arCevanis
adamianebis magivrad gakeTeba. socialuri mecnierebebi, romlebic wmindad
empiriuli mecnierebebia, yvelaze naklebad exmarebian adamianebs rTuli arCevanis
gakeTebaSi (veberi, 1903-17/1949:19). socialur mecniers SeuZlia miiRos garkveuli
faqtobrivi daskvnebi socialuri kvlevidan, magram am kvelvas ar SuZlia uTxras
adamianebs Tu ra unda gaakeTon maT. empiriul kvlevas SeuZlia daexmaros
adamianebs miznis misaRwevi adekvaturi saSualebis arCevaSi, magram ver daexmareba
am miznis arCevaSi sxva miznebidan. veberi ambobs: empiriuli mecnierebis amocanas
arasodes ar Seadgens normebisa da idealebis miwodeba, romlis mixedviTac
ganxorcieldeba moqmedebebi (1903-17/1949).

68

maqs veberi da Tanamedroveoba 1

entoni gidensi
socialur mecnierebebSi arsebul naSromebs Soris (veberis) `protestantuli
eTika da kapitalizmis suli~ ueWvelad erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da amave dros
sadavoa. es naSromi pirvelad gamoqveynda 1904-05 wlebSi JurnalSi `Arshiv
Sozialwissernschaft und Sozialpolitik~ (veberi am Jurnalis erT-erTi redaqtorTagani iyo)
da maSinve gamoiwvia kritikuli diskusia, romelSic Tavad veberic aqtiur
monawileobas iRebda. am diskusias Svidi aTeuli wlis Semdegac jer kidev ar
daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba.
< . . . >
`protestantuli eTika~ veberma dawera Tavisi inteleqtualuri karieris
umniSvnelovanes periodSi, maleve mas Semdeg, rac gamojanmrTelda mZime
avadmyofobisagan, romelmac oTxiode wlis manZilze moswyvita igi seriozul
mecnierul
muSaobas.
am
avadmyofobamde
veberis
naSromTa
umravlesoba
warmoadgenda umetesad teqnikuri xasiaTis gamokvlevebs ekonomikuri istoriis,
ekonomikisa da iurisprudenciis sferoSi, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, am naSromebSi ukve
gamokveTili iyo is Temebi, romlebic centraluri gaxda veberis Semoqmedebis
gviandel periodSi. misi adrindeli naSromebi miZRvnili iyo iseTi sakiTxebisadmi,
rogorebicaa Sua saukuneebis savaWro kanonmdebloba (es misi sadoqtoro
disertaciis Tema iyo), miwaTmflobelobis wesebis ganviTareba romSi, sasoflosameurneo muSebis socialur-ekonomiuri mdgomareoba veberis Tanamedrove
aRmosavleT
germaniaSi.
veberis
interesi
am
Temebisadmi
garkveulwilad
ganpirobebuli iyo ekonomikur mecnierebaTa e.w. `istoriuli skolis~ gavleniT,
romlis warmomadgenlebic xazs usvamdnen ekonomikuri cxovrebis Seswavlis
aucileblobas kulturis istoriuli ganviTarebis analizis farTo konteqstSi.
veberi mTeli Tavisi Semoqmedebis manZilze iziarebda am Tvalsazriss. magram is
naSromebi, romlebic man Seqmna gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg, da is sakiTxebi,
romlebiTac is iyo dakavebuli Tavisi mecnieruli saqmianobis bolo wlebSi,
gacilebiT ufro farTo speqtrs moicavs, vidre es mis adrindel naSromebs
axasiaTebda. `protestantuli eTika~ am axleburi midgomis pirveli nayofi iyo.
imisTvis, raTa sworad moxdes imis Sefaseba, Tu ras miaRwia veberma am
naSromiT, saWiroa yuradReba mivaqcioT am naSromis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebul
garemoebaTa or jgufs: (1) inteleqtualuri garemo, romelSic es naSromi Seiqmna,
da (2) rogoraa dakavSirebuli es naSromi im farTo SemecnebiT programasTan,
romelic veberma daisaxa Tavisi karieris meore etapze.
1. winamZRvrebi
britanuli tradiciisagan gansxvavebiT, XIX saukuneSi germanuli filosofia,
politikuri Teoria da ekonomika
ar ganicdida utilitarizmis da klasikuri
politikuri ekonomiis gavlenas. amis sapirispirod, germaniaSi mefobda idealizmi,
xolo XIX saukunis dasasruls aq sul ufro did gavlenas iZenda marqsizmi.
1

wignidan: Max Weber. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Poutldge, 1992. Pp.vii-xxvi.

69

britanelma
j.s.
milma
Tavis
`logikis
sistemaSi
(1843)
gaerTianebuli
sabunebismetyvelo da socialuri mecnierebebi Tavisi qveynis tradiciebs
daukavSira. mili iyo kontis yvelaze gamorCeuli britaneli mimdevari. miuxedavad
imisa, rom is mwvaved akritikebda frangi mecnieris zogierT debulebas. rac
Seexeba germanias, aq kontis pozitivizmma ver pova noyieri niadagi; dilTais
mxridan `moraluri mecnierebebis~ miliseburi versiis TanamgrZnobma, magram
kritikulma Sexvedram biZgi misca im dinebis Camoyalibebas, romelic SemdgomSi
cnobili gaxda Geisteswissenschaften-is saxeliT (da romelic Tavdapirvelad
aRiqmeboda rogorc `moraluri mecnierebebis~ zusti [germanuli] Targmani).
Geisteswissenschaften-is `hermenevtikul~2 tradicias safuZveli dilTaize bevrad ufro
adre Caeyara, da ukve XVIII saukunis Sua wlebidan dawyebuli is ukavSirdeba,
Tumca amasTanave upirispirdeba kidec, germanuli idealisturi filosofiis
farTo dinebas. is mecnierebi, romlebic hermenevtikul tradicias iziareben,
moiTxovdnen sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis gancalkevebas adamianis Semswavleli
mecnierebebisagan. Tumca isini SesaZleblad miiCnevdnen bunebrivi movlenebis
`axsnas~ mizezobrivi kanonebis meSveobiT, adamianis saqciels isini ganixilavdnen
rogorc mravalmniSvnelovans, amitom misi `axsnis~ an `gagebis~ saSualebebi
gansxvavebuli unda yofiliyo im saSualebebisagan, romlebic sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebSi gamoiyeneboda. es pozicia mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli istoriuli
mecnierebis upiratesobis aRiarebasTan adamianTa saqcielis, ekonomikuri qcevis da
sxva sferoebis Seswavlis saqmeSi, vinaidan arsebuli rwmenis Tanaxmad, is
kulturuli faseulobebi, romlebic aniWeben azrs adamianTa cxovrebas,
socialuri ganviTarebis specifikuri procesebis Sedegad iqmneba.
SeiTvisa ra idea, rom istoriis mniSvneloba socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis
gadamwyvetia, veberma daaskvna, rom adamianTa qmedebis (action) axsnis umTavres
pirobas am qcevis mniSvnelobis `gageba~ (Verstehen) warmoadgens. amasTan, is
kritikulad
afasebda
iseT midgomebs, rogorebicaa
`intuicia~, `empatia~
(TanagrZnoba) da sxv., romlebic, sxva mecnierebis azriT, aucilebel pirobas
warmoadgenen qcevis interpretaciisa da gagebisaTvis. rac ufro mniSvnelovania,
man
uaryo
is
Tvalsazrisi,
romlis
Tanaxmadac
adamianTa
qcevis
`mravalmniSvnelovnebis~ aRiareba gulisxmobda imas, rom socialur mecnierebebSi
SeuZlebelia mizezobrivi axsnebis gamonaxva. abstraqtuli meTodis doneze veberma
ver SeZlo damakmayofileblad daekavSirebina erTmaneTTan is gansxvavebuli
elementebi, romelTa Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSiris Seswavlasac is cdilobda;
magram aseTi sinTezis mcdelobis Sedegad man SeimuSava istoriuli gamokvlevis
axleburi stili, romelic xasiaTdeba gansxvavebuli kulturuli azrebis mimarT
gamoCenili gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT da moiTxovs istoriuli ganviTarebis
axsnas `materialuri~ faqtebis gavlenidan gamomdinare.
swored aseTi inteleqtualuri gadasaxedidan uyurebda veberi marqsizms,
rogorc swavlebas da rogorc politikur Zalas, romelic praqtikuli miznebis
ganxorcielebas cdilobda. veberi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli liberalurad
ganwyobil mecnierTa jgufTan `Verein fur Sozialpolitik~ (`socialuri politikis
asociacia~), romlis wevrebic dainteresebulni iyvnen progresuli socialuri
reformebis gatarebiT. veberi ekuTvnoda am asociaciis e.w. `axalgazrdul~ frTas;
70

es iyo pirveli jgufi [germaniaSi], romelmac safuZvlianad Seiswavla marqsis

Teoria da cdilobda, SemoqmedebiTad gamoeyenebina marqsizmis elementebi _
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini ar Tvlidnen marqsizms azrovnebis dasrulebul
sistemad da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iziarebdnen mis revoluciur politikur
midgomas. aRiarebda ra marqsis miRwevebs, Tavisi saxelmoxveWili Tanamedrovis,
zombartisagan3 gansxvavebiT veberi sakmaod TavdaWerilad afasebda marqsizms (da
xSirad mwvaved akritikebda marqsis mimdevrebis naSromebsac da maT politikur
saqmianobasac). Tumca, veberic da zombartic did dainteresebas amJRavnebdnen
industrialuri kapitalizmis warmoSobisa da misi ganviTarebis SesaZlo gzebis
mimarT rogorc germaniaSi, aseve, ufro farTod, dasavleTSi. kerZod, isini
aRiarebdnen im ekonomikuri winapirobebis arsebobas, romlebmac, marqsis rwmeniT,
ganapirobes kapitalizmis ganviTareba da misi Semdgomi cvlilebebi. orivem Tavisi
naSromebis didi nawili miuZrvna dasavleTis Tanamedrove kapitalisturi wyobis
`eTikis~, an `sulis~ (Geist) warmoSobis Seswavlas.
2. `protestantuli eTikis~ Temebi
Tanamedrove kapitalizmis gansxvavebuli Tvisebebis gamovlenis mizniT `
protestantuli eTikaSi~ veberi upirveles yovlisa erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs
kapitalistur
sawarmos
da
[ubralod[
mogebis
miRebisadmi
ltolvas.
simdidrisadmi midrekileba yvelgan da yovelTvis arsebobda, da TavisTavad amas
araferi aqvs saerTo kapitalisturi xasiaTis saqmianobasTan, romelic gulisxmobs
mogebis miRebaze orientacias regularuli da, rogorc wesi, mSvidobiani gacvlagamocvlis Sedegad. amgvarad gansazRvruli `kapitalizmi~, romlis ZiriTad
damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas savaWro operaciebi warmoadgenen, sxvadsxva tipis
sazogadoebaSi arsebobda: babilonSi, Zvel egvipteSi, CineTSi, indoeTsa da Sua
saukuneebis evropaSi. magram mxolod dasavleTSi, da SedarebiT bolo periodSi
moxda kapitalisturi saqmianobis dakavSireba formalurad Tavisufali samuSao
Zalis racionalur organizaciasTan. samuSao Zalis `racionalur organizaciaSi~
veberi gulisxmobs mis sistematur da gaangariSebul marTvas uwyvetad moqmed
sawarmoebSi.
racionaluri kapitalisturi sawarmos arseboba ori pirobis dakmayofilebas
moiTxovs: disciplinirebul samuSao Zalas da kapitalis uwyvet dabandebas. orive
es piroba mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeba ekonomikuri saqmianobis tradiciul tips.
pirveli pirobis did mniSvnelobas adasturebs maTi gamocdileba, vinc daaarsa
Tanamedrove tipis sawarmoebi garemoSi, sadac aseTi saqmianoba manamde ar iyo
cnobili. warmovidginoT aseTi mewarmeebi, romlebic warmoebis efeqturobis
gazrdis mizniT aweseben sacalo anazRaurebas da Tvlian, rom Sromis
anazRaurebis aseTi principi gamoiwvevs Sromis nayofierebis gazrdas, vinaidan am
SemTxvevaSi muSebs eZlevaT SesaZlebloba, meti imuSaon da ufro maRali
anazRaureba miiRon. sinamdvileSi ki amis Sedegi, SesaZloa, sapirispiro iyos:
muSebi naklebs imuSaveben, vinaidan isini dainteresebulni arian ara Tavisi
yoveldRiuri anazRaurebis maqsimalur gazrdaSi, aramed imaSi, rom miiRon iseTi
anazRaureba,
romelic
daakmayofilebs
maT
tradiciul
moTxovnilebebs.
analogiuri fenomeni SeiniSneba tradiciuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenel
mdidrebs Sorisac: kapitalistur sawarmoSi miRebuli mogebiT isini miznad
71

isaxaven mxoloddamxolod fulis Sovnas, raTa Seiqmnan materialuri komforti,

uzrunvelyon maTTvis sasiamovno cxovrebis stili an Zalaufleba. tradiciuli
tipis mewarmeTaTvis ucxoa zrunva kapitalis uwyvet reproduqciaze, rac
iTvaliswinebs mis mudmiv investirebas warmoebaSi. aseTi tipis saqmianoba
gansxvavebuli
msoflmxedvelobis
Sedegia,
da
swored
es
gansxvavebuli
msoflmxedveloba
gamoyofs
mewarmeebs,
romelTa
mizansac
warmoadgens
mxoloddamxolod simdidris dagroveba simdidrisTvisave, da ara im materialuri
waxalisebebisaTvis, romelTa motanac am simdidres SeuZlia. `isini fuls
Souloben, SeZena maTi cxovrebis saboloo mizani xdeba. ekonomiuri mogeba aRar
warmoadgens adamianisaTvis misi materialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis
saSualebas~.
veberis
Tanaxmad,
swored
amaSi
mdgomareobs
Tanamedrove
kapitalizmis suli.
rogor SeiZleba aixsnas es istoriulad gansakuTrebuli fenomeni, romelic
xasiaTdeba, erTis mxriv, simdidris moxveWis surviliT da amave dros ar
gamoxatavs
raime
interess
amqveyniuri,
siamovnebis
momtani
survilebis
dakmayofilebisadmi, risi uzrunvelyofac am simdidres SeuZlia? veberis azriT,
mcdari iqneboda mosazreba, TiTqos es tradiciuli moralis dasustebiT aixsneba,
vinaidan es axleburi msoflmxedveloba xazgasmulad moraluri xasiaTisaa da
sinamdvileSi iSviaT TviTdisciplinas moiTxovs. mewarmeebisaTvis, romlebic
racionaluri kapitalizmis ganviTarebas uwyoben xels, damaxasiaTebelia mogebis
miRebisadmi ltolva da amave dros, xazgasmiT mokrZalebuli, zomieri cxovrebis
stili. veberis azriT, es aixsneba puritanizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `amqveyniuri
asketizmiT~, romelic gamoxatulia `mowodebis~ koncefciaSi. veberis Tanaxmad,
mowodebis cneba ar arsebobda arc antikur da arc kaTolikur TeologiaSi; is
reformaciam Semoitana. misi ZiriTadi idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamianis
umTavres moralur valdebulebas warmoadgens Tavisi movaleobis Sesruleba
amqveyniur saqmianobaSi. aseTi TvalTaxedvis Sedegad, religiuri saqcieli
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawili xdeba, da upirispirdeba samonastro cxovrebis
kaTolikur wess, romlis mizania saero cxovrebis moTxovnilebebis daZleva.
metic, protestantis moraluri pasuxismgebloba kumulatiur xasiaTs atarebs,
vinaidan
protestantizmSi
ara
aqvs
adgili
kaTolikuri
samyarosadmi
damaxasiaTebeli codvis, monaniebisa da patiebis cikls, romelic SesaZlebelia
usasrulod ganaxldes kaTolikes cxovrebis manZilze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mowodebis idea ukve luTeris doqtrinebSi gvxvdeba,
veberi amtkicebs, rom is gacilebiT ufro Rrmad iqna ganviTarebuli puritanuli
seqtebis _ kalvinizmis, meTodizmis, pietizmis da baptizmis swavlebaSi. veberis
ganxilva ZiriTadad pirvel maTganze, kalvinizmzea dayrdnobili, Rumca is
dainteresebulia ara imdenad kalvinisturi doqtrinebiT, ramdenadac maTi
Semdgomi ganviTarebiT. kalvinizmis im elementebs Soris, romlebsac veberi
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs, misi mTavari TezisisaTvis yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovani, albaT, bedisweris (predestination) doqtrinaa: rwmena, rom mxolod
adamianTa nawilia SerCeuli jojoxeTidan gadasarCenad, da es arCevani winaswaraa
gansazRvruli RmerTis mier. TviTon kalvini SeiZleba darwmunebuli yofiliyo
sakuTar gadarCenaSi, vinaidan is RvTiuri winaswarmetyvelebis instruments
warmoadgenda; magram arc erT mis mimdevars ar SeeZlo gaeziarebina es rwmena.
72

`Tavis ukidures arahumanurobaSi, _ ambobs veberi, _ am doqtrinas sul cota

umniSvnelovanesi gavlena unda hqonoda im Taobis cxovrebaze, romelic misi
gavlenis qveS imyofeboda ... _ uprecedento Sinagani martoobis grZnoba~. veberis
azriT, swored am tanjvam gamoiwvia kapitalizmis sulis Camoyalibeba. adgili
hqonda or mniSvnelovan cvlilebas: (1) savaldebulo gaxda, adamians rCeulad
CaeTvala Tavi, xolo amgvari darwmunebis nakleboba gaxda arasakmarisi rwmenis
maCvenebeli; (2) saero saqmianobaSi `kargi saqmeebis~ keTeba aRiqmeboda rogorc
macne, romelic iuwyeboda am adamianis `SerCevis~ Sesaxeb. amrigad, mowodebaSi
warmatebis miRweva CaiTvala im `niSnad~, romelic adasturebs, rom es adamiani
rCeulTa ricxvs ekuTvnis. simdidris dagroveba moralurad iqna sanqcionirebuli
imdenad, ramdenadac es procesi dakavSirebuli iyo zomier cxovrebasa da muyaiT
saqmianobasTan; simdidre iZraxeboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamoiyeneboda
fufunebaSi usaqmod drostarebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.
veberis mtkicebiT, kalvinizmi aZlevs kapitalistur mewarmes moralur energiasa
da stimuls; veberi Tvlis, rom kalvinistur doqtrinebs axasiaTebs `rkiniseburi
Tanmimdevroba~ Tavisi mimdevrebisagan pirquSi disciplinis moTxovnaSi. ra Tqma
unda, saero saqmeebSi asketuri TavdaWerilobis da TviTkontrolis elementi sxva
puritanuli seqtebisTvisac iyo damaxasiaTebeli; magram maT akldaT kalvinizmis
dinamizmi. amitom veberi Tvlis, rom maTi gavlena mdgomareobda ZiriTadad
moraluri
msoflmxedvelobis
SemuSavebaSi,
romelic
aZlierebda
samuSao
disciplinis kapitalisturi sawarmos dabal da saSualo rgolebSi. `pietizmi
xazs
usvamda
Tavis
keTilganwyobas
im
Rirsebebis
mimarT~,
rogorebic
damaxasiaTebeli iyo, magaliTad, `erTguli Tanamdebobis piris, klerkis, muSis an
moaxlisaTvis~.
3. `protestantuli eTika~ veberis sxva naSromebis konteqstSi
miuxedavad imisa, rom ase farTodaa cnobili, `protestantuli eTika~ veberis
naSromebis mxolod erT fragments warmoadgens, is ufro mcire moculobisa da
naklebad detaluria, vidre veberis mier sxva `msoflio religiebis~ _ Zveli
idealizmis, induizmis da konfucianobis _ Seswavla (veberi gegmavda agreTve
islamis srul Seswavlas, magram man es veRar moaswro). es naSromebi erTian cikls
warmoadgenen. arc `protestantuli eTika~ da arc romelime sxva am naSromebidan
ar moiazreba veberis mier rogorc religiis tipebis ubralo aRwera. isini
Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc kulturis racionalizaciis gansxvavebuli tipebis
analizi da rogorc mcdeloba, gamovleniliyo aseTi gansxvavebebis mniSvneloba
sazogadoebis socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis.
< . . . >
veberi ambobs, rom `protestantul eTikaSi~ is ganixilavs `mizezobrivi jaWvis
mxolod erT mxares~, kerZod, imas, romelic akavSirebs puritanizms Tanamedrove
kapitalizmTan. is ar cdilobs imis damtkicebas, rom religiuri eTikis
racionalizaciis formebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi, romlebsac is gamohyofs,
warmoadgenen erTaderT mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
dasavlur tipebs Soris. piriqiT, is ayalibebs ramdenime sxva fundamentur socioekonomikur faqtors, romlebic ganasxvaveben evropul gamocdilebas indoeTisa da
CineTis gamocdilebebisagan, da romlebmac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes Tanamedrove
73

kapitalizmis Camoyalibebis procesSi. es Semdegi faqtorebia: 1. warmoebis gamotana

Sinameurneobis farglebs gareT, rac jer kidev industriuli kapitalizmis
ganviTarebamde gacilebiT ufro miRebuli iyo dasavleTSi vidre is odesme
ganviTarda msoflios nebismier sxva kuTxeSi. kerZod, CineTSi ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi formebi farTo naTesaur urTierTobebs eyrdnoboda,
rac bunebrivad zRudavda rogorc profesiuli amqrebis, aseve kerZo mewarmeebis
saqmianobas. 2. dasavluri tipis qalaqebis ganviTareba. Sua saukuneebis Semdgom
periodSi evropis qalaqebma miaRwies politikuri avtonomiis maRal dones, da
gamoiwvies dapirispireba `burJuaziul~ sazogadoebasa da agrarul feodalizms
Soris. aRmosavleTSi ki qalaqebi mWidrod darCa dakavSirebuli adgilobriv
agrarul ekonomikasTan, rac nawilobriv gamowveuli iyo naTesauri kavSirebis
gavleniT, romlebic asusteben
gansxvavebebs cxovrebis qalaqur da soflur
wyobas Soris. 3. romauli [iuridiuli] kanonebis tradiciuli siZliere evropaSi,
rac xels uwyobda iuridiuli praqtikis ufro srulyofil racionalizacias,
vidre amas adgili hqonda msoflios nebismier sxva kuTxeSi. 4. am ukanasknelma ki
SesaZlebeli gaxada erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic imarTeba
profesionaluri biurokratiuli aparatiT, risi msgavsic araferi arsebobda
aRmosavlur civilizaciaSi. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis iuridiuli sistemis
racionaluri buneba garkveulwilad aTvisebuli iqna saqmiani organizaciebis mier,
ramac safuZveli Cauyara kapitalisturi ekonomikis saerTo CarCoebs. 5. evropaSi
ormagi buRalteriis ganviTareba. veberis azriT, es iyo umniSvnelovanesi piroba
kapitalisturi warmoebis danergvisa da regulirebisaTvis. 6. cvlilebaTa mTeli
rigi, romlebmac SesaZlebeli gaxades, marqsis TqmiT, `Tavisufali~ muSebis farTo
masebis gamoTavisufleba, romelTa arsebobis wyarosac warmoadgens bazarze
sakuTari samuSao Zalis gayidva.
erTad aRebuli, es faqtorebi warmoadgenen im aucilebeli pirobebis
kombinacias, romlebmac, puritanTa moralur energiasTan Serwymis Sedegad,
gamoiwvies Tanamedrove dasavluri kapitalizmis Camoyalibeba. magram Tu
kapitalizmma sicocxle misca aseT cvlilebebs, axalma cxovrebis wesma,
Camoyalibda ra, ukuagdo kerZod religiuri elementebi, romlebmac gamoiwvies misi
warmoSoba:

`rodesac asketizmi samonastro oTaxebidan yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gamovida

da amqveyniuri zneobrivi wesebis ganpirobebas Seecada, man Tavisi roli iTamaSa
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri wyobis rTuli sistemis SeqmnaSi. ... emyareba ra meqanikur
safuZvlebs, gamarjvebul kapitalizms aRar esaWiroeba misi daxmareba. ... moTxovna
yoveli adamianis mier Tavisi mowodebis aRsrulebis aucileblobis Taobaze
Semoipara Cvens cxovrebaSi, rogorc gardacvlili religiuri rwmenis aCrdili~.
amgvarad, `protestantuli eTika~, romelic upirveles yovlisa Tanamedrove
kapitalizmis warmoSobas Seiswavlis, warmoadgens agreTve veberis pirquS ganaCens,
romelic man gamoutana Tanamedrove industrialuri kulturis bolodroindeli
ganviTarebis gzas. puritanizmma Tavisi roli iTamaSa im `rkinis galiis~ SeqmnaSi,
romelSic iZulebulia iarsebos Tanamedrove adamianma _ aitanos cxovrebis sul
ufro da ufro biurokratizirebuli wesi, saidanac ulmobladaa amoRebuli
`spontanuri cxovrebiseuli xalisi~. rogorc veberi askvnis, `puritans undoda
74

eSroma Tavisi
moviqceT~.

mowodebis

gasamarTleblad;

Cven

ki

iZulebulebi

varT,

ase

4. polemika
`protestantuli eTika~ dawerili iyo polemikuri diskusiis gamowvevis mizniT,
romelic aSkarad Cans veberis mier `idealizmisa~ da `materializmis~ Sesaxeb
gakeTebul SeniSvnebSi. misi TqmiT, es gamokvleva `gvexmareba SeviswavloT is, Tu
rogor gvevlineba ideebi istoriis mamoZravebel Zalad~, da mimarTulia
ekonomiuri determinizmis winaaRmdeg. reformacia da puritanuli seqtebis
Semdgomi ganviTareba ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc manamde momxdari
ekonomikuri cvlilebebis `istoriulad gardauvali Sedegi~. aSkaraa, rom aq
veberi gulisxmobs marqsizms, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, marqsistuli istoriuli
analizis im droisaTvis gavlenian dinebebs. amasTan, is xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom
ar
cdilobs
Secvalos
deterministuri
marqsizmi
amdenadve
monisturi
idealisturi narkveviT. es naSromi gamoxatavs veberis Rrma rwmenas imaSi, rom
`istoriuli kanonebi~ ar arsebobs _ dasavleTSi Tanamedrove kapitalizmis
Camoyalibeba garemoebaTa istoriulad gansakuTrebuli damTxvevis Sedegi iyo.
veberis naSromis faruli enTuziazmi SeiZleba SevniSnoT puritanizmis da misi
memkvidreobis Sesaxeb gakeTebul daskvniT komentarebSi. `rkinis galiis~ metafora
sakmaod kargad gamoxatavs veberis uaryofiT damokidebulebas saero cxovrebisa
da im yofisadmi, romelic, misi azriT, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove
kulturaSi. amasTan, is iSveliebs goeTes gamonaTqvams: `specialistebi sulis
gareSe, specialistebi gulis gareSe; es araraoba fiqrobs, rom miaRwia
civilizaciis
umaRles
dones~.
aseTi
radikaluri
Sefaseba
ucnaurad
ewinaaRmdegeba veberis mier Tavisi mTavari Tezisis dasasabuTeblad SerCeul
frTxil gzas. SesaZloa, swored am kontrastma gamoiwvia is polemika, romelic am
naSromis gamoqveynebas mohyva. magram rogor SeiZleba aixsnas am debatebis
intensiuroba da maTi xangrZlivoba?
am wignis mier gamowveuli diskusiis emociuri daZabulobis umniSvnelovanes
mizezs udavod is garemoeba warmoadgens, rom orive ZiriTadi termini, romlebsac
veberi iyenebs, `religia~ da `kapitalizmi~ potenciurad feTqebadia, rodesac
ukavSirdeba Tanamedrove dasavluri ekonomikis safuZvlebis axsnas. veberi
cdilobs daamtkicos garkveuli religiuri ideebis transformaciuli Zala, raSic
mas ar eTanxmebian Tanamedrove marqsistebi; mis mier kaTolicizmis daxasiaTebam
rogorc saero wesrigs moklebulma religiam, romlis gavlenac Tanamedrove
ekonomikur ganviTarebaze Semaferxebeli da ara wamaxalisebeli aRmoCnda,
gamoiwvia mravali kaTolike istorikosis mtruli damokidebuleba; xolo mis mier
SemoTavazebuli protestantizmis analizi, sadac xasgasmulia puritanuli
seqtebis roli (romelTa gavlenac, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia Tanamedrove
kulturis `rkinis galiasTan~) Znelad Tu gamoiwvevda protestanti moazrovneebis
sayovelTao aRiarebas. da bolos, TviT sityva `kapitalizmis~ xmarebac sadavo iyo:
bevri dRemde darwmunebulia, rom am termins ar gaaCnia raime gamosadegi
mniSvneloba ekonomikur istoriaSi.
`protestantuli eTikis~ mier gamowveuli gamopasuxebebis mravalferovneba
dagvexmareba avxsnaT diskusiis xangrZlivoba. amasTan, Cven aq saqme gvaqvs sxva
75

mniSvnelovan
faqtorebTanac,
veberis
argumentebis
inteleqtualuri
Zala
didwilad ganpirobebulia mis mier tradiciuli disciplinaruli sazRvrebis
ugulebelyofiT, rac SesaZlebeli gaxada misma iSviaTad farTo mecnierulma
Tvalsawierma. Sesabamisad, Cven SeiZleba SevafasoT misi naSromi ramdenime doneze:
rogorc kerZod istoriuli gamokvleva, romelic adgens kavSirs kalvinizmsa da
samewarmeo midgomas Soris; rogorc puritanizmis mier kapitalistur saqmianobaze
moxdenili gavlenis mizezobrivi analizi; rogorc Tanamedrove dasavluri
sazogadoebis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis warmoSobis interpretacia; da,
Tu mas veberis SedarebiTi naSromebis konteqstSi ganvixilavT, esaa nawili misi
mcdelobisa, gamoyos dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis civilizaciebSi kulturis
racionalizaciis
gansxvavebuli
mimarTulebebi.
polemika,
romelic
`protestantulma eTikam~ gamoiwvia, erTi meoreze gadadioda da exeboda ara
mxolod Sinaarsobriv sakiTxebs, aramed agreTve im meTodologiur midgomaTa
umravlesobas, romelTa gaSuqebasac veberi miznad isaxavda am naSromSi; man
moiSvelia gamaognebeli mravalferovneba naSromisa iseT sferoebSi, rogorebicaa
ekonomika, istoria da ekonomiuri istoria, SedarebiTi religia, anTropologia da
sociologia. metic, am polemikam Tavi iCina agreTve im mecnierebis naSromebTan
dakavSirebiT, romlebmac aRiares veberiseuli analizi da Seecadnen misi
elementebis Semdgom gavrcobas, _ kerZod, diskusiuri aRmoCena r.k. mertonis mier
XVII
saukunis
inglisis
mecnierebaze
protestantizmis
gavlenis
Sesaxeb
gakeTebuli analizi.4
Zneli iqneboda imis uaryofa, rom `protestantuli eTikis~ kritikuli
Sefasebebis nawili, gansakuTrebiT isini, romlebic gaCnda germaniaSi am naSromis
pirveli gamocemis gamosvlisTanave, an 1930 wels misi pirveli [inglisuri]
Targmanis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, gamowveuli iyo an aSkara gaugebrobiT imisa, Tu
ras amtkicebda am naSromSi veberi, an araswori SefasebiT imisa, Tu ris miRwevas
cdilobda is amiT. veberi Tavis Tavsac Tvlida nawilobriv pasuxismgeblad misi
azrebis arasworad gagebaSi zogierTi misi adrindeli kritikosis, magaliTad,
fiSerisa da reCfalis mier. ra Tqma unda, am kritikosebs ar hqondaT saSualeba,
moeTavsebinaT `protestantuli eTika~ veberis SedarebiTi kvlevebis farTo
konteqstSi. maT SeiZleba vapatioT is, rom maT ar gaiTvaliswines am naSromis
fragmentuli xasiaTi, Tumca Tavad veberi auwyebs Tavis mkiTxvelebs, rom misi
miznebi am naSromSi sakmaod viwro xasiaTs atarebs. magram gacilebiT Znelia aseve
advilad mivutanoT 1920-1930-ian wlebSi gamoCenil kritikosebs, romlebmac TiTqmis
sruliad ugulebelyves `ekonomika da sazogadoeba~.5 am periodis [kritikuli]
literaturis nawili ar warmoadgens raime faseulobas veberis argu-mentebis
Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT, kerZod, iq, sadac kritikosebi ar eTanxmebian vebers
imaSi, rom swored kalvinizmma ganapiroba Tanamedrove kapitalizmis ganvi-Tareba;
an rodesac isini xazs usvamen im garemoebas, rom zogierTma Tanamedrove qveyanam,
magaliTad, iaponiam miaRwia swraf ekonomiur zrdas miuxedavad imisa, rom am
qveynebis mosaxleobas ar axasiaTebda araviTari `protestantuli eTika~.
miuxedavad
zemoTqmulisa,
veberis
gamarTlebuli
kritikis
ramdenime
SesaZlebloba mainc arsebobs; isini SeiZleba davajgufoT Semdegi Tvalsazrisebis
irgvliv:
76

1. protestantizmis veberiseuli daxasiaTeba araswori iyo. isini, vinc Tavis

kritikas am mimarTulebiT anviTarebdnen, xazs usvamdnen veberis midgomas
reformaciisadmi, mis mier puritanuli seqtebis da, kerZod, kalvinizmis aRweras.
iTvleba, rom veberi Secda, rodesac `mowodebis~ koncefciis warmoSoba luTeris
saxels daukavSira da rodesac Tvlida, rom es koncefcia gamoxatavda
principulad axlebur religiur xedvas; es kritikosebi Tvlian, rom kalvinisturi
eTika sinamdvileSi anti-kapitalisturi iyo, ramdenadac is arasodes uWerda mxars
simdidris dagrovebas, Tundac rogorc arapirdapir mizans. sxva kritikosebi
Tvlidnen, rom veberis mier benjamen franklinis ideebis ganxilva, rasac
`protestantul eTikaSi~ centraluri adgili ukavia, iseve rogorc amerikuli
puritanizmis veberiseuli analizis sxva aspeqtebi, miuRebelia. Tu kritikosTa es
argumentebi sworia, isini mniSvnelovnad unda CaiTvalos, vinaidan veberi Tvlida,
rom
SeerTebul
StatebSi
puritanizmis
gavlena
saqmian
urTierTobebze
xazgasmulad aSkara iyo, rac misi Teoriis mnisvnelovan dasturs warmoadgenda.
2. veberma arasworad Seafasa kaTolikuri doqtrina. kritikosebi aRniSnavdnen,
rom vebers ar hqonda safuZvlianad Seswavlili kaTolicizmi, miuxedavad imisa,
rom misi mTavari idea gulisxmobda, rom kaTolizmsa da protestantizms Soris
arsebobda mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi ekonomiur faseulobebTan dakavSirebiT.
veberis kritikosebi Tvlidnen, rom Sua saukuneebis Semdgomi periodis
kaTolicizmi Seicavda elementebs, romlebic dadebiT gavlenas axdendnen
`kapitalistur sulze~; da rom sinamdvileSi reformacia unda ganvixiloT
rogorc reaqciuli Zala, mimarTuli am `sulis~ winaaRmdeg, da ara rogorc Zala,
romelmac gza gauxsna mis Camoyalibebas.
3.
veberis
mtkiceba
imis
Sesaxeb,
rom
puritanizmi
da
kapitalizmi
dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan, araa dasabuTebuli sakmarisi empiriuli monacemebiT.
es garemoeba mravaljer iyo xazgasmuli. aRniSnuli iyo, rom erTaderTi
raodenobrivi analizi, romelsac veberi iSveliebs, aris kaTolikebisa da
protestantebis ekonomiuri saqmianobis Seswavla badenSi 1895 wels _ magram am
monacemta sizuste eWvs iwvevda. kritikosebi agreTve aRniSnavdnen, rom is
pirvelwyaroebi,
romlebsac
veberi
eyrdnoba,
ZiriTadad
anglo-saqsuri
warmoSobisaa, da amtkiceben, rom XVI_XVII saukuneebis rainlandis, niderlandebis
da
Sveicariis ekonomiuri ganviTarebis Seswavlis Sedegad
ar yofila
gamovlenili ramdenadme mWidro kavSiri kalvinizmsa da kapitalistur warmoebas
Soris.
4. vebers ar eTanxmebodnen mis mcdelobaSi, erTmaneTisTvis daepirispirebina
Tanamedrove, `racionaluri~ kapitalizmi da kapitalisturi saqmianobis adrindeli
formebi. amasTan, aRniSnuli iyo, rom `Tanamedrove kapitalizmis~ koncefcia
veberma gangeb warmoaCina ise, raTa is ukeT daekavSirebina puritanizmis im
elementebTan, romlebsac igi xazs usvamda. meores mxriv, Tvlidnen kritikosebi,
is, rasac veberi Tanamedrove kapitalizmis `suls~ uwodebs, sinamdvileSi wina
periodebSic arsebobda. Touni (Tawney) eTanxmeba eTanxmeba veberiseul gansxvavebas
luTeranizmsa da gviandel protestantul seqtebs Soris, magram amtkicebs, rom
sinamdvileSi `kapitalisturi sulis~ ganviTarebam gamoiwvia puritanizmis
evolucia, da ara piriqiT.
77

5. veberi cdeba mizezobrivi kavSiris bunebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic misi

azriT arsebobs puritanizmsa da Tanamedrove kapitalizms Soris. es daskvna
warmoadgens Tavisebur gagrZelebas im argumentisa, rom aseTi kavSiri ar arsebobs.
am etapze diskusia ukavSirdeba davas istoriuli meTodis abstraqtuli
problemebis Sesaxeb, da, kerZod, ganixilavs sakiTxs imis Taobaze, SesaZlebelia
Tu ara saerTod mizezobrivi analizis arseboba istoriaSi. marqsisti kritikosebi
uaryofdnen veberiseul axsnas masSi ramdenime istoriuli mizezis arsebobis gamo,
zogierTi maTgani ki Seecada, `Seecvala~ `protestantuli eTikis~ mTavari idea da
ganixilavdnen veberis mier moyvanil puritanul doqtrinebs rogorc maT
daarsebamde Camoyalibebuli ekonomikuri cvlilebebis Tanmxleb movlenas. sxva
avtorebma, ara aucileblad marqsistebma, uarhyves meTodologiuri CarCoebi,
romlebSic moTavsebuli iyo veberis naSromi, da Seecadnen eCvenebinaT, rom am
CarCoebma garkveuli gavlena iqonia kapitalisturi sulis Camoyalibebis
veberiseul axsnaze.
ramdenad Seswevs Zala veberis narkvevs, gaumklavdes im farTomasStabian kritikas,
romelic man gamoiwvia? dRemde arian mkvlevarebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom am
nawarmoebs es savsebiT ZaluZs, vinaidan, maTi azriT, kritikis umetesi nawili an
mcdaria, an gamowveulia veberis poziciis araswori gagebiT. me ar mgonia, rom
aseTi Tvalsazrisi SeiZleba safuZvlianad CavTvaloT. aSkaraa, rom veberis
naSromiT gamowveuli kritikuli SeniSvnebis garkveuli nawili mcdaria, vinaidan
arsebul
kritikul
literaturaSi
Sida
winaaRmdegobebi
gvxvdeba:
erTi
kritikosebis mier gakeTebuli SeniSvnebi ewinaaRmdegeba sxva avtorebis SeniSvnebs.
miuxedavad
amisa,
zogierTi
avtoris
mosazreba
Zlieri
argumentebiTaa
dasabuTebuli, da erTad aRebuli, es mosazrebebi warmoadgenen veberis
azrebisadmi wamoyenebul Znelad mosageriebel braldebas. me vityodi, rom
veberiseuli analizis is elementebi, romlebic aSkarad iwveven SekiTxvebs,
Semdegia: `mowodebis~ cnebis gansakuTrebuloba luTeranizmisaTvis; kaTolicizmsa
da regularul samewarmeo saqmianobas Soris `urTierTkavSiris~ uaryofa; da, misi
Tezisis centraluri idea, ramdenad mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa kalvinisturma
eTikam simdidris dagrovebis `gakeTilSobilebaSi~ da Rirseulad miCnevaSi, rasac
mxars uWers veberi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu veberi cdeboda am sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT, misi mravalricxovani naSromebis gavlenis Sefaseba mecnierebis
Semdgom ganviTarebaze mainc Zalze rTul amocanas warmoadgens. imisaTvis, raTa
aseTi Sefaseba odnav mainc damakmayofilebeli iyos, is aucileblad unda
iTvaliswinebdes `Tanmxleb~ naSromebs `msoflios religiebis~ Sesaxeb, kulturis
racionalizaciis saerTo problemas _ da im meTodologiur CarCoebs, romlebSic
moTavsebulia veberis naSromebi. arc erT avtors ar ucdia dRes-dReobiT am
amocanis gadaWra; albaT, unda gamoCndes mecnieri, visac eqneba veberis analogiuri
mecnieruli Tvalsawieri, rom is SeeWidos aseT saqmes warmatebis mcire imediT
mainc.

kembriji, 1976 weli.

78

maqs veberi
mecniereba rogorc mowodeba da profesia
(Targmna flora esebuam)
am etapze mecnieruli warmoebisadmi, rogorc profesiisadmi damokidebuleba
pirvel rigSi imiT aris gamowveuli, rom mecniereba Sevida specializaciis im
stadiaSi, romlis Sesaxebac adre ar iyo cnobili, da imiT, rom es mdgomareoba
momavalSic SenarCundeba. ara mxolod garegnulad, aramed Sinaganadac saqme imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom calkeul individs SeuZlia mecnierebis sferoSi raRac
dasrulebulis Seqmna mxolod mkacri specializaciis pirobebSi. yovelTvis,
rodesac mkvlevari iWreba monaTesave sferoSi, rac CvenTan xSirad xdeba _
sociologebi mudmivad iWrebian monaTesave sferoSi da Tan es aucileblobiT aris
ganpirobebuli, _ mkvlevars uCndeba mosazreba, rom mis mier gaweul samsaxurs
SeuZlia specialists SesTavazos im sakiTxis sasargeblod Camoyalibeba, romelic,
specialuri Tvalsazrisis gamo, mas azradac ar mouva. mxolod mkacri
specializaciis wyalobiT adamians, romelic mecnierebiT aris dakavebuli,
SeuZlia cxovrebaSi mxolod erTxel SeigrZnos, rom man SeZlo raRac iseTi, rac
didxans darCeba. realurad, dasrulebuli samuSao Cvens droSi yovelTvis
specialuri samuSaoa. amitmac, is, visac ar ZaluZs TvaldaxuWulad gadaeSvas am
oromtrialSi, mas urCevnia ar Seexos mecnierebas. is verasodes SeigrZnobs imas,
rasac mecnierebiT gataceba hqvia. ucnauri kmayofilebis gareSe, rac mavanTa
Rimils iwvevs, ltolvisa da imaSi darwmunebulobis gareSe, rom `Sens gaCenamde
aTaswleulebi unda gasuliyo, da kidev sxva aTaswleulebi Cumad gvelodebian~, _
amis gareSe adamians mecnierebisken mowodeba ar gaaCnia da, am SemTxvevaSi, sjobs
is sxva ramiT dakavdes. radganac, adamianisTvis araviTari Rirebuleba ar aqvs
imas, rasac is swrafvis gareSe gaakeTebs.
magram, swrafvia arsebobis miuxedavad, rogori Rrma da gulwrfelic ar unda
iyos is, Sedegi SesaZloa didxans ar gvqondes saxeze. Tumca, swrafva aris
yvelaze mTavaris _ `SRagonebis~ umTavresi winapiroba. dRes axalgazrdebs Soris
gavrcelebulia warmodgena, rom mecniereba aris raRac ariTmetikuli amocanis
magvari, rom is iqmneba laboratoriebSi an statistikuri karTotekebiT, mxolod
civi gonebiT, rogorc qarxanaSi da ara mTeli `suliT~. amdenad, unda aRiniSnos,
rom adamianebma, romlebic ase fiqroben, araferi ician imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeba
qarxanasa Tu laboratoriaSi. iqac da aqac adamians sWirdeba idea, amasTan swori
idea, da mxolod am pirobebSi is SeZlebs raRac Rirebulis Seqmnas. magram,
araferi modis TavSi survilis gamo. verafers miaRwev mxolod civi gaTvlebiT.
Tumca, gaTvla aucilebeli winapirobaa. magaliTad, yvela sociologma unda
icodes, rom sibereSic ki mas Tveebis ganmavlobaSi aTeulobiT sruliad
trivialuri ariTmetikuli amocanis amoxsna mouwevs. amocanis amoxsnis srulad
meqanikur WrilSi gadatana ki dausjeli ar rCeba: saboloo Sedegi xSirad
mizerulia. magra, Tu mkvlevars ar uCndeba sruliad gansazRvruli idea gaTvlis
mimarTulebis Sesaxeb, gaTvlis dros ki _ calkeuli Sedegebis mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb, is saboloo mizeruli Sedegic ki miuRweveli SeiZleba iyos. ideis
momzadeba SesaZlebelia mxolod didi Sromis Sedegad. Tumca, ara yovelTvis.
mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT diletantis ideas SesaZloa hqondes igive an meti
mniSvneloba, vidre specialistisa. swored diletants unda vumadlodeT bevri
79

problemis dayenebasa da mignebas. rogorc helmholcma robert maierze Tqva,

diletanti specialistisgan mxolod imiT gansxvavdeba, rom ams ar hyofnis
samuSao meTodis saidumlooba da amitomac mas ar SeuZlia mignebis mniSvneloba
Seamowmos, Seafasos da cxovrebaSi gaataros. uecar mignebas ar SeuZlia Sroma
Caanacvlos. da meore mxriv, Sromas ar ZaluZs Caanacvlos an iZulebiT migiyvanos
mignebasTan, iseve rogorc ver aRwevs amas swrafva. mxolod orive am moments _ da
aucileblad orives erTad _ SeuZlia migviyvanos mignebasTan. magram migneba
mxolod maSin keTdeba, rodesac es mas Tavad awyobs, da ara maSin, rodesac es
gvawyobs Cven. da marTlac, rogorc ieringi gviCvenebs, saukeTeso ideebi sigaretis
mowevis an seirnobis dros, an iseT situaciaSi modis, rodesac mas saerTod ar
elodebi da ara sawer magidasTan, rodesac bevrs fiqrob da kiTxvebze pasuxis
povnas cdilob. Tumca, migneba ver iqneba, Tu amas win ar uswrebs fiqrebi
magidasTan.
mecnier-muSaki im risksac unda Seeguos, romelic nebismier samecniero samuSaos
Tan sdevs: mova `STagoneba~ Tu ara? SeiZleba iyos Zalian kargi muSaki, magram
verc erTi mniSvnelovani aRmoCena ver gaakeTo. magram Secdomaa vifiqroT, rom
aseTi situaciaa mxolod mecnierebaSi da sxva ram xdeba, magaliTad, kantoraSi.
komersants an msxvil mewarmes `komerciuli fantaziis~ gareSe, anu genialuri
gamogonebis gareSe, umjobesia is darCeniliyo xelmZRvanelad an teqnikur
Cinovnikad; amis gareSe is siaxles ver Seqmnis. STagoneba mecnierebaSi met rols
sulac ar TamaSobs, rogorc es mecnierebs warmoudgeniaT, vidre praqtikul
cxovrebaSi, sadac Tanamedrove saqmiani adamiani moRvaweobs. da meore mxriv, _
rasac aseve ar aRiareben, _ is aq asrulebs aranakleb rols, vidre xelovnebaSi.
es xom egzom bavSvuri warmodgenaa, rom maTematikosi raRac daskvnamde midis
sawer magidasTan saxazaviT an sxva meqanikuri saSualebiT didixnis muSaopbis
Semdeg: magaliTad veierStrasis maTematikuri fantazia, SinaarsiTa da SedegiT, ra
Tqma unda, sruliad gansxvavebulia mxatvris fantaziisagan; anu, Tvisebrivad
gansxvavebulia,
Tumca
fsiqologiuri
procesi
erTi
da
igivea.
orives
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs platoniseuli `eqstazi~ da `STagoneba~.
aqvs Tu ara vinmes mecnieruli STagoneba, es CvenTvis farul bediswerazea da
`niWzea~ damokidebuli. am utyuarma WeSmaritebam iTamaSa mniSvnelovani roli
axalgazrda TaobaSi _ rac gasagebia _ Zalian popularuli wesebis warmoSobaSi,
rac zogierTi idealisadmi msaxurebas gulisxmobs; maTi kultebi, rogorc
vxedavT, farTod aris warmodgenili yvela SemTxvevasa da yvela JurnalSi. es
idealebia `pirovneba~ da `gancda~. isini mWidro kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan:
gabatonebulia warmodgena, rom ukanaskneli qmnis pirvels da warmoadgens mis
sakuTrebas. adamianebi aiZuleben sakuTar Tavs `ganicadon~, radganac `gancda~
cxovrebis wesisgan ganuyofeli ramaa da axasiaTebs pirovnebas, warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi ki, unda SevqmnaT iluziuri warmodgena, rom Sen es zeciuri niWi
gagaCnia. adre amgvar gancdas `grZnobas~ (sensation) uwodebdnen. da saerTod,
vfiqrob, adre `pirovnebis~ Sesaxeb zusti warmodgena hqondaT...
mecnierebis sferoSi `pirovneba~ mxolod is aris, romelic erT saqmes emsaxureba.
da es exeba ara mxolod mecnierebis sferos. Cven ar viciT arc erTi mxatvari,
romelic sakuTari saqmis garda, kidev sxva rames emsaxureboda. iseTi donis
pirovnebasac ki, rogoric goeTe, Tu mis Semoqmedebaze visaubrebT, didi ziani
80

miayena im garemoebam, rom man sakuTari `cxovrebis~ xelovnebis nimuSad qceva

moindoma. SesaZloa, ukanaskneli debuleba saeWvod mogeCvenoT, magram iseT
mxatvarsac ki, rogoric goeTe da romelic ataswleulSi erTxel modis amqveynad,
amisTvis safasuris gadaxda uwevda. zustad aseTive mdgomareobaa politikaSic.
Tumca, axla amaze ar visaubrebT. magram mecnierebaSi pirovneba namdvilad ar aris
adamiani, romelic scenaze im saqmis impresariod gvevlineba, romlisTvisac mas
sakuTari Tavi unda mieZRvna, romelsac surs `gancdis~ gziT sakuTari adgilis
damkvidreba da svams kiTxvas: rogor davamtkico, rom var ara mxolod
specialisti, rogor vaCveno, rom me _ formiTa da SinaarsiT vambob iseT rames,
rac jer aravis uTqvams ise, rogorc me _ var movlena, romelic dRes masobrivad
iqca, aqcia yvelaferi wvrilmanad, amcirebs mas, vinc svams am kiTxvas, ar ZaluZs
im saqmis simaRlesa da Rirsebamde amaRleba, romlis erTgulebac unda yofiliyo
misTvis mTavari amocana. amrigad, gansxvaveba mxatvrisgan ar arsebobs.
da miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni samuSao winaswari pirobebi xelovnebasac
axasiaTebs, misi bedi samxatvro xelovnebisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.
samecniero muSaoba progresis moZraobaSia CarTuli. piriqiT, am TvalsazrisiT,
xelovnebis sferoSi araviTari progresi ar arsebobs. arasworia vifiqroT, rom
romelime epoqis xelovnebis nimuSi, romelmac axali teqnikuri saSualebebi, an
kanonis perspeqtivebi SeimuSava, amis wyalobiTac is wminda mxatvruli
Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT, xelovnebis nawarmoebze maRla dgas; is absolututad
Tavisufalia yvela CamoTvlili saSualebisa da kanonisgan, Tu is masalisa da
formis mixedviT Seiqmna, anu, Tu is SeirCa da gaformda xelovnebis yvela wesis
mixedviT da ara mogvianebiT Seqmnili saSualebebisa da pirobebis mixedviT,
xelovnebis srulyofili nimuSi arasdros gaicviTeba da daberdeba; calkeul
pirovnebas SeuZlia gansxvavebulad Seafasos misi mniSvneloba, magram veravin
SeZlebs imis Tqmas, rom xelovnebis romelime srulyofil nimuSs sxva nimuSma
`ajoba~.
piriqiT, TiToeulma Cvenganma icis, rom mecnierebis sferoSi mis mier miRweuli da
gakeTebuli ram 10, 20, 40 weliwadSi gacvdeba. aseTia bedi da arsi mecnieruli
Sromisa, rasac es ukanaskneli eqvemdebareba da emsaxureba; swored es aris misi
kulturis
elementebisgan
gansxvavebuli
specifikuri
niSani;
mecnierebaSi
Canafiqris nebismieri Sesruleba axal `kiTxvebs~ niSnavs da is, Tavisi arsiT,
cdilobs iyos daZleuli. amas unda Seeguos yvela, visac surs emsaxuros
mecnierebas. mecnieruli Sromebi, SesaZloa, didxans inarCunebdnen sakuTar
mniSvnelobas da `siamovnebas aniWebdnen~ sxvebs sakuTari TvisebebiT an iyos
mecnieruli muSaobis Seswavlis saSualeba. magram iyo daZleuli samecniero
TvalsazrisiT _ aris Cveni ara mxolod saerTo bedi, aramed Cveni saerTo mizanic.
Cven ver vimuSavebT imedis gareSe, rom sxvebi Cvenze mets miaRweven. da principSi,
es progresi usasrulobamde iweleba.
da amiT Cven mivdivarT mecnierebis arsis problemamde. TavisTavad ar niSnavs, rom
raRac, rac amgvar kanons eqvemdebareba, TavisTavad gaazrebuli da gonivrulia.
ratom aris mecniereba dakavebuli iseTi ramiT, rac realirad arasdros
sruldeba da arc SeiZleba rom dasruldes? upirveles yovlisa, Cndeba pasuxi:
sruliad praqtikuli azriT _ teqnikuri miznebisTvis, raTa Cveni praqtikuli
qmedebis orientireba moxdes im movlenebis Sesabamisad, romelsac Cven
81

mniSvneloba mxolod praqtikosisTvis aqvs. da rogoria mecnierebiT dakavebuli

adamianis Sinagani pozicia sakuTari poziciisadmi, Tu is saerTod cdilobs iyos
mecnieri?
is
amtkicebs,
rom
is
mecnierebiT
aris
dakavebuli
`Tavad
mecnierebisTvis~, da ara mxolod im praqtikuli da teqnikuri miRwevebis gamo,
romelTac SeuZlia Cveni kvebis, Cacmulobis, marTvis gaumjobeseba. magram ris
ganxorcielebas imedovnebs mecnieri sakuTari qmnilebiT, romlisTvisac winaswar
aris gansazRvruli dabereba? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad ramdenime zogadi
mosazreba unda gaviTvaliswinoT.
mecnieruli progresi aris im inteleqtualuri procesis mniSvnelovani nawili,
romelic aTaswleulebis manZilze grZeldeba da romlis mimarTac am etapze
sakmaod negatiuri damokidebuleba arsebobs. upirveles yovlisa, unda gaviazroT,
Tu ras niSnavs es inteleqtualuri racionalizacia, romelic mecnierebisa da
mecnieruli teqnikis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom dRes
yovelma CvenTaganma, romelime indielze ukeT icis sakuTari arsebobis
cxovrebiseuli pirobebi? savaraudod, ara. man, vinc tramvaiT mgzavrobs, Tu is
profesiiT fizikosi ar aris, ar icis Tu rogor modis tramvai moqmedebaSi. mas
amis codna arc sWirdeba. sakmarisia imis codnac, rom mas SeuZlia tramvais
konkretuli `qcevis~ imedi hqondes, ris Sesabamisadac is axdens sakuTari qcevis
orientirebas, Tumca rogor unda moiyvanos tramvai moqmedebaSi, es individma ar
icis. velurma gacilebiT ukeT icis sakuTari iaraRebis arsi. marTalia, Cven
vxarjavT fuls, magram vdeb sanaZleos, rom aq, darbazSi msxdom politikuri
ekonomikis specialistTagan, Tu aseTebi arian, ar SeuZlia upasuxos kiTxvas:
rogor aris SesaZlebeli, rom fuliT raRacis yidva aris SesaZlebeli? velurma
icis, Tu rogor uzrunvelyofs sakuTar yoveldRiur gamokvebas da ra institutebi
exmareba mas amaSi. Sesabamisad, mzardi inteleqtualizacia da racionalizacia ar
niSnavs cxovrebiseuli pirobebis codnis zrdas. es sxva rames niSnavs: adamianebma
ician an sjeraT imis, risi mondomebac aris sakmarisi da am yvelafris gageba
nebismier dros aris SesaZlebeli; rom ar arsebobs araviTari saidumlo Zala,
romelic gansjas ar eqvemdebareba, magram aq moqmedebs da romlis mixedviTac,
SesaZlebelia yvela nivTiT daisakuTro angariSianobis mixedviT. es ukanaskneli
niSnavs, rom samyaro aRar aris mojadoebuli. magiuri saSualebebi ukve aRar aris
saWiro imisTvis, raTa gadmovibiroT an davimorCiloT sulebi, rogorc amas
veluri akeTebda, romlisTvisac arsebobdnen saidumlo Zalebi. axla yvelaferi
keTdeba teqnikuri saSualebebisa da angariSiT. ai, es aris inteleqtualizacia.
magram jados moxsnis procesi, rasac aTaswleulis manZilze dasavlur
kulturaSi aqvs adgili, da saerTod `progress~, romelSic monawileobas
mecnierebac iRebs, _ rgolisa da mamoZravebeli Zalis statusiT, _ aqvs Tu ara
maT praqtikuli da teqnikuri sferosgan damoukidebeli arsi? amgvari kiTxvebi
Zalian principulad aris dayenebuli lev tolstois SemoqmedebaSi. is am
kiTxvebTan Taviseburad mivida. misi gansja koncentrirdeboda erTi kiTxvis
garSemo, aqvs Tu ara azri sikvdils? lev tolstois pasuxia: kulturuli
adamianisTvis _ `ara~. da swored imitom `ara~, rom calkeuli adamianis cxovrebas,
civilizebul cxovrebas, CarTuls usasrulo `progresSi~, misi Sinagani arsiT, ar
SeiZleba dasasruli hqondes. radganac is, vinc progresSia CarTuli, Semdgomi
progresis winaSe aRmoCndeba. momakvdavi adamiani ver miaRwevs mwvervals _ es
82

mwvervali usasrulobaSi gadadis. abraami, an romelime glexi Zvel epoqebSi

kvdeboda ``moxuci da cxovrebiT maZRari~, radganac CarTuli iyo cxovrebis
organul oromtrialSi, radganac misi cxovreba Tavisi arsiT, sikvdilis pirasac,
aZlevda mas imas, risi micemac SeeZlo; misTvis ar rCeboda amocanebi, romlis
amoxsnasac is isurvebda da misTvis sakmarisi iyo isic, rasac man miaRwia.
piriqiT, civilizaciaSi CarTuli, kulturis adamiani, romelic mudmivad
mdidrdeba ideebiT, codniT, problemebiT, SeiZleba `daiRalos cxovrebisgan~,
magram misiT maZRari ver gaxdeba. radganac is wvdeba imis mxolod mcire nawils,
Tanac raRac winaswargansazRvrulsa da dausrulebels, amitomac misTvis
sikvdili _ aris Sinaarss moklebuli movlena. da radganac sikvdili Sinaarss
moklebulia, Sinaarss moklebulia kulturuli cxovrebac rogorc aseTi _
radganac swored is, Tavisi uazro/uSinaarso `progresiT uSinaarsobiT Tavad
sikvdilsac emuqreba~. es azri aris tolstois gviani romanebis mTavari
Semadgeneli.
ra unda viRonoT aq? aqvs ki `progress~, rogorc aseTs, azri, romelsac
SeiZleba wvde da romelic teqnikuri sferos farglebs scildeba da Tan ise, rom
progresisTvis msaxuri SeiZleba iqces mowodebad, romelsac marTlac SeiZleba
hqondes azri? aseTi kiTxva unda daisvas. Tumca, es ukve ar iqneba mxolod kiTxva
imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara mecniereba profesia da mowodeba adamianisTvis,
romelmac sakuTari cxovreba mas (mecnierebas miuZRvna). aq sxva sakiTxic dgas:
rogoria mecnierebis mowodeba sruliad kacobriobis cxovrebaSi? rogoria misi
Rirebuleba?
am mecnierebis Zvel da Tanamedrove gagebas Soris gansxvaveba mniSvnelovania.
gaixseneT platonis mier `saxelmwifos~ meSvide wignSi moyvanili saocari saxe, _
gamoqvebuls mijaWvul adamianTa saxe, romelTac saxeebi kedlisken aqvT
mimarTuli, sinaTlis Suqi ki, zurgs ukanaa, ise, rom maT am sxivis xilva ar
SeuZliaT; amitomac, isini mxolod aCrdilebiT arian dakavSirebulni da maT
axsnas cdiloben. magram erT-erTi maTgani axerxebs jaWvebisgan Tavis daRwevas,
zurgisken trialdeba da xedavs mzes. dabrmavebuli, xelis cecebiT axerxebs gzis
gakvalvas da yveba nanaxis Sesaxeb. magram sxvebi miiCneven, rom is gagiJda. magram,
is TandaTan swavlobs Suqis sxivis wvdomas da axla misi amocana imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom Cavides adamianebTan gamoqvebulSi da isini mzis Suqze
gamoiyvanos. es adamiani aris filosofosi, mze ki _ mecnierebis WeSmariteba,
erTaderTi ram, rac ar misdevs moCvenebebsa da aCrdilebs, aramed WeSmariti
yofierebisken iswrafvis.
vis aqvs dRes amgvari damokidebuleba mecnierebisadmi? dRes axalgazrda Taobas
ufro sawinaaRmdego grZnoba gauCnda, kerZod, rom mecnierebis unari iazrovnos
warmoadgens realobas moklebul gamogonil abstraqciebs, romelic yovelnairad
cdilobs realuri cxovrebis arss gamokras xeli, magram amas ver axerxebs. amis
sapirispirod, aq, cxovrebaSi, imaSi, rac platonisTvis gamoqvebulis kedelze
gamosaxuli aCrdilebis TamaSi iyo, feTqvas sinamdvilis guliscema, sxva
yvelaferi ki usicocxlo aCrdilebia da sxva araferi. rogor moxda aseTi
gardasaxva? `saxelmwifoSi~ platonis gasuliereba, saboloo jamSi imiT aixsneba,
rom mis dros cnobierebisTvis pirvelad gaixsna nebismieri mecnieruli Secnobis
udidesi saSualeba _ gageba. Tavisi yvela mniSvnelobiT is sokratem aRmoaCina. da
83

ara mxolod man. indoeTSi seiZleba aRmovaCinoT im logikis sawyisebi, romelsac

aristotelesTan vxvdebiT. Tumca, arsad, saberZneTis garda es aRmoCena ar aris
gacnobierebuli. rogorc Cans, aq adamianebis xelSi pirvelad aRmoCnda saSualeba,
romlis saSualebiTac SeiZleba adamianis logikis CarCoebSi Caketva, saidanac
gamosvlas is manam ver SeZlebs, sanam ar aRiarebs: man an araferi icis, an es _
swored es da ara sxva ram _ aris WeSmariteba, maradiuli. es iyo uCveulo gancda,
romlis winaSec sokrates moswavleebi aRmoCndnen. aqedan gamomdinareobda:
sakmarisia mivagnoT lamazis, keTilis, an, magaliTad, sulis simamacis swor
gagebas, da mivagnebT maT WeSmarit yofasac. es ki, gzas uxsnida imas, rom Tavad
gveswavla da sxvebisTvisac gveswavlebina, Tu rogor unda moiqces adamiani
cxovrebaSi, pirvel rigSi ki, rogorc saxelmwifos moqalaqem. radganac
berZnebisTvis, romlebic mxolod politikurad azrovnebdnen, am sakiTxze iyo
yvelaferi damokidebuli. swored amaSi imaleba mecnierebiT gatacebis mizezi.
elinuri gonis am aRmoCenis paralelurad gaCnda mecnieruli samuSaos meore didi
instrumenti, aRorZinebis epoqis Svili _ racionaluri eqsperimenti, rogorc
saimedod kontrolirebadi cnobierebis saSualeba, romlis gareSec Tanamedrove
empiriuli mecniereba ver iarsebebda. marTalia, eqsperimentebs adrec atarebdnen:
fiziologiis sferoSi eqsperimenti arsebobda, magaliTad, indoeTSi iogebis
asketur
teqnikaSi;
Zvel
saberZneTSi
arsebobda
samxedro
teqnikasTan
dakavSirebuli maTematikuri eqsperimenti. Tumca, eqsperimentis, rogorc kvlevis
principis gamoyeneba, aRorZinebis epoqis damsaxurebaa. xelovnebis sferoSi didi
novaciis pionerebi leonardo da vinCi da sxvebi iyvnen, pirvel rigSi,
eqsperimentatorebi XVI saukunis musikaSi. maTgan eqsperimentma mecnierebaSi
gadainacvla, pirvel rigSi, galileos wyalobiT, TeoriaSi ki, es procesi bekonis
wyalobiT moxda; Semdeg, eqsperimenti evropis, pirvel rigSi ki, italiisa da
holandiis universitetebSi calkeulma zustma mecnierebebma gadaitanes.
ras niSnavda mecniereba axali epoqis zRurblze mcxovrebTaTvis? leonardo da
vinCis msgavsi mxatvari-eqsperimentatorebisaTvis da novatorebisTvis musikis
sferoSi es niSnavda gzas WeSmariti xelovnebisken, anu gzas WeSmariti bunebisken.
amiT, xelovneba gansakuTrebuli mecnierebis rangSi iyo ayvanili, mxatvari ki,
socialuri TvalsazrisiT da sakuTari cxovrebis gamo, eqimis rangSi iyo ayvanili.
swored es devs magaliTad, leonardo da vinCis iseTi wignis safuZvelSi,
rogoricaa `wigni ferweris Sesaxeb~.
da ra xdeba dRes? `mecniereba rogorc gza bunebisken~ _ es axalgazrda
TaobisTvis JRers, rogorc mkrexeloba. piriqiT, aucilebelia mecnieruli
inteleqtualizmisgan gaTavisufleba, raTa davubrundeT sakuTar bunebas da amiT
davubrundeT bunebas zogadad! SesaZloa, es aris gza xelovnebisken? amgvari
mosazreba veranair kritikas ver uZlebs.
magram zusti mecnierebis warmoSobis epoqaSi mecnierebisgan kidev ufro mets
elodebodnen. Tu gaixsenebT svamerdamis gamoTqmas _ `me dagimtkicebT RvTaebrivi
winaswarmetyvelebis arsebobas mkbenaris anatomirebiT~ _ Tqven naxavT, rom
protestantizmisa da puritanizmis iribi zegavlenis qveS myofi samecniero
saqmianobis amocanad RvTisken mimavali gzis aRmoCena warmoadgenda. im droisaTvis
mas filosofosebTan veRar poulobdnen. RvTis povna SeuZlebelia ia, sadac mas
SuasaukuneebSi eZebdnen, _ amaSi darwmunebuli iyo im drois Teologia da, pirvel
84

rigsi, Speneri. RmerTi idumalia, misi gzebi, Cvens gzas ar warmoadgens, misi
azrebi, Cveni azrebi ar aris. magram zust mecnierebebSi, sadac RmerTis qmnileba
fizikuri materiebiT aixsneba, arsebobda imedi, rom SeiZleboda RmerTis samyaros
Sesaxeb arsebuli ideebi gamogvecno.
dRes ra xdeba? zust mecnierebebSi CarTuli zogierTi `ufrosis~ garda, vuRas
sjera, rom astronomiis, biologiis, fizikis an qimiis codnas, naklebad, magram
mainc SeuZlia agvixsnas samyaros arsi, an migviTiTos mainc, Tu sad SeiZleba
mivakvlioT am `arss~, Tu is saerTod arsebobs? erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac
mecnierebas ZaluZs, aris rwmenis mokvla, rom saetRod arsebobs iseTi ram, rasac
samyaros `arsi~ gqvia! da miTumetes warmoudgenelia vifiqroT, rom RmerTisTvis
ucxo Zalas SeuZlia `RmerTTan~ migviyvanos. Tu ras warmoadgens is, amaSi dRes
gulis siRrmeSi aRaravis epareba eWvi. mecnierebis racionalizaciisa da
inteleqtualizmisagan gaTavisufleba aris cxovrebis RvTaebrivi erTianobis
ZiriTadi winapiroba _ es an amis msgavsi Tezisi Cveni religiuri ganwyobilebebisa
da axalgazrobid religiuri gancdebis ZiriTad lozungad iqca. da ara mxolod
religiuei, aramed zogadad gancda. Tumca, aq ucnauri gazaa arCeuli: erTaderTi,
rasac inteleqtualizmi jer kidev ar Sexebia, kerZod, iracionalizmi, ris
cnobierebamde miyvanasa da detalurad Secnobas cdiloben. swored aqamde midis
iracionaluris Tanamedrove inteleqtualuri romantika. inteleqtualizmisgan
gaTavisuflebis aseTi gza imis sawinaaRmdegos iZleva, ris mignebasac isini
cdilobdnen, romlebic mis gzas daadgnen. dabolos, im faqts, rom mecnierebas,
cxovrebis
aTvisebis
masze
dafuZnebul
teqnikas
miamiti
optimizmiT
miesalmebodnen, rogorc bednierebisken mimaval gzas, me SemiZlia gverdze
movitovo nicSes gamanadgurebeli kritikis Semdeg, romelic exeboda `ukanasknel
adamianebs, romelTac bedniereba gamoigones~. vis sjera amis, garda zogierTi
``zrdasruli~ bavSvisa kaTedrebsa Tu saredaqtoro kabinetebSi?
da mainc, raSi mdgomareobs mecnierebis, rogorc profesiis arsi axla, rodesac
yvela warsuli iluzia daimsxvra, romelTa wyalobiTac mecniereba warmoadgenda
`gzas WeSmariti yofisken~, `gzas WeSmariti xelovnebisken~, `gzas WeSmariti
bunebisken~, `gzas WeSmariti RmerTisken~, `gzas WeSmariti bednierebisken~, am
kiTxvaze yvelaze martivi pasuxi tolstoim warmoadgina: is arsisgan daclilia,
radgan ar iZleva pasuxs mniSvnelovan kiTxvaze: `ra unda vakeToT?~. `rogor
vicxovroT?~. is ki, rom am kiTxvebze pasuxebi ar arsebobs, udavoa. problema
mxolod imaSia, Tu ra azriT ar iZleva is `araviTar~ pasuxs. SesaZlebelia, amis
nacvlad mas SeuZlia raRac mainc misces mas, vinc am kiTxvas svams?
dres bevrs saubroben mecnierebaze, romelsac winapiroba ar aqvs. arsebobs ki
aseTi mecniereba? yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra esmiT am terminis qveS.
nebismier mecnierul Sromas ukavSireben logikisa da meTodis _ samyaroSi
orientaciis sazogado safuZvels _ garkveul mniSvnelobas. rac Seexeba aRniSnul
winapirobebs, isini, Cveni specialuri
kiTxvebidan gamomdinare, naklebad
problematuria. magram arsebobs kidev erti winapiroba: mecnieruli Sromis
Sedegebis mniSvneloba, maTi mecnieruli Rirebuleba. cxadia, swored aq imaleba
yvela Cveni problema. radganac es winapiroba ar SeiZleba damtkicdes mecnierebis
xelT arsebuli SaSualebebiT. SesaZlebelia mxolod misi saboloo arsze
85

miTiTeba, romelsac Semdeg an uaryofen, an miiReben imis da mixedviT, Tu ra

saboloo cxovrebiseuli Rirebulebebi gaaCniaT Tavad.
gansxvavebulia samecniero muSaobis kavSiri mis winapirobebtan: is mecnierebis
struqturazea damokidebuli. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi, magalitad fizika,
qimia, astronomia, miiCneven, rom mecnierebis mier konstruirebuli kosmiur
movlenaTa Sesaxeb umaRlesi kanonebi imsaxurebs imas, rom maT Sesaxeb icodnen.
ara mxolod imitom, rom amgvari codniT teqnikuri warmatebebis miRwevaa
SesaZlebeli, aramed `Tavad mis gamoc~ _ Tu mecniereba aris `mowodeba~. Tavad am
winapirobis damtkiceba SeuZlebelia. aseve SeuZlebelia daamtkico, imsaxurebs Tu
ara arsebobas samyaro, romelsac aRweren sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi, aqvs ki
mas raime `arsi~ da aqvs Tu ara azri arsebobas amgvar samyaroSi. amgvari kiTxvebi
ar Cndeba.
an
aiReT
mecnieruli
TvalsazrisiT
praqtikuli
xelovneba,
rogoricaa
Tanamedrove medicina. Tu trivialurad aRvwerT, samedicino moRvaweobis sazogado
`winapiroba~ mdgomareobs debulebaSi, rom aucilebelia cxovrebis< rogorc
aseTis ubralod SenarCuneba. Tavad es amocana ki problematuria. mis xelT
arsebuli saSualebebiT, eqimi amxnevebs da Zalas hmatebs avadmyofs, romelic
sasikvdilod aris avad da es im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu avadmyofi mas cxovrebisgan
gaTavisuflebas sTxovs, Tu axloblebisTvis avadmyofma dakarga Rirebuleba da
maT ar ZaluZT misi mxardaWera, da romeltac surT da unda surdeT amgvari
avadmyofis sikvdili imis miuxedavad, utydebisn sakuTar Tavs amaSi Tu ara.
mxolod medicinis winapirobebi da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi uSlis xels eqims
uari Tqvas sasikvdilo avadmyofis mxardaWeraze? aris ki cxovreba Rirebuli da
rodis? am kiTxvas medicina ar svams. yvela sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba gvaZlevs
pasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu ra unda vakeToT, Tu gvsurs teqnikurad davipyroT cxovreba.
magram, gvsurs ki es Cven da unda gavakeToT Tu ara es, aqvs Tu ara mas, saboloo
jamSi, raime azri _ amgvar kiTxvebs is upasuxod tovebs, an aRiqvams mas, rogorc
winapirobas sakuTari miznebisTvis.
an aireT iseTi disciplina, rogoricaa xelovnebaTmcodneoba. esTetikosisTvis
calsaxaa, rom arsebobs xelovnebis nimuSebi. is cdilobs ganazogados, Tu ra
pirobebSi aqvs am faqts adgili. magram is ar svams kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, xom ar
aris xelovnebis samefo eSmakiseuli sidiadis samefo, romelic Tavisi siRrmiT
RmerTis winaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, da adamianTa winaaRmdegad. esTetika ar svams
kiTxvas, unda arsebobdes Tu ara xelovnebis nimuSi.
an aiReT iurisprudencia. is adgens, Tu ra aris mniSvnelovani: iuridiuli
azrovnebis wesebis Sesabamisad, nawilobriv iZulebiT logikuri, nawilobriv
konvencionalurad mocemul sqemebTan dakavSirebuli; Sesabamisad, samarTlebrivi
principebi da maTi axsnis garkveuli meTodebi winaswar aris aRiarebuli, rogorc
aucilebeli. unda arsebobdes Tu ara samarTali da unda iyos Tu ara swored es
wesebi dadgenili _ amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxs iurisprudencia ar iZleva. mas
SeuZlia mxolod miuTiTos: Tu surT konkretuli Sedegi, maSin romeliRac
samarTlebrivi principi aris misi miRwevis saukeTeso saSualeba.
an aiReT istoriuli mecnierebebi kulturaze. isini gvaswavlian gavigoT
kulturis politikuri, mxatvruli, literaturuli da socialuri movlenebi, maTi
warmoSobisda mixedviT. magram Tavad isini ar gvTavazoben pasuxs kiTxvaze, aris
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Tu ara Rirebuli kulturis es movlenebi da unda iarsebon Tu ara maT momavalSi;

saWiroa Tu ara maT Sesaswavlad Zalisxmevis daxarjva, arc am kiTxvaze
gvTavazobs is pasuxs. isini ubralod gvaZleven Sanss viyoT darwmunebulni, rom
`kulturul adamianTa~ sazogadoebaSi amgvarad monawileoba, sainteresoa.
Tumca, `mecnierulad~ imis damtkiceba, rom es namdvilad asea, kulturis
mecnierebebs ar SeuZlia; xolo is, rom isini mocemul faqts iReben rogorc
winapirobas, sulac ar amtkicebs, rom es yvelaferi TavisTavad igulisxmeba.
modiT visaubroT CvenTvis ufro axlo disciplinebze _ sociologiaze, istoriaze,
politekonomiasa da saxelmwifos Teoriaze, aseve kulturis filosofiis im
saxeebze, romlebic miznad CamoTvlili disciplinebis axsnas isaxaven. arsebobs
mosazreba, da me mas viziareb, rom politikis adgili auditoriaSi ar aris.
studentebi auditoriaSi politikiT ar unda iyvnen dakavebulni. magaliTad, Cemi
yofili kolegis ditrix Seferis auditoriaSi berlinSi pacienturad ganwyobili
studentebi kaTedras alyas Semoartyamdnen da xmaurs daiwyebdnen, me am movlenas
iseTive primitiuls vuwodebdi, rogorc imas, rasac antipacifisturad ganwyobili
studentebi akeTebdnen profesor fiorsteris auditoriaSi, romlis ideebsac me
srulebiTac ar viziareb.
Tumca, politikiT auditoriaSi arc pedagogi ar unda iyos dakavebuli. da
miTumetes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu politika misi mecnieruli Seswavlis sagania.
radganac, praqtikulad, politikuri ganwyoba da politikur warmonaqmnTa da
partiul poziciaTa mecnieruli analizi, es ori gansxvavebuli ram aris. rodesac
demokratiaze
saxalxo
krebaze
saubroben,
maSin
sakuTar
pozicias
ar
asaidumloeben;
sakuTari
poziciis
Riad
dafiqsireba
aq
arasasiamovno
valdebuleba da movaleobaa. sityvebi, romelsac am dros iyeneben, aris ara
mecnieruli analizis saSualeba, aramed politikur momxreTa daverbovkebis
saSualeba. sityvebi aq warmoadgens brZolis saSualebas, xmals, romelic
mowinaaRmdegis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli. piriqiT, leqciaze an auditoriaSi
amgvari sityvebis gamoyeneba danaSauli iqneboda. Tu magaliTad `demokratiazea~
saubari, aucilebelia aq gansxvavebuli formebis warmodgena, maTi funqcionirebis
gaanalizeba, imis dadgena, Tu ra sasicocxlo kavSiri aqvs ama Tu im formas;
Semdeg SesaZlebelia misi politikuri wesrigis sxva, arademokratiul formebTan
Sedareba da swrafva, rom msmenelma, met-naklebad ipovos iseTi punqti,
romlidanac is gamova da daikavebs sakuTar pozicias sakuTari idealebis
Sesabamisad. Tumca, WeSmariti `mwvrTneli~ ar Seecdeba msmenels kaTedridan esa
Tu is pozicia moaxvios Tavs, iqneba es pirdapiri Tu STagonebis gziT, radganac
yvelaze arasworia xerxi, rodesac `gaiZuleben isaubro faqtebze~.
ratom ar unda gavakeToT es? me vuSveb imas, rom zogierTi Cemi kolega amgvar
TviTSezRudvas SeuZleblad miiCnevs, da is SesaZlebeli rom yofiliyo, misgan
gaqceva ubralod kaprizi iqneboda. cxadia, veravis daumtkiceb mecnierulad, Tu
raSi mdgomareobs misi, rogorc akademiuri pedagogis valdebuleba. SeiZleba mas
mxolod inteleqtualuri faqtebis, sagnebis maTematikuri an logikuri arsebobis,
an kulturuli Rirebulebis Sinagani struqturis dadgena erTi mxriv, da meore
mxriv _ pasuxi kiTxvaze, romelic kulturis Rirebulebebsa da mis calkeul
warmonaqmnebs exeba, Sesabamisad kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda imoqmedo
87

kulturisa
da
politikuri
kavSirebis
farglebSi,
ori
absoluturad
gansxvavebuli problemaa.
Tu is amis Semdegac ikiTxavs, Tu ratom ar unda imsjelos man am problemebze
auditoriaSi, mas unda vupasuxoT: saswavlo auditoriaSi demagogebisa da
winaswarmetyvelTa adgili ar aris. winaswarmetyvelsa da demagogs uTxres: `gadi
quCaSi da isaubre Riad~. es niSnavs: wadi iq, sadac kritika SesaZlebelia.
auditoriaSi pedagogi zis msmenelTa winaSe: isini Cumad unda iyvnen, man ki unda
isaubros. da vTvli, rom upasuxismgeblobaa isargeblo imiT, rom studentebi,
sakuTari momavlis gamo, unda daeswron padagogTa leqciebs da rom iq ar aris
aravin, vinc kritikiT SeZlebda gamosvlas mis winaaRmdeg; upasuxismgeblobaa
isargeblo sakuTari codniTa da mecnieruli gamocdilebiT ara imisTvis, rom
sargebeli moutano msmenels _ raSic mdgomareobs kidev pedagogis amocana _
aramed gamoiyeno auditoria sakuTari politikuri SexedulebebisTvis.
ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia adgili hqondes iseT SemTxvevasac, rodesac adamiani
sakuTar subieqtur Sexedulebebze uars srulad ver ambobs. maSin is xdeba
umwvavesi kritikis obieqti, romelsac misive sindisi sTavazobs. Tumca, mocemuli
SemTxveva jerjerobiT arafers ar amtkicebs, radganac SesaZlebelia sxva,
faqtobriv Secdomebs hqondes adgili, da mainc, isini ar aris Cveneba
valdebulebis winaaRmdeg, valdebuleba ki WeSmaritebis ZiebaSia. me uarvyof
subieqtur Sexedulebebs wminda mecnieruli interesebidan gamomdinare. me mzad
var Cveni istorikosebis namuSevrebSi vipovo imis dadastureba, rom iq, sadac
adamiani mecnieri modis sakuTari RirebulebiTi msjelobiT, adgili faqtebis
srul gagebas ar aqvs. (gv. 723) magram es dRevandeli Temis farglebs scildeba da
xangrZliv msjelobas moiTxovs.
me ssvam erTaderT kiTxvas: rogor SeuZliaT, erTi mxriv, morwmune kaTalikossa da
meore mxriv, masons, romlebic eklesiisa da saxelmwifos formebis Sesaxeb ismenen
leqcias, mividnen mocemul saganTa msgavs Sefasebamde? es SeuZlebelia. da mainc,
akademiur pedagogs unda hqondes survili, sakuTari codniTa da meTodiT
sargebeli moutanos rogorc erTs, aseve meores. man sakuTar Tavs aseTi moTxovna
unda wauyenos. Tqven SeiZleba ar dameTanxmoT da samarTlianadac: morwmune
kaToloki arasdros gaiziarebs faqtebis im gagebas, romelic qristianobis
warmoSobas exeba da romelsac mas dogmaturi winapirobebisgan Tavisufali
pedagogi SesTavazebs. cxadia! magram mecniereba rwmenisgan SemdegiT gansxvavdeba:
religiur
CarCoebSi
moqcevis
aucileblobisgan
Tavisufali
mecniereba
religiurad ar aRiarebs `saswaulsa~ da `gulwrfelobas~, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
is sakuTari `winapirobebis~ erTguli ver iqneba. morwmune aRiarebs rogorc
saswauls, ise gulwrfelobas. da amgvari, winapirobebisgan Tavisufali mecniereba
misgan iTxovs erTaderTs: aRiaros, rom mocemul movlenaTa ganvitarebis axsna
SesaZlebelia mxolod ise, rogorc amas mecniereba cdilobs da ar dauSvas
zebunebrivis arseboba, rasac empiriuli axsna gamoricxavs. magram amis aRiareba
morwmunes SeuZlia ise, rom ar uralatos sakuTar rwmenas.
magram aqvs ki mecnierul miRwevebs raime azri misTvis, visTvisac faqtebi, rogorc
aseTi, umniSvneloa, da mniSvnelovania mxolod praqtikuli pozicia? albaT, mainc
mniSvnelovania.
88

dasawyisisTvis aseT arguments warmovadgen. Tu pedagogs aqvs unari, misi

upirvelesi amocanaa aswavlos moswavleebs aRiaron arakomfortuli faqtebi,
gulisxmobs arakomfortuls partiuli poziciidan; yvela partiul poziciaSi, maT
Soris CemSic, arsebobs aseTi arakomfortuli faqti. vfiqrob, am SemTxvevaSi
akademiuri pedagogi aiZulebs sakutar msmenelebs mieCvion imas, rom is sCadis
raRac ufro mets, vidre inteleqtualur aqts, uflebas mivcem Tavs da viqnebi
araTavmdabali da gamoviyeneb frazas `zneobrivi aqti~, miuxedavad imisa, rom es
ukanaskneli ZeiZleba Zalian paTetikurad JRerdes aseTi ubralo da TavisTavad
cxadi saqmisTvis.
am dromde vsaubrobdi mxolod praqtikul safuZvlebze, ris gamoc piradi
poziciis Tavsmoxvevisgan Tavi unda SevikavoT. Tumca es yvelaferi ar aris.
praqtikuli poziciis `mecnieruli~ gamarTlebis SeuZlebloba _ im SemTxvevis
garda, rodesac winaswar gansazRvruli miznis miRwevis saSualebebze msjeloben _
ufro Rrma safuZvlebidan gamomdinareobs. amgvari gamarTlebisken swrafva
principulad
azrs
aris
moklebuli,
radganac
samyaros
gansxvavebuli
RirebulebiTi skalebi erTmaneTTa mourigebel brZolaSi arian CarTulni. batonma
milma _ mis filosofias ver Sevaqeb, Tumca aq is marTali iyo, _ erTxel Tqva: Tu
wminda gamocdilebidan gamoxval, poliTeizmamde mixval. pirdapir aris naTqvami
da paradoqsulad JRers, magram sworia. dRes Cven kargad mogvexseneba, rom wminda
SeiZleba araCveulebrivad kargi arc iyos, metic, is wmindaa swored imitom da
imdenad, ramdenadac araCveulebrivad kargi ar aris. Cven amis magalitebs isaiis 53e tavsa da 21-e fsalmunSi aRmovaCenT???. Cven aseve viciT, rom araCveulebrivad
kargi SesaZloa keTili arc iyos da is araCveulebrivia swored imitom, rom
keTili ar aris; es CvenTvis nicSes droidan aris cnobili, ufro adre ki amgvar
mosazrebas Tqven aRmoaCenT `borotebis yvavilebSi~ _ swored ase uwoda bodlerma
sakutari leqsebis tomeuls. da ukve moaruli sibrZnea is, rom weSmariti SesaZloa
ar iyos araCveulebrivad kargi da raRac WeSmaritebaa swored imdenad, ramdenadac
is arc araCveulebrivia, arc keTili da arc wminda.
magram es aris RmerTebis brZolis, RirebulebaTa SeuTavseblobis yvelaze
elementaruli SemTxvevebi. rogor warmoudgeniaT `mecnieruli~ arCevanis gakeTeba
frangul Rirebulebasa da germanul kulturas Soris, ar vici. aqvea
gansxvavebuli RmerTebisa da demonebis brZola: zustad ise, rogorc elins
mohqonda msxverpli afroditasTvis, Semdeg apolonisTvis da upirvelesad
sakuTari qalaqis yvela RmerTisaTvis, es dResac grZeldeba, mxolod moqmedebis
mocemuli miTiuri tipis mojadoebis gareSe, aramed Signidan, WeSmariti plastikiT
Sesrulebuli. am RmerTebsa da maT brZolas ki marTavs bediswera da ara
`mecniereba~. ubralod unda gaverkveT imaSi, Tu ra aris RvTaebrivi erTisTvis da
ra meoresTvis, an rogor gvevlineba is an erT, an meore SemTxvevaSi. magram amiT
sruldeba auditoriaSi profesoris mier am sakiTxis ganxilva _ es ukanaskneli,
cxadia, ar niSnavs, rom amiT es Zalian seriozuli problemas cruldeba.
ubralod, aq ukve sityva ara sauniversiteto kaTedrebs, aramed sxva Zalebs rCebaT.
vin gabedavs `mecnierulad uaryos~ magalitad mTis qadagebis eTika, magaliTad
`borotebisTvis winaaRmdegobis argawevis~ mcnebisa an marcxena loyaSi silis
miRebis SemTxvevaSi marjvena loyis SeSverisa? TumcaRa mainc cxadia, rom aq, Tu
amas saero poziciidan SevxedavT, qadageben eTikas, romelic sakuTari Rirsebis
89

SegrZnebaze uaris Tqmas qadagebs. unda gavakeToT arCevani religiur Rirsebasa,

romelsac es eTika gvaZlevs, da mamakacur Rirsebas Soris, romlis eTikac
sruliad sxva rames qadagebs: `ebrZole borotebas, sxvagvarad mogviwevs
pasuxismgeblobis sakutari wilis atreba, Tu is gaimarjvebs~. individis saboloo
Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare, aqedan erT-erTi eTikuri pozicia eSmakiseulia,
meore ki _ RvTisgan modis, da individma unda gadawyvitos, vin aris misTvis
RmerTi da vin eSmaki. da swored aseTi viTarebaa cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.
cxovrebis
meTodur-eTikuri
wesis
racionalizmma,
romliTac
nebismieri
religiuri, gamsWvaluli, es yvelaferi erTis sasargeblod gadawyvita, Semdeg ki,
gare da Sida cxovrebis realobebis winaSe iZulebuli gaxda relativizmi
Semoetana da im kompromisebze wasuliyo, romlebic CvenTvis qristianobis
istoriidan aris cnobili.
magram dRes es religiur `yoveldRiurobad~ aris qceuli. mravalricxovani
uZvelesi RmerTebi, romelTac sakuTari xibli dakarges da upirovno Zalis saxe
miiRes, gamodian Crdilidan da cdiloben Cveni cxovrebiT daisakuTron da kvlav
iwyeben mudmiv brZolas erTmaneTs Soris. magram, rac Tanamedrove adamians
yvelaze metad uWirs is aris, rom iyos am yoveldRiurobis Sesabamisi. yovelgvari
`gancdebze~ gamokideba am sisustidan aRmocendeba. radganac uunaroba TvalebSi
Caxedo bedisweras, drois bedisweras, aris kidec sisuste.
Tumca, Cveni kulturis bediswera imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven yvelani kvlav
aSkarad vacnobierebT mas da es maSin, rodesac aTaswleulis manZilze,
qristianuli eTikis paTosiT gamsWvalulni, Cven am Zalebs ver vamCnevdiT. Tumca,
am sakiTxebze msjeloba sakmarisia, radganac mas Zalian Sors mivyavarT. magram is
axalgazrdebi, romlebic ityvian, _ Cven davdivarT leqciaze, raTa ganvicadoT
raRac ufro meti, vidre mxolod analizi da faqtebis konstatacia~, _ SecdomaSi
Sedian, rodesac profesorSi cdiloben ara imis danaxvas, rasac is Tavad xedavs:
belads, da ara maswavlebels. magram Cven kaTedraze wardgenilebi varT, mxolod
rogorc maswavleblebi. es ori gansxvavebuli ramaa, raSic darwmuneba martivia.
amerikaSi aseT rames xSirad SeiZleba SexvdeT Tavisi uxeSi gamovlinebiT.
amerikeli biWi evropelTan SedarebiT saocrad cotas swavlobs. miuxedavad
gamocdilebis didi odenobisa, is Tavisi swavlis goniT jer kidev ver gaxda
`gamocdis adamiani~, rogorc es germanelma biWunam moaxerxa. radganac
biurokratia, romelsac diplomi sWirdeba, romelic afiqsirebs gamocdis Sedegebs
da visTvisac diplomi adamianur karieraSi SeRwvis bileTia, iq jer kidev Casaxvis
stadiaSia. axalgazrda amerikeli gansakuTrebul pativs arc aravis da arc
arafers ar cems: arc tradicias, arc samsaxurs; is pativs mxolod sakuTar, pirad
Rvawls scems _ ai, es aris amerikeli da amas `demokratias~ eZaxis. rogori
damaxinjebulic ar unda iyos realobis damokidebuleba amgvari ideuri Sinaarsis
mimarT, ideuri Sinaarsi swored aseTia da aq Cven amaze vsaubrobT. sakuTar
pedagogze amerikel biWunas sruliad garkveuli warmodgena aqvs: mamaCemis fuli
sanacvlod is Cemze yidis sakuTar codnas da meTodur principebs zustad ise,
rogorc bostneuliT movaWre, romlisganac deda kombostos yidulobs. da morCa.
Tumca, Tu maswavlebeli, magaliTad fexburTelia, am sferoSi is beladis
statusiT gamodis. magram Tu is aseTi (an raRac amgvari sportis sxva saxeobaSi)
ar aris, maSin is mxolod maswavlebelia da sxva araferi, da axalgazrda
90

amerikels azradac ar mouva iyidos misgan `msoflmxedveloba~ an wesebi,

romlebiTac cxovrebaSi unda ixelmZRvanelo. cxadia, amgvar mkacr formebze Cven
uars vacxadebT. magram gana amgvar, Cems mier ganageb daZabul viTarebaSia
WeSmaritebis marcvali?
studentebi modian CvenTan leqciebze, iTxoven Cvengan raRacas, rogorc
beladisgan, da ver xvdebian, rom asi profesoridan sul mcire 99 fexburTis
sferoSi ara mxolod ostatebi ar arian, aramed arc aqvT arc amis pretenzia da
arc imisa, rom `beladebi~ iyvnen, romlebic miuTiTeben studentebs, Tu rogor
unda icxovron. adamianis Rirebuleba imaze rodia damokidebuli, aqvs Tu ara mas
beladis Tvisebebi. da namdvilad ar aqcevs adamians gansakuTrebul mecnierad da
akademiur pedagogad is Tvisebebi, romlebic mas aqcevs beladad praqtikul
cxovrebaSi, ufro zustad ki, politikaSi. Tu vinme am Tvisebasac flobs, maSin
Cven saqme gvaqvs wminda wylis SemTxveviTobasTan da Zalian saSiSia, Tu yvela,
vinc kaTedrazea iZulebulia iyos aseTi. kidev ufro saxifaToa, Tu yvela
profesori Seecdeba auditoriis winaSe beladis rolSi wardges. radganac isini,
vinc Tvlis, rom am rols kargad gaarTmevs Tavs, sulac ar flobs beladis
Tvisebebs, da rac mTavaria _ kaTedraze arsebuli situacia ar iZleva saSualebas
daamtkicon es asea Tu ara. profesori, romelic grZnobs, rom misi mowodebaa
axalgazrdobiT marTva da maT ndobasac imsaxurebs, axalgazrdebTan pirad
urTierTobebSi SeiZleba Zalian axlo adamiani iyos. da Tu is grZnobs, rom unda
msoflmxedvelobaTa da partiul SexedulebaTa brZolaSi CarTva, mas SeuZlia es
saswavlo auditoriis miRma, cxovrebiseul scenaze ganaxorcielon: wreebSi,
Sekrebebze, sadac gnebavT. magram Zalian komfortulia sakuTari mowodebis
demonstrireba iq, sadac sxvebi, maT Soris sxvagvarad moaxzrovnenic, iZulebulni
arian Cumad iyvnen.
dabolos, Tqven SeiZleba ikiTxoT: Tu yvelaferi asea, maSin pozitiurs ras iZleva
mecniereba praqtikuli da piradi `cxovrebisTvis~? amiT Cven kvlav vdgavarT
mecnierebaSi `mowodebis~ problemis winaSe. pirvel rigSi, mecniereba SeimuSavebs
cxovrebiT _ rogorc sagnebiT, aseve adamianebiT _ dauflebis teqnikas gaTvlis
gziT. magram Tqven SeiZleba TqvaT, rom es bostneuliT vaWrobas gavs. geTanxmebiT.
meore, mecniereba gvTavazobs azrovnebis meTodebs, samuSao instrumentebs da
SeimuSavebs maTTan urTierTobis unarebs, rasac bostneuliT vaWroba ver
gvTavazobs. SesaZloa, Tqven TqvaT: magram, mecniereba bostneuli ar aris, magram
arc im saSualebaze metia, romelic bostneulis sayidlad aris saWiro. modiT es
Tema Riad davtovoT. magram amaze mecnierebis saqme, sabedniero, jer kidev ar
sruldeba; Cven SegviZlia Tqven raRac mesamesTan urTierTobaSi SegiwyoT xeli,
kerZod, sicxadis SetanaSi. cxadia, rom is Tavad Cven gagvaCnia.
Cven imis axsna SegviZlia, Tu ramdenad aris es ase. Rirebulebis problemasTan
mimarTebaSi, razec yovelTvis saubroben. SeiZleba gansxvavebuli poziciebi
davikavoT _ simartivisTvis, magaliTad socialuri movlenis aRebas gTavazobT. Tu
garkveul pozicias ikaveben, maSin mecnierebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT
Sesabamisi saSualebac unda gamoiyenon, raTa es pozicia praqtikaSi gatardes. es
saSualebebi SesaZloa TavisTavad iyos iseTi, rom Tqven mas uaryofis Rirsad
miiCnevT. am SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia arCevanis gakeTeba mizansa da misi miRwevis
aucilebel saSualebas Soris. `naTels~ xdis Tu ara es saSualeba mizans?
91

maswavlebelma Tqven amgvari arCevanis aucilebloba unda daganaxon. meti mas

araferi SeuZlia manam, sanam maswavleblad rCeba da jer kidev ar aris demagogi.
mas, cxadia, SeuZlia giTxraT: Tu Tqven gsurT raime mizans miaRwioT, unda miiRoT
Sesabamisi Sedegebic, romelTac, rogorc gamocdileba cxadhyofs, Tan sdevs
miznis misaRwevad saWiro qmedebebi.
yvela es problema SesaZloa teqnikossac Seeqmnas, isic xom xSirad dgas arCevanis
winaSe nakleb borotebasa Tu SedarebiT ukeTes variants Soris. misTvis
mniSvnelovania, rom arsebobdes erTi umTavresi ram _ mizani. magram swored is,
radganac saubaria namdvilad `ukanasknel~ problemebze, Cven ar gvaqvs. amiT Cven
ukanasknel aqtamde mivediT, romelic mecnierebam, rogorc aseTma, unda
ganaxorcielos sicxadis misaRwevad, imavdroulad Cven mivuaxlovdiT Tavad
mecnierebis sazRvrebs.
Cven SegviZlia da unda giTxraT: raRac praqtikuli mignebebi? Sinagani
TanamimdevrulobiT da, Sesabamisad, gulwrfelobiT SesaZloa gaviyvanoT _ maT
gonTan Sesabamisad, _ raRac ukanaskneli msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciidan
(SesaZloa erTi, an meti poziciidan), sxvebidan ki _ SesaZlebelia. Tu Tqven am
debulebas irCevT, maSinTqven, Tu xatovnad vityviT, emsaxurebiT erT RmerTs da
amcirebT yvela sxva RmerTs. radganac, Tu Tqven sakuTari Tavis erTguli rCebiT,
Tqven aucileblad midixarT raRac ukanasknel Sinagan SedegebTan. amis gakeTeba
principSi SesaZlebelia. ukanaskneli debulebebis maT SedegebTan kavSiris
gamovlena _ es filosofiis, rogorc socialuri disciplinisa da sxva
mecnierebebis filosofiuri bazis amocanaa. Tu Cven gvesmis sakuTari saqmis, Cven
SegviZlia vaiZuloT individi _ an davexmaroT mas _ ganWvritos sakutari
qmedebebis saboloo arsi. amgvari amocana Zalianac mniSvnelovnad meCveneba. da Tu
romelime maswavlebeli amis ganxorcielebas SeZlebs, maSin vityodi, rom is
`zneobriv~ Zalebs emsaxureba, radganac sicxade Seaqvs; rom is miT ukeT asrulebs
sakuTar amocanas, rac ufro keTilsindisierad gaeqceva sakuTari azris
msmenelisTvis Tavsmoxvevas.
is, razec aq vsaubrob gamomdinareobs erTi ZiriTadi debulebidan; kerZod, rom
sakuTar Tavze dafuZnebulma da sakuTari TaviTve gasagebma cxovrebam icis
mxolod RmerTebis maradiuli brZola, icis mxolod metad principialuri, ufro
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli poziciebis Seusabamoba da maTi mourigebloba,
Sesabamisad, maT Soris arCevanis gakeTebis aucileblobac. imsaxurebs ki
mecniereba am pirobebSi imas, rom iqces vinmes `mowodebad~, da aqvs Tu ara mas
raime obieqturad Rirebuli `mowodeba~ _ es kvlavac RirebulebiTi mtkicebaa,
romlis ganxilvac auditoriaSi SesaZlebelia, radganac dadebiTi pasuxi masze
aris auditoriaSi mecnierebis winapiroba. piradad me gaveci am kiTxvas dadebiTi
pasuxi sakuTari muSaobiT da dadebiTi pasuxi masze aris aseve winapiroba im
Tvalsazrisisa,
romelsac
iziarebs,
aq
qmnis
iluzias,
rom
iziarebs,
axalgazrdobas sZuls inteleqtualizmi, rogorc eSmaki. da aq samarTliania
sityvebi: `eSmaki moxucia _ daberdiT, raTa mas gaugoT~. es SewinaaRmdegeba unda
gaigoT ara pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, aramed im TvalsazrisiT, rom gsurT ra
gauswordeT eSmaks, ar unda gaiqceT mis danaxvaze, rogorc amas xSirad akeTeben,
aramed gadaxedoT mis mier ganvlil gzas da dainaxoT misi Zala da sazRvrebi.
92

dRes mecniereba aris profesia, romelsac axorcieloeben, rogorc specialur

disciplinas; is emsaxureba TviTSegnebasa da faqtobrivi kavSirebis Semecnebas.
mecniereba ar aris winaswarmetyvelTa gansakuTrebuli niWi, romelsac xsna da
gilwrfeloba moaqvs; is arc brZenTa da filosofosTa samyaros arsis Sesaxeb
gansjis aucilebeli nawilia. es aris aucilebeli mocemuloba Cvens istoriul
situaciaSi, romlisganac ver gamovalT manam, sanam sakuTari Tavis erTgulni
varT.
da Tu CvenSi kvlav tolstoi alaparakdeba da gvkiTxavs _ `Tu ara mecniereba,
maSin ver gagvcems pasuxs kiTxvaze: ra vakeToT, rogor vaSenoT sakuTari
cxovreba?~ _ an dRevandeli eniT _ `erTmaneTTan mebrZoli RmerTebidan, vis unda
vemsaxuroT?~, an, SesaZloa unda vemsaxuroT sxva RmerTs da vin aris is? _ maSin
unda vTqvaT: amaze pasuxs mxolod winaswarmetyveli an gadamrCeni gascems. Tu is
ar arsebobs, an misi aRar sjeraT, maSin Tqven verafers ver miaRwevT imiT, rom
aTasobiT profesori, romelsac xelfass saxelmwifo uxdis, an auditoriaSi myofi
winaswarmetyveli am rolis morgebas cdilobs. amiT Tqven mxolod xels uSliT
imis gacnobierebas, rom ar arsebobs winaswarmetyveli, romlis aryofnasac
axalgazrda Taobis bevri warmomadgeneli ganicdis. vfiqrob, religiuri
TvalsazrisiT namdvilad `musikalur~ adamians ar gamoadgeba, Tu misganac
damalaven im ZiriTad faqts, rom misi bedi _ RvTisgan miviwyebul epoqaSi
cxovrebaa; Tu am garemoebas damalaven, kaTedrebis warmomadgenelTa msgavsi
surogatis
daxmarebiT.
mgonia,
rom
amis
winaaRmdeg
misma
religiurma
gulwrfelobam unda gailaSqros.
magram rogori damokidebuleba unda gvqobdes `Teologiis~ arsebobisa da
`mecnierebad~ yofnis pretenziaze? sjobs gverdi ar avuaroT am pasuxs.
`Teologia~ da `dogmebi~, marTalia arsebobs ara yvela religiaSi, magram is
mxolod qristianobaSic ar aris warmodgenili. Tu warsuls davubrundebiT,
SesaZloa maT sakmaod ganviTarebul formebs islamSic, sufinizmSi, parsizmSi,
budizmSi, induistur seqtebSi, daosizmSi, iudaizmSic SevxvdeT. Tumca, cxadia maT
gansxvavebuli sistemuri ganviTareba hpoves. da ar aris SemTxveviTi is faqti, rom
dasavluri qristianoba iudaizmis sawinaaRmdegod Seiqmna. Tumca, ganviTarebas
qristianobaSi meti istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda. amas safuZveli elinurma
sulma Cauyara da dasavleTis mTeli Teologia zustad ise midis iqamde, rogorc
aRmosavluri Teologia _ indur azrovnebamde.
nebismieri
Tologia
religiuri
xsnis
inteleqtualur
racionalizacias
warmoadgens. verc erTi mecniereba ver daumtkicebs sakutar Rirebulebas mas, vinc
mis winapirobebs uaryofs. principSi, sakuTari rolis Sesasruleblad da
sakuTari arsebobis gasamarTleblad nebismieri Teologia amatebs specifikur
winapirobebs. maT aqvT gansxvavebuli azri da gansxvavebuli moculoba. nebismieri
TeologiisTvis, maTSoris induisturisTvisac, ZalaSi rCeba winamZRvari: samyaros
unda hqondes azri, da misTvis ismis kiTxva, rogor gavigoT samyaro, raTa misi
arsi gavigoT.
kanti Semecnebis TeoriaSi Semdegi debulebidan amodioda: mecnieruli WeSmariteba
arsebobs da mas aqvs Zala, Semdeg ki svamda kiTxvas: ra azrobriv winapirobaSi
aqvs azri amgvar mtkicebas? zustad aseve Tanamedrove esTetikosebi amodian
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winamZRvridan, rom arsebobs xelovnebis nawarmoebi, Semdeg ki svams kiTxvas: da

mainc, rogor aris es SesaZlebeli?
Tumca, Teologebi, rogorc wesi ar kmayofildebian amgvari (arsebiTad, religiurfsiqologiuri) winamZRvriT, aramed amodian ufro Sors mimavali wanamZRvridan _
`gulwrfelobis~ rwmenidan, rac ase mniSvnelovania xsnisTvis. isini uSveben, rom
garkveul mdgomareobas da cxovrebis wess, aqvs siwmindis Tvisebebi.
Tqven isev mkiTxavT: rogor avxsnaT wanamZRvrebi, romlebic unda miviRoT, raTa
mas hqondes raime azri? Tavad aseTi wanamZRvrebi TeologiisTvis `mecnierebis~
meore mxaresaa. isini aris ara `codna~ Cveulebrivi azriT, aramed _ erTgvari
`monapovari~. visac ar aqvs rwmena an sxva ram, rac aucilebelia religiisTvis,
misTvis Teologia verafers ver Secvlis. miTumetes, verc erTi sxva mecniereba.
piriqiT, nebismier `pozitiur~ TeologiaSi morwmune aRwevs im punqts, sadac
avgustinis debulebas _ Credo non quid, sed quia absurdum est3 sakuTari Zala aqvs.
`inteleqtis msxverplad Sewirvis~ mitanis virtuozuli aqti aris pozitiurreligiuri adamianis mTavari niSani. da es imaze metyvelebs, rom RirebulebiTi
daZabulobis moxsna mecnierebisa da religiis sferoebs Soris SeuZlebelia,
miuxedavad Teologiis arsebobisa (SesaZloa, swored misi wyalobiTac).
`inteleqts msxverplad~ Cveulebriv wiraven: ymawvili _ winaswarmetyvels,
morwmune _ eklesias. jer arasdros warmoqnila axali winaswarmetyveleba imis
gamo, rom zogierTi Tanamedrove inteleqtuali ganicdis moTxovnilebas
antikvaruli nivTebi ganaTavsos sulSi, romelTa namdviloba garantirebuli
iqneboda, da am yvelaferTan erTad ixseneben, rom maT Soris religiac iyo;
marTalia, es maT ar aqvT, magram ageben mas, rTaven xatebiT, an gancdebisgan qmnian
surogats, romelsac mastiuris Rirsebebs miaweren da romliTac wignis bazarze
vaWroben. es an sakuTari Tavis motyuebaa an TaRliToba. piriqiT, ara TaRliTobasa
da motyuebas aqvs adgili maSin, rodesac zogierTi axalgazrduli kavSiri
sakutar erTobaSi religiur, kosmiur an mistiur erTobas xedavs. WeSmariti Zmobis
nebismier aqts samefoSi Seaqvs raRac iseTi, rac saukunod daeCeba; magram me eWviT
vuyureb swrafvas aamaRlo wminda adamianuri urTierTobebi da adamianuri erToba
religiuri gansjebiTa da interpretaciebiT. Tumca aq am sakiTxis ganxilvis dro
ar aris.
Cveni
epoqis
bedi,
misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
racionalizaciiTa
da
inteleqtualizaciiT, aseve samyarosTvis jadosnuri niSnebis moxsna imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom maRali keTilSobili Rirebulebebi an mastiuri cxovrebis
miRmur samefoSi, an calkeuli individebis uSualo urTierTobis siaxlove
sazogadoebrivi sferodan gavida. SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqti, rom Cveni maRali
xelovneba intimuria da ara monumenturi; Tu SevecdebiT monumenturi xelovneba
ZaliT SeviyvaroT an `gamovigonoT~ mas, maSin miviRebT bevri Zeglis dar Zalian
usaxursa da uSno rames. Tu SemoviRebT axal religiur qmnilebebs siaxlis,
WeSmariti winaswarmetyvelebis gareSe, maSin gaCndeba raRac Tavisi SinaarsiT
msgavsi, magram uaresi ram da winaswarmetyveleba kaTedrebze, saboloo jamSi
Seqmnis mxolod fantastikur seqtebs. magram verasdros Seqmnis WeSmarit erTobebs.
is, vinc vaJkacurad ver gadaitans epoqis am beds, mas unda vuTxraT: sjobs, is
Cumad, sazogado reklamis gareSe, ubralod dabrundes Zveli eklesiis
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wiaRSi. amis gakeTeba ki rTuli ar aris. man, asea Tu ise, msxverplad sakuTari
`inteleqti~ mainc unda miitanos _ es gardauvalia. da Cven ar davzraxavT, Tu mas
amis gakeTeba realurad SeuZlia. radganac unari, religias msxverplad Seswiro
sakuTari inteleqti, aris raRac gansxvavebuli zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT, vidre
mcdeloba Tavi aarido movaleobas iyo keTilsindisieri inteleqtuali, rac maSin
xdeba, rodesac ar SeuZliaT vaJkacurad da naTlad daafiqsiron sakuTari
saboloo pozicia, aramed amsubuqeben am movaleobis Sesrulebas martivi
relativizmiT. es pozicia ufro maRal Rirebulebad mimaCnia, vidre kaTedris
winaswarmetyveleba, romelic ver xvdeba, rom auditoriis kedlebSi araviTar
keTilismqnels, garda erTisa, azri ar aqvs. is erTi winaswarmetyveleba ki ubralo
inteleqtualur gulwrfelobas niSnavs. magram aseTi gulwrfeloba moiTxovs
vTqvaT, rom dRes maTi mdgomareoba, vinc axal winaswarmetyvelsa da mxsnels
erT-erT
elodeba,
Zalian
hgavs
maT
mdgomareobas,
viszec
isais?4
winaswarmetyvelebaSia saubari; saubaria im periodis edemis baRis darajis erT
lamaz simReraze, romelic ebraelebis gandevnisas msaxurobda: `seiradan meZaxian:
daraji~ ramdeni Rame? daraji! ramdeni Rame? daraji pasuxobs: axlovdeba dila,
magram jer kidev Ramea. da Tu mainc kiTxulobs, mommarTeT da mobrZandiT~.
xalxi, romelsac es sityvebi ekuTvnoda, kiTxvas svamda da ori aTasi wlis
manZilze elodeboda, da Cven viciT misi araCveulebrivi bedis Sesaxeb. aqedan
gakveTili: mxolod molodiniTa da sevdiT verafers gaxdebi, aucilebelia
moqmedeba gansxvavebulad _ unda mimarTo sakuTar saqmes da Seesabamebode `drois
moTxovnas~ _ rogorc adamianuri, aseve profesiuli TvalsazrisiT. mocemuli
moTxovna ki iyo martivi da cxadi, Tu yvela ipovis sakuTar demons da iqneba
morCili demonisa, romelic mis cxovrebas qargavs.

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