Math 2nd Year Complete

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Exercise 1.1
Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Merging man and maths
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Function and Limits

Concept of Functions:
Historically, the term function was first used by German
mathematician Leibnitz (1646-1716) in 1673 to denote the dependence of one quantity on
another e.g.
x
1)
The area A of a square of side x is given by the formula A=x2.
As area depends on its side x, so we say that A is a function of x.
2)
The area A of a circular disc of radius r is given by the formula
A= r2 As area depends on its radius r, so we say that A is a function of r.
r
3)
The volume V of a sphere of radius r is given by the formula
4
V= r 3 . As volume V of a sphere depends on its radius r, so we say that
3
V is a function of r.
The Swiss mathematician, Leonard Euler conceived the idea of denoting function
written as y=f(x) and read as y is equal to f of x. f(x) is called the value of f at x or image
of x under f .
The variable x is called independent variable and the variable y is called
dependent variable of f.
If x and y are real numbers then f is called real valued function of real numbers.
Domain of the function:
If the independent variable of a function is restricted to lie
in some set, then this set is called the domain of the function e.g.
Dom of f = {0 x 5}
Range of the function:
The set of all possible values of f(x) as x varies over the
domain of f is called the range of f e.g. y = 100 4x2.
As x varies over the domain [0,5] the values of y = 100 4x2 vary between y=0 (when
x=5) and y = 100 (when x=0)
Range of f = {0 y 100}
Definition:
A function is a rule by which we relate two sets A and B (say) in such a
way that each element of A is assigned with one and only one element of B. For example
is a function from A to B.
2
its Domain = {1,2,3} and Range = {4,5}
1
4
2
5
3
In general:
A function f from a set X to a set Y is a rule that assigns to each
element x in X one and only one element y in Y.(a unique element y in Y)
y=f(x)
(f is function from X to Y)
If an element y, of Y is associated with an element x, of X, then we write y=f (x) &read
as y is equal to f of x. Here f(x) is called image of f at x or value of f at x .
Or if a quantity y depends on a quantity x in such a way that each value of x determines

exactly one value of y. Then we say that y is a function of x.
The set x is called Domain of f . The set of corresponding elements y in y is called
Range of f . we say that y is a function of x.
Exercise 1.1
Q1. (a)
Given that f(x) = x2 x
i.
f(-2) = (-2)2 (-2) = 4 + 2 =6
ii.
f(0) = (0)2 (0) = 0
iii.
f(x-1) = (x-1)2 (x-1) = x2 2x + 1 x + 1 = x2 3x + 2
iv.
f(x2+4) = (x2+4)2 - (x2+4) = x4 + 8x2 + 16 x2 4 = x4 + 7x2 + 12
(b)
Given that f ( x) = x + 4
Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
i ) f (2) = 2 + 4 = 2
ii ) f (0) = 0 + 4 = 4 = 2
iii ) f ( x 1) = x 1 + 4 = x + 3
iv) f ( x 2 + 4) = x 2 + 4 + 4 = x 2 + 8
Q 2.
Given that
i)
f ( x) = 6 x 9
f ( a + h) = 6( a + h) 9 = 6a + 6h 9
f ( a ) = 6a 9
f ( a + h) f ( a) (6a + 6h 9) (6a 9)
Now
=
h
h
6a + 6h 9 6a + 9 6h
=
=
=6
h
h
ii )
f ( x) = sin x given
+ +
sin sin = 2 cos
sin
2 2
f ( a + h) = sin( a + h) and
f ( a ) = sin a
Now
f ( a + h) f ( a) sin( a + h) sin a
=
h
h
1
[sin(a + h) sin a ]
h
1
a + h + a a + h a 1
2a + h h
= 2 cos
sin
= 2 cos
sin
h
2
2

h
2 2
h h
1
2a h h 2
2 cos
+ sin = cos a + sin
h
2 2
2 2 2 h
Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
4
iii)
Given that
f ( x) = x 3 + 2 x 2 1
f (a + h ) = ( a + h)3 + 2( a + h) 2 1 = a 3 + h 3 + 3ah(a + h ) + 2( a 2 + 2ah + h 2 ) 1

= a 3 + h3 + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + 2a 2 + 4ah + 2h 2 1
f ( a ) = a 3 + 2a 2 1
Now f (a + h) f ( a)
a 3 + h 3 + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + 2a 2 + 4ah + 2h 2 1 ( a 3 + 2a 2 1)
h
1
= a 3 + h3 + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + 2a 2 + 4ah + 2h 2 1 a 3 2a 2 + 1
h
1
h
= h 3 + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + 4ah + 2h 2 = h 2 + 3a 2 + 3ah + 4a + 2h
h
h
2
2
2
= h + 3a + 3ah + 4a + 2h = h + 3ah + 2h + 3a 2 + 4 a = h 2 + (3a + 2) h + 3a 2 + 4a
iv)
Given that
f ( x) = cos x
so
f ( a + h) = cos(a + h)
and
f ( a ) = cos a
f ( a + h) f ( a )
Now
h
cos(a + h) cos a 1
h h
2 a + h h 2
=
= 2 sin
sin a + sin
sin =
h
h
2 2
2 2 h
Q3.
(a)
If x unit be the side of square.
Then its perimeter P = x+ x+ x + x = 4x
..
2
A = Area = x . x = x
(2)
putting in (1)
From (2) x = A
P=4 A
P is expressed as Area
(b)
Let x units be the radius of circle
..
Then Area = A = x 2
Circumference = C = 2 x ..
C
From (2)
x=
Putting in (1)
2
2
c2 c2
c
2 =
A=
=
2
4 4
A=
c2
4
(1)
x
(1)
(2)
Q Area is a function of Circumference

x
(c)
Let x unit be each side of cube.
The Volume of Cube = x . x . x = x3
..
Area of base = A = x2
..
From (2)
x= A
Putting in (1)
Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
(1)
(2)
V=
( A ) = ( A)
3
5
3
Q5.
f ( x) = x 3 ax 2 + bx + 1
If
f ( 2) = 3
Q6.
(a )
f (1) = 0
and
(2) a (2) + b (2) + 1 = 3

8 4a + 2b + 1 = 3
9 4a + 2b = 3
12 4a + 2b = 0
Dividing by 2
6 + 2a b = 0 .......... ....... (1)
Solving (1) and ( 2)
2a b 6 = 0
a+ b = 0
= 0
3a 6
a = 2 and (2) b = a
3
(1) 3 a ( 1) 2 + ( 1) + 1 = 0
1 a b + 1 = 0
a b = 0
a+b = 0
................. (2)
b = 2
h( x) = 40 10 x 2
x = 1sec
h(1) = 40 10(1) 2
= 30m
(b)
x = 1.5 sec
h(1.5) = 40 10(1.5) 2
= 40 10( 2.25) = 40 22.5 = 17.5m
(c)
x = 1.7 sec
h(1.7) = 40 10(1.7) 2
= 40 10( 2.89) = 40 28.9 = 11.1m
ii)
Does the stone strike the ground = ?
h( x ) = 0
40 10 x 2 = 0
10 x 2 = 40 x 2 = 4
x = 2
Stone strike the ground after 2 sec.
Graphs of Function
Definition:
Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
6
The graph of a function f is the graph of the equation y = f(x). It consists
of the points in the Cartesian plane chose co-ordinates (x , y) are input - output pairs for f
.
Note that not every curve we draw in the graph of a function. A function f can have only
one value f(x) for each x in its domain.
Vertical Line Test

No vertical line can intersect the graph of a function more than once. Thus, a circle
cannot be the graph of a function. Since some vertical lines intersect the circle Twice. If
a is the domain of the function f , then the vertical line x = a will intersect the graph of f
in the single point (a , f(a)).
Types of Function
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
Those functions which are defined by algebraic expressions.
1)
Polynomial Functions:
P( x) = a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 + .......... ... + a1 x + a 0 Is a
Polynomial Function for all x where a 0 , a1 , a 2 . a n are real numbers, and
exponents are non-negative integer . an is called leading coefft of p(x) of degree n,
Where a n 0
Degree of polynomial function is the max imum power of x in equation
P( x) = 2 x 4 3x 3 + 2 x 1
deg ree = 4
2)
Linear Function: if the degree of polynomial fn is 1, is called linear function
.i.e. p(x)=ax+b
or Degree of polynomial function is one.
f ( x) = ax + b
a0
Q
y = 5x + b
3)
Identity Function: For any set X, a function I: X x of the form y = x or
f(x) = x. Domain and range of I is x. Note. I (x)= ax +b be a linear fn if a=1,b=0 then
I(x)=x or y=x is called identity fn
4)
Constant Function:
or
C:X y
defined by f : X y If f (x)=c, (const) then f is
called constant fn
C ( x) = a
x X and a y
eg y=5
e.g .
C:RR
C ( x) = 2 or y = 2 x R
Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
7
5)
Rational Function:
Both
P( x)
Q( x )
P ( x ) and Q ( x ) are polynomial and Q( x ) 0
R( x) =
3x 2 + 4 x + 1
e.g .
R( x) = 3
5x + 2 x 2 + 1
Domain of rational function is the set of all real numbers for which Q(x) 0
6)
Exponential Function:
A function in which the variable appears as

exponent (power) is called an exponential function.
i)
y = ax x R
a>0
ii)
y = e x x R and e = 2.178
iii)
y = 2 x or
y = e xh
are some exp onential functions.
7)
Logarithmic Function:
If
x = a y then
a > 0 a 1
Q
' a ' is called the base of Logarithemic function
Then
y = log a
i)
If base = 10 then y = log10
y = log a
x >0
is Logarithmic function of base ' a '

x
is called common Logarithm of x

ii)
If base = e = 2.718
y = log e = ln x
is called natural log
8)
Hyperbolic Function:
We define as
x
x
e e
Sine hyperbolic function or hyperbolic sine function
i)
y = sinh( x) =
2
Dom = {x / x R}
and
Range = { y / y R}
x
ii)
iii)
v)
vi )
9)
e x +e x
y = cosh( x) =
is called hyperboliccos ine function
2
e x e x sinh x
cosh x
y = Tanhx = x
=
iv)
y = coth x =
x
cosh x
sinh x
e +e
1
2
y = sec hx =
= x
xR
cosh x e + e x
1
2
y = cos echx =
= x
Dom = { x 0 : x R
sinh x e e x
Inverse Hyperbolic Function:
(Study in B.Sc level)
Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
x R, y [1, )
(
x = ln (x +
)
1)
i)
y = sinh 1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1
for
x R
ii)
y = cosh 1
for
x R
iii)
y = Tanh 1 x =
and
x <1
iv)
v)
vi)
10)
1 1+ x
ln
2 1 x
x 1
1
1 x 2
y = sec h 1 x = ln +
x
x
1 x +1
y = coth 1 x =
Q
2 x 1
1
1+ x2
y = cos ech 1 x = ln +
x
x
Trigonometric Function:
Functions
i ) y = sin x
ii ) y = cos x
iii) y = tan x
iv) y = cot x
v) y = sec x
vi) y = cos ecx
11)
x2
and x > 1
0 < x 1
x >1
Domain(x)
All real numbers
Q < x+
All real numbers
Q < x <
x R (2k + 1)
2
k Z
x R k
k Z
x R (2k + 1)
2
k Z
x R ( k )
k Z
x0
Range(y)
1 y 1
1 y 1
Q ' R ' all real numbers

R
R (1,1)
or R (1 < y < 1)
R (1 < y < 1)
Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
Function
Dom(x)
y = sin 1 x x = sin y
1 x 1
y = cos 1 x x = cos y
1 x 1
Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
Range(y)
y
2
2
0 y
y = Tan 1 x x = Tany
y
2
2
xR
or < x <
y = Sec 1 x x = sec y
x R ( 1,1)
y = Co sec 1 x x = cos ecy
x R ( 1,1)
y = Cot 1 x x = cot y
xR
12)

y [0 , ]
2

y , {0}
2 2
0< y <
Explicit Function:
If y is easily expressed in terms of x, then y is called an
explicit function of x.
y = f ( x)
13)
e.g .
y = x 3 + x + 1 etc.
Implicit Function:
If x and y are so mixed up and y cannot be expressed in

term of the independent variable x, Then y is called an implicit function of x. It can be
written as.
f(x , y) = 0
e.g.
x2+ xy + y2 = 2 etc.
14)
Parametric Function:
For a function y =f (x) if both x& y are expressed in
another variable say t or which is called a parameter of the given curve.
Such as:
i)
x = at2
Parametric parabola
y = 2at
ii)
x = a cos t
y = a sin t
Parametric equation of circle
x2 + y 2 = a2
iii)
x = a cos
y = b sin
Parametric equation of Ellipse
x2 y 2
+
=1
a2 b2
vi)
x = a sec
y = b tan
Parametric equation of hyperbola
x2 y2
=1
a2 b2
Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
y2= 4 a
10
Exercise 1.1
Q7.
Parabola
y = 4ax
2
x = at 2 .......................(i)
y = 2at
.......................(ii)
y
To e lim inating ' t ' from (ii) t =
2a
...........................(1)
putting (i)
y2
y2
x = a 2
x=
4a
4a
2
y = 4ax
which is same as (1)
which is equation of parabola.

ii)
x = a cos ,
y = b sin
x
y
= cos ...........(i)
and
= sin ...............(ii)
a
b
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii)
y
x = a
2a
To e lim inating from (i) and (ii)
2
x y
represent a Ellipse
+
=1
a b
iii)
x = a sec ,
y = b tan
x
y
= tan ...................(ii )
= sec ................(i)
a
b
(i) and (ii)
Squaring and Subtracting
2
x y
2
2
= sec tan
a b
x2 y 2
2 = 1 + tan 2 tan 2
2
a
b
Which is equation of hyperbola
Q8.
(i)
sinh 2 x = 2sinh x cosh x
e x e x e x + e x
e2 x e2 x e2 x e2 x
R.H .S = 2sinh x cosh x = 2
= 2
=
2
4
2
2
= sinh 2 x = L.H .S
sec2 hx = 1 tan 2 hx
ii)
e x e x
R.H .S . = 1 tan 2 hx = 1 x
x
e +e
e 2 x + e 2 x + 2 e 2 x e 2 x
=
e 2 x + e2 x + 2
Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
e 2 x + e2 x 2
=
1
2x
2 x
e +e + 2
+2
4
1
=
=
x
x 2
x
(e + e ) e + e x
x2 y 2
=1
a 2 b2
11
1
=
= sec h 2 x = L.H .S
2
cosh x
iii)
cos eh 2 x = coth 2 x 1
2
e x + e x ) ( e x e x )
e2 x + e 2 x + 2 ) ( e2 x + e2 x 2 )
(
(
e x + e x
1 =
=
R.H .S = coth x 1 = x
2
2
x
e e
( e x e x )
( e x e x )
2
e 2 x + e 2 x + 2 e 2 x e 2 x + 2
(e
x 2
(e
x 2
(e
1
x
e x
1
= cos ech 2 x = L.H .S
sinh 2 x
Q9.
f ( x) = x3 + x
replace x by x
f ( x ) = ( x ) + ( x ) = x3 x = x3 + x = f ( x )
f ( x ) = x3 + x is odd function
3
ii)
f ( x) = ( x + 2)
replace x by x
f ( x) = ( x + 2) f ( x)
2
f ( x) = ( x + 2)
iii)
is neither even nor odd
f ( x ) = x x2 + 5
replace x by x
f ( x) = ( x)
iv)
(x)
f ( x) =
replace x by x
f (x) =
x 1
x +1
+ 5 = x x2 + 5 = f ( x )
f ( x ) is odd function.
x 1 ( x + 1) x + 1
=
=
f ( x)
x + 1 ( x 1) x 1
f ( x ) is neither even nor odd function.

v)
f ( x ) = x3 + 6
2
replace x by x
1
3
2
f ( x ) = ( x ) 3 + 6 = ( x ) + 6 = x 3 + 6 = f ( x )
f ( x ) is an even function.
2
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2
Exercise 1.2 (Solutions)
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Question # 1
(i)
lim(2 x + 4) = lim(2 x) + lim(4) = 2lim( x ) + 4 = 2(3) + 4 = 10
x 3
x 3
x 3
2
x3
(ii)
lim 3x 2 x + 4
(iii)
lim x 2 + x + 4 = (3) 2 + (3) + 4 = 9 + 3 + 4
(iv)
Do yourself
(v)
lim
x 1
= 3(1) 2(1) + 4
x 2
x3 + 1 x 2 + 5
= lim
x 2
x ( x 2 1)
= lim
x 1
x +1
= lim x( x 1)
(ii)
3x + 4 x
lim 2
x 1
x +1
(iii)
lim
) (
(2)3 + 1
x 2
x2 + 5
(2) 2 + 5
x( x + 1)( x 1)
x 1
x +1
= (1)(1 1) = 2
3(1)3 + 4(1)
=
(1) 2 + 1
7
2
x3 8
x 2 x 2 + x 6
x3 (2)3
( x 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4)
= lim
= lim 2
x 2 x + 3 x 2 x 6
x 2 x ( x + 3) 2( x + 3)
( x 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4)
( x 2 + 2 x + 4)
= lim
= lim
x 2
x 2
( x + 3)( x 2)
( x + 3)
(2) 2 + 2(2) + 4)
=
(2 + 3)
12
5
x3 3x 2 + 3x 1
x 1
x3 x
3
3
x 1)
x 1)
(
(
= lim
= lim
x 1 x ( x 2 1)
x 1 x ( x 1)( x + 1)
lim
( x 1)
= lim
x 1
x( x + 1)
x3 + x 2
lim 2
x 1
x 1
= lim
x1
2 x 2 32
lim 3
x 4 x 4 x 2
(1 1)
=0
(1)(1 + 1)
x 2 ( x + 1)
= lim
x 1 ( x + 1)( x 1)
=
(vi)
x3 + 1 lim
= lim
x 1
(v)
= 8 +1 4 + 5 = 9 9 = 0
2 x3 + 5 x
16 10
26
13
2(2)3 + 5(2)
lim
=
=
=
=
x 2 3 x 2
6 2
4
2
3(2) 2
Question # 2
x3 x
(i)
lim
x 1 x + 1
(iv)
= 16 = 4
x 3
(vi)
=32+ 4 =5
( 1)
(1 1)
x2
= lim
x 1 ( x 1)
1
2
2( x 2 16)
= lim 2
x 4 x ( x 4)
Now do yourself
*Correction
FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 2
(vii)
lim
x 2
x 2
x2
x 2 x+ 2
x2 x + 2
= lim
x 2
( x) ( 2)
= lim
( x 2) ( x + 2 )
2
= lim
x 2
x 2
( x 2) (
1
1
=
=
x 2
x+ 2
2+ 2
x+h x
x+h x
x+h +
(viii) lim
= lim
h0
h 0
h
h
x+h +
= lim
(
= lim
h 0
= lim
h 0
=
(ix)
) ( x)
h( x + h + x )
x+h
h
x+h + x
x2
2 2
x
x
= lim
h 0
h 0
= lim
x+ 2
*Correction
x+hx
x+h + x
1
x+h + x
1
1
=
x+0 + x
2 x
xn an
lim m
xa x a m
( x a ) x n1 + x n2 a + x n3a 2 + .... + a n1
= lim
x a x a
(
) xm1 + xm2 a + x m3a 2 + .... + a m1
= lim
x a
(x
(x
(
(
n 1
m1
+ x n2 a + x n3a 2 + .... + a n1
)
)
)
)
+ x m 2a + x m3a 2 + .... + a m1
a n1 + a n 2a + a n3a 2 + .... + a n1
= m1
a + a m 2 a + a m3a 2 + .... + a m1
a n1 + a n1 + a n1 + .... + a n1 (n terms)
= m1
a + a m1 + a m1 + .... + a m1 (m terms)
n a n1
=
m a m1
n n1 m+1
a
m
Law of Sine
n n m
a
m
sin
=1
0
See proof on book at page 25
If is measured in radian, then lim
Question # 3
sin 7 x
(i)
lim
x 0
x
t
=x
7
When x 0 then t 0 , so
sin 7 x
sin t
lim
= lim
x 0
t 0 t
x
7
sin t
= 7 lim
= 7(1) = 7
t 0
t
Put
t = 7x
By law of sine.
FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 3
(ii)
sin xo
lim
x 0
x
Since 180o = rad
1o =
rad
180
xo =
x
rad
180
sin x
sin xo
180
So
lim
= lim
x 0
x
0
x
x
x
180t
Now put
= t i.e. x =
180
sin x
180 = lim sin t
lim
x 0
x 0 180t
x
sin t
=
lim
=
(1) =
by law of sine
180 x0 t
180
180
1 cos
1 cos 1 + cos
(iii) lim
= lim
0 sin
0 sin
1 + cos
1 cos 2
sin 2
= lim
= lim
0 sin (1 + cos )
0 sin (1 + cos )
0
sin
sin(0)
= lim
=
=0
=
0 (1 + cos )
1+1
1 + cos(0)
sin x
(iv) lim
x x
Put t = x
x = t
When x then t 0 , so
sin x
sin( t )
lim
= lim
x x
t 0
t
sin t

= lim
Q sin ( t ) = sin 2 t = sin t
t 0
t
2
= 1
By law of sine.
sin ax
1
lim
(v)
= lim sin ax
x 0 sin bx
x 0
sin bx
sin ax
1
1
ax
= lim sin ax
= lim
ax
x 0
x 0 ax
sin bx
ax sin bx bx
bx

bx
bx

sin ax
1
a
a
a
1
= lim
=
by law of sine
= (1)
b x0 ax lim sin bx
b
b
(1)
x 0 bx
x
x
x
(vi) lim
= lim
= lim
cos x
x 0 tan x
x 0 sin x
x 0 sin x
cos x
1
1
1
= lim
cos x =
lim cos x = 1 = 1
x 0 sin x
sin x x0
1
lim
x 0
x
x
1 cos 2 x
(vii) lim
x 0
x2
1 cos 2 x
2
Q sin x =
2
2sin x
2
= lim
2
2
x 0
x
2sin x = 1 cos 2 x
FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 4

2
sin x
sin x
= 2lim
= 2 lim
= 2(1) 2 = 2
x 0
x
x 0 x
(vii)
Do yourself by rationalizing
sin 2
sin
(viii) lim
= lim
sin
0
0
sin
= lim
limsin = (1) (0) = 0
0
0
sec x cos x
(x)
lim
x 0
x
1
1 cos 2 x
cos x
cos
x
= lim
= lim cos x
x 0
x 0
x
x
2
2
sin x sin x
1 cos x
sin x
= lim
= lim
= lim
x 0 x cos x
x 0 x cos x
x 0 x
cos x
sin x
sin x
0
sin(0)
= lim
lim
= (1)
= 0
= (1)
x 0 x
x 0 cos x
1
cos(0)
1 cos p
(xi) lim
x 0 1 cos q
p
2sin 2
x 1 cos x
2
= lim
Q sin 2 =
x 0
q
2
2
2sin 2
2
= lim sin 2
x 0
p
1
2 sin 2 q
2
p
sin
2 p
= lim
2
x 0
p 2
2
(2)
= lim sin 2
x 0
( ) sin
2
1
2 q
2 . q
( q2 )
(2)
( )
( 2 ) sin
p
2
p
2
sin
2
= lim
x 0
p
( )
( )
q
q 2
.
2 q
2
(xii)
1

sin q

2
q
sin
p2
1
p2 2 1
2
= 2 lim
= 2 (1) 2

2
q x0 p
q
(1)
q
sin
2
2
lim
x0 q
2
tan sin
lim
0
sin 3
sin
sin sin cos
sin
cos
= lim cos 3
= lim
0
0
sin
sin 3
sin (1 cos )
sin sin cos
= lim
=
lim
0
0
sin 3 cos
sin 3 cos
1 cos
1 cos 1 + cos
= lim 2
= lim 2
0 sin cos
0 sin cos 1 + cos
p2
= 2
q
p 2 2
q
2
4
2
FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 5
1 cos 2
sin 2
= lim 2
= lim 2
0 sin cos (1 + cos )
0 sin cos (1 + cos )
1
1
= lim
= lim
0 cos (1 + cos )
x 0 cos (1 + cos )
1
1
1
=
=
=
cos(1) (1 + cos(1) )
1 (1 + 1)
2
Note:
n
a)
1
lim 1 + = e
n
n
b)
lim (1 + x ) x = e
c)
See proof of (a) and (b) on book at page 23

a 1
lim
= log e a or ln a
x 0
x
x 0
e = 2.718281...
where
Proof:
Put y = a x 1 .. (i)
When x 0 then y 0
Also from (i)
1 + y = ax
Taking log on both sides
ln (1 + y ) = ln a x ln(1 + y ) = x ln a
ln (1 + y )
ln a
x
a 1
y
lim
= lim
x 0
y 0 ln (1 + y )
x
ln a
y ln a
ln a
= lim
= lim
y 0 1
y 0 ln (1 + y )
ln (1 + y )
y
ln a
ln a
= lim
=
1
1
y 0
ln (1 + y ) y
lim ln (1 + y ) y
Q ln x m = m ln x
x=
Now
Q ln x m = m ln x
y 0
ln a
ln lim (1 + y ) y
y 0
ln a
=
= ln a
1
ln a
ln ( e )
Q lim (1 + x ) x = e
x 0
Q ln e = 1
Question # 4
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
1
lim 1 +
n+
n
1
lim 1 +
n+
n
1
lim 1
n+
n
2n
1
= lim 1 +
n+ n
= e2
n
2
1 2
= lim 1 +
n +
n
= e
1
= lim 1
n+ n
= e 1 =
1
2
1
e
FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 6
(iv)
lim 1 +
n+
3n
3n
3
(v)
1
1
= lim 1 + = lim 1 +
n+
3n
n+ 3n
Do yourself
(vi)
lim (1 + 3x ) x
3n
1
3
= e3
*Correction
x 0
3
= lim (1 + 3x ) = lim (1 + 3 x ) x = e6
x 0
x0
1
2
2 x2
2 2 x2
= lim 1 + 2 x 2
(viii) lim 1 + 2 x
= lim 1 + 2 x
x 0
x 0
x0
6
3x
1
h
(viii) lim (1 2h ) = lim (1 2h )

h0
h 0
2
2 h
1
2 x2
2
= e2
1
1
= lim (1 2h ) 2h = e 2 = 2
e
h0
(ix)
x
lim
x 1 + x
x
x
x
1+ x
1 x
1
= lim
= lim
+ = lim
+ 1
x x
x x
x x
x
1 x
1
= lim 1 + = e 1 =
x
e
x
(x)
lim
x 0
1
1
x<0
= lim
+1
where t > 0
Put x = t
lim
x 0
(xi)
lim
x 0
e
e
e
e
1
1
1
1
x
x
x
x
1
+1
1
+1
t 0
e t +1
e
e 1
0 1
=
=
e +1
0 +1
= 1
+1
Q e =
1 1
= =0
e
x>0
1
1
e x 1 1
1
1
x
x
e
e
= lim
= lim
x 0
x
0
1
1
1
e x 1 + 1
1 + 1
e x
e x
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
0
e
e
= 1 0 = 1
=
=
=
1
1
1
1+ 0
1+ 1
1+
1+
e
e 0
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (mathcity@gmail.com), http://www.mathcity.org
MathCity.org
Question # 1:
f ( x ) = 2x2 + x 5
(i )
c =1
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2 x 2 + x 5 ) = 2 (1) + 1 5 = 2 + 1 5 = 2

2
x 1
x 1
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ ( 2 x 2 + x 5 ) = 2 (1) + 1 5 = 2 + 1 5 = 2

2
x 1
( ii )
x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = 2
x 11
x 1
f ( x) =
x 9
x 3
2
lim f ( x ) = 2
x 1
C = 3
( x 2 9) ( 3)2 9 9 9 0
x 2 9 xlim
3
lim f ( x ) = lim
=
=
=
=
=0
x 3
x 3 x 3
lim ( x 3)
3 3
6
6
x 3
Now
( iii )
x 2 9 ) ( 3 ) 2 9 9 9 0
(
x 2 9 xlim
+
lim f ( x ) = lim+
= 3
=
=
=
=0
x 3+
x 3 x 3
lim+ ( x 3)
3 3
6
6
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = 0
x 3
x 3
x 3
f ( x) = x 5
lim f ( x ) = 0
x 3
C =5
lim f ( x ) = lim x 5
x 5
x 5 = ( x 5)
x 5
( x 5)
+ ( x 5)
+
= lim ( x 5 ) = lim ( x 5 ) = ( 5 5 ) = 0
x 5
x 5
lim f ( x ) = lim+ x 5 = lim+ ( x 5 ) = 5 5 = 0
x 5+
x 5
x 5
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = 0
x 5
x 5
lim f ( x ) = 0
x 5
Question # 2:
Discuss the continuity of
f ( x ) at x = c
if
2 x + 5
f ( x ) = 4 x + 1
if
(i )
We haveto discuss the continuity of
(a)
(b )
f ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2) + 5 = 4 + 5 = 9
x2
x>2
c=2
f ( x)
lim f ( x ) = ?
x2
at x = 2
.................... (1)
f ( x) = 2x + 5
f ( x) = 4x +1
2
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2 x + 5 ) = 2 ( 2 ) + 5 = 4 + 5 = 9
x 2
and
x2
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 4 x + 1) = 4 ( 2 ) + 1 = 8 + 1 = 9
x 2 +
x2
lim f ( x ) = 9 ............... ( 2 )
x2
FSc-II/Ex 1.4-2
(c)
from
(1) and ( 2 )
lim f ( x ) = f ( 2 )
x2
f ( x ) is continous at x = 2
( ii )
3 x 1
f ( x ) = 4
2 x
if
c=2
we get
if x < 1
x =1 c = 2
x >1
f (c) = f ( 2)
is not defined so given function is discontinous
( ii )
Correction
3 x 1
f ( x ) = 4
2 x
c =1
if x < 1
if x = 1
if x > 1
( correction )
f (1) = 4
1
(a)
(b )
f ( x ) = 3x 1
f (1) = 4
f ( x) = 2x
( given )
lim f ( x ) = ?
x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 3 x 1) = 3 (1) 1 = 2

x 1
x 1
and
lim+ f ( x ) = lim ( 2 x ) = 2 (1) = 2
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = 2
lim f ( x ) = 2 ............................. ( 2 )
(c)
(1) and ( 2 )
lim f ( x ) f (1)
x 1
f ( x ) is discontinous at
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
From
( iii )
(a)
f (1)
we get
x =1
3 x 1
f ( x) =
2 x
if x < 1
c =1
if x > 1
is not defined
f ( x ) is discontinous at x = 1
Question # 3:
Given that
if
3 x
2
f ( x ) = x 1 if
3
if
f ( x ) = 3x
(i )
(a)
x 2
2 < x < 2
x2
f ( x) = x 1
2
+
f ( x) = 3
We check continuity at x = 2
f ( 2) = 3
................................ (1)
( given )
FSc-II/Ex 1.4-3
(b )
lim f ( x ) = ?
x2
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x 2 1) = ( 2 ) 1 = 4 1 = 3
2
x 2
x2
x 2 +
x2
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 3) = 3
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = 3
x 2
x2
lim f ( x ) = 3 ....................... ( 2 )
(c)
From (1) and ( 2 ) ,
x2
we get
lim f ( x ) = f ( 2 )
x2
f ( x ) is continuous at
( ii )
(a)
(b )
x=2
x = 2
At
f ( 2 ) = 3 ( 2 ) = 6 ............................ (1)
lim f ( x ) = ?
x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 3 x ) = 3 ( 2 ) = 6
x 2
x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x 2 1) = ( 2 ) 1 = 4 1 = 3
2
and
x 2+
x 2
x 2
x 2
lim f ( x ) lim+ f ( x )
lim f ( x )
x 2
f ( x ) is discontinuous at
Question # 4:
Given that
x + 2
f ( x) =
c + 2
c=?
x = 2
x 1
x > 1
f ( x) = x + 2
lim f ( x )
does not exist
+
f ( x) = c + 2
exists
x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x )
x 1
x 1
lim ( x + 2 ) = lim ( c + 2 )
x 1
x 1
1 + 2 = c + 2
1 = c+2
c = 1 2
c = 1
Question # 5:
(i )
if
mx
f ( x ) = n
if
2 x + 9 if
f ( 3) = n
here
Q
x<3
x=3
x>3
( given )
x =3
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( 3)
x 3
x 3
lim ( mx ) = lim ( 2 x + 9 ) = n
x 3
x 3
FSc-II/Ex 1.4-4
( m )( 3) = 2 ( 3) + 9 = n
3m = 6 + 9 = n
3m = 3 = n
3m = 3
,
m =1
,
if
mx
f ( x) = 2
if
x
( ii )
n=3
n=3
x<4
x4
f ( 4 ) = ( 4 ) = 16
2
here
x=4
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( 4 )
x 4
x4
lim ( mx ) = lim ( x 2 ) = 16
4m = ( 4 ) = 16
4m = 16 = 16
m=4
x4
x4
4m = 16
Question # 6:
Given that
2x + 5 x + 7
f ( x) =
x2
K =?
here f ( 2 ) = K
given
Q
Q
lim
x2
x2
2x + 5 x + 7
=K
x2
lim
x2
2x + 5
( x 2) (
) (
2
lim
x2
lim
x2
x+7
2x + 5 + x + 7
1
=K
2x + 5 + x + 7
1
2 ( 2) + 5 + 2 + 7
=K
2x + 5 x + 7
x2
2x + 5 + x + 7
2x + 5 x 7
x=2
lim f ( x ) = f ( 2 )
( x 2) (
x=2
x2
=K
=K
2x + 5 + x + 7
=K
2x + 5 + x + 7
( 2 x + 5) ( x + 7 )
=K
( x 2) ( 2x + 5 + x + 7 )
( x 2)
=K
( x 2) ( 2x + 5 + x + 7 )
1
lim 2 x + 5 + x + 7
=K
x 2
1
=K
9+ 9
1
=K
3+3
1
K=
6
For latest news and updates, visit http://www.MathCity.org
MathCity.org
FSc-II/ Ex 1.5
FSc-II/ Ex 1.5
FSc-II/ Ex 1.5
FSc-II/ Ex 1.5
FSc-II/ Ex 1.5
FSc-II/ Ex 1.5
FSc-II/ Ex 1.5
FSc-II/ Ex 1.5
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mathcity.org

Question # 1 (i)
Let y = 2 x 2 + 1
y + d y = 2( x + d x) +1
2
d y = 2( x + d x) + 1 - y
2
Q y = 2x2 + 1
d y = 2 x 2 + 2 x d x + d x2 + 1 - 2 x 2 - 1
d y = 2 x 2 + 4 x d x + 2d x 2 - 2 x 2 d y = 2 x 2 + 4 x d x + 2d x 2 - 2 x 2
d y = 4 x d x + 2d x 2
= d x ( 4 x + 2d x )
Dividing by d x
dy
= 4 x + 2d x
dx
Taking limit when d x 0
dy
lim
= lim ( 4 x + 2d x )
d x0 d x
d x0
dy
= 4 x + 2(0)
dx
dy
d
= 4 x i.e.
2 x 2 + 1) = 4 x
(
dx
dx
Question # 1 (ii)
Let y = 2 - x
y +d y = 2 - x +d x
d y = 2 - x +d x - y
d y = 2 - x +d x - 2+ x
1
2
d x 2
d y = x - x 1 +
2
1
1
1 d x 12 ( 12 - 1) d x
2
2
d y = x - x 1 +
+
+
...

2 x
2! x
1
1
1
d x 12 ( - 12 ) d x 2
2
2
2
=x -x -x
+
+
....
2
2x
2
x
1
1 1dx
= - x 2d x
+ ....
2
2x 6 x
Dividing by d x , we have
1
dy
1 1dx
= -x2
+ ....
2
dx
2x 6 x
Taking limit as
1
dy
1 1dx
lim
= - x 2 lim
+ ....
2
d x0 d x
d x 0 2 x
6x
1
dy
1
= x2
- 0 + 0 - ....
dx
2x
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1 2 -1
=x
= x
2x
2
d y = x - ( x + d x)2
dy 1 - 12
= x
dx 2
FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 2
Question # 1 (iii)
1
1
Let y =
y = (x) 2
x
Now do yourself
Question # 1 (iv)
1
Let y = 3
y = x -3
x
-3
y + d y = ( x + d x)
d y = ( x + d x ) - x -3
-3
d x -3
d y = x 1 +
- 1
x
3d x -3(-3 - 1) d x 2

-3
= x 1 +
+
....
- 1

x
2!
x

3d x -3(-4) d x 2
-3
= x 1 +
+
.....
1

x
2 x
-3
3d x -3(-4) d x 2
= x +
+
.....

2 x
x
dx
d x
= x -3
-3 + 6 - .....
x
x
Dividing both sides by d x , we get

-3
dy
d x
= x -3-1 -3 + 6 - .....
dx
x
Taking limit on both sided, we get

dy
dx
lim
= lim x -4 -3 + 6 - .....
d x0 d x
d x 0
x
dy
= x -4 [ -3 + 0 - 0 + .....]
dx
dy
dy
3
= -3 x -4 or
=- 4
dx
dx
x
Question # 1 (vi)
1
Let y =
x-a
-1
y = ( x - a)
*Correction
y + d y = ( x + d x - a)
-1
d y = ( x - a + d x) - y
-1
d y = ( x - a + d x) - ( x - a)
-1
-1
-1
dx
= ( x - a ) 1 +
- 1
x-a

-1( -1 - 1) d x
dx
-1
= ( x - a ) 1 +
+
....
- 1
x
a
2!
x
a

-1
FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 3
d y = ( x - a)
-1
= ( x - a)
-1( -1 - 1) d x
dx
1
+
+
....
1
2!
x-a
x - a
-1
2
dx
- 1( - 2 ) d x
+
+
....
x
a
2
x
a
dx
dx
-1 +
- ....
x-a
x-a
= ( x - a)
-1
Dividing by d x
dy
-1-1
dx
= ( x - a ) -1 +
- ....
dx
x-a
Taking limit when d x 0 , we have

dy
-1-1
dx
= lim ( x - a ) -1 +
- ....
lim
d x0 d x
d x 0
x-a
dy
-1
dy
-2
= ( x - a ) [ -1 + 0 - 0 + ....]
dx
dx ( x - a )2
Question # 1 (vi)
Let y = x ( x - 3)
= x 2 - 3x
Do yourself
Question # 1 (vii)
2
Let y = 4 = 2x - 4
x
y + d y = 2( x + d x)- 4
Do yourself
Question # 1(viii)
1
Let y = x 2 + 2 = x 2 + x -2
x
2
-2
y + d y = ( x + d x) + ( x + d x)
dy =
=
( x + d x ) + ( x + d x ) - x 2 - x -2
2
-2
( x + d x ) - x 2 + ( x + d x ) - x-2
-2
d x -2
= x + 2 xd x + d x - x + x 1 +
- 1
x
2d x -2(-2 - 1) d x 2

2
-2
= 2 xd x + d x + x 1 +
+
....
- 1

2!
x
x

2d x -2(-3) d x 2
2
-2
= 2 xd x + d x + x +
+
....

2 x
x
= d x ( 2 x + d x ) + x -2
-2
dx
d x
-2 + 3 + ....
x
x
Dividing by d x
dy
d x
= ( 2 x + d x ) + x -3 -2 + 3 + ....
dx
x
FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 4
Taking limit when d x 0 , we have

dy
d x
= lim ( 2 x + d x ) + lim x -3 -2 + 3 + ....
lim
d x0 d x
d x 0
d x 0
x
dy
= ( 2 x + 0 ) + x -3 [ -2 + 0 - 0....]
dx
dy
2
= 2x - 3
dx
x
Question # 1(ix)
Let y =
( x + 4 )3
1
y + d y = ( x + d x + 4)3
1
3
d y = ( x + d x + 4) - y
1
= ( x + 4 + d x )3 - ( x + 4)3
1
3
d
x
= ( x + 4 ) 1 +
- 1
x+4
2
1 1 -1
1

(
)
1
d
x
d
x
3
3
- 1
= ( x + 4 ) 3 1 +
+
+
....

x
x
3
+
4
2!
+
4

2
1 -2
1
(
)
d
d
x
x
3
3
= ( x + 4)3
+
+
....
2 x+4
3( x + 4)
1
d x 1 1 d x
= ( x + 4)3
-
+ ....
x + 4 3 9 x + 4
Dividing by d x
1
dy
1 dx
-1 1
= ( x + 4)3 -
+ ....
dx
3 9 x + 4

2
dy
1 dx
- 1
lim
= lim ( x + 4 ) 3 -
+ ....
d x0 d x
d x0
3 9 x + 4
2
2
dy 1
dy
- 1
= ( x + 4 ) 3 - 0 + 0 - ....
= ( x + 4) 3
dx
dx 3
3
1
3
Question # 1 (x)
Let y = x
3
2
3
y + d y = ( x + d x)2
3
2
d y = (x + d x) - x
3
2
d x 2
= x 1 +
- 1
2
3 3
3

3 d x 2 ( 2 - 1) d x
2
= x 1+
+
+ .... - 1
2
x
2!
x

3
2
FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 5
3d x 32 ( 12 ) d x 2
=x
+
+ ....
2 x
2 x
3
d x 3 3 d x
= x2
+ + ....
x 2 8 x
Dividing by d x
3
-1 3
dy
3d x
= x 2 + + ....
dx
2 8 x

1
dy
3 3 d x
= lim x 2 + + ....
lim
d x0 d x
d x0
2 8 x
3
2
dy
3
= x 2 - 0 + 0 - ....
dx
2
dy 3 12
= x
dx 2
Question # 1 (xi)
Let y = x 5 2
Do yourself as above.
Question # 1 (xii)
Let y = x m
(x + d x)
m
( x + d x ) - xm
y +d y =
dy =
=
=
=
=
d x m
x 1 +
- 1
x

d x m ( m - 1) d x
m
x 1 + m
+
+
....
- 1

x
2! x
m ( m - 1) d x
m md x
x
+
+
....

2
x
x
m ( m - 1) d x
dx
xm
m+
+ ....
x
2
x
Dividing by d x
m ( m - 1) d x
dy
= x m -1 m +
+
....

dx
2
x
m ( m - 1) d x
dy
lim
= lim x m -1 m +
+ ....
d x0 d x
d x 0
2
x
dy
= x m -1 [ m + 0 + 0....]
dx
dy
= m x m -1
dx
Question # 1 (xii)
1
Let y = m = x - m
x
Do yourself as above, just change the m by - m in above question.
FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 6
Question # 1 (xvi)
Let y = x 40
( x + d x)
40
( x + d x ) - x 40
y +d y =
dy =
40
40
40
40
40
= x 40 + x39d x + x 38d x 2 + .... + d x 40 - x 40
1
2
40
0
40
40
40
= (1) x 40 + x 39d x + x 38d x 2 + .... + d x 40 - x 40
1
2
40
40
40
40
= x 39d x + x 38d x 2 + .... + d x 40
1
2
40
Dividing by d x
dy
40
40
40
= x 39 + x38d x + .... + d x 39
dx
1
2
40
Taking limit as d x 0
dy
40
40
40
lim
= lim x39 + x 38d x + .... + d x39
d x0 d x
d x 0 1
2
40
dy
40
= x 39 + 0 + 0 + .... + 0
dx
1
dy
40
= x 39
dx
1
or
dy
= 40 x 39
dx
Question # 1 (xiii)
Let y = x -100
Do yourself Question # 1(xii), Replace m by -100 .
Question # 2 (i)
Let y =
x + 2 = ( x + 2) 2
Now do yourself as Question # 1(ix)
Question # 2 (ii)
1
1
Let y =
= ( x + a) 2
x+a
Now do yourself as Question # 1 (ix)
The End
mathcity.org

Question # 1 (i)
3
Let y = ( ax + b )
y + d y = ( a ( x + d x) + b )
d y = ( ax + b + ad x ) - y
3
( (ax + b) + ad x )
- (ax + b)3
= (ax + b)3 + 3(ax + b) 2 (ad x ) + 3(ax + b)(ad x) 2 + (ad x )3 - (ax + b)3

= 3a(ax + b)2 d x + 3a 2 (ax + b) d x 2 + a3d x 3
= d x 3a (ax + b)2 + 3a 2 (ax + b) d x + a 3d x 2
Dividing by d x
dy
= 3a (ax + b)2 + 3a 2 (ax + b) d x + a 3d x 2
dx
dy
lim
= lim 3a (ax + b) 2 + 3a 2 (ax + b) d x + a 3d x 2
d x0 d x
d x 0
dy
= 3a (ax + b) 2 + 3a 2 (ax + b)(0) + a 3 (0) 2

dx
dy
dy
= 3a (ax + b) 2 + 0 + 0
= 3a (ax + b )2
dx
dx
Question # 1 (ii)
Let y = (2 x + 3)5
y + d y = ( 2 ( x + d x ) + 3)
d y = ( 2 x + 2d x + 3) - y
5
= ( (2 x + 3) + 2d x ) - (2 x + 3)5
5
5
= (2 x + 3)5 +
0
5 (2 x + 3)4 (2d x ) +
1

5 (2 x + 3)3 (2d x )2 + ....

2

5
... + (2d x )5 - (2 x + 3)5

5
5
5
= (1) (2 x + 3)5 + 2 (2 x + 3) 4 d x + 4 (2 x + 3)3d x 2 + ....
1
2
... + 32 d x 5 - (2 x + 3)5
5
5
5
5
= 2 (2 x + 3) 4 d x + 4 (2 x + 3)3d x 2 + .... + 32 d x 5
1
2
5
Dividing by d x
dy
5
5
5
= 2 (2 x + 3)4 + 4 (2 x + 3)3 d x + .... + 32 d x 4
dx
1
2
5
dy
5
5
5
lim
= lim 2 (2 x + 3) 4 + 4 (2 x + 3)3d x + .... + 32 d x 4
d x0 d x
d x 0
2
5
1
FSc-II / Ex- 2.2 - 2
dy
5
= 2 (2 x + 3)4 + 0 + 0 + .... + 0
dx
1
dy
dy
= 2(5)(2 x + 3)4 or
= 10(2 x + 3)4
dx
dx
Question # 1 (iii)
-1
Let y = ( 3t + 2 )
y + d y = ( 3(t + d t ) + 2 )
-2
d y = ( 3t + 3d t + 2 ) - y
-2
d y = ( (3t + 2) + 3d t ) - ( 3t + 2 )
-2
-2
-2
3d t
= ( 3t + 2 ) 1 +
1
3t + 2

-2 ( -2 - 1) 3d t
3d t
-2
= ( 3t + 2 ) 1 + (-2)
+
+
....
- 1
3
t
+
2
2!
3
t
+
2
-2 ( -3 ) d t
6d t
-2
d y = ( 3t + 2 ) 1 +
+
....
1
2 3t + 2
3t + 2
-2
= ( 3t + 2 )
-2
2
6d t
3d t
3
....
+
+
3t + 2
3t + 2
= ( 3t + 2 )
-1
3d t
3d t
-2 + 3
- +....
3t + 2
3t + 2
Dividing by d t
dy
-2-1
3d t
= 3 ( 3t + 2 ) -2 +
- +....
dt
3t + 2
Taking limit when d t 0 , we have

dy
-3
3d t
lim
= lim 3 ( 3t + 2 ) -2 +
....
d t 0 d t
d t 0
3t + 2
dy
dy
-3
-3
= 3 ( 3t + 2 ) [ -2 + 0 - 0 + ....]
= - 6 ( 3t + 2 )
dx
dx
Question # 1 (iv)
Let y = (ax + b) -5
Do yourself
Question # 1 (vii)
Let
y =
1
= (az - b)-7
7
(az - b)
y + d y = ( a( z + d z ) - b )
-7
d y = ( (az - b) + ad z ) - ( az - b )
-7
d y = ( az - b )
-7
-7
-7
ad z
1
1 +
(
az
b
)
Now do yourself
MathCity.org
Available online @ http://www.MathCity.org, Version: 1.1.0
Question # 1
Let y = x 4 + 2 x3 + x2
Differentiating w.r.t. x
dy
d 4
=
x + 2 x3 + x 2
dx
dx
d 4
d
d
=
x + 2 x3 + x 2
dx
dx
dx
3
2
= 4x + 6x + 2 x
= 4 x 41 + 2 3 x31 + 2 x 2 1
Question # 2
3
2
Let y = x + 2 x + 3
Diff. w.r.t x
3
dy d 3
= x + 2 x 2 + 3
dx dx
d 3
d 3 d
=
x + 2 x 2 + ( 3)
dx
dx
dx
5
dy
= 3 x 4 3 x 2 or
dx
3 3 1
= 3 x 31 + 2 x 2 + 0
2
1
dy
1
= 3 4 + 5 2
dx
x
x
Question # 3
a+x
Let y =
ax
Now
dy d a + x
=
dx dx a x
d
dx
d
dx
(a x ) ( a + x) (a + x) (a x )
(a x)
( a x )( 0 + 1) ( a + x )( 0 1) = ( a x )(1) ( a + x )( 1)
=
2
2
(a x)
( a x)
=
ax+a+x
(a x)
2a
(a x)
Answer
Question # 4
2x 3
Let
y=
2x + 1
dy d 2 x 3
Now
=
dx dx 2 x + 1
d
d
( 2 x + 1) ( 2 x 3) ( 2 x 3) ( 2 x + 1)
dx
dx
=
2
( 2 x + 1)
( 2 x + 1)( 2 0 ) ( 2 x 3)( 2 + 0 )
2
( 2 x + 1)
2 ( 2 x + 1 2 x + 3)
2 ( 4)
=
=
2
2
( 2 x + 1)
( 2 x + 1)
=
=
=
( 2 x + 1)( 2 ) ( 2 x 3)( 2 )
2
( 2 x + 1)
8
( 2 x + 1)
Answer
FSc-II / Ex- 2.3 - 2
Question # 5
Let y = ( x 5)( 3 x )
= 3 x x 2 15 + 5 x
= x 2 + 8 x 15
Now
dy dy
=
x 2 + 8 x 15
dx dx
dy
d
d
=
x 2 + 8 ( x) (15 ) = 2 x 21 + 8 (1) 0 = 2 x + 8 Answer
dx
dx
dx
Question # 6
1
Let y = x
( )
( )
1
1
1
1
= x +
2 x
= x+ x 2 = x+ x 2
x
x
Now diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
d
d
d
=
x + x 1 2 = ( x ) + ( x 1 ) (2)
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
= 1 + (1 x 11 ) 0 = 1 x 2
1
x2 1
= 1 2 =
Answer
x
x2
2
Question # 7
(1 + x ) ( x x )
3/ 2
Consider
y =
(1 + x )
( )
x
x 1 x 2
3
1+ 1
= x 1 + x 1 x
Since x 2 = x 2
x
x
2
1 x
1
1
3
= x (1 x ) = x 2 (1 x ) = x 2 x 2
x
)(
( )
Now
1
3
dy
d 2
=
x x2
dx
dx
1
3
1
1
1 2 1 3 2 1
1 2 3 2
= x x
= x x
2
2
2
2
1 1
3 x
2 x
Question # 8
Let
y =
(x
+1
x2 1
2
2
dy
d x +1
=
dx
dx x 2 1
2
2 d
d 2
x2 1
x + 1 x2 + 1
x2 1
dx
dx
=
2
2
x 1
) (
) (
Answer
FSc-II / Ex- 2.3 - 3
dy
=
dx
=
) (
x2 1 2 x2 + 1
(x
) (
2 1
) (
) ( 2x )
1 2 x2 + 1 ( 2x ) x2 + 1
(x
2
d 2
x + 1 x 2 + 1 ( 2x )
dx
2
x2 1
2
) ( ) ( )
( )
2 x ( x + 1)( x 3)
Answer
( x 1)
)
(
2 x x 2 + 1 2 x 2 1 x 2 + 1
2 x x 2 + 1 2 x 2 2 x 2 1
=
=
2
2
2
x 1
x2 1
2
Question # 9
x2 + 1
Let y = 2
x 3
dy
d x +1
=
=
dx
dx x 2 3
2
=
=
(x
(x
) (2x) ( x
( x 3)
(x
) dxd ( x
+ 1 ( 2x )
2 x ( 4)
(x
8x
2
) (
) dxd ( x
+ 1 x2 + 1
(x
2 x x2 3 x2 1
(x
Answer
Question # 10
12
Let y =
1+ x
1+ x
=
1 x
1 x
12
dy
d 1+ x
Now
=
dx
dx 1 x
1 1
1 1 + x 2 d 1+ x
=
2 1 x dx 1 x
d
d
1
1 x ) (1 + x ) ( 1+ x ) ( 1 x )
1 1+ x 2 (
dx
dx
=

2
2 1 x
(1 x )
1
1 1 x 2 (1 x )(1) ( 1+ x )( 1)
=
2 1 + x
(1 x )
1
1
1 x) 2 2
1 (1 x ) 2 1 x + 1+ x
(
=
=
1
2
2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 x )2
2 (1 + x ) 2 (1 x )
1
1
=
=
Answer
1
1
3
2
2
2
2
1 + x (1 x )
(1 + x ) (1 x )
FSc-II / Ex- 2.3 - 4
Question # 11
2x 1
Let y =
x2 + 1
(x
dy
d 2x 1
=
=
dx
dx x 2 + 1 1/2
(x
2 x2 + 1
1/2
(
( 2 x 1)
(x
(
(( x + 1) )
(
)
1/ 2
1/ 2 2
(2 x )
=
+1
1 2 x2 + 2 2 x2 + x
=
1/ 2
2
x2 + 1
x +1
1/2 d
1 2
x +1
( x 2 + 1)
dx
2
2
x +1
2 x +1
1/2
d
d
( 2 x 1) ( 2 x 1) x 2 + 1
dx
dx
1/2
( 2) ( 2 x 1)
1/2
+1
+1
(x
1/2
1
2x2 x
2
2 x +1
1/ 2
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
x+2
2
+1
x +1
2
or
(x
x+2
2
+1
3/2
Answer
Question # 12
Do yourself as Question # 10
Question # 13
1
x2 + 1 2
= 2
x2 1
x 1
Now do yourself as Question # 11
x2 + 1
Let y =
Question # 14
1+ x
1+ x +
1+ x
1+ x +
Assume y =
=
=
1 x
1 x
1 x 1+ x 1 x
1 x 1+ x 1 x
1 + x 1 x
1+ x
) (
2
1 x
1+ x
1 + x + 1 x 2 (1 + x )( 1 x )
2 1 1
=
2x
Now differentiation w.r.t x
1
2 2
dy
d 1 1 x
=
dx
dx
x
2x
= 1 1 x
x
1
x2 2
Rationalizing
) (
2
1 x
1 + x 1+ x
2 2 1 x2
=
2x
1
2
1+ x
)(
1 x
FSc-II / Ex- 2.3 - 5
x
=
=
1
x2
1
x2
d
1 1 x2
dx
1

2 2 d
1
1
x

dx x

2
x
1 1 d

1

x 0 1 x2 2
1 x 2 1 1 x 2
dx
2

1
1
1
2 2
2 2
x 1 x
( 2 x ) 1 + 1 x
1
2
) 2 (1)
1
1
2
2 2
1
x
x
+ 1 x2
1
= 2
1
x
2 2
1 x
1
2
1 x2
2
= 2
1 1 + 1 x
x
2 2
1 x
1
2 2
1 1 1 x
= 1
= 2
1
2
x
2 2
x
1
1 x2
1 x
Answer
Question # 15
x a+x
a+ x
Let y =
= x
ax
ax
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy
d a+x
=
x
dx
dx a x
d
= x
dx
d
Now
dx
a+x
ax
a+x
ax
a+x
+
ax
1a+ x
=
2a x
=
=
=
=
1 1
2
1
2
d
x .. (i)
dx
a+ x
ax
d
d
1
a
x
a
+
x
a
+
x
a
x
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
1 a + x
dx
dx

2
2 a x
(a x)
1
1 a x 2 ( a x ) (1) ( a + x )( 1)
2 a + x
a
x
(
)
1
2a
1
1
1 (a x)2 a x + a + x
=
2 ( a + x ) 12 ( a x ) 2
2 ( a + x ) 12 ( a x ) 21 ( a x )2
a
a
=
1
1
3
1
2
(a + x )2 ( a x) 2
(a + x) 2 (a x) 2
d
dx
Using in eq. (i)

1
dy
a
a+x 2
= x
+
(1)
3
1
dx
a
x
2
2
(a + x) (a x)
1
=
=
ax
3
2
(a + x) (a x)
ax + ( a + x )( a x )
3
1
(a + x) 2 (a x) 2
1
2
(a + x) 2
1
(a x) 2
=
ax + a 2 x 2
a + x (a x)
3
2
Answer
FSc-II / Ex- 2.3 - 6
Question # 16
Since
y =
1
x
x
1
2
1
2
= x x
Diff. w.r.t. x
1
dy
d 12
2
=
x
dx
dx
1 1 1 3
= x 2+ x 2
2
2
Multiplying by 2x
1
1
dy
2x
= x2 +x 2
dx
Adding y on both sides
1
1
dy
2x + y = x 2 + x 2 + y
dx
1
1
1
1
1
1
dy
2x + y = x 2 + x 2 + x 2 x 2
Q y=x2 x 2
dx
1
dy
dy
2x + y = 2x 2
2x + y = 2 x
Proved
dx
dx
Question # 17
Since y = x 4 + 2 x2 + 2
dy
d 4
=
x + 2x2 + 2
Now
dx
dx
dy
= 4 x 41 + 2 2 x 21 + 0
dx
= 4 x3 + 4 x
dy
= 4 x x 2 + 1 (i)
dx
Now
y = x 4 + 2 x2 + 2
y 1 = x4 + 2 x 2 + 2 1
( x + 1)
( x + 1) i.e. ( x + 1)
= x 4 + 2 x2 + 1 =
y 1 =
Using it in eq. (i), we have

dy
= 4x y 1
dx
y 1
as required.
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Exercise 2.3
Calculus and Analytic Geometry Mathematic 12
Punjab T extbook Board, Lahore.
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (Atiq@MathCity.org)

Available online at http://www.MathCity.org in PDF Format (Picture format to view online).
Page Setup used Legal ( 8 1 2 14 )
First Printed: August 24, 2005, Updated: February 16, 2009.
FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 1
mathcity.org
Question # 1 (i)
1- x
y =
1+ x
1- x
Put u =
1+ x
Let
So y = u
y = u2
Now diff. u w.r.t. u
du
d 1- x
=
dx
dx 1 + x
d
d
(1 + x ) (1 - x ) - (1 - x ) (1 + x )
dx
dx
=
2
(1 + x )
=
=
(1 + x )( -1) - (1 - x )(1)
2
(1 + x )
2
du
-2
=
2
dx
(1 + x )
Now diff. y w.r.t. u
dy
d 12
=
u
du
du
1 -1
1 1- x
= u 2 =
2
2 1+ x
dy
1 1+ x
=
du
2 1- x
Now by chain rule
dy
dy du
=
dx
du dx
-1
1
2
=
=
1
2
(1 + x ) -1
1
2
(1 - x ) 2 (1 + x )
-1
(1 - x ) (1 + x )
1
2
-1
1 - x (1 + x )
Question # 1(ii)
y =
dy
1
=
du
2 x+ x
Now by chain rule
dy
dy du
=
dx
du dx
1
2 x +1
=
2 x
2 x+ x
=
1 1+ x 2
-2
=

2 1 - x (1 + x )2
=
1
2
y = u = u2
Diff. u w.r.t. x
1
du
d
2
=
x
+
x
dx
dx
1
1 1
= 1+ x 2 = 1+
2
2 x
2 x +1
=
2 x
Now diff. y w.r.t. x
dy
d 12
=
u
du
du
1 -1
1
1
= u 2 =
=
1
2
2u 2
2 x+ x
-1 - x - 1 + x
(1 + x )
u = x + x = x + x2
x+ x
3
2
2 - 12
Answer
2 x +1
Answer
4 x x+ x
Question # 1 (iii)
a+x
y = x
a-x
a+x
Put
u =
a-x
1
So
y = x u = x (u ) 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
1
dy
d
=
x (u ) 2
dx
dx
1
1 d
d
= x (u ) 2 + ( u ) 2
x
dx
dx
1
1 - 1 du
= x (u ) 2
+ ( u ) 2 (1)
2
dx
1
1
dy
x
- du
= (u ) 2
+ ( u ) 2 . (i)
dx
2
dx
Now diff. u w.r.t. x
FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 2
du
d a+x
=
dx
dx a - x
d
d
(a - x) (a + x) - (a + x) (a - x)
dx
dx
=
2
(a - x)
=
=
=
( a - x )( 0 + 1) - ( a + x )( 0 - 1)
2
(a - x)
( a - x )(1) - ( a + x )( -1)
2
(a - x)
a-x+a+x
(a - x)
Using value of u and

dy
xa+ x
=
dx
2 a - x
-1
2a
(a - x)
du
in eq. (i)
dx
1
2a
( a - x )2
a + x 2
+
a-x
-1
1
2
(a + x) (a - x)
2- 1
Question # 2(iv)
4 x 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
( a - x)2
( a + x)2
+
3
1
1
(a + x ) 2 (a - x )2 (a - x )2
ax + (a + x )(a - x)
dy
=
dx
(a + x) 2 (a - x)2
3
ax + a 2 - x 2
1
(a + x) 2 (a - x)2
Question # 1 (iv) & (v)

Do yourself as above
Question # 2 (i)
3x + 4 y + 7 = 0
Diff. w.r.t. x .
d
d
( 3x + 4 y + 7 ) = (0)
dx
dx
dy
3(1) + 4 + 0 = 0
dx
dy
dy
3
4 = -3
= dx
dx
4
Question # 2 (iii)
Do yourself
(a + x )2
ax
( a + x ) 2 ax + ( a + x ) 2
1
2
-1
(a - x) 2 (a - x) (a - x)2
ax
Question # 2 (ii)
xy + y 2 = 2
d
d
xy + y 2 =
( 2)
dx
dx
d
d
( xy ) + y 2 = 0
dx
dx
dy
dx
dy
x + y + 2y
= 0
dx
dx
dx
dy
( x + 2 y ) + y (1) = 0
dx
dy
(x + 2y) = - y
dx
dy
(x + 2y) = - y
dx
dy
-y
=
dx x + 2 y
(4x
dx
d
+ 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =
d
dx
(0)
d 2
d
d
( x ) + 2h ( xy ) + b ( y 2 )
dx
dx
dx
d
d
d
+2 g ( x ) + 2 f
( y ) + ( c) = 0
dx
dx
dx
dy
dy
4(2 x) + 2h x + y (1) + b 2 y
dx
dx
dy
+2 g (1) + 2 f
+0 = 0
dx
dy
dy
8 x + 2hx + 2hy + 2by
dx
dx
dy
+2 g + 2 f
= 0
dx
4
2 ( hx + by + f )
dy
dx
+ 2 ( 4 x + hy + + g ) = 0
dy
= - 2 ( 4 x + hy + + g )
dx
dy
( hx + by + f ) = - ( 4 x + hy + + g )
dx
dy
4 x + hy + + g
= dx
hx + by + f
2 ( hx + by + f )
FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 3
Question # 2 (v)
x (1 + y ) 2 + y (1 + x ) 2 = 0
1
x 1+ y + y 1+ x = 0
1
1
d
d
d
x (1 + y ) 2 +
y (1 + x ) 2 =
(0)
dx
dx
dx
1
1 dx
1
1 dy
d
d
(1 + y ) 2 + (1 + y ) 2 + y (1 + x ) 2 + (1 + x ) 2 = 0
dx
dx
dx
dx
1
1
1
1 dy
1
1
- dy
x (1 + y ) 2
+ (1 + y ) 2 (1) + y (1 + x ) 2 (1) + (1 + x ) 2
= 0
2
dx
2
dx
1
1 dy
x
dy
y
2 +
2
+
+
1
y
+
1
+
x
= 0
(
)
(
)
1
1
dx
dx
2
2
2 (1 + y )
2 (1 + x )
1 dy
1
y
x
2
2
= - (1 + y ) +
1 + (1 + x )
1
2 (1 + y ) 2
dx
2 (1 + x ) 2
x + 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + y ) 12 dy
2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + y ) 12 + y

= -
1
1
dx
2
2
2
1
+
2
1
y
+
x
(
)
(
)
x + 2 (1 + x)(1 + y ) dy
2 (1 + x)(1 + y ) + y

=
2 1+ y
2 1+ x
dx
2 (1 + x)(1 + y ) + y
2 1+ y
dy
=
dx
2 1+ x
x + 2 (1 + x )(1 + y )
(
(
1 + y 2 (1 + x)(1 + y ) + y
dy
= dx
1 + x x + 2 (1 + x)(1 + y )
)
)
Answer
Question # 2 (vi)
y x2 - 1 = x x2 + 4
Differentiating w.r.t x
1
d
d
2
2
y x -1 =
x x +4 2
dx
dx
1
1
d 2
dy
d 2
dx
2
2
2
y
x -1 + x -1
=x
x +4 + x +4 2
dx
dx
dx
dx
1
1
dy
1
y ( 2x ) + x2 -1
= x x 2 + 4 2 (2 x ) + x 2 + 4 2 (1)
dx
2
1
dy
x2
2
2
2
2 xy + x - 1
=
+
x
+
4
1
dx
x2 + 4 2
) (
dy
x2
x -1
=
dx
x2 + 4
dy
x2
x -1
=
dx
x2 + 4
)
)
(
(
)
)
1
2
) (
1
2
1
2
+ x +4
1
2
- 2 xy
- 2 xy
2
2
2
dy x + x + 4 - 2 xy x + 4
x -1
=
1
dx
x2 + 4 2
2
+ x +4
2
2
dy 2 x + 4 - 2 xy x + 4
=
dx
x2 -1 x2 + 4
FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 4
Question # 3 (i)
1
Since x = q +
q
x = q + q -1
Differentiating x w.r.t. q
dx
d
=
q + q -1
dq
dq
=
=
1
q -1
=
2
q
q2
2
dq
q2
= 2
dx
q -1
Now y = q + 1
Diff. w.r.t. q
dy
d
dy
=
= 1
(q + 1)
dq
dq
dq
Now by chain rule
dy
dy dq
=
dx
dq dx
dy dq
q2
=
= 1 2
dq dx
q -1
= a
) (
) (
) (
( )
) ( -2t ) - (1 - t ) ( 2t )
(1 + t )
2 2
2b + 2bt 2 - 4bt 2
1+ t2
2b 1 - t 2
(1 + t )
2b - 2bt 2
(1 + t )
2 2
2 2
2b 1 - t 2
) (1 + t )
2 2
(1 + t ) - 4at
b (1 - t )
= 2 2
2at
(1 + t )
2 2
2bt
y
1+ t2
Diff. w.r.t. t
Now y =
dy
d 2bt
=
dt
dt 1 + t 2
Now by chain rule

dy
dy dt
=
dx
dt dx
-2t - 2t 3 - 2t + 2t 3
dx
- 4at
dt
=
2
2
dt
dx
1+ t
Question # 4
1- t2
Since x =
1+ t2
Differentiating w.r.t. t , we get (solve
yourself as above)
dx
- 4t
dt
1+ t2
=
=
dt
1+ t2
dx
- 4t
2bt
Now y =
1+ t2
Differentiating w.r.t. t , we get (solve
yourself as above)
2 1- t2
dy
=
2
dt
1+ t2
2 2
dy
dx
dy
q
= 2
dx
q -1
Now by chain rule

dy
dy dt
=
dx
dt dx
Question # 3 (ii)
a 1- t2
Since x =
*Correction
1+ t2
Diff. w.r.t. t
dx
d 1- t2
= a
dt
dt 1 + t 2
d
d
1+ t2
1- t2 - 1- t2
1+ t2
dt
dt
= a
2
2
1+ t
(1 + t
a
= 1 - q -2 = 1 -
(1 + t ) dtd 2bt - 2bt dtd (1 + t )

(1 + t )
(1 + t ) 2b(1) - 2bt ( 2t )
(1 + t )
(1 + t )
2 2
- 4at
2 1- t2
1+ t2
) (1 + t )
2 2
- 4t
dy
1- t2
= dx
2t
Multiplying both sides by y
dy
1- t2
y
= -y
dx
2t
2t 1 - t 2
=
1 + t 2 2t
FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 5
dy
1- t2
= dx
1+ t2
dy
y
= -x
dx
dy
y
+x = 0
dx
du
d 2
=
x
dx
dx
1- t2
Q x =
1+ t2
Proved.
Question # 5(i)
1
Suppose y = x 2 - 2 and u = x 4
x
Diff. y w.r.t x
dy
d 2 1
=
x - 2
dx
dx
x
d 2
=
x - x -2 = 2 x + 2 x -3
dx
1
= 2 x + 3
x
4
x +1
dy
= 2 3
dx
x
Now diff. u w.r.t x
du
d 4
=
x
dx
dx
du
= 4 x3
dx
Now by chain rule
dy
dy dx
=
du
dx du
dy 1
=
dx du
dx
4
x +1 1
dy
= 2 3 3
du
x 4x
( )
= 2x
dy d x 2 + 1
=
dx dx x 2 - 1
= Solve yourself =
Differentiation y w.r.t x
n
dy
d
=
1 + x2
dx
dx
n -1 d
1 + x2
= n 1 + x2
dx
=
=
( ) (
n (1 + x ) ( 2 x )
2nx (1 + x )
2 n -1
2 n -1
Now differentiating u w.r.t x
= Solve yourself =
( x + 1)
du
( x + 1)
=
dx
2
Now by chain rule
dy
dy dx
=
du
dx du
- 4x
x2 - 1
Now diff. u w.r.t x

du
d x -1
=
dx
dx x + 1
Question # 4(ii)
Question # 5 (iii)
x2 + 1
x -1
Let y = 2
and u =
x -1
x +1
Diff. y w.r.t x
and u = x 2
dy
x +1
=
du
2 x6
dx 1
=
du 2 x
Now by chain rule

dy
dy dx
=
du
dx du
n -1 1
dy
= 2nx 1 + x 2
du
2x
n -1
dy
= n 1 + x2
du
Let y = 1 + x 2
- 4 x ( x + 1)
2
x2 - 1
- 2x
2
( x + 1)
( x - 1) ( x + 1)
- 2 x ( x + 1)
dy
=
dx
( x - 1)
Question # 5(iv)
ax + b
ax 2 + b
Let y =
and u = 2
cx + d
ax + d
Diff. y w.r.t. x
dy d ax + b
=
dx dx cx + d
FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 6
d
dx
d
dx
( cx + d ) ( ax + b ) - ( ax + b ) ( cx + d )
( cx + d )2
( cx + d )( a ) - ( ax + b )( c )
2
( cx + d )
acx + ad - acx - bc
( cx + d )
dy
=
dx
ad - bc
( cx + d )
Now diff. u w.r.t x

du
d ax 2 + b
=
dx
dx ax 2 + d
=
du d 3
=
x
dx dx
= 3x 2
dx
1
= 2
du 3 x
Now by chain rule
dy
dy dx
=
du
dx du
- 4x
1
=
2
2
x2 - 1 3x
dy
-4
=
dx
3x x 2 - 1
d (ax 2 + b) - ( ax 2 + b ) d ( ax 2 + d )
( ax 2 + d ) dx
dx
=
=
( ax
( ax
+d
( ax
( ax
+d
2ax ( d - b )
2
+ d ( 2ax ) - ax 2 + b ( 2ax )
+d
2ax ax 2 + d - ax 2 - b
( ax
---- The End ---
+d
( ax
+d
dx
=
du
2ax ( d - b )
Now by chain rule
dy
dy dx
=
du
dx du
ad - bc
( cx + d )
( ax
+d
2ax ( d - b )
( ad - bc ) ax 2 + d
dy
=
2
dx
2ax ( cx + d ) ( d - b )
Question # 5 (v)
x2 + 1
Let y = 2
and u = x 3
x -1
Diff. y w.r.t x
dy d x 2 + 1
=
dx dx x 2 - 1
= Solve yourself
- 4x
=
2
x2 - 1
Now diff. u w.r.t x
Note: If you find any mistake in these notes,

please inform to correct it.
MathCity.org

Some Important Derivative Formulas

d
c=0
where c is constant
dx
d
d
tan x = sec2 x
dx sin x = cos x
dx
d
d
cos x = - sin x
cot x = - csc2 x
dx
dx
1
d
-1
d
1
Tan-1 x =
dx Sin x =
2
1- x
dx
1 + x2
d
-1
d Cos -1 x = -1
Cot -1 x =
2
dx
1 + x2
1- x
dx
d n
x = nx n -1
dx
d
csc x = - csc x cot x

dx
d
sec x = sec x tan x

dx
1
d
Sec -1 x =
dx
x x2 - 1
d
-1
Csc -1 x =
dx
x x2 - 1
Question # 1(i)
Suppose y = sin 2 x
y + d y = sin 2( x + d x)
d y = sin 2( x + d x) - y
= sin 2( x + d x) - sin 2 x
Dividing both sides by d x
d y sin(2 x + 2d x) - sin 2 x
=
dx
dx
2 x + 2d x + 2 x
2 x + 2d x - 2 x
2cos
sin
2
2
=
dx
2cos ( 2 x + d x ) sin (d x )
=
dx
2cos ( 2 x + d x ) sin (d x )
dy
lim
=
lim
d x 0 d x
d x 0
dx
sin (d x )
dy
= 2 dlim
cos
2
x
+
d
x
(
)
x 0
dx
dx
sin (d x )
= 2 dlim
cos
2
x
+
d
x
lim
(
)
x 0
d x 0
dx
sin q
= 2 cos ( 2 x + 0 ) (1)
Q lim
=1
q 0 q
dy
= 2cos 2 x
dx
Question # 1(ii)
Let
y = tan 3 x
y + d y = tan 3 ( x + d x )
d y = tan ( 3x + 3d x ) - tan 3x
=
sin ( 3 x + 3d x ) sin 3x
cos ( 3x + 3d x ) cos3x
sin ( 3 x + 3d x - 3x )
Dividing by d x
=
=
=
sin ( 3x + 3d x ) cos3x - cos ( 3x + 3d x ) sin 3 x

sin ( 3d x )
FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 2
sin ( 3d x )
dy
1
=
dx
d x cos ( 3x + 3d x ) cos3x
sin ( 3d x )
dy
lim
= lim
d x 0 d x
d x0 d x cos ( 3 x + 3d x ) cos3 x
sin ( 3d x )
1
3
dy
= lim
d x 0
dx
dx
cos ( 3x + 3d x ) cos3 x 3
sin ( 3d x )
1
= 3 lim
lim
d x 0
d x 0 cos ( 3 x + 3d x ) cos3 x
3d x
1
= 3(1)
cos ( 3x + 3(0) ) cos3x
3
3
=
=
cos3x cos3x
cos 2 3x
ing and ing 3 on R.H.S
dy
= 3sec2 3x
dx
Question # 1(iii)
y = sin 2 x + cos 2 x
Let
y + d y = sin 2 ( x + d x ) + cos 2 ( x + d x )
d y = sin 2 ( x + d x ) + cos 2 ( x + d x ) - y
= sin 2 ( x + d x ) + cos 2 ( x + d x ) - sin 2 x - cos 2 x
= sin ( 2 x + 2d x ) - sin 2 x + cos ( 2 x + 2d x ) - cos 2 x
2 x + 2d x + 2 x 2 x + 2d x - 2 x
= 2cos
sin
2
2
2 x + 2d x - 2 x 2 x + 2d x - 2 x
+ -2sin
sin
2
2
= 2cos ( 2 x + d x ) sin (d x ) - 2sin ( 2 x + d x ) sin (d x )

Dividing by d x
dy
1
=
2cos ( 2 x + d x ) sin (d x ) - 2sin ( 2 x + d x ) sin (d x )
dx
dx
dy
1
lim
= lim
2cos ( 2 x + d x ) sin (d x ) - 2sin ( 2 x + d x ) sin (d x )
d x 0 d x
d x 0 d x
sin (d x )
sin (d x )
dy
= 2 lim cos ( 2 x + d x ) lim
- 2 lim sin ( 2 x + d x ) lim
d x 0
d x 0
d x 0
d x 0
dx
dx
dx
sin q
= 2cos ( 2 x + 0 ) (1) - 2sin ( 2 x + 0 ) (1)
Since lim
=1
q 0 q
dy
= 2cos 2 x - 2sin 2 x
dx
Question # 1(iv)
Let
y = cos x 2
y + d y = cos( x + d x)2
d y = cos( x + d y ) 2 - cos x 2
( x + d x) 2 + x 2
( x + d x)2 - x 2
= - 2sin
sin
2
2
FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 3
x 2 + 2 xd x + d x 2 + x 2
x 2 + 2 xd x + d x 2 - x 2
= - 2sin
sin
2
2
2 x 2 + 2 xd x + d x 2
2 xd x + d x 2
= - 2sin
sin
2
2
2
d x2
dx
= - 2sin x + xd x +
sin x +
d x
2
2
Dividing by d x
2
1
dy
d x2
dx
= 2sin x + xd x +
sin x +
d x
2
2
dx
dx
dx
ing and ing x +

on R.H.S
2
dx
x+
dy
dx
dx
2
= - sin x 2 + xd x +
sin
x
+
d
x

dx
dx
2
2
d x
x+
dx
sin x +
2
d x
2
dx
dx
2
= - 2sin x + xd x +
x +
dx
2
2
x+
d x
dx
sin x +
2
d x
2
dy
dx
dx
2
lim
= - lim 2sin x + xd x +
x +
d x 0 d x
d x 0
dx
2
2
d
x
+
x
dx
sin x +
2
d x
2
dy
dx
dx
2
= - 2 lim sin x + xd x +
lim
lim x +
d x 0
d x 0
dx
dx
2 d x 0
2
+
d
x
x
= - 2sin x 2 + (0) + (0) (1) ( x + (0) )

2
dy
= - 2 x sin x 2
dx
Question # 1(v)
Let y = tan 2 x
y + d y = tan 2 ( x + d x )
d y = tan 2 ( x + d x ) - tan 2 x
= ( tan ( x + d x ) + tan x ) ( tan ( x + d x ) - tan x )
sin ( x + d x ) sin x
= ( tan ( x + d x ) + tan x )
cos ( x + d x ) cos x
sin ( x + d x ) cos x - sin x cos ( x + d x )
= ( tan ( x + d x ) + tan x )
cos
+
d
cos
x
x
x
(
)
sin ( x + d x - x )
= ( tan ( x + d x ) + tan x )
FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 4
sin d x
= ( tan ( x + d x ) + tan x )
Dividing by d x
dy
1
sin d x
=
tan ( x + d x ) + tan x )
(
dx
dx
dy
1
sin d x
lim
= lim
tan ( x + d x ) + tan x )
(
d x 0 d x
d x 0 d x
tan ( x + d x ) + tan x
dy
sin d x
= lim
lim
d x 0
d x 0 d x
dx
tan ( x + 0 ) + tan x
tan x + tan x
2 tan x
=
=
(1) =
cos x cos x
cos 2 x
cos ( x + 0 ) cos x
dy
= 2 tan x sec2 x
dx
Question # 1 (vi)
Let
y = tan x
y +d y =
tan ( x + d x ) - tan x
dy =
=
=
=
tan ( x + d x )
sin ( x + d x ) sin x
tan ( x + d x ) + tan x cos ( x + d x ) cos x

Now do yourself as above.
1
Question # 1 (vii)
Let
y = cos x
y + d y = cos x + d x
d y = cos x + d x - cos x
x +d x + x
x +dx - x
= - 2sin
sin
2
2
Dividing by d x
x +dx + x
x +d x - x
2sin
sin
2
2
dy
= dx
dx
x +d x + x
x +d x - x
sin
sin
2
2
dy
= - 2 lim
lim
d x 0 d x
d x 0
dx
As d x = ( x + d x + x )( x + d x - x ) , putting in above
FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 5
x +dx + x
x +d x - x
sin
sin
2
2
dy
= - 2 lim
x
d
0
dx
( x + d x + x )( x + d x - x )
x +dx + x
x +dx - x
sin
sin
2
2
= - lim
lim
d x 0
( x + d x + x ) d x 0 x + d x - x
x+0 + x
sin
sin x
2
dy
(1)
=
= dx
( x +0 + x)
2 x
( )
Question # 2(i)
Assume y = x 2 sec 4 x
dy
d 2
=
x sec 4 x
dx
dx
d
d
= x 2 sec 4 x + sec 4 x x 2
dx
dx
d
= x 2 sec 4 x tan 4 x (4 x) + sec 4 x (2 x)
dx
2
= x sec 4 x tan 4 x(4) + 2 x sec 4 x
= 2 x sec 4 x ( 2 x tan 4 x + 1)
Question # 2(ii)
Let y = tan 3 q sec2 q
Diff. w.r.t q
dy
d
=
tan 3 q sec2 q
dq
dq
d
d
= tan 3 q
sec 2 q + sec 2 q
tan 3 q
dq
dq
d
d
= tan 3 q 2secq
secq + sec 2 q 3tan 2 q
tan q
dq
dq
3
2
2
2
= tan q ( 2secq secq tan q ) + sec q 3tan q sec q
= sec 2 q tan 2 q 2 tan 2 q + 3sec 2 q
Question # 2(iii)
2
Let y = ( sin 2q - cos3q )
Diff. w.r.t q
dy
d
2
=
( sin 2q - cos3q )
dq
dq
d
= 2 ( sin 2q - cos3q ) ( sin 2q - cos3q )
dq
d
d
= 2 ( sin 2q - cos3q ) cos 2q

(2q ) + sin 3q
(3q )
dq
dq
= 2 ( sin 2q - cos3q )( cos 2q (2) + sin 3q (3) )

= 2 ( sin 2q - cos3q )( 2cos 2q + 3sin 3q )
FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 6
Question # 2(iv)
Let
y = cos x + sin x
1
= cos( x) 2 + ( sin x ) 2
Diff. w.r.t x
1
1
dy
d
=
cos( x) 2 + ( sin x ) 2
dx
dx
1 d
1
1
-1 d
= - sin( x) 2
x 2 + ( sin x ) 2 ( sin x )
dx
2
dx
1 1 -1
-1
1
= - sin( x) 2 x 2 + ( sin x ) 2 ( cos x )
2
2
1 cos x sin x
=
2 sin x
x
1
Question # 3(i)
Since y = x cos y
dy
d
=
x cos y
dx
dx
d
dx
= x cos y + cos y
dx
dx
dy
= x (- sin y ) + cos y (1)
dx
dy
dy
+ x sin y
= cos y
dx
dx
dy
cos y
=
dx
1 + x sin y
( 1 + x sin y )
dy
= cos y
dx
Question # 3(ii)
Question # 4(i)
Since y = cos
1+ x
1 + 2x
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
1+ x
=
cos
dx
dx
1 + 2x
1
1+ x d 1+ x
1 + x d 1 + x 2
= - sin
= - sin
1 + 2 x dx 1 + 2 x
1 + 2 x dx 1 + 2 x
1+ x 1 1+ x
= - sin

1 + 2x 2 1 + 2x
-1
d 1+ x
dx 1 + 2 x
1 1 + 2x d 1 + x - 1 + x d 1 + 2x
) ( ) ( ) (
)
1 + x 1 1 + 2x 2 (
dx
dx
= - sin

2
1 + 2x 2 1 + x
(1 + 2 x )
1 + x (1 + 2 x ) 2 (1 + 2 x )(1) - (1 + x )( 2 )
= - sin
1 + 2 x 2 (1 + x ) 12
(1 + 2 x )
FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 7
1 + x (1 + 2 x ) 2 1 + 2 x - 2 - 2 x
= - sin
1 + 2 x 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + 2 x )2
1
1 + x (1 + 2 x ) 2 -1
= - sin
1 + 2 x 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + 2 x )2
1
1
1+ x
(1 + 2 x ) 2
= sin
2
1 + 2 x 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + 2 x ) 2- 12
1
dy
1
1+ x
=
3 sin
dx
1 + 2x
2 1 + x (1 + 2 x ) 2
Question # 4(ii)
Question # 5(i)
Let y = sin x and u = cot x
Diff. y w.r.t x
dy
d
=
sin x
dx
dx
= cos x
Now diff. u w.r.t x
du
d
=
cot x
dx
dx
= - csc2 x
dx
1
= du
csc 2 x
= - sin 2 x
Now by chain rule
dy
dy dx
=
du
dx du
= ( cos x ) - sin 2 x = - sin 2 x cos x
Question # 5(ii)
Let y = sin 2 x and u = cos 4 x
Diff. y w.r.t x
dy
d
=
sin 2 x
dx
dx
d
= 2sin x ( sin x ) = 2sin x cos x
dx
Now diff. u w.r.t x
du
d
=
cos 4 x
dx
dx
d
= 4cos3 x ( cos x ) = 4cos3 x ( - sin x )
dx
= - 4sin x cos3 x
dx
1
= du
4sin x cos3 x
Now by chain rule
FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 8
dy
dy dx
=
du
dx du
1
= ( 2sin x cos x ) 3
4sin x cos x
1
= - sec 2 x
2
Question # 6
Since tan y (1 + tan x ) = 1 - tan x
1 - tan x
tan y =
1 + tan x
tan p4 - tan x
1 - tan x
=
=
1 + tan p4 tan x
1 + 1 tan x
p
= tan - x
4
p
y =
-x
4
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d p
=
- x
dx
dx 4
dy
= 0 -1
= -1
dx
Question # 7
Since y = tan x + tan x + tan x + ...
Taking square on both sides
y 2 = tan x + tan x + tan x + ...
= tan x + tan x + tan x + tan x + ...
y = tan x + y
Diff. w.r.t x
d 2
d
y =
( tan x + y )
dx
dx
dy
dy
dy dy
2y
= sec2 x +
2y = sec 2 x
dx
dx
dx dx
dy
( 2 y - 1)
= sec 2 x
dx
2
Question # 8
x = a cos3 q , y = b sin 3 q
Diff. x w.r.t q
dx
d
=
a cos3 q
dq
dq
d
= a 3cos 2 q
( cosq ) = 3a cos 2 q ( - sin q )
dq
dx
dq
-1
= - 3a sin q cos 2 q
=
dq
dx
3a sin q cos 2 q
Now diff. y w.r.t q
FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 9
dy
d
b sin 3 q
=
dq
dq
d
= b 3sin 2 q
( sin q ) = 3b sin 2 q cosq
dq
Now by chain rule
dy
dy dq
=
dx
dq dx
1
= 3b sin 2 q cosq 3a sin q cos 2 q
b
= - tan q
a
dy
dy
a
= - b tan q
a
+ b tan q = 0
dx
dx
Question # 9
x = a ( cos t + sin t ) and y = a ( sin t - t cos t )
Do yourself
Derivative of inverse trigonometric formulas
(i)
d
1
Sin -1 x =
dx
1 - x2
See proof on book page 76

(ii)
d
-1
Cos -1 x =
dx
1 - x2
Proof
Let y = cos -1 x
where x [ 0, p ]
cos y = x
Diff. w.r.t x
d
dx
dy
cos y =
- sin y
= 1
dx
dx
dx
dy
1
=dx
sin y
-1
=
Since sin y is positive for x [ 0, p ]
2
1 - cos y
-1
=
1 - x2
d
1
Tan-1x =
dx
1+ x2
(iii)
(iv)
d
-1
Cot -1 x =
dx
1 + x2
Proof
Let y = cot -1 x
cot y = x
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d
dy
cot y =
x - csc2 y
= 1
dx
dx
dx
dy
-1
=
dx
csc2 y
FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 10
-1
1 + cot 2 y
dy
1
= dx
1 + x2
=
Q 1 + cot 2 y = csc2 y
1
d
Sec -1 x =
dx
x x2 - 1
Proof
Let y = sec -1 x
sec y = x
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d
dy
sec y =
x
sec y tan y
= 1
dx
dx
dx
dy
1
=
dx
sec y tan y
1
=
Q 1 + tan 2 y = sec 2 y
2
sec y sec y - 1
d
1
Sec -1 x =
Q sec y = x
dx
x x2 - 1
(v)
(vi)
1
d
Csc -1 x = dx
x x2 - 1
See on book at page 77
Question # 10(i)
x
Let y = Cos -1
a
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
x
=
Cos -1
dx
dx
a
-1
1 d
-1
d x
=
x
=
2
2 dx a
a
dx
x
x
1- 2
1-
a
a
-1
1
-a
1
-1
=
(1) =
=
a2 - x2 a
a2 - x2 a
a2 - x2
a2
Question # 10(ii)
x
Let y = cot -1
a
Diff w.r.t x
dy
d
x
cot -1
=
dx
dx
a
-1
d x
-1
1 d
=
= 2
( x)
2
2
a + x a dx
x dx a
1+
a2
a
-a 2 1
-a
= 2
(1) = 2
.
2
a +x a
a + x2
Ans
FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 11
Question # 10(iii)
1
a
Let y = Sin-1
a
x
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
1 d
a
=
Sin -1
dx
a dx
x
1
1
d -1
1
1
d a
=
a
x
=
2
2
2 dx x
a
dx
a

a -x
a
1-
x2
x
x
x
1
1
- 2 = Ans
=
- x -2 =
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
a -x
a -x
x a -x
( )
Question # 10(iv)
Let y = Sin -1 1 - x 2
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
=
Sin -1 1 - x 2
dx
dx
1
d
=
1 - x2 =
2 dx
1 - 1 - x2
x2
1
1
2 1 - x2
1 ( -2 x )
= -
1
1 - x2
1 - 1 + x2 2
1
x
x 1 - x2
= -
-1
d
1 - x2
dx
1
1 - x2
Question # 10(v)
2
-1 x + 1
Let y = Sec 2
x -1
Diff. w.r.t x
x2 + 1
dy
d
=
Sec -1 2
dx
dx
x -1
1
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
2
2
-1
x -1 x -1
d x2 + 1
2
dx x - 1
=
x +1
2
x -1
2
=
x2 + 1
2
x -1
(x
) (
2
+ 1 - x -1
2
( x 2 - 1)2
d 2
d 2
2
2
x
1
x
+
1
x
+
1
x -1
dx
dx
2
x2 - 1
) (
) (
x2 - 1 ( 2 x ) - x2 + 1 ( 2x )
2
2
4
2
4
2
x -1
x + 2x + 1 - x + 2x + 1
2
( x - 1)
1
(x
) (
-1
2x x2 - 1 - x2 - 1
=
2
2
4
2
4
2
2
x + 1 x + 2x + 1 - x + 2x - 1
1
x
1
- 4x
-2
=
( 2 x ( -2 ) ) =
=
2
2
x + 1 2x
x +1
x2 + 1 4 x2
) (
Ans
FSc-II / Ex- 2.5 - 12
Question # 10(vi)
Question # 10(vii)
Question # 11
y
x
x
= Tan -1
y = x Tan -1
Since
x
y
y
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
-1 x
=
x Tan
dx
dx
y
= x
d
-1
Tan
dx
x
d
-1 x
Tan
+
( x)
y
y dx
1
d
x
+ Tan-1 x 1
= x
()
2
dx y
y
1+ x
dy
y
(1)
x
1
x
dy y
dx + Tan -1 x =
=x 2
y- x +
2
2
2
2
y
y
y +x
dx x
y +x
y2
dy
xy
x2
dy y
= 2
+
dx
y + x 2 y 2 + x 2 dx x
dy
x2
dy
xy
y
x 2 dy
y x2
+ 2
=
+
1
+
=
+
1
dx y + x 2 dx
y 2 + x2 x
y 2 + x 2 dx
x y2 + x2
dy
y
=
Proved
dx
x
Question # 12
Since y = tan pTan -1 x
Tan -1 y = pTan -1 x
d
d
Tan -1 y = p Tan -1 x
dx
dx
1 dy
1
= p
2
1 + y dx
1 + x2
(1 + x ) dy
dx
2
(1 + x ) y - p (1 + y ) = 0
2
= p 1 + y2
Since
dy
= y1
dx
Error Analyst
Muzammil Ahsan
2009-11
Govt. Post Graduate Collage Jauharabad Distt. Khushab

------ The End ------ 11 April 2011
MathCity.org

2.10 Derivative of General Exponential Function (Page 80)

A function define by
f ( x) = a x where a > 0, a 1
is called general exponential function.
y = ax
Suppose
y + d y = a x+d x d y = a x+d x - y
d y = a x+d x - a x
Since y = a x
d y = a x (ad x -1)
Dividing by d x
d y a x (ad x -1)
=
dx
dx
dy
a x (ad x -1)
lim
=
lim
d x 0 d x
d x 0
dx
d x -1
ad x -1
dy
dy
x a
x
a
a
= dlim
=
lim
d x 0 d x
dx x0 d x
dx
d x
(a ) = a x .ln a
dx
Since lim
x 0
a x -1
= ln a
x
Derivative of Natural Exponential Function

The exponential function f ( x) = e x where e = 2.71828... is called Natural Exponential
Function.
y = ex
Suppose
Do yourself Just Change a by e in above article. Youll get
d x
e = ex
dx
2.11 Derivative of General Logarithmic Function (page 81)
If a > 0, a 1 and x = a y , then the function defined by y = log a x ( x > 0) is
called General Logarithmic Function.
Suppose
y = log a x
y + d y = log a ( x + d x) d y = log a ( x + d x) - y
d y = log a ( x + d x) - log a x
x +d x
m
= log a
Since log a m - log a n = log a
n
x
x +d x
dy
1
=
log a
dx dx
x
x +d x
dy
1
lim
=
lim
log
a
d x0 d x
d x0 d x
x
dx
dy
1
= dlim
log a 1 +
x
0
dx
dx
x
dx
x 1
= dlim
log
ing and ing by x
1 +
a
x0 x d x
x
FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 2
dx
dy 1
x
log
= dlim
1 +
a
dx x x0 d x
x
d x d x
dy 1
= dlim
log
1+
dx x x0 a
x
d x d x
dy 1
= log a dlim
1+
x 0
dx x
x
Since m log a x = log a x m

x
Since lim
(1 + x ) x = e
x 0
dy 1
= log a e
dx x
d
1 1
log a x ) =
(
dx
x loge a
1
d
log a x ) =
(
dx
x ln a
Since log a b =
1
logb a
Since log e a = ln a
Derivative of Natural Logarithmic Function

The logarithmic function f ( x) = loge x where e = 2.71828... is called Natural
Logarithmic Function. And we write ln x instead of log e x for our ease.
Suppose
y = ln x
y + d y = ln ( x + d x) d y = ln ( x + d x) - y
d y = ln ( x + d x) - ln x
x +d x
m
d y = ln
Since ln m - ln n = ln
n
x
dx
= ln 1 +
x

dx
dy
1
=
= ln 1 +
dx dx
x
dy
1 dx
lim
= dlim
ln 1 +
d x 0 d x
x0 d x
x
dy
x 1 dx
= dlim
ln 1 +
ing and ing by x
x 0 x d x
dx
x
dy 1
x dx
= dlim
ln 1 +
x
0
dx x
d x
x
x
d x d x
dy 1
= dlim
ln
1+
dx x x0
x
d x d x
dy 1
= ln dlim
1+
dx x x0
x
dy 1
= ln e
dx x
d
1
ln x ) = 1
(
dx
x
d
1
ln x ) =
(
dx
x
Since m ln x = ln x m
x
Since lim
(1 + x ) x = e
x 0
Since ln e = loge e =1
FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 3
Question # 1(i)
f ( x) = e x -1
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d
f ( x) =
e
dx
dx
x -1
d
x -1
dx
1
e x -1
x -1 1
2
= e x - 0 =
2 x
2
f ( x) = e
x -1
Ans.
Question # 1(ii)
1
3 x
f ( x) = x e
Diff. w.r.t x
1
d
d 3 x
f ( x) =
xe
dx
dx
1
1
d 3
3 d
x
e +ex
x
f ( x) = x
dx
dx
1
1
3 x d 1
2
x
= xe
+ e 3x
dx x
1
1
1 x
3 x
= x e - 2 + e 3x 2
x
( )
( )
1
x
= - xe + 3 x e
2
1
x
1
x
= xe ( 3 x - 1)
d 1 d -1
1
-2
=
=
=
x
x

dx x dx
x2
Ans.
Question # 1(iii)
f ( x ) = e x (1 + ln x )
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d x
f ( x) =
e (1 + ln x )
dx
dx
d
d
f ( x) = e x (1 + ln x ) + (1 + ln x ) e x
dx
dx
1
= e x 0 + + (1 + ln x ) e x
x
1 + x (1 + ln x )
1
f ( x) = e x + 1 + ln x
or f ( x) = e x
x
x
Question # 1(iv)
ex
f ( x) = - x
e +1
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d ex
f ( x) =
dx
dx e - x + 1
d x
d -x
e- x + 1
e - ex
e +1
dx
dx
f ( x) =
2
e- x + 1
FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 4
(e
-x
(e
e ( 2e + 1)
( e + 1)
-x
+1
Question # 1(v)
f ( x ) = ln e x + e - x
(e
-x
+1
f ( x) =
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d
f ( x) =
ln e x + e- x
dx
dx
1
d x
f ( x) =
e + e- x
x
-x
e + e dx
e x e - x + 1 + e- x
Ans.
-x
-x
f ( x) =
+ 1 e x - e x e- x (-1) + 0
1
e + e- x
x
(e
e x - e- x
e x + e- x
+ e - x (-1)
)
Q tanh x =
f ( x ) = tanh x
or
e x - e- x
e x + e- x
Question # 1(vi)
eax - e- ax
f ( x) = ax
e + e- ax
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d e ax - e - ax
f ( x) =
dx
dx e ax + e - ax
( eax + e- ax ) dxd ( eax - e-ax ) - ( eax - e- ax ) dxd ( eax + e-ax )
=
2
( eax + e- ax )
(e
=
ax
+ e- ax )( eax (a) - e - ax (- a) ) - ( eax - e- ax )( eax + e - ax (- a) )
(e
ax
+ e - ax )
a ( e ax + e - ax )( e ax + e- ax ) - a ( e ax - e - ax )( e ax - e - ax )
(e
ax
+ e- ax )
2
2
a ( e ax + e- ax ) - ( eax - e- ax )
=
2
( eax + e- ax )
a (e2 ax + e-2 ax + 2eax e- ax ) - (e2 ax + e-2 ax - 2eax e- ax )
a e2 ax + e-2 ax + 2 - e 2 ax - e-2 ax + 2
f ( x) =
(e
(e
(e
4a
ax
+e
- ax 2
ax
+e
ax
- ax 2
+ e- ax )
Q e ax e - ax = e0 = 1
Ans.
FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 5
Question # 1(viii)
f ( x) =
ln e2 x + e- 2 x
1
d
d
2
2x
-2x
f ( x) =
ln e + e
dx
dx
-1 d
1
2
2x
-2x
2x
- 2x
ln
e
e
f ( x) = ln e + e
+
dx
2
1
1
d 2x
=
e + e- 2 x
1
2x
- 2x
dx
2 ln e 2 x + e - 2 x 2 e + e
2x
- 2x
2x
+ e- 2 x
Question # 1(ix)
(e
) (
1
e2 x + e - 2 x
) (e
= ln e 2 x + e - 2 x
1
2
2x
+ e- 2 x
(e
)
)
2 e2 x - e- 2 x
2 ln e + e
f ( x) = ln
2 ln e 2 x + e- 2 x
2x
(2) + e- 2 x (-2)
(e
(e
2x
+e
2x
-2x
)
- e- 2 x
ln e + e
2x
- 2x
)
f ( x) =
1
ln e 2 x + e - 2 x
2
Q ln x m = m ln x
Now diff. w.r.t x

d
1 d
f ( x) =
ln e2 x + e- 2 x
dx
2 dx
Now do yourself
Question # 2(i)
y = x 2 ln x
y = x 2 ln ( x ) 2
1
Ans.
y =
1 2
x ln x
2
Q ln x m = m ln x
Now diff. w.r.t x

dy
1 d 2
=
x ln x
dx
2 dx
1 d
d
= x 2 ln x + ln x x 2
2 dx
dx
1
1
1
1
= x 2 + ln x(2 x) = x + x ln x or
x + 2 x ln x
2
x
2
2
Ans.
Question # 2(ii)
y = x ln x
Diff. w.r.t x
1
dy
d
=
x ( ln x ) 2
dx
dx
1
1 d
d
= x ( ln x ) 2 + ( ln x ) 2 ( x)
dx
dx
1
1
1
x
-1 d
1
2
= x ( ln x ) 2 ( ln x ) + ( ln x ) 2 (1) =
ln
+
x
(
)
1
2
dx
x
2 ( ln x ) 2
1
1 + 2ln x
=
+ ln x =
Answer
2 ln x
2 ln x
FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 6
Question # 2(iii)
x
y =
ln x
dy
d x
dx
dx ln x
dx
d
1
ln x - x ln x
ln x (1) - x
dx
dx
x
=
=
2
2
( ln x )
( ln x )
ln x - 1
( ln x )
Answer
Question # 2(iv)
y = x 2 ln
1
x
y = x 2 ln x -1
y = - x 2 ln x
Now do yourself.
Question # 2(v)
1
2
x -1
x -1
y = ln 2
y = ln 2
x +1
x +1
Now diff. w.r.t x
dy
1 d x2 - 1
=
ln
dx
2 dx x 2 + 1
2
1 x2 - 1
y = ln 2
2 x +1
1
1
d x2 - 1
2
2
2 x - 1 dx x + 1
2
x +1
d 2
d 2
2
x +1
x - 1 - x2 - 1
x +1
x2 + 1
dx
dx
=
2
2
2 x -1
x2 + 1
2
2
x + 1 ( 2x) - x - 1 ( 2x )
1
2 x 2 - 1
x2 + 1
2
2
2x x + 1 - x + 1
x ( 2)
1
1
=
2
2
2
2
2 x -1
x +1
x - 1 x + 1
) (
) (
Question # 2(vi)
y = ln x + x 2 + 1
) (
) (
2x
x -1
Ans.
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
=
ln x + x 2 + 1
dx
dx
-1 d
1
d
1
1 2
2
=
x + x +1 =
1+ x +1 2
x2 + 1
dx
x + x 2 + 1 dx
x + x2 + 1 2
1
1
x
1
=
=
1
+
2
x
+
1
(
)
x + x 2 + 1 2 x 2 + 1 2
x + x2 + 1
x2 + 1
x2 + 1 + x
=
2
2
x + x +1
x + 1
1
1
x +1
2
Answer
FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 7
Question # 2(vii)
y = ln 9 - x 2
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
=
ln 9 - x 2
dx
dx
1
d
9 - x2
=
2
9 - x dx
dy
-2 x
=
dx
9 - x2
1
( - 2 x )
9 - x2
Question # 2(viii)
y = e -2 x sin 2 x
dy
d -2 x
=
e sin 2 x
dx
dx
d
d
= e -2 x sin 2 x + sin 2 x e-2 x
dx
dx
-2 x
= e cos 2 x (2) + sin 2 x e -2 x (-2)
= 2e -2 x ( cos 2 x - sin 2 x )
Answer
Question # 2(ix)
y = e- x x3 + 2 x 2 + 1
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d -x 3
=
e x + 2 x2 + 1
dx
dx
d 3
d -x
= e- x
x + 2 x 2 + 1 + x3 + 2 x 2 + 1
e
dx
dx
= e - x 3 x 2 + 4 x + 0 + x 3 + 2 x 2 + 1 e - x (-1)
= e- x
= e- x
) (
(
) (
( 3x + 4 x ) - ( x + 2 x
( - x + x + 4 x - 1)
2
+ 1 e- x
Answer
Question # 2(x)
y = xesin x
Diff w.r.t x
dy
d sin x
=
xe
dx
dx
d
d
= x esin x + esin x x
dx
dx
d
= x esin x sin x + esin x (1) = x esin x cos x + esin x
dx
sin x
= e ( x cos x + 1)
Answer
Question # 2(xi)
Do yourself
Question # 2(xii)
x
y = ( x + 1)
x
ln y = ln ( x + 1)
Diff w.r.t x
= e- x 3x 2 + 4 x - x3 - 2 x 2 - 1
ln y = x ln ( x + 1)
FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 8
d
d
ln y =
x ln ( x + 1)
dx
dx
1 dy
d
dx
= x ln ( x + 1) + ln ( x + 1)
y dx
dx
dx
1 d
= x
( x + 1) + ln ( x + 1) (1)
x + 1 dx
dy
x
= y
(1) + ln ( x + 1)
dx
x +1
x
x
= ( x + 1)
+ ln ( x + 1)
Answer
x +1
Question # 2(xiii)
ln x
y = ( ln x )
ln x
ln y = ln ( ln x )
ln y = (ln x) ln ( ln x )
Diff w.r.t x
d
d
ln y =
(ln x) ln ( ln x )
dx
dx
1 dy
d
d
= (ln x) ln ( ln x ) + ln ( ln x ) (ln x)
y dx
dx
dx
1 d
1
= (ln x)
( ln x ) + ln ( ln x )
ln x dx
x
1 + ln ( ln x )
1 ln ( ln x )
= +
=
x
x
x
1 + ln ( ln x )
dy
dy
ln x 1 + ln ( ln x )
= y
=
x
ln
(
)
dx
x
dx
x
Question # 2(xiv)
x 2 - 1 ( x + 1)
y =
(x
+1
32
y =
( x + 1)
3
2
x - x +1
2
y =
3
2
y =
( x - 1) 2
x2 - x + 1
3
2

1
ln y = ln
( x - 1) 2
x2 - x + 1
1
3
2
= ln( x - 1) 2 - ln x 2 - x + 1
3
2
1
3
ln( x - 1) - ln x 2 - x + 1
2
2
Now diff. w.r.t x
d
1 d
3 d
ln y =
ln( x - 1) ln x 2 - x + 1
dx
2 dx
2 dx
ln y =
( x + 1) x 2 - x + 1 2
( x + 1) 2 ( x - 1) 2 ( x + 1)
y =
( ( x + 1)( x - 1) ) 2 ( x + 1)
( x + 1) 2 ( x - 1) 2
( x + 1) 2 ( x 2 - x + 1) 2
3
FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 9
1 dy
1 1 d
3
1
d 2
=
( x - 1) x - x +1
2
y dx
2 x - 1 dx
2 x - x + 1 dx
3( 2 x - 1)
1
3
1
(1) 2
x
1
=
(
)
2 ( x - 1)
2 ( x - 1) 2 x 2 - x + 1
2 x2 - x + 1
x 2 - x + 1 - 3 ( 2 x - 1)( x - 1)
dy
= y
dx
2 ( x - 1) x 2 - x + 1
( x - 1) 2
(x
- x +1
3
2
(
(
x2 - x + 1 - 3 2x2 - x - 2x + 1
2 ( x - 1) x 2 - x + 1
2
x
x
+
1
6
x
+
3
x
+
6
x
3
=
3 +1
1- 1
2
2
2 ( x - 1) 2 x - x + 1
dy
5x2 - 8x + 2
=
Ans.
5
dx
2
2
2 x -1 x - x +1
-5 x 2 + 8 x - 2
2 ( x - 1) 2 x 2 - x + 1
1
5
2
Question # 2(xv)
2
x + 2) x - 1
(
y =
x2 + x - 2
y =
( x + 2)
x -1
x2 + 2x - x - 2
( x + 2) x - 1
( x + 2 )( x - 1)
y =
y =
( x + 2) x - 1
x ( x + 2 ) - 1( x + 2 )
y =
( x + 2)
2-
1
2
y =
( x + 2)
3
2
Now diff. w.r.t x

3
dy
d
=
( x + 2) 2
dx
dx
Do yourself
2.1.3 Derivative of Hyperbolic Function (page 85)
The hyperbolic functions are define by
e x - e- x
e x + e- x
sinh x =
, xR ;
cosh x =
, xR
2
2
sinh x e x - e- x
and
tanh x =
=
, xR
cosh x e x + e - x
The reciprocal of these functions are defined as;
1
2
1
2
csch x =
= x - x , x R - {0} ;
sech x =
= x
, xR
sinh x e - e
cosh x e + e- x
1
e x + e- x
and coth x =
=
, x R - {0}
tanh x e x - e - x
and there derivatives are
d
d
(i)
(ii)
( sinh x ) = cosh x
( cosh x ) = sinh x
dx
dx
d
d
(iii) ( tanh x ) = sech 2 x
(iv) ( coth x ) = - csch 2 x
dx
dx
d
d
(v) ( sech x ) = - sech x tanh x
(vi) ( csch x ) = - csch x coth x
dx
dx
FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 10
Proof:
(i)
d
d e x - e- x d 1 x - x 1 d x - x
x
sinh
=
(
)
(e - e )
= (e - e ) =
dx
dx 2 dx 2
2 dx
1 d
d
1
1
= e x - e - x = ( e x - e - x ( -1) ) = ( e x + e- x )
2 dx
2
dx
2
e x + e- x
=
= cosh x
2
(ii) Similar as above.
(iii) See the below (iv) proof.
d
d e x + e- x
coth x = x - x
(iv)
dx
dx e - e
( e x - e- x ) dxd ( e x + e- x ) - ( e x + e- x ) dxd ( e x - e- x )
=
2
( e x - e- x )
(e
=
(e
=
(e
=
=
=
=
(v)
- e - x )( e x + e - x (-1) ) - ( e x + e - x )( e x - e - x (-1) )
(e
- e- x )
- e - x )( e x - e - x ) - ( e x + e- x )( e x + e- x )
(e
- e- x )
- e- x ) - ( e x + e- x )
2
(e
- e- x )
(e2 x + e -2 x - 2e x e- x ) - (e2 x + e-2 x + 2e x e- x )
(e
- e- x )
e 2 x + e -2 x - 2 - e 2 x - e -2 x - 2
(e
(e
-4
- e- x )
-e
-x 2
Q e x e - x = e0 = 1
2
= - x - x = - csch 2 x
e -e
-1
-1
d
d
2
d
d
( sech x ) = x - x = 2 ( e x + e- x ) = 2 ( e x + e- x )
dx
dx e + e dx
dx
-1-1 d
= 2 ( -1) ( e x + e- x )
e x + e- x )
(
dx
-2
-2
= -2 ( e x + e - x ) ( e x + e- x ( -1) ) =
e x - e- x )
(
2
( e x + e- x )
-2 ( e x - e - x )
e x - e- x )
(
2
= x
=- x
-x
x
-x
e
+
e
e
+
e
(
)(
) ( e + e- x ) ( e x + e- x )
= - sech x tanh x
(vi) Do yourself as above (v).
FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 11
2.14 Derivative of Inverse Hyperbolic Function (page 86)

d
1
d
1
(i)
sinh -1 x =
(ii)
cosh -1 x =
dx
dx
x2 - 1
1 + x2
d
1
d
1
(iii)
tanh -1 x =
(iv)
coth -1 x =
2
dx
1- x
dx
1 - x2
d
-1
d
-1
(v)
sech -1 x =
(vi)
csch -1 x =
dx
dx
x 1 - x2
x 1 + x2
Proof:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Let y = sinh -1 x sinh y = x

differentiate w.r.t. x.
d
d
dy
dy
1
sinh y = x
cosh y = 1
=
dx cosh y
dx
dx
dx
dy
1
=
Q cosh 2 x - sinh 2 x = 1
2
dx
1 + sinh y
dy
1
=
Q sinh y = x
dx
1 + x2
Do yourself as (iv) below or see book at page 88.
Let y = coth -1 x coth y = x
differentiate w.r.t. x
d
d
dy
dy
1
coth y = x
- csch 2 y = 1
=
dx - csch 2 y
dx
dx
dx
dy
1
=
Q coth 2 y - 1 = csch 2 y
2
dx -(coth y - 1)
dy
1
1
=
=
dx - coth 2 y + 1 1 - coth 2 y
dy
1
=
Q coth y = x
dx 1 - x 2
Suppose
y = sech -1 x sech y = x
differentiate w.r.t. x
d
d
dy
dy
1
sech y = x
- sech y tanh y = 1
=
dx - sech y tanh y
dx
dx
dx
dy
-1
=
Q 1 - tanh 2 y = sech 2 y
dx sech y 1 - tanh 2 y
dy
-1
=
dx x 1 - x 2
(vi) Do yourself as above
Q sech y = x
Question # 3(i)
y = cosh 2 x
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
dy
d
=
cosh 2 x
= sinh 2 x (2 x)
dx
dx
dx
dx
Question # 3(ii)
Do yourself
dy
= 2sinh 2 x
dx
FSc-II / Ex- 2.6 - 12
Question # 3(iii)
y = tanh -1 (sin x) tanh y = sin x
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d
tanh y =
(sin x)
dx
dx
dy
dy
cos x
sech 2 y
= cos x
=
dx
sech 2 y
dx
dy
cos x
=
dx
1 - tanh 2 y
cos x
=
1 - sin 2 x
cos x
dy
=
= sec x
cos 2 x
dx
Question # 3(iv)
y = sinh -1 x 3
( )
sinh y = x3
d
d 3
sinh y =
x
dx
dx
dy
3x 2
=
dx
cosh y
3x 2
=
1 + sinh 2 y
3x 2
( )
1+ x
3 2
Q cosh 2 q - sinh 2 q = 1
\ 1 - tanh 2 q = sech 2 q
Q sin x = tanh y
cosh y
dy
= 3x 2
dx
Q cosh 2 y - sinh 2 y = 1
=
3x 2
1+ x
Answer
Question # 3(v)
Do yourself
Question # 3(vi)
x
x
y = sinh -1 sinh y =
2
2
Now diff w.r.t x
d
d x
dy
1
sinh y =
cosh y
=

dx
dx 2
dx
2
dy
1
=
dx
2cosh y
Q cosh 2 y - sinh 2 y = 1
1
\ cosh 2 y = 1 + sinh 2 y
=
2 1 + sinh 2 y
1
1
1
=
=
=
Answer.
2 1 + ( x / 2) 2 2 (4 + x 2 ) / 2
4 + x2
Error Analyst
Muzammil Ahsan
2009-11
Govt. Post Graduate Collage Jauharabad Distt. Khushab

------ The End ------ May 24, 2011
mathcity.org

Question # 1 (i)
y = 2 x5 - 3 x 4 + 4 x3 + x - 2
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
=
2 x5 - 3 x 4 + 4 x 3 + x - 2
dx
dx
y1 = 2 5 x 4 - 3 4 x3 + 4 3 x 2 + 1 - 0
( ) ( ) ( )
= 10 x 4 - 12 x3 + 12 x 2 + 1
Again diff. w.r.t x
dy1
d
=
10 x 4 - 12 x 3 + 12 x 2 + 1)
(
dx
dx
y2 = 10 ( 4 x 3 ) - 12 ( 3 x 2 ) + 12 ( 2 x ) + 0
= 40 x 3 - 36 x 2 + 24 x
Ans.
Question # 1(ii)
3
2
y = ( 2 x + 5)
Diff. w.r.t x
3
dy
d
=
( 2 x + 5)2
dx
dx
3
3
-1 d
y1 = ( 2 x + 5 ) 2
( 2 x + 5)
2
dx
1
1
3
2
= ( 2 x + 5 ) ( 2 ) = 3( 2 x + 5 ) 2
2
Again diff. w.r.t x
1
1
1
dy1
d
2
y2 = 3 ( 2 x + 5 ) 2 (2)
= 3 ( 2 x + 5)
2
dx
dx
y2 =
Question # 1(iii)
1
1
-1
y = ( x)2 + ( x) 2
y = x+
x
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d 12
1
1
-1
-3
-1
=
x ) + ( x ) 2 y1 = ( x ) 2 - ( x ) 2
(
2
2
dx
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
dy1
1 d - 12
-3
=
x) - ( x) 2
(
2 dx
dx
1 1 -3 3
-5
y2 = - ( x ) 2 + ( x ) 2
2 2
2
3- x
1 -x + 3
1 1
3
y2 =
= - 3 + 5 =
or
5
5
4 x 2
4 x 2 x 2
4x 2
Question # 2(i)
y = x2e- x
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d 2 -x
=
xe
dx
dx
3
2x + 5
FSc-II / Ex- 2.7 - 2
d -x
d
e + e- x x 2
dx
dx
2 -x
-x
= x e (-1) + e ( 2 x ) = e - x - x 2 + 2 x
y1 = x 2
Again diff. w.r.t x

dy1
d -x
=
e - x2 + 2 x
dx
dx
d
d -x
y2 = e - x
-x2 + 2x + -x2 + 2x
e
dx
dx
= e - x ( -2 x + 2 ) + - x 2 + 2 x e - x (-1) = e - x -2 x + 2 + x 2 - 2 x
= e- x
) (
(
( x - 4x + 2)
Question # 2(ii)
2x + 3
y = ln
3x + 2
y = ln ( 2 x + 3) - ln ( 3x + 2 )
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
d
=
ln ( 2 x + 3) - ln ( 3 x + 2 )
dx
dx
dx
1
1
y1 =
(2) ( 3)
2x + 3
3x + 2
-1
-1
= 2 ( 2 x + 3) - 3( 3x + 2 )
Again diff. w.r.t x
dy1
d
d
-1
-1
= 2 ( 2 x + 3) - 3 ( 3x + 2 )
dx
dx
dx
-2
-2
y2 = 2 - ( 2 x + 3) (2) - 3 - ( 3 x + 2 ) (3)
4
9
y2 = +
Ans.
2
2
2
x
+
3
3
x
+
2
(
) (
)
- 4 ( 3x + 2 ) + 9 ( 3x + 2 )
2
OR y2 =
=
( 2 x + 3) ( 3 x + 2 )
2
- 36 x 2 - 48 x - 16 + 36 x 2 + 108 x + 81
( 2 x + 3) ( 3x + 2 )
2
) (
- 4 9 x 2 + 12 x + 4 + 9 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9
( 2 x + 3) ( 3 x + 2 )
2
60 x + 65
( 2 x + 3) ( 3x + 2 )
Question # 2(iii)
1- x
y =
1+ x
Diff. w.r.t x
1
dy
d 1- x 2
=
dx
dx 1 + x
By solving, you will get (differentiate here)
-1
-1
-3
2 (1 + x ) 2
y1 =
=
1
x
(
)
3
1
(1 - x ) 2 (1 + x ) 2
Again diff. w.r.t x
dy1
d
-1
-3
= - (1 - x ) 2 (1 + x ) 2
dx
dx
-1 d
-3
-3 d
-1
y2 = - (1 - x ) 2 (1 + x ) 2 - (1 + x ) 2 (1 - x ) 2
dx
dx
Ans.
FSc-II / Ex- 2.7 - 3

-1 3
-5
-3 1
-3
= - (1 - x ) 2 - (1 + x ) 2 (1) - (1 + x ) 2 - (1 - x ) 2 (-1)
2
3
1
3(1 - x ) - (1 + x)
=
1
5 3
3 =
3
5
2 (1 - x ) 2 (1 + x ) 2 2 (1 + x ) 2 (1 - x ) 2
2 (1 - x ) 2 (1 + x ) 2
3 - 3x - 1 - x
2 - 4x
1 - 2x
=
=
=
3
5
3
5
3
5
2 (1 - x ) 2 (1 + x ) 2
2 (1 - x ) 2 (1 + x ) 2
(1 - x ) 2 (1 + x ) 2
Question # 3(i)
x2 + y2 = a2
Diff. w.r.t x
d 2
d 2
x + y2 =
a
dx
dx
2 y y1 = - 2 x
2x + 2 y
y1 = -
dy
= 0
dx
x
y
Again diff. w.r.t x
dy1
d
= -
dx
dx
x
y
dy
dx
y
x
y2 = - dx 2 dx
y
x
y
x
(1)
- y
y2 = -
2
y 2 + x2
x2
y
+
y
y
= -
= -
2
2
y
y
a2
OR
y2 = - 3
y
dy
x
=dx
y
x2 + y2
= -
Ans.
3
y
Q x2 + y 2 = a 2
Question # 3(ii)
x3 - y 3 = a3
Diff. w.r.t x
d 3
d 3
x - y3 =
a
dx
dx
dy
3x2 - 3 y 2
= 0 - 3 y 2 y1 = - 3x 2
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
dy1
d x2
=

dx
dx y 2
d
d
y 2 ( x 2 ) - x2 ( y 2 )
dx
dx
y2 =
2
2
y
x2
y1 = 2
y
( )
2
2
2 x
dy
2
xy
2
x
y
y (2 x) - x 2 y
y2
dx

=
=
4
4
y
y
2
dy
x2
= 2
dx
y
Ans.
FSc-II / Ex- 2.7 - 4
2 xy 2 =
OR
y2 =
y2
2 x4
y
( )
2 xy 3 - 2 x 4
y
=
y4
- 2x a 3
- 2x x3 - y 3
y
Q x3 - y 3 = a 3
y
2a 3 x
= - 5
y
Question # 3(iii)
x = a cosq , y = a sin q
Diff. x w.r.t q
Diff
dx
d
= a
cosq
dq
dq
= - a sin q
dq
1
= dx
a sin q
Now by chain rule
dy
dy dq
=
dx
dq dx
-1
= a cosq
a sin q
Now diff. y1 w.r.t q
dy1
d
= - cot q
dx
dx
dq
y2 = + cosec 2 q
dx
1
= cosec 2 q .
a sin q
-1
y2 =
a sin 3 q
y w.r.t q
dy
d
= a
sin q
dq
dq
= a cosq
y1 = - cot q
Question # 3(iv)
x = at 2 , y = bt 4
Diff. x w.r.t t
Diff. y w.r.t t
dx
d 2
= a t
dy
d
= b (t 4 )
dt
dt
dt
dt
= 2at
3
=
4bt
dt
1
=
dx
2at
Now by chain rule
dy
dy dt
=
dx
dt dx
1
2b 2
= 4bt 3
y1 =
t
2at
a
Now diff. y1 w.r.t x
dy1
2b d 2
=
t
dx
a dt
2b
4bt
y2 =
( 2t ) y2 =
a
a
( )
Ans.
FSc-II / Ex- 2.7 - 5
Question # 3(v)
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
d 2
d
x + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = (0)
dx
dx
dy
dy
dy
2 x + 2 y + 2 g (1) + 2 f
+ 0 = 0 (2 y + 2 f ) + (2x + 2g ) = 0
dx
dx
dx
dy
dy
(2x + 2g )
(2 y + 2 f )
= - ( 2x + 2 g )
= dx
dx
(2 y + 2 f )
x+g
y1 = y+ f
Again diff. w.r.t x
dy1
d x+g
= -
dx
dx y + f
d
d
y
+
f
x
+
g
x
+
g
(
)
(
)
(
)
( y + f )
dx
dx
= -
2
y
+
f
(
)
y2
x+g
dy
+
+
y
f
x
g
(
)
(
)
- y + f
( y + f )(1) - ( x + g )
dx
= = 2
2
(y+ f )
(y + f )
(y + f )
+ (x + g)
y+ f
2
(y + f )
= OR
y2 = =
y2 =
( y + f ) + (x + g)
3
(y+ f )
2
Ans.
y 2 + 2 yf + f 2 + x 2 + 2 xg + g 2
(x
-
= -
(y+ f )
2
+ y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c - c + f 2 + g 2
(y+ f )
0 - c + f 2 + g2
(y + f )
c - f 2 - g2
(y+ f )
Q x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
Ans.
Question # 4(i)
y = sin 3 x
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
=
( sin 3x ) y1 = cos3x (3) y1 = 3cos3x
dx
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
dy1
d
= 3 cos3 x y2 = 3( - sin 3x (3) ) y2 = - 9sin 3 x
dx
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
dy2
d
= - 9 sin 3 x y3 = - 9 cos3 x (3) y3 = - 27 cos3 x
dx
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
dy3
d
= - 27 cos3 x y4 = - 27 ( - sin 3x (3) ) y4 = 81sin 3 x
dx
dx
FSc-II / Ex- 2.7 - 6
Question # 4(ii)
y = cos3 x
Diff w.r.t x
dy
d
=
cos3 x
dx
dx
d
cos x
y1 = 3 cos 2 x
y1 = 3 cos 2 x ( - sin x )
dx
2
y1 = 3 1 - sin x ( - sin x ) y1 = - 3sin x + 3sin 3 x
(
(
Again diff. w.r.t x

dy1
d
d
= - 3 sin x + 3 sin 3 x
dx
dx
dx
d
y2 = - 3cos x + 9sin 2 x sin x
dx
y2 = - 3cos x + 9 1 - cos 2 x cos x
= - 3cos x + 9cos x - 9cos3 x = 6cos x - 9cos3 x

Again diff. w.r.t x
dy2
d
d
= 6 cos x - 9 cos3 x
dx
dx
dx
d
Q
(cos3 x) = -3sin x + 3sin 3 x
y3 = 6 ( - sin x ) - 9 ( -3sin x + 3sin 3 x )
dx
3
= - 6sin x + 27sin x - 27sin x = 21sin x - 27sin 3 x
Again diff. w.r.t x
dy3
d
d
= 21 sin x - 27 sin 3 x
dx
dx
dx
d
y4 = 21( cos x ) - 27 ( 3sin 2 x ) sin x
dx
2
= 21cos x - 81sin x ( cos x ) = 21cos x - 81(1 - cos 2 x ) ( cos x )
= 21cos x - 81cos x + 81cos3 x = - 60cos x + 81cos3 x
Alternative:
y = cos3 x
Since cos3x = 4cos3 x - 3cos x
cos3x - 3cos x = 4cos3 x
cos3 x =
Therefore
1
( cos3x - 3cos x )
4
Now diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
1 d
= cos3 x - 3 cos x
dx
dx
4 dx
Do yourself
y =
Question # 4(iv)
y = ln x 2 - 9
= ln ( x + 3 )( x - 3) = ln ( x + 3) + ln ( x - 3)
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
d
=
ln( x + 3) + ln( x - 3)
dx
dx
dx
1
( cos3x - 3cos x )
4
FSc-II / Ex- 2.7 - 7
1
1
+
x +3 x -3
-1
-1
= ( x + 3) + ( x - 3)
Again diff w.r.t x
dy1
d
d
-1
-1
=
( x + 3) + ( x - 3)
dx
dx
dx
-2
-2
y2 = - ( x + 3) - ( x - 3)
Again diff. w.r.t x
dy2
d
d
-2
-2
= - ( x + 3) - ( x - 3)
dx
dx
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
dy3
d
d
-3
-3
= 2 ( x + 3) + 2 ( x - 3)
dx
dx
dx
y1 =
y 4 = 2 -3 ( x + 3 )
=
-6
( x + 3)
-3
) + 2 ( -3 ( x - 3 ) )
-4
1
1
Ans.
= - 6
+
4
4
( x + 3) ( x + 3)
-6
-4
y3 = 2 ( x + 3 ) + 2 ( x - 3 )
( x + 3)
Question # 5
x = sin q (i)
, y = sin mq ..(ii)
-1
From (i) q = sin x , putting in (ii )
y = sin m sin -1 x
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
=
sin m sin -1 x
dx
dx
d
y1 = cos m sin -1 x
m sin -1 x
dx
1
= cos m sin -1 x m
1 - x2
y1 1 - x 2 = m cos m sin -1 x
Taking square on both sides.

y12 1 - x 2 = m 2 cos 2 m sin -1 x
y12
y12
( )
(
)
(1 - x ) = m (1 - sin (m sin x) )
(1 - x ) = m (1 - y ) From (ii)
2
-1
Q cos 2 x = 1 - sin 2 x
Now again diff. w.r.t x

d 2
d
y1 1 - x 2 = m 2
1 - y2
dx
dx
d
d 2
dy
y12
1 - x2 + 1 - x 2
y1 = m 2 0 - 2 y
dx
dx
dx
dy
dy
y12 ( -2 x ) + 1 - x 2 2 y1 1 = - 2m 2 y
dx
dx
2
2
2
- 2 xy1 + 1 - x 2 y1 y2 = - 2m y y1
) (
) )
2 y1 - xy1 + 1 - x 2 y2
= 2 y1 -m2 y
- xy1 + 1 - x 2 y2 = - m 2 y
1 - x 2 y2 - xy1 + m 2 y = 0
Proved
-3
FSc-II / Ex- 2.7 - 8
Question # 6
y = e x sin x
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d x
=
e sin x
dx
dx
d
d
= e x sin x + sin x e x
dx
dx
x
x
= e cos x + sin x e = e x ( cos x + sin x )
Again diff. w.r.t x
d dy
d x
e ( cos x + sin x )
=
dx dx
dx
d2y
d
d
= e x ( cos x + sin x ) + ( cos x + sin x ) e x

2
dx
dx
dx
x
x
= e ( - sin x + cos x ) + ( cos x + sin x ) e = e x ( - sin x + cos x + cos x + sin x )
= e x ( 2cos x ) = 2e x cos x
Now
d2y
dy
L.H.S =
- 2 + 2y
2
dx
dx
x
= 2e cos x - 2e x ( cos x + sin x ) + 2e x sin x
= 2e x ( cos x - cos x - sin x + sin x )

= 0
d2y
dy
i.e.
- 2 + 2y = 0
Proved
2
dx
dx
Question # 7
y = e ax sin bx
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d ax
=
e sin bx
dx
dx
d
d
= e ax sin bx + sin bx eax = e ax cos bx(b) + sin bxe ax (a)
dx
dx
ax
= e ( b cos bx + a sin bx )
Again diff. w.r.t x
d dy
d ax
e ( b cos bx + a sin bx )
=
dx dx
dx
d2y
d
d
= eax
( b cos bx + a sin bx ) + ( b cos bx + a sin bx ) eax
2
dx
dx
dx
ax
= e ( - b sin bx (b) + a cos bx (b) ) + ( b cos bx + a sin bx ) e ax (a)
(
)
= e ( 2 ab cos bx + a sin bx - b sin bx )
= e ( 2 ab cos bx + 2a sin bx - a sin bx - b sin bx )
= e 2a ( b cos bx + a sin bx ) - ( a + b ) sin bx
= 2ae ( b cos bx + 2a sin bx ) - ( a + b ) e sin bx
d y
dy
d y
dy
= 2a - ( a + b ) y
- 2a + ( a + b ) y
dx
dx
dx
dx
= e ax - b 2 sin bx + ab cos bx + ab cos bx + a 2 sin bx
ax
ax
ax
ax
ax
= 0
Proved
FSc-II / Ex- 2.7 - 9
Question # 8
y = Cos -1 x
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
=
Cos -1 x
dx
dx
y1 = 2 Cos -1 x
y1 = 2 Cos -1 x
-1
1- x
) dxd Cos
-1
y1 1 - x 2 = - 2 Cos -1 x
On squaring both sides
( ) = 4 (Cos x )
(1 - x ) = 4 y
-1
y12 1 - x 2
y12
Q y = Cos -1 x
Again diff. w.r.t x

d 2
dy
y1 1 - x 2 = 4
dx
dx
d 2
d
1 - x2
y1 + y12
1 - x 2 = 4 y1
dx
dx
dy
1 - x 2 2 y1 1 + y12 ( -2 x ) = 4 y1 2 y1 1 - x 2 y2 - xy1 = 4 y1
dx
2
1 - x y2 - xy1 - 2 y1 = 0
(
(
)
)
Question # 9
y = a cos ( ln x ) + b sin ( ln x )
Diff. w.r.t x
dy
d
d
= a cos ( ln x ) + b sin ( ln x )
dx
dx
dx
d
d
= a - sin ( ln x ) (ln x) + b cos ( ln x ) (ln x)
dx
dx
1
1
= - a sin ( ln x ) + b cos ( ln x )
x
x
dy
x = - a sin ( ln x ) + b cos ( ln x )
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
d dy
d
d
x
=
a
sin
ln
x
+
b
cos ( ln x )
(
)
dx dx
dx
dx
d dy dy dx
d
d
x + = - a cos ( ln x ) ( ln x ) + b ( - sin ( ln x ) ) ( ln x )
dx dx dx dx
dx
dx
2
d y dy
1
1
x 2 +
(1) = - a cos ( ln x ) - b sin ( ln x )
dx
dx
x
x
2
2
d y dy
1
dy
2 d y
x 2 +
= - ( a cos ( ln x ) + b sin ( ln x ) ) x
+
x
= -y
dx
dx
x
dx 2
dx
2
dy
2 d y
x
+ x + y = 0 Proved
2
dx
dx
' ------ The End ------ ' September 07, 2005
NOTE
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Taylor Series Expansion of Function

h2
h3
f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ( x ) +
f ( x) +
f ( x ) + ....
2!
3!
Maclaurin Series
f ( x ) = f (0) + xf (0) +
x2
x3
f (0) +
f (0) + ....
2!
3!
Question # 1(i)
Let f ( x ) = ln(1 + x)
f (0) = ln(1 + 0) = 0
d
1
1
f ( x ) =
ln(1 + x) =
f (0) =
= 1
dx
1+ x
1+ 0
d
-1
-2
-2
f ( x ) =
f (0) = - (1 + 0 ) = - 1
(1 + x ) = - (1 + x )
dx
d
-(1 + x) -2 = + 2(1 + x) -3
f ( x) =
f (0) = 2(1 + 0) -3 = 2
dx
d
-3
-4
-4
f ( iv ) ( x) =
2 (1 + x ) = - 6 (1 + x )
f (iv ) (0) = - 6 (1 + 0 ) = - 6
dx
By Maclaurin series
x2
x3
f ( x ) = f (0) + xf (0) +
f (0) +
f (0) + ......
2!
3!
x2
x3
x4
ln(1 + x ) = 0 + x(1) + (-1) + (2) + (-6) + ......
2!
3!
4!
2
3
4
x
x
x
= x+
(2) (6) + ......
2 1 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
x 2 x3 x4
= x - + - + ......
2
3 4
Question # 1(ii)
f ( x ) = cos x f (0) = cos(0)
Let
d
f ( x ) =
cos x = - sin x
dx
d
f ( x) =
( - sin x ) = - cos x
dx
d
f ( x) =
( - cos x ) = + sin x
dx
d
f ( iv ) ( x) =
sin x = cos x
dx
d
f ( v ) ( x) =
cos x = - sin x
dx
d
f ( vi ) (0) =
( - sin x ) = - cos x
dx
Now by Maclaurin series
x2
x3
f ( x ) = f (0) + xf (0) +
f (0) +
2!
3!
= 1
f (0) = - sin(0) = 0
f (0) = - cos(0) = - 1
f (0) = sin(0) = 0
f (iv ) ( x ) = cos(0) = 1
f (v ) ( x) = - sin(0) = 0
f ( vi ) ( 0 ) = - cos(0) = - 1
f (0) + ......
FSc-II / Ex- 2.8 - 2
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
cos x = 1 + x(0) + (-1) + (0) + (1) + (0) + (-1) + ......
2!
3!
4!
5!
6!
2
4
6
x
x
x
= 1+ 0 - + 0 +
+ 0 - + ......
2!
4!
6!
2
4
6
x
x
x
= 1 - + - + ......
2! 4! 6!
Question # 1(iii)
Let f ( x ) = 1 + x
1
= (1 + x ) 2
f (0) = (1 + 0) 2 = 1
1
1
1
d
-1
-1
f ( x) =
(1 + x ) 2 = (1 + x ) 2 (1) = (1 + x ) 2
dx
2
2
1
1
1
f ( 0 ) = (1 + 0 ) 2 =
2
2
1
1
d 1
-
-3
2 = - (1 + x ) 2
f ( x ) =
1
x
+
(
)
4
dx 2
1
1
-3
f (0) = - (1 + 0 ) 2 = 4
4
3
1 d
3
1 3
-5
-5
f ( x) = 1 + x ) 2 = - - (1 + x ) 2 = (1 + x ) 2
(
4 dx
4 2
8
3
3
-5
f ( 0 ) = (1 + 0 ) 2 =
8
8
Now by Maclaurin series
x2
x3
f ( x ) = f (0) + xf (0) +
f (0) +
f (0) + ......
2!
3!
1 x 2 1 x3 3
1 + x = 1 + x + - + + .....
2 2! 4 3! 8
1 x 2 1 x3 3
= 1 + x + - + + .....
2 2 4 6 8
x x 2 x3
= 1 + - + + .....
2 8 16
1
Question # 1(iv)
Let f ( x ) = e x f (0) = e 0 = 1
d x
f ( x ) =
e = e x f ( 0 ) = e0 = 1
dx
d x
f ( x ) =
e = e x f ( 0 ) = e0 = 1
dx
d x
f ( x ) =
e = e x f ( 0 ) = e0 = 1
dx
By Maclaurin series
x2
x3
f ( x ) = f (0) + xf (0) +
f (0) +
f (0) + ......
2!
3!
x2
x3
x
e = 1 + x (1) + (1) + (1) + .....
2!
3!
2
3
x
x
= 1 + x + + + .....
2! 3!
( )
( )
( )
FSc-II / Ex- 2.8 - 3
Questoion # 1(v)
f (0) = e2(0) = e0 = 1
Let f ( x ) = e 2 x
d 2x
f ( x ) =
e
f ( 0 ) = 2e 2(0) = 2(1) = 2
= 2e 2 x
dx
d 2x
f ( x ) = 2
e
= 2 2e2 x = 4e 2 x f ( 0 ) = 4e 2(0) = 4(1) = 4
dx
d 2x
f ( x ) = 4
e
= 4 2e 2 x = 8e2 x f ( 0 ) = 8 e2(0) = 8
dx
By Maclaurin series
x2
x3
f ( x ) = f (0) + xf (0) +
f (0) +
f (0) + ......
2!
3!
x2
x3
e 2 x = 1 + x (2) + (4) + (8) + .....
2!
3!
2
3
4x
8x
= 1 + 2x +
+
+ .....
2!
3!
( )
( )
( )
(
(
)
)
Question # 2
Let f ( x ) = cos x
d
f ( x ) =
cos x = - sin x
dx
d
f ( x ) = - sin x = - cos x
dx
d
f ( x ) = - cos x = - ( - sin x ) = sin x
dx
By Taylor series
h2
h3
f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ( x ) +
f ( x) +
f ( x ) + ....
2!
3!
h2
h3
cos ( x + h ) = cos x + h ( - sin x ) + ( - cos x ) + ( sin x ) + ......
2!
3!
2
3
h
h
cos ( x + h ) = cos x - h sin x - cos x + sin x + ......
2
3
p
= 0.01745 rad
Put x = 60o and h = 1o =
180
2
3
0.01745 )
0.01745 )
(
(
cos ( 60 + 1) = cos60 - ( 0.01745 ) sin 60 cos60 +
sin 60 + ......
2
3
( 0.000305) 0.5 + ( 0.00000531) 0.866 + ......
cos61o = 0.5 - ( 0.01745 )( 0.866 ) ( )
(
)
2
6
= 0.5 - 0.0151117 - 0.000076125 + 0.000000072 + ......
= 0.484812247 0.4848
Question # 3
Let f ( x) = 2 x
d x
d x
f ( x ) =
2
Q
a = a x ln a
dx
dx
x
= 2 ln 2
2
d
f ( x ) = ln 2 2 x = ln 2 2 x ln 2 = ( ln 2 ) 2 x
dx
2 d
2
3
f ( x ) = ( ln 2 )
2 x = ( ln 2 ) 2 x ln 2 = ( ln 2 ) 2 x
dx
FSc-II / Ex- 2.8 - 4
Now by Taylor series

h2
h3
f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ( x ) +
f ( x) +
f ( x ) + ....
2!
3!
2
3
h2
h3
2 x+ h = 2 x + h 2 x ln 2 + ( ln 2 ) 2 x + ( ln 2 ) 2 x + ......
2!
3!
2
3
2 h
3 h
= 2 x 1 + ( ln 2 ) h + ( ln 2 )
+ ( ln 2 )
+ ......
2!
3!
Question # 2(Old Book)

Let f ( x) = sin x and h = y
d
f ( x) =
sin x = cos x
dx
d
f ( x ) =
cos x = - sin x
dx
d
f ( x ) = - sin x = - cos x
dx
d
f ( iv ) ( x ) = - cos x = - ( - sin x ) = sin x
dx
d
f ( v ) ( x) =
sin x = cos x
dx
Now by Taylor series
h2
h3
f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ( x ) +
f ( x) +
f ( x ) + ....
2!
3!
y2
y3
y4
y5
sin( x + y ) = sin x + y (cos x) + (- sin x ) + (- cos x) + (sin x) + (cos x ) + .....
2!
3!
4!
5!
2
4
3
5
y
y
y
y
= sin x 1 +
- .... + cos x y +
- ....
2! 4!
3! 5!
Since cos y = 1 -
y 2 y4
y 3 y5
+
- .... and sin y = y +
- ....
2! 4!
3! 5!
Therefore
sin( x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
Question # 3(Old Book)
Do yourself as above. Find first 5 derivatives; use Taylor series and take cos x
and - sin x common.
September 11, 2005
T. The End .T
mathcity.org

Increasing and Decreasing Function (P-104)

Let f be defined on an interval ( a, b ) and let x1, x2 ( a, b ) . Then
1. f is increasing on the interval ( a, b ) if f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 ) whenever x2 > x1

2. f is decreasing on the interval ( a, b ) if f ( x2 ) < f ( x1 ) whenever x2 > x1
Theorem ((P-105)
Let f be differentiable on the open interval (a, b)
1- f is increasing on ( a, b ) if f ( x ) > 0 for each x ( a, b ) .
2- f is decreasing on ( a, b ) if f ( x ) < 0 for each x ( a, b ) .
First Derivative Test (P-109)
Let f be differentiable in neighbourhood of c , where
f (c) = 0 .
1. The function has relative maxima at x = c if f ( x ) > 0
before x = c and f ( x ) < 0 after x = c .
2. The function has relative minima at x = c if f ( x ) < 0
before x = c and f ( x ) > 0 after x = c .
Second Derivative Test (P-111)

Let f be differential function in a neighbourhood of c , where f (c) = 0 . Then
1- f has relative maxima at c if f (c) < 0 .
2- f has relative minima at c if f (c) > 0 .
Question # 1(i)
f ( x) = sin x
;
x [ -p ,p ]
f ( x) = cos x
Put f ( x ) = 0 cos x = 0
p p
x=- ,
2 2
p
p p
p
So we have sub-intervals -p , - , - , , , p
2 2 2 2
p
f ( x ) = cos x < 0 whenever x -p , -
2
p
So f is decreasing on the interval -p , - .
2
p p
f ( x ) = cos x > 0 whenever x - ,
2 2
p p
So f is increasing on the interval - , .
2 2
p
f ( x ) = cos x > 0 whenever x ,p
2
p
So f is decreasing on the interval , p .
2
cosx < 0
2nd quad.
cosx > 0
p
1st quad.
2
p
p
3rd quad.
cosx < 0
4th quad.
cosx > 0
FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 2
Question # 1(ii)
f ( x ) = cos x
-p ,p
2 2
f ( x ) = - sin x
Put f ( x ) = 0 - sin x = 0 sin x = 0 x = 0
p
p
So we have sub-intervals - ,0 and 0, .
2
2
p
Now f ( x ) = - sin x > 0 whenever x - ,0
2
p
So f is increasing on - ,0
2
p
f ( x ) = - sin x < 0 whenever x 0,
2
p
So f is decreasing on 0, .
2
Question # 1(iii)
f ( x) = 4 - x 2
;
x [ -2, 2]
f ( x ) = - 2 x
Put f ( x ) = 0 - 2 x = 0 x = 0
So we have subintervals ( -2,0 ) and ( 0, 2 )
Q f ( x ) = -2 x > 0 whenever x ( -2,0 )
\ f is increasing on the interval ( -2,0 )

Also f ( x ) = -2 x < 0 whenever x ( 0, 2 )
\ f is decreasing on ( 0, 2 )
Question # 1(iv)
f ( x ) = x 2 + 3x + 2
f ( x) = 2 x + 3
Put f ( x ) = 0
x [ -4,1]
2x + 3 = 0 x = -
3
2
3
3
So we have sub-intervals -4, - and - ,1
2
2
3
Now f ( x ) = 2 x + 3 < 0 whenever x -4, -
2
3
So f is decreasing on -4, -
2
3
Also f ( x ) > 0 whenever x - ,1
2
3
Therefore f is increasing on - ,1 .
2
Question # 2(i)
f ( x) = 1 - x3
Diff. w.r.t x
f ( x ) = -3x 2 . (i)
For stationary points, put f ( x ) = 0
Diff (i) w.r.t x
- 3x 2 = 0
x=0
FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 3
f ( x ) = -6 x . (ii)
Now put x = 0 in (ii)
f (0) = -6(0) = 0
So second derivative test fails to determinate the extreme points.
Put x = 0 - e = -e in (i)
f ( x ) = -3(-e )2 = -3e 2 < 0
Put x = 0 + e = e in (i)
f ( x ) = -3(e )2 = -3e 2 < 0
As f ( x ) doest not change its sign before and after x = 0 .
Since at x = 0 , f ( x) = 1 therefore (0,1) is the point of inflexion.
Question # 2(ii)
f ( x) = x2 - x - 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ( x ) = 2 x - 1 . (i)
2x -1 = 0
2x = 1
x=
1
2
Diff (i) w.r.t x
d
( 2 x - 1) = 2
dx
1
As f = 2 > 0
2
f ( x ) =
Thus f ( x) is minimum at x =
1
2
1 1
1
1
1
And f = - - 2 = - - 2
4 2
2
2 2
= -
9
4
Question # 2(iii)
f ( x) = 5 x 2 - 6 x + 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ( x ) = 10 x - 6 . (i)
10 x - 6 = 0
10 x = 6
x=
6
10
x=
Diff (i) w.r.t x
d
(10 x - 6 ) = 10
dx
3
As f = 10 > 0
5
f ( x ) =
Thus f ( x) is minimum at x =
3
5
9 18
3
3
3
And f = 5 - 6 + 2 = - + 2
5 5
5
5
5
Question # 2(iv)
f ( x) = 3 x 2
Diff. w.r.t x
f ( x ) = 6 x .. (i)
1
5
3
5
FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 4
6x = 0 x = 0
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ( x ) = 6
At x = 0
f (0) = 6 > 0
f has minimum value at x = 0
And f (0) = 3(0)2 = 0
Question # 2(vi)
f ( x ) = 2 x 3 - 2 x 2 - 36 x + 3
Diff. w.r.t x
d
f ( x ) =
2 x 3 - 2 x 2 - 36 x + 3 = 6 x 2 - 4 x - 36 (i)
dx
6 x 2 - 4 x - 36 = 0
3x 2 - 2 x - 12 = 0
ing by 2
2 4 - 4(3)(-18)
2(3)
x =
=
2 4 + 216
6
2 220
6
2 2 55
6
1 55
3
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ( x ) =
Now
1 + 55
f
d
6 x 2 - 4 x - 36 = 12 x - 4
dx
1 + 55
= 12
-4
3
= 4 1 + 55 - 4 = 4 + 4 55 - 4
= 4 55 > 0
1 + 55
.
3
3
2
1 + 55
1 + 55
1 + 55
1 + 55
And f
= 2
- 2
- 36
+3
3
3
3
3
f ( x) has relative minima at x =
3
2
2
1 + 55 - 1 + 55
27
9
2
2
1 + 3 55 + 3 55 + 55 55 - 1 + 2 55 + 55 - 12 1 +
27
9
- 12 1 + 55 + 3
) (
) (
2
2
166 + 58 55 - 56 + 2 55 - 12 1 + 55 + 3
27
9
332 116
112 4
=
+
55 55 - 12 - 12 55 + 3
27 27
9
9
247 220
1
=55 = 247 + 220 55
27
27
27
1 - 55
1 - 55
Also f
= 12
-4
3
3
= 4 1 - 55 - 4 = 4 - 4 55 - 4 = - 4 55 < 0
f ( x) has relative maxima at x =
1 + 55
.
3
1 + 55
1
And Since f
= 247 + 220 55
3
27
55 + 3
FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 5
Therefore by replacing 55 by - 55 , we have

1 - 55
1
= f
247 - 220 55
3
27
Question # 2(vii)
f ( x) = x 4 - 4 x 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ( x ) = 4 x 3 - 8x .. (i)
For critical points put f ( x ) = 0
4 x3 - 8 x = 0
)
*Correction
4 x x2 - 2 = 0
4 x = 0 or x 2 - 2 = 0
x = 0 or x 2 = 2 x = 2
Now diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ( x ) = 12 x 2 - 8
For x = - 2
f (- 2) = 12(- 2)2 - 8 = 24 - 8 = 16 > 0
f has relative minima at x = - 2
And f - 2
) = (- 2 )
-4 - 2
= 4 -8 = - 4
For x = 0
f (0) = 12(0) - 8 = - 8 < 0
f has relative maxima at x = 0
And f ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) - 4 ( 0 ) = 0
4
For x = 2
f ( 2) = 12( 2) 2 - 8 = 24 - 8 = 16 > 0
f has relative minima at x = 2
And f
( ) ( )
2
-4
( )
2
= 4 -8 = - 4
Question # 2(viii)
2
f ( x ) = ( x - 2 ) ( x - 1)
=
(x
- 4 x + 4 ( x - 1) = x 3 - 4 x 2 + 4 x - x 2 + 4 x - 4
= x - 5x + 8x - 4
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ( x ) = 3x 2 - 10 x + 8
For critical (stationary) points, put f ( x ) = 0
3x 2 - 10 x + 8 = 0 3x 2 - 6 x - 4 x + 8 = 0
3x ( x - 2 ) - 4 ( x - 2 ) = 0 ( x - 2 )( 3x - 4 ) = 0
( x - 2 ) = 0 or ( 3x - 4 ) = 0
4
x = 2 or x =
3
f ( x) = 6 x - 10
For x = 2
f (2) = 6(2) - 10 = 2 > 0
3
FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 6
f has relative minima at x = 2

And f (2) = ( 2 - 2 ) ( 2 - 1) = 0
4
For x =
3
4
4
f = 6 - 10 = 8 - 10 = - 2 < 0
3
3
4
f has relative maxima at x =
3
2
2
4
4 1
4
4
4
2 1
=
And f = - 2 - 1 = - =
27
3
3
3
3 3
9 3
2
Question # 2(ix)
f ( x) = 5 + 3x - x3
Diff. w.r.t x
f ( x ) = 3 - 3x 2 . (i)
3 - 3x 2 = 0 3x 2 = 3 x 2 = 1 x = 1
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ( x ) = - 6 x
For x = 1
f (1) = - 6(1) = - 6 < 0
f has relative maxima at x = 1
And f (1) = 5 + 3(1) - (1)3 = 5 + 3 - 1 = 7
For x = -1
f (-1) = - 6(-1) = 6 > 0
f has relative minima at x = -1 , and
f (-1) = 5 + 3(-1) - (-1)3 = 5 - 3 + 1 = 3
Question # 3
f ( x ) = sin x + cos x
where x [0,2p ]
Diff. w.r.t x
f ( x ) = cos x - sin x (i)
For stationary points, put f ( x) = 0
cos x - sin x = 0
sin x
- sin x = - cos x
= 1 tan x =
cos x
p 5p
x = tan -1 (1) x = ,
when x [0,2p ]
4
4
f ( x) = - sin x - cos x
p
For x =
4
1
1
p
p
p
= - 2
f = - sin - cos = 2
2
4
4
4
p
f has relative maxima at x =
4
1
p
p
p
1
1
And f = sin + cos =
= 2
+
4
4
4
2
2
2
1
< 0
2
( 2 )
2
1
=
2
FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 7
5p
4
5p
5p
5p
f
= - sin
- cos
4
4
4
1
1
1 1
1
= - +
= 2
- =
> 0
2
2
2
2
2
5p
f has relative minima at x =
4
1
5p
5p
5p
1
1
And f
= - 2
= sin
+ cos
=
= - 2
2
4
4
4
2
2
For x =
Question # 4
y =
ln x
x
Diff. w.r.t x
1
x - ln x (1)
dy
d ln x
x
=
=
dx
dx x
x2
dy
1 - ln x
=
.. (i)
dx
x2
dy
=0
For critical points, put
dx
1 - ln x
= 0 1 - ln x = 0 ln x = 1
x2
ln x = ln e x = e
Q ln e = 1
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
d dy
d 1 - ln x
=
dx dx
dx x 2
1
x 2 - - (1 - ln x ) ( 2 x )
2
- x - 2 x + 2 x ln x
-3 x + 2 x ln x
d y
x
=
=
=
4
2
2 2
x
x4
dx
(x )
At x = e
d2y
-3e + 2e ln e
=
2
dx x=e
e4
-3e + 2e (1)
-e
1
=
=
=
< 0
e4
e4
e3
y has a maximum value at x = e .
Question # 5
y = xx
ln y = ln x x ln y = x ln x
Diff. w.r.t x
d
d
ln y ) =
x ln x
(
dx
dx
1 dy
d
dx
= x ln x + ln x
y dx
dx
dx
1
= x + ln x (1)
x
dy
dy
= y (1 + ln x )
= x x (1 + ln x ) . (i)
dx
dx
FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 8
dy
=0
dx
x x (1 + ln x ) = 0 1 + ln x = 0 as x x 0
ln x = -1 ln x = - ln e
Q ln e = 1
1
ln x = ln e -1 x = e-1 x =
e
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
d dy
d x
=
x (1 + ln x )
dx dx
dx
d2y
d
d
= x x (1 + ln x ) + (1 + ln x ) x x
2
dx
dx
dx
1
= x x + (1 + ln x ) x x (1 + ln x )
from (i)
x
2
1
= x x + (1 + ln x )
x
1
At x =
e
e
2
2
d y
1
1 1
=
+ 1 + ln
e
dx 2 x=1 e e 1 e
For critical point, put
))
2
2
1
1
= e + 1 + ln e-1
= e + (1 - ln e )
e
e
e
e
2
1
1
= e > 0
= e + (1 - 1)
e
e
1
y has a minimum value at x =
e

' ------ The End ------ ' September 14, 2005
NOTE
If you find any mistake in these notes or you think you have easiest method of any question in these
notes. Please submit it to the above email or post it or hand over at
House # 143, St #6, Mehar Colony, 49-Tail, Sargodha. ( : (048)3750143
Why is it happened?
Suppose a = b
2
a = ab
ing both sides by a
a - b = ab - b
2
- ing b from both sides

2
( a + b )( a - b ) = b ( a - b )
a+b=b
b+b=b
2b = b
2 =1
ing by a - b
Q a=b
ing by b
Reason:
Did you know that the cancellation law is stated as
ac = bc
a = b if c 0
In above case we have divided equation by a - b , which is zero as a = b .
mathcity.org
Question # 1
Let x and 30 x be two positive integers and P denotes product integers then
P = x (30 x )
= 30x x 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
dP
= 30 2 x . (i)
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
d 2P
= 2 (ii)
dx 2
dP
=0
dx
30 2 x = 0
2 x = 30
x = 15
Putting value of x in (ii)
d 2P
= 2 < 0
dx 2 x =2
P is maximum at x = 15
Other + tive integer = 30 x = 30 15 = 15
Hence 15 and 15 are the required positive numbers.
Question # 2
Let x be the part of 20 then other is 20 x .
Let S denotes sum of squares then
S = x 2 + ( 20 x )
= x 2 + 400 40 x + x 2
= 2 x 2 40 x + 400
Diff. w.r.t x
dS
= 4 x 40 (i)
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
d 2S
= 4 .. (ii)
dx 2
dS
For stationary points put
=0
dx
4 x 40 = 0
4 x = 40
d 2S
= 4 >0
dx 2 x =10
S is minimum at x = 10
Other integer = 20 x = 20 10 = 10
Hence 10, 10 are the two parts of 20 .
x = 10
Question # 3
Let x and 12 x be two + tive integers and P denotes product of one with square of the other then
P = x (12 x )
P = x 144 24 x + x 2
= x 24 x + 144 x
3
Diff. w.r.t x
dP
= 3x 2 48 x + 144 . (i)
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
FSc-II / Ex- 2.10 - 2
d 2P
= 6 x 48 . (ii)
dx 2
dP
For critical points put
=0
dx
3 x 2 48 x + 144 = 0
x 2 16 x + 48 = 0
x 2 4 x 12 x + 48 = 0
x ( x 4 ) 12 ( x 4 ) = 0
( x 4 )( x 12 ) = 0
x = 4 or x = 12
We can not take x = 12 as sum of integers is 12 . So put x = 4 in (ii)
d 2P
= 6(4) 48
dx 2 x =4
= 24 48 = 24 < 0
P is maximum at x = 4 .
So the other integer = 12 4 = 8
Hence 4, 8 are the required integers.
Question # 4
Let the remaining sides of the triangles are x and y
Perimeter = 16
6 + x + y = 16
x + y = 16 10
x+ y = 6
y = 10 x .. (i)
Now suppose A denotes the square of the area of triangle then
A = s ( s a )( s b )( s c )
a +b+c 6+ x+ y
=
2
2
6 + x + 10 x
=
from (i)
2
16
=
= 8
2
A = 8 (8 6 )(8 x )(8 y )
Where s =
So
= 8 ( 2 )(8 x )(8 10 + x ) = 16 (8 x )( 2 + x )
(
)
= 16 ( 16 + 10 x x )
= 16 16 + 2 x + 8 x x 2
Diff. w.r.t x
dA
= 16 (10 2 x ) (i)
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
d2A
= 16 ( 2 ) = 32
dx 2
dA
=0
dx
16 (10 2 x ) = 0 (10 2 x ) = 0 2 x = 10
d2A
= 32 < 0
dx 2 x =5
A is maximum at x = 5
Putting value of x in (i)
y = 10 5 = 5
Hence length of remaining sides of triangles are 5cm and 5cm .
x=5
Question # 5
Let x and y be the length and breadth of rectangle, then
Area = A = xy .. (i)
Perimeter = 60
x + x + y + y = 60
2 x + 2 y = 60
y
x
FSc-II / Ex- 2.10 - 3
x + y = 30
y = 30 x . (ii)
Putting in (i )
A = x ( 30 x )
A = 30 x x 2
Diff. w.r.t x
dA
= 30 2 x .. (iii)
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
d2A
= 2 (iv)
dx 2
dA
=0
dx
30 2 x = 0
2 x = 30
x = 15
Putting value of x in (iv )
d2A
= 2 < 0
dx 2 x =15
A is maximum at x = 15
Putting value of x in (ii )
y = 30 15 = 15
Hence dimension of rectangle is 15cm, 15cm.
Question # 6
Let x and y be the length and breadth of the rectangle then
Area = xy
36 = xy y = 36 (i)
x
Now perimeter = 2 x + 2 y
P = 2 x + 2 36
x
1
= 2 x + 36 x
( )
Diff. P w.r.t x
dP
= 2 1 36 x 2 . (ii)
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
d 2P
144
= 2 0 36 2 x 3
= 2 72x 3
=
2
dx
x3
dP
=0
dx
36
36
2 1 36 x 2 = 0 1 2 = 0 1 = 2 x 2 = 36
x
x
Since length can not be negative therefore x = 6
d 2P
144
=
> 0
2
3
dx x =6
(6)
Hence P is minimum at x = 6 .
Putting in eq. (i )
36
y =
= 6
6
Hence 6cm and 6cm are the lengths of the sides of the rectangle.
))
x = 6
Question # 7
Let x be the lengths of the sides of the base and y be the height of the box.
Then Volume = x x y
4
4 = x2 y
y = 2 (i)
x
Suppose S denotes the surface area of the box, then
S = x 2 + 4 xy
y
x
x
FSc-II / Ex- 2.10 - 4
4
S = x2 + 4x 2
S = x 2 + 16 x 1
x

Diff. S w.r.t x
dS
= 2 x 16 x 2 .. (ii)
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
d 2S
32
= 2 16 2 x 3 = 2 + 3 . (iii)
2
dx
x
dS
=0
dx
16
2 x3 16
2 x 16 x 2 = 0 2 x 2 = 0
= 0
x
x2
2 x3 16 = 0 2 x3 = 16
x3 = 8 x = 2
Putting in (ii)
d 2S
32
> 0
= 2+
2
dx x =2
( 2 )3
S is min. when x = 2
4
y =
= 1
2
(2)
Hence 2dm, 2dm and 1dm is the dimension of the box.
Question # 8
Do yourself as question # 5.
Question # 9
Let y be the height of the open tank.
Then Volume = x x y
V
.. (i)
x2
If S denotes the surface area the open tank, then
S = x 2 + 4 xy
V
= x 2 + 4 x 2 S = x 2 + 4Vx 1
x
Diff. w.r.t x
dS
= 2 x 4Vx 2 .. (ii)
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
8V
d 2S
= 2 4V 2 x 3 = 2 + 3 . (iii)
2
dx
x
dS
=0
dx
4V
2 x 3 4V
2 x 4Vx 2 = 0
2x 2 = 0
= 0
x
x2
V = x2 y
y =
y
x
x
2 x3 4V = 0
2 x 3 = 4V
x3 = 2V
x = ( 2V ) 3
Putting in (ii)
d 2S
8V
8V
= 2+
= 2+
= 2+4 = 6 > 0
2
3
1
1
2V
dx x =( 2V )3
3
( 2V )
S is minimum when x = ( 2V ) 3
Putting in (i)
y =
x3
2 = x
2
x
2
Hence height of the open tank is
x
.
2
i.e.
x 3 = 2V
V=
x3
2
FSc-II / Ex- 2.10 - 5
Question # 10
Let 2x & y be dimension of rectangle.
Then from figure, using Pythagoras theorem
x 2 + y 2 = 82
y 2 = 64 x 2 .. (i)
Now Area of the rectangle is given by
A = 2x y
Squaring both sides
A2 = 4 x 2 y 2
= 4 x 2 64 x 2
= 256 x 2 4 x 4
Now suppose f = A = 256 x 4 x .. (ii)
Diff. w.r.t x
2
df
= 512 x 16 x3 .. (iii)
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
d2 f
= 512 48 x 2 . (iv)
2
dx
df
= 0
dx
512 x 16 x3 = 0
16 x 32 x 2 = 0
16 x = 0
or
32 x 2 = 0
x = 0
or
x 2 = 32
x = 4 2
Since x can not be zero or ive, therefore
x = 4 2
Putting in (iv )
d2 f
dx 2
= 512 48 4 2
x =4 2
= 512 48 ( 32 ) = 512 1536 = 1024 < 0
Area is max. for x = 4 2

Hence length = 2x
Breadth = y =
= 2 4 2
64 4 2
64 32 =
32 = 4 2
Hence dimension is 8 2 cm and 4 2 cm.

Question # 11
Let P ( x, y ) be point and let A ( 3, 1)
( x 3) + ( y + 1)
2
2
d 2 = ( x 3) + ( y + 1)
2
2
= ( x 3 ) + ( x 2 1 + 1)
2
d 2 = ( x 3) + x 4
2
f = d 2 = ( x 3) + x 4
Then d = AP =
Let
Diff. w.r.t x
Q y = x 2 1 (given)
FSc-II / Ex- 2.10 - 6
df
= 2 ( x 3) + 4 x 3 (i)
dx
Again diff. w.r.t x
d2 f
= 2 + 12 x 2 (ii)
2
dx
df
For stationary points, put
= 0
dx
2 ( x 3) + 4 x 3 = 0
2 x 6 + 4 x3 = 0
4 x3 + 2 x 6 = 0
2 x3 + x 3 = 0
ing by 2
By synthetic division
x =1
or
1 2
0
2
1
2
-3
3
2 x2 + 2x + 3 = 0
2 4 4(2)(3)
4
2 20
=
4
x =
Now put x = 1 in (ii)
This is complex and not acceptable.
d2 f
= 2 + 12(1)2 = 14 > 0
2
dx x =1
d is maximum at x = 1 .
y = 12 1 = 0
Q (1,0 ) is the required point.

Question # 12
Do yourself as Q # 11
tHE eND
15
mathcity.org
Question # 1(i)
y = x 2 1 (i)
x = 3 & x = 3.02 3 = 0.02
2
y + y = ( x + x ) 1
y = ( x + x ) 1 x2 + 1
2
= ( x + x ) x2
Put x = 3 & x = 0.02
2
Question # 2(ii)
Question # 2(iii)
x 4 + y 2 = xy 2
Taking differential
d x 4 + d y 2 = d xy 2
( ) ( )
y = ( 3 + 0.02 ) (3) 2
4 x 3 dx + 2 ydy = x 2 ydy + y 2 dx
2 ydy 2 xydy = y 2 dx 4 x3 dx
y = 0.1204
2 y (1 x ) dy = y 2 4 x 3 dx
Taking differential of (i)

dy = d x 2 1
dy = 2 x dx
Put x = 3 & dx = x = 0.02
dy = 2 ( 3)( 0.02 )
&
dy = 0.12
Question # 1(ii)
Question # 1(iii)
1
y = x = x 2 . (i)
x = 4 & x = 4.41 4 = 0.41
1
y + y = ( x + x)2
1
y = ( x + x)2 x2
Put x = 4 & x = 0.41
1
y = ( 4 + 0.41) 2 ( 4 ) 2
= 2.1 2
Taking differential of (i)

d 12
dy =
x dx
dx
1 1
= x 2 dx =
2
y = 0.1
1
1
2x 2
dx
Put x = 4 & dx = x = 0.41

1
0.41
dy =
1 ( 0.41) =
4
2 4 2
( )
dy = 0.1025
Question # 2(i)
xy + x = 4
Taking differential on both sides
d ( xy ) + dx = d ( 4 )
xdy + ydx + dx = 0
xdy + ( y + 1) dx = 0
xdy = ( y + 1) dx
( )
dy
y +1
=
dx
x
dx
x
&
=
dy
y +1
dy
y 4x
=
dx
2 y (1 x )
2
2 y (1 x )
dx
=
dy
y 2 4 x3
Question # 2(iv)
xy ln x = c
Taking differential
d ( xy ) d ( ln x ) = d ( c )
1
xdy + ydx dx = 0
x
1
xdy = dx ydx
x
1
= y dx
x
1 xy
xdy =
dx
x
dy
1 xy
=
dx
x2
dx
x2
&
=
dy
1 xy
Question # 3(i)
Let
y = f ( x) = 4 x
where x = 16 and x = dx = 1
Taking differential of above
dy = d 4 x
( )
1
= d ( x)4
1 14 1
x dx
4
1 34
=
x dx
4
1
=
dx
3
4x 4
Put x = 16 and dx = 1
1
dy =
3 (1)
4 (16 ) 4
=
( )
4 2
3
4 4
1
= 0.03125
4 (8)
FSc-II / Ex- 3.1 - 2
Now f ( x + dx ) y + dy
= f ( x) + dy
4
4
16 + 1
17
(2 )
1
4 4
Q y = f ( x)
16 + 0.03125
+ 0.03125
Now dy = d ( sin x )
= cos x dx
Put x = 60o and dx = x = 0.01745
dy = cos 60o ( 0.01745 )
Now
Question # 3(ii)
Let y = f ( x) = ( x )
Where x = 8 & x = dx = 0.2
Taking differential of above
sin 61o = 0.866 + 0.008725

= 0.8747
dy = d ( x )3
1
( )
2
3 3
dx
( 0.2 )
3 2
1
( 0.2 )
3( 4)
= 0.01667
Now f ( x + x ) y + dy
= f ( x) + dy
1
3
(8 + 0.2 )
(8.02 )3 =
Question # 4
Let x be the length of side of cube where
x = 5 & x = 5.02 5 = 0.02
Assume V denotes the volume of the cube.
Then
V = x x x
3x 3
Put x = 8 and dx = 0.2

1
dy =
0.2 )
2 (
3 (8)3
(8)
1
3
Q y = f ( x)
+ 0.01667
2 + 0.01667
= 2.01667
Question # 3(iii)
1
Let y = f ( x) = x 5
Where x = 32 & x = dx = 1
Try yourself as above.
Question # 3(iv)
Let y = f ( x ) = cos x
rad
180
= 0.01745 rad
Where x = 30o & x = 1o =
Now dy = d ( cos x )
= sin x dx
Put x = 30o and dx = x = 0.01745
dy = sin 30o ( 0.01745 )
= ( 0.5 )( 0.01745) = 0.008725
Now f ( x + x ) y + dy
= f ( x) + dy
cos ( 30 1) = cos 30o + 0.008725
cos 29o = 0.866 + 0.008725
= 0.8747
Question # 3(v)
Let y = f ( x) = sin x
rad
180
= 0.01745 rad
Where x = 60o & x = 1o =
0.008725
= f ( x) + dy
sin ( 60 + 1) = sin 60o + 0.008725
1
3
1 2
= ( x ) 3 dx =
3
( 0.5 )( 0.01745 ) =
f ( x + x ) y + dy
=
= 2 + 0.03125 = 2.03125
= x3
Taking differential
dV = 3 x 2 dx
Put x = 5 & dx = x = 0.02
2
dV = 3 ( 5) ( 0.02 )
= 1.5
Hence increase in volume is 1.5 cubic unit.
Question # 5
Let x denotes diameter of a disc
Where x = 44 cm & x = 44.4 44 = 0.4
x
Then radius =
2
Let A denotes the area of the disc
2
Then A = ( radius )
x
2
= =
x
4
2
Taking differential

dA = d x 2
4
=
2 x dx =
x dx
4
2
Put x = 44 and dx = x = 0.4
dA =
( 44 )( 0.4 )
2
= ( 3.14 )( 22 )( 0.4 )
= 27.65
Hence change in area is 27.65 cm2
2
---- The End ---

Tuesday, 20 September 2005
By mathcity.org, mathcity@gmail.com
NOTE
If you find any mistake in these notes or you
think you have easiest method of any
question in these notes. Please submit it to
the above email or post it or hand over at
House # 143, St #6, Mehar Colony, 49Tail, Sargodha. ( : (048)3750143
mathcity.org
Theorem on Anti-Derivatives
i) cf ( x )dx = c f ( x )dx where c is constant.
ii)
= x 2 dx + x dx
3
[ f ( x) g ( x) ] dx = f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
Important Integral
d n +1
Since
x = ( n + 1) x n
dx
Taking integral w.r.t x
d n +1
n
dx x dx = ( n + 1) x dx
x n +1 = ( n + 1) x n dx
n
x dx =
x n +1
n +1
where n 1
If n = 1 then
1
dx = dx
x
d
1
Since
ln x =
dx
x
1
Therefore dx = ln x + c
x
Note: Since log of negative numbers does not
exist therefore in above formula mod assure that
we are taking a log of +ive quantity.
Important Integral
d
n +1
n
Since
ax + b ) = (n + 1) ( ax + b ) a
(
dx
Taking integral
d
n +1
n
dx ( ax + b ) dx = (n + 1) ( ax + b ) a dx
n +1
n
( ax + b ) = (n + 1) a ( ax + b ) dx
( ax + b )
( 2 x + 3)
dx
= x dx + 2 ( x ) 2 dx + dx
1
+1
x1+1
x2
=
+2
+ x+c
1+1
1
+1
2
3
x2
x2
= +2
+ x+c
2
3
2
1
x + 1 dx = x x 2 + 1 dx
= x 2 + x dx
= x + 2 ( x ) 2 + 1 dx
1
+1
2
Question # 1(iii)
+c
x + 1 dx = ( x )2 + 2 x + 1 dx
x
x
+
+c
1
1
+1 +1
2
2
3
1 + 1 2
2
Question # 1(v)
1
2
x2 x2
=
+
+c
3
1
2
2
1
2 32
= x + 2 x 2 + c Ans.
3
+1
3 2
2

3
1
= ( 2 x + 3)2 + c
3
= x dx + x dx
1
+1
2
( 2 x + 3) 2
=
3
Question # 1(ii)
1

12
1
2 dx
x
+
dx
=
x
+
x
(n + 1) a
( 2 x + 3) 2 + c
=
= 3
1
2
n +1
ax + b )
(
dx =
1
2
x 2+1
x1+1
2
+ x+c
2 +1
1+1
x3
x2
= 3 2 + x + c
3
2
3
2
= x x + x+c
Question # 1(iv)
Question # 1(i)
2
2
3x 2 x + 1 dx = 3 x dx 2 xdx + dx
+1
x2
x1+1
x 2 x2
=
+
+c =
+ +c
3
1+1
5
2
+1
2
2
2 52 1 2
= x + x +c
5
2
x2 4 x 2
= +
+ x+c
2
3
Question # 1(vi)
2
1
1
x x dx = x + x 2 dx
1
= xdx + dx 2 dx
x
2
x
= + ln x 2 x + c
2
FSc-II / Ex- 3.2 - 2
Question # 2(i)
dx
x+a + x+b
dx
x+a x+b
=
x+a + x+b x+a x+b

x+a x+b
dx
=
x+a xb
Question # 1(vii)
3x + 2
3x + 2
x dx = x1 2 dx
3x
2
= 1 2 + 1 2 dx
x
x
12
= 3 x + 2 x 1 2 dx
= 3 x1 2 dx + 2 x 1 2 dx
Now do yourself.
Question # 1(viii)
y ( y + 1)
y dy
=
y ( y + 1)
( y)
dy =
( y + 1) dy
y
1
y

1
1
=
+
dy = y 2 + y 2 dy
y
y
1
+1
2
1
+1
2
= y 2 dy + y 2 dy
3
2
1
2
y
y
y
y
+
+c =
+
+c
1
1
3
1
+1 +1
2
2
2
2
1
2 32
= y + 2y2 + c
3
=
Question # 1(ix)
d =
( 2
) d
+1

2
1
=
+
d
1
1
= 2 2 + 2 d
No do yourself
Important Integral
d ax
We know
e = a e ax
dx
Taking integral
d ax
ax
dx e dx = a e dx
e ax = a e ax dx
eax
e dx = a
Also note that
ax
( ax + b )
e dx =
e( ax + b )
a
Question # 1(xi)
e 2x e x
e 2x + e x
dx
=
ex
e x + e x dx
= e x + 1 dx
= e dx + dx
x
= ex + x + c
Ans
( x + a )2 ( x + b) 2
a b
dx
1
1
1
2 dx ( x + b ) 2 dx
x
+
a
(
)
a b
1
1
+1
2
2
+
+
x
a
x
b
(
)
(
)
1
+c
a b 1
1
+1
2 + 1
2
3
3
1 ( x + a)2 ( x + b)2
=
+c
a b 3
3
2
2
3
3
2
2 ( x + b ) 2 + c Ans.
x
+
a
(
)
3( a b)
Important Integral
d
1
Tan 1 x =
Since
dx
1+ x2
d
1
Also
Cot 1 x =
dx
1 + x2
1
Therefore
dx = Tan 1 x or Cot 1 x
2
1+ x
1
Similarly
dx = Sin 1 x or Cos 1 x
2
1 x
1
1
1
x x 2 1 dx = Sec x or Csc x
Question # 2(ii)
1 x2
1 + x 2 dx
2
= 1 +
dx
1 + x2
1
= dx + 2
dx
1 + x2
= x + 2Tan1 x + c
1
1 + x 1 x2
Question # 2(iii)
dx
x+a + x
dx
x+a x
=
x+a + x x+a x
x+a x
=
dx
x+a x
1
=
=
( x + a)2 ( x)2
a
dx
1
1
1
2 dx ( x ) 2 dx
x
+
a
(
)
1 x 2
+
FSc-II / Ex- 3.2 - 3

1
1
+1
x)2
(
1 ( x + a)2
=
+c
a
1
1
+1
2 + 1
2
3
3
1 ( x + a ) 2 ( x )2
=
+c
a
3
3
2
2
csc ax cot ax dx =
Also note that
cos ( ax + b )
a
sin ( ax + b )
and so on.
cos ( ax + b ) dx =
a
sin ( ax + b ) dx =
3
3
2
2
=
x + a ) x 2 + c Ans.
(
3a
Question # 2(vi)
sin(a + b) x dx =
Question # 2(iv)
3
( a 2x)
3
2
dx =
(a 2x)2
( a 2x)
5
2
+c
= 2sin 2 x dx
+c
Question # 2(v)
x 3
ex
dx =
(1 + 3e
+ 3e 2 x + e3 x
ex
) dx
1 3e x 3e 2 x e3 x
= x + x + x + x
e
e
e
e
= e x + 3 + 3e x + e 2 x dx
dx
Important Integrals
d
We know
cos ax = a sin ax
dx
Taking integral
d
dx cos ax dx = a sin ax dx
cos ax = a sin ax dx
sin ax dx =
Important Formula
n +1
n d
d
Q
f ( x)] = ( n + 1) [ f ( x )]
f ( x)
[
dx
dx
n +1
n
d
f ( x )] = ( n + 1) [ f ( x) ] f ( x )
[
dx
Taking integral
n +1
n
d
dx [ f ( x) ] dx = ( n + 1) [ f ( x)] f ( x)dx
n +1
n
[ f ( x) ] = ( n + 1) [ f ( x )] f ( x )dx
cos ax
a
d
sin ax = a cos ax
dx
sin ax
cos ax dx =
a
Similarly
tan ax
2
sec ax dx = a
Also
cot ax
2
cosec ax dx = a
sec ax tan ax dx =
sec ax
a
n 1
f ( x )]
[
[ f ( x)] f ( x)dx = ( n + 1)
+
2x
e
e
+ 3 x + 3e x +
+c
1
2
1
= e x + 3x + 3e x + e 2 x + c
2
=
1 cos 2 x
2
= 2 cos x + c
( a 2 x )2
=
(1 + e )
Q sin 2 x =
= 2 sin x dx = 2 ( cos x ) + c
+c
5
2 ( 2 )

cos(a + b) x
a +b
Question # 2(vii)
1 cos 2x dx
+1
3 + 1 2
2 ( )
csc ax
a
d
1
ln f ( x) =
f ( x )
dx
f ( x)
Taking integral
f ( x)
ln f ( x ) =
dx
f ( x)
Also
i.e.
f ( x )
dx = ln f ( x ) + c
f ( x)
Question # 2(viii)
1
Let I = ln x dx
x
Put f ( x) = ln x f ( x ) =
So I = [ f ( x)] f ( x) dx
1+1
f ( x) ]
[
=
+c
1+1
2
ln x )
(
=
+c
2
1
x
2
f ( x) ]
[
=
+c
Question # 2(ix)
1 cos 2 x
2
sin x dx = 2 dx
1 1
= cos 2 x dx
2
2
; n 1
FSc-II / Ex- 3.2 - 4
1
1
dx cos 2 x dx
2
2
1
1 sin 2 x
= x
+c
2
2 2
1
1
= x sin 2 x + c
2
4
=
Question # 3(x)
1
1 + cos x dx
1
=
dx
x
2 cos 2
2
x
1
= sec 2 dx
2
2
Q cos 2
x 1 + cos x
=
2
2
x
1 tan 2
x
=
+ c = tan + c
2 1
2
2
Alternative
1
1
1 cos x
1 + cos x dx = 1 + cos x 1 cos x dx
1 cos x
=
dx
1 cos 2 x
1 cos x
=
dx
sin 2 x
cos x
1
= 2 2 dx
sin x sin x
cos x
= cosec 2 x
dx
x sin x
sin
= cosec2 xdx cosec x cot x dx

= cot x ( cosec x ) + c
= cosec x cot x + c
Question # 2(xi)
ax + b
Let I = 2
dx
ax + bx + c
Put f ( x ) = ax 2 + 2bx + c
f ( x) = 2ax + 2b
f ( x) = 2 ( ax + b )
So I =
1
f ( x ) = ax + b
2
1 f ( x )
2
dx
f ( x)
1 f ( x)
1
=
dx = ln f ( x ) + c1
2 f ( x)
2
= ln ax 2 + bx + c + c1
Review
2 sin cos = sin ( + ) + sin ( )
2 cos sin = sin ( + ) sin ( )
2 cos cos = cos ( + ) + cos ( )
2 sin sin = cos ( + ) cos ( )

Question # 2(xii)
cos 3x sin 2 x dx
=
1
2 cos 3x sin 2 x dx
2
1
[sin(3 x + 2 x) sin(3x 2 x)] dx
2
1
= [sin 5 x sin x ] dx
2
1 cos 5 x
=
( cos x ) + c
2
5
1 cos 5 x
=
cos x + c
2 5
Question # 2(xiii)
cos 2 x 1
1 cos 2 x
Q sin 2 x =
1 + cos 2 x dx
2
1
cos
2x
+
2
1 cos 2 x
cos x =
dx
=
2
1 + cos 2 x
2
2sin x
=
dx
2cos 2 x
= tan 2 x dx = sec 2 x 1 dx
= sec x dx + dx
2
= tan x + x + c
Question # 2(xiv)
2
2
tan x dx = sec x 1 dx
= sec x dx dx
2
= tan x x + c
Important Integral
d
1
d
ln ax + b =
( ax + b )
Since
dx
ax + b dx
d
1
ln ax + b =
a
dx
ax + b
On Integrating
1
ln ax + b = a
dx
ax + b
ln ax + b
1

dx =
ax + b
a
The End
October 13, 2005
By mathcity.org, mathcity@gmail.com

49 6 143
40170
0483750143 :
mathcity.org
dx
4 + x2
dx
= x 4 2
(2) + x 2
1
x
= x 4 Tan 1 + c
2
2
x
= x 2 Tan 1 + c
2
Question # 1
2 x
Let I =
dx
4 x2
Put t = 4 x 2 dt = 2 x dx
1
dt
So I =
= ( t ) 2 dt
t
1
+1
= dx 4
(t ) 2 + c = (t ) 2 + c
=
1
1
+1
2
2
= 2 t + c = 2 4 x2 + c
Question # 4
1
dx
x ln x
1 1
=
dx
ln x x
Suppose I =
Important Integrals
d
a
x
Since
Tan 1 = 2
dx
a
a + x2
By Integrating, we have
a
x
Tan 1 = 2
dx
a
a + x2

1
= a 2
dx
a + x2
1
1
x
2
dx = Tan 1
2
a
a +x
a
Similarly
dx
1 x
a 2 x 2 = Sin a
dx
x a
2
Question # 5
ex
dx
ex + 3
Put t = e x + 3 dt = e x dx
dt
So I =
= ln t + c
t
= ln e x + 3 + c
Suppose I =
x
1
Sec 1
a
a
Question # 6
Let I =
dx
x + 4 x + 13
2
dx
= 2
x + 2( x ) (2) + (2) 2 (2)2 + 13
dx
=
2
( x + 2 ) 4 + 13
dx
dx
=
2
2
2
( x + 2) + 9
( x + 2 ) + ( 3)
Put t = x + 2 dt = dx
dt
So I = 2 2
t +3
1
t
= Tan1 + c
3
3
1
x+2
= Tan1
+c
3
3
=
Question # 3
x2
4 + x2 dx
4
= 1
2
4+ x
1
4 + x2 x2
dx
1
dx
x
1
So I = dt = ln t + c
t
= ln ln x + c
Question # 2
Let I =
dt =
Put t = ln x
x2 + 4
x+b
(x
+ 2bx + c
Put t = x 2 + 2bx + c
dt = ( 2 x + 2b ) dx
So
1
2
dx
dt = 2 ( x + b ) dx
1
dt = ( x + b ) dx
2
1 dt
1 1
I = 21
= t 2 dt
2
t2
1
+1
1 t 2
=
+c
2 1 1
2 + 1
= x + 2bx + c
2
1
2
1 t2
=
+ c1
2 1
2
+ c1
= x 2 + 2bx + c + c1
Question # 7
sec2 x
Let I =
dx
tan x
Put t = tan x dt = sec2 x dx
FSc-II / Ex- 3.3 - 2
So
dt
t
I =
= t
1
+1
2
1
+1
2
1
2
+ c
= 2 ( tan x )
1
2
= ln x + x 2 a 2 ln a + c1
dt
=
+ c
= ln x + x 2 a 2 + c
1
2
t
1
+ c
where c = ln a + c1
= 2 tan x + c
Important Integral
sec ( sec + tan )
sec d = sec + tan d
sec 2 + sec tan
=
d
sec + tan
sec tan + sec 2
d
=
sec + tan
Take t = sec + tan
dt = sec 2 + sec tan d
So
sec d = t dt
= ln sec + tan + c
sec
cosec cot + c
See proof at page 133

Question # 8 (a)
dx
Let I =
2
x a2
Put x = a sec
dx = a sec tan d
a sec tan d
So I =
2
( a sec ) a 2
a sec tan d
a sec tan d
2
Q 1 + tan 2 = sec 2
= ln sec + sec 2 1 + c1
x
x2
+
1 + c1
a
a2
x
x 2 a2
= ln +
+ c1
a
x2
= ln
x
x 2 a2
+
+ c1
a
a
= ln
x + x2 a 2
+ c1
a
Q 1 sin = cos
2
= a cos a cos d
= a 2 cos 2 d
Q cos =
2
1 + cos 2
2
1 + cos 2
a2
d = (1 + cos 2 ) d
2
2
2
a
sin 2
+
+c
2
2
a2
2sin cos
+
+c
2
2
2
a
+ sin 1 sin 2 + c
x = a sin
2
x
= sin
a 2 1 x x
x2
a
+
1 2 + c
Sin
a a
2
a
x
sin 1 =
a
a 2 1 x x a 2 x 2
+
+
c
Sin
a a
2
a 2
a 2 1 x x a 2 x 2
+
Sin
+c
2
a a
a
2
a 1 x x
Sin
+
a2 x2 + c
2
a a2
2
a
x x 2
Sin 1 +
a x2 + c
2
a 2
= a2
=
=
=
=
Question # 9
dx
Let I =
1 + x2
Put x = tan
I =
x = a sec
x
= sec
a
= a 2 cos 2 a cos d
a 2 sec2 1
a tan
a sec tan d
=
= sec d
a tan
= ln sec + tan + c1
= ln
= a 2 1 sin 2 a cos d
cosec d = ln
So I = a 2 a 2 sin 2 a cos d
d = ln sec + tan + c
Similarly
Let I = a 2 x 2 dx
Put x = a sin
dx = a cos d
= ln t + c
Question # 8(b)
3
2
dx = sec2 d
sec 2 d
3
(1 + tan 2 ) 2
sec 2 d
(sec2 )
3
2
Q 1 + tan 2 = sec 2
sec 2 d
=
sec3
d
=
= cos d = sin + c
sec
sin
1
=
cos + c = tan
+c
cos
sec
1
= tan
+c
1 + tan 2
FSc-II / Ex- 3.3 - 3
x
1 + x2
Q x = tan
+c
1
dx
2
(1 + x ) Tan 1 x
1
1
dx
1
Tan x (1 + x 2 )
1
Put t = Tan x
So
1
dt =
dx
1 + x2
1
I = dt = ln t + c
t
= ln Tan 1 x + c
So I =
=
=
=
1 + sin
cos d
1 + sin
(1 + sin )2
1 sin 2
cos d
=
=
Question # 12
sin
Let I =
d
1 + cos 2
Put t = cos
dt = sin d dt = sin d
dt
dt
So I =
=
2
1+ t
1+ t 2
= tan 1 t + c
= tan 1 ( cos ) + c
Question # 13
ax
Let I =
dx
a2 x4
x
= a
dx
a2 x4
Put t = x 2 then t 2 = x 4
1
dt = 2 x dx dt = x dx
2
1
dt
So I = a 2
a2 t 2
a x
2
= sin
)
dx
dx
( x + 3)2 16
dx
16 ( x + 3)2
Put t = x + 3 dx = dt
dt
dx
So I =
=
2
16 t
(4)2 (t )2
t
= Sin 1 + c
4
x+3
= Sin 1
+c
4
Question # 15
cos x
Let I =
dx
sin x ln sin x
1
cos x
=
dx
ln sin x sin x
dt =
Put t = ln sin x
So
x + 2(3) ( x ) + (3) 2 (3)2 7
(1 + sin )2 cos d
cos 2
1 + sin
=
cos d = (1 + sin ) d
cos
= cos + c
Q x = sin
= 1 sin 2 + c
sin 1 x =
1
2
= Sin x 1 x + c
dx
x2
a
Sin 1 + c
2
a
cos d
Question # 14
dx
Let I =
7 6 x x2
dx
=
x2 + 6 x 7
Question # 11
1+ x
Let I =
dx
1 x
Put x = sin
dx = cos d
1 + sin
1 sin
1 + sin
1 sin
dt
a2 t 2
a
t
= Sin 1 + c
2
a
Question # 10
Let I =
a
2
1
cos x dx
sin x
1
I = dt = ln t + c
t
= ln ln sin x + c
Question # 16
ln sin x
Let I = cos x
dx
sin x
cos x
= ln sin x
dx
sin x
1
cos x dx
sin x
No do yourself
Put t = ln sin x
dt =
Question # 17
x dx
Let I =
4 + 2x + x2
2 x dx
1
= 2
2 x + 2x + 4
+ing and ing 2 in numerator.
1 (2 x + 2) 2
I= 2
dx
2 x + 2x + 4
x
a
FSc-II / Ex- 3.3 - 4
1 2x + 2
2
2
dx
2 x + 2 x + 4 x + 2 x + 4
1
2x + 2
1
2
= 2
dx 2
dx
2 x + 2x + 4
2 x + 2x + 4
d 2
dx
1 dx x + 2 x + 4
2
=
dx 2
2
2
2 x + 2x +1 + 3
x + 2x + 4
1
dx
= ln x 2 + 2 x + 4
2
2
( x + 1) 2 + 3
=
( )
x +1
1
1
= ln x 2 + 2 x + 4
Tan 1
+c
2
3
3
Question # 18
Let I =
x 4 + 2 x2 + 5 dx
Put t = x 2 then t 2 = x 4
1
dt = 2 x dx dt = x dx
2
1
dt
dt
1
So I = 2 2
= 2
2 t + 2t + 1 + 4
t + 2t + 5
1
dt
=
2 (t + 1) 2 + (2) 2
1 1
t +1
= Tan 1
+c
2 2
2
=
x2 + 1
1
Tan 1
+c
4
2
Question # 19
x 1

Let I = cos x
1 dx
2 x

x
Put t = x
2
1
1 1
1 1
dt = x 2 dx dt =
1 dx
2
2 x
2
1
2 dt =
1 dx
x
So I = cos t 2 dt
= 2 cos t dt
= 2sin t + c
Question # 20
x+2
dx
Let I =
x+3
Put t = x + 3 then t 3 = x
dt = dx
t 3+ 2
dx
So I =
t
t 1
t
1
= 1 dx = 1 1
2
(t ) 2
(t ) 2
(t )
1
12

= (t ) (t ) 2 dx
1
+1
+1
(t ) 2
(t ) 2
=
+c
1
1
+1 +1
2
2
=
(t ) 2 (t ) 2
=
+c
3
1
2
2
3
2
1
2( x + 3)
2( x + 3) 2 + c
3
3
2( x + 3) 2
=
2 x+3 +c
3
Question # 21
2
dx
sin x + cos x
1
=
dx
1
( sin x + cos x )
2
1
=
dx
1
1
sin x +
cos x
2
2
= sin
Put cos =
4
4
2
1
So I =
dx
sin sin x + cos cos x

4
4
dx = sec x dx
=
4
cos x
4
= ln sec x + tan x + c
4
4
Let I =
Question # 22
Let I =
dx
1
3
sin x +
cos x
2
2
1
3
Q cos =
& sin =
3 2
3
2
dx
I =
cos sin x + sin cos x

3
3
dx
=
= cosec x + dx
3
sin x +
3
= ln cosec x + cot x + + c
3
3
Error Analysts
1- Usman Khilji Fazmic Sargodha 2004-06
2- Tahir Waqas UoS Sargodha. 2003-05
The End
dx
17 Oct. 2005
MathCity.org

1 2x
dx
2 1 + x2
d
(1 + x 2 )
1
1
dx
= x tan x
dx
2
1 + x2
1
= x tan 1 x ln 1 + x 2 + c
2
Integration by Parts
If u and v are function of x , then
= x tan 1 x
uv dx = u vdx ( vdx ) u dx
Question # 1(i)
Let I = x sin x dx
Integration by parts
I = x ( cos x) ( cos x) (1) dx
u=x
v = sin x
Question # 1(viii)
Let I = x 2 sin x dx
= x cos x + cos x dx
Integrating by parts
I = x 2 ( cos x) ( cos x) 2 x dx
= x cos x + sin x + c
Question # 1(ii)
Let I = ln x dx
u = ln x
v =1
= ln x 1 dx
Again integrating by parts

I = x 2 cos x + 2 x sin x sin x (1) dx
u=x
v = cos x
= x cos x + 2 x sin x 2( cos x) + c

= x 2 cos x + 2 x sin x + 2cos x + c
1
dx
x
Question # 1(ix)
Let I = x 2 tan 1 x dx
= x ln x dx
= x ln x x + c
Question # 1(iii)
Let I = x ln x dx
x2
x2 1
I = ln x dx
2
2 x
2
x
1
= ln x x dx
2
2
2
x
1 x2
= ln x + c
2
2 2
2
x
1
= ln x + c
2
2
Question # 1(iv)
Let I = x 2 ln x dx
Do yourself
Question # 1(v)
Let I = x3 ln x dx
Do yourself
Question # 1(vi)
Let I = x 4 ln x dx
Do yourself
Question # 1(vii)
Let I = tan 1 x dx
= tan 1 x 1 dx
1
I = tan x x x
dx
1 + x2
1
= x 2 cos x + 2 x cos x dx
I = ln x x x
u = x2
v = sin x
u = ln x
v=x
u = tan 1 x
v = x2
x3
x3
1
I = tan 1 x
dx
3
3 1 + x2
1
x3
x3
tan 1 x
dx
3
3 1 + x2
x3
1
x
= tan 1 x x
dx
3
3 1 + x 2
x3
1
1
x
= tan 1 x x dx +
dx
3
3
3 1 + x2
=
x3
1 x2
1 1 2x
tan 1 x +
dx
3
3 2
3 2 1 + x2
d
2
(1 + x 2 )
x3
x
1
= tan 1 x + dx
dx
3
6
6
1 + x2
x3
x2
1
= tan 1 x + ln 1 + x 2 + c
3
6
6
=
u = ln x
v = x2
u = ln x
v = x3
u = ln x
v = x4
u = tan 1 x
v =1
Question # 1(x)
Let I = x tan 1 x dx
u = tan 1 x
v=x
x2
x2
1
I = tan 1 x
dx
2
2 1 + x2
x2
1
x2
= tan 1 x
dx
2
2 1 + x2
x2
1 1 + x2 1
= tan 1 x
dx
2
2 1 + x2
x2
1 1 + x2
1
= tan 1 x
2
2
2 1 + x 1 + x2
=
x2
1
1
tan 1 x 1
dx
2
2 1 + x 2
dx
FSc-II / Ex- 3.4 - 2
x2
1 1 x2 1
sin 1 x +
dx
2
2
1 x2
x2
1 1 x2
1
= sin 1 x +
2
2 1 x2
1 x2
x2
1
1
1
dx
tan 1 x dx +
2
2
2 1 + x2
x2
1
1
= tan 1 x x + tan 1 x + c Ans.
2
2
2
Question # 1(xi)
Let I = x3 tan 1 x dx
x4
x4
1
I = tan 1 x
dx
4
4 1 + x2
=
x
x
1
dx
tan 1 x
4
4 1 + x2
u = tan 1 x
v = x3
x2 1
1 + x2 x4
x +x
4
x2
x
tan 1 x
4
1 x2
+ +
1 2
1
1
x 1+
dx
4
1 + x2
x4
1
1
1
1
= tan 1 x x 2 dx + dx
dx
4
4
4
4 1 + x2
x4
1 x3 1
1
= tan 1 x
+ x tan 1 x + c
4
4 3 4
4
4
3
x
x 1
1
= tan 1 x + x tan 1 x + c
4
12 4
4
Question # 1(xii)
Let I = x3 cos x dx
u = x3
v = cos x
= x 3 by
Do yourself as Question # 1(viii). u
Integrate
parts three times.
Question # 1(xiii)
I = sin 1 x dx
u = sin 1 x
v =1
u = x3
= sin 1 x 1 dx
I = sin 1 x x x
1
1 x2
dx
= x sin 1 x (1 x 2 ) 2 ( x) dx
1
1
2 2
(1
x
)
(2 x) dx
2
1
d
1
= x sin 1 x + (1 x 2 ) 2
(1 x 2 ) dx
2
dx
= x sin 1 x +
1
+1
1 (1 x 2 ) 2
= x sin 1 x +
+c
1
2
+1
2
I=
x2
1
1
sin 1 x + I1 sin 1 x .. (i)
2
2
2
Where I1 = 1 x 2 dx
Put x = sin
dx = cos d
I1 = 1 sin 2 cos d
= cos 2 cos d
1 + cos 2
= cos 2 d =
d
2
1
= (1 + cos 2 ) d
2
1
sin 2
= +
+c
2
2
1
2sin cos
= +
+ c
2
2
1
= + sin 1 sin 2 + c
2
1
= sin 1 x + x 1 x 2 + c
2
Using value of I1 in (i )
u = sin 1 x
v=x
x2
x2
1
I = sin 1 x

dx
2
2 1 x2
x2
1
x2
= sin 1 x +
dx
2
2 1 x2
u = ex
v = sin 2 x
1 x
e 2sin x cos x dx
2
1
= e x sin 2 x dx
Q sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x
2
1 cos 2 x
cos 2 x x
I = e x
e dx
2
2
2
1
1
= e x cos 2 x + e x cos 2 x dx
4
4
1
1
sin 2 x
sin 2 x x
I = e x cos 2 x + e x
e
4
4
2
2
= x sin 1 x + 1 x 2 + c
x2
1 1
sin 1 x + sin 1 x + x 1 x 2 + c
2
2 2
1
sin 1 x
2
2
x
1
1
1
= sin 1 x + sin 1 x + x 1 x 2 + c
2
4
4
2
1 1
sin x
2
2
x
1
1
1
I = sin 1 x sin 1 x + x 1 x 2 + c
2
4
4
2
I=
Question # 1(xv)
Let I = e x sin x cos x dx
1 (1 x 2 ) 2
= x sin 1 x +
+c
2 1
2
Question # 1(xiv)
Let I = x sin 1 x dx
dx
x2
1
1
= sin 1 x + 1 x 2
dx
2
2
1 x2
x2
1
1
1
= sin 1 x + 1 x 2 dx
dx
2
2
2 1 x2
FSc-II / Ex- 3.4 - 3
1 x
1
sin 2 x 1
e cos 2 x + e x
e x sin 2 x
4
4
2
2
1
1
sin 2 x
= e x cos 2 x + e x
I +c
4
4
2
1 x
1
1
e cos 2 x + e x sin 2 x I + c
4
8
4
1
1
1
I + I = e x cos 2 x + e x sin 2 x + c
4
4
8
5
1
1
I = e x cos 2 x + e x sin 2 x + c
4
4
8
1
1
4
I = e x cos 2 x + e x sin 2 x + c
5
10
5
=
Question # 1(xvi)
Let I = x sin x cos x dx
Question # 1(xix)
Let I = (ln x) 2 dx
u = ( ln x )
v =1
= ( ln x ) 1 dx
2
I = ( ln x ) x x 2 ( ln x )
2
1
dx
x
= x ( ln x ) 2 ( ln x ) dx
2

2
1
I = x ( ln x ) 2 ln x x x dx
x
= x ( ln x ) 2 x ln x + 2 dx
2
= x ( ln x ) 2 x ln x + 2 x + c
2
1
x 2sin x cos x dx
2
u=x
1
v = sin 2 x
= x sin 2 x dx
2
1 cos 2 x cos 2 x
I = x

(1)dx
2
2
2

Now do yourself
Question # 1(xx)
Let I = ln(tan x) sec 2 x dx
Question # 1(xvii)
Let I = x cos 2 x dx
Question # 1(xxi)
u = sin 1 x
x sin 1 x
Let I =
dx
1
1 x2
v = (1 x 2 ) 2 ( 2 x )
1
= sin 1 x
( x) dx
1 x2
1
1
= sin 1 x (1 x 2 ) 2 (2 x) dx
2
1
+1
1 1 (1 x 2 ) 2
I = sin x
1
2
+1
2
1
+1
(1 x 2 ) 2
1
dx
1
1 x2
+1
2
1 + cos 2 x
= x
dx
2
1
= x (1 + cos 2 x ) dx
2
u=x
v = cos 2 x
1
1
= x dx + x cos 2 xdx
2
2
2
1 x 1
sin 2 x
sin 2 x
= + x
(1)dx
2 2 2
2
2
x2 1
1
+ x sin 2 x sin 2 x dx
4 4
4
2
x 1
1 cos 2 x
=
+ x sin 2 x
+c
4 4
4
2
x2 1
1
+ x sin 2 x + cos 2 x + c
4 4
8
Question # 1(xviii)
Let I = x sin 2 x dx
1
1 cos 2 x
= x
dx = x (1 cos 2 x ) dx
2
2
u=x
1
1
= x dx x cos 2 x dx
v = cos 2 x
2
2
1 x2
1 sin 2 x
sin 2 x
I=
x
.(1) dx
2 2
2
2
2
2
x
1
1
=
x sin 2 x + sin 2 x dx
4
4
4
x2
1
1 cos 2 x
=
x sin 2 x +
+c
4
4
4
2
2
x
1
1
=
x sin 2 x cos 2 x + c
4
4
8
u = ln(tan x )
v = sec 2 x
1
sec 2 x dx
tan x
2
= tan x ln ( tan x ) sec x dx
I = ln(tan x) tan x tan x
= tan x ln ( tan x ) tan x + c
1 1 (1 x 2 ) 2
= sin x
1
2
(1 x 2 ) 2
1
dx
2
1
1 x
2
1
1
= 2(1 x 2 ) 2 sin 1 x 2 dx
2
= 1 x 2 sin 1 x + dx
= 1 x 2 sin 1 x + x + c
= x 1 x 2 sin 1 x + c
Question # 2(i)
Let I = tan 4 xdx
= tan 2 x tan 2 x dx
FSc-II / Ex- 3.4 - 4
= tan 2 x ( sec 2 x 1) dx
1 3 5x 1 2 5x
u = x2
x e x e dx
5
5
v = ex
1
1
e5 x
e5 x
I = x 3 e5 x x 2
2 x dx
5
5
5
5
= ( tan 2 x sec2 x tan 2 x ) dx
= tan 2 x sec2 x dx tan 2 x dx

= tan 2 x
d
(tan x) dx (sec 2 x 1) dx
dx
1 3 5x 3 2 5x 6
x e x e + x e5 x dx
5
25
25
1
3
I = x 3 e5 x x 2 e 5 x
5
25
e5 x
6 e5 x
+ x
(1)dx
25
5
5
2 +1
tan x
sec2 x dx dx
2 +1
1
= tan 3 x tan x x + c
3
Question # 2(ii)
Let I = sec 4 x dx
1 3 5x 3 2 5x
6
6
xe xe +
xe5 x
e5 x dx
5
25
125
125
1
3
6
6 e5 x
= x 3e 5 x x 2 e 5 x +
xe5 x
+c
5
25
125
125 5
e5 x 3 3 2 6
6
=
x x + x
+c
5
5
25
125
=
= (sec 2 x) (sec2 x) dx
= (1 + tan 2 x) (sec 2 x) dx
= sec2 x dx + tan 2 x sec2 x dx

= tan x + (tan x) 2
d
(tan x) dx
dx
Question 2(vi)
Let I = e x sin 2 x dx
tan 3 x
= tan x +
+c
3
Question # 2(iii)
Let I = e x sin 2 x cos x dx
1 x
e ( 2sin 2 x cos x ) dx
2
1
= e x ( sin(2 x + x) + sin(2 x x) ) dx
2
1 x
= e ( sin 3 x + sin x ) dx
2
1 x
1
= e sin 3 x dx + e x sin x dx
2
2
1
1
= I1 + I 2 . (i)
2
2
Where I1 = e x sin 3x dx and I 2 = e x sin x dx
=
Solve I1 and I 2 as in Q # 1(xv) and put value of

I1 and I 2 in (i ) .
Question # 2(iv)
I = tan 3 x sec x dx
= tan 2 x tan x sec x dx
= ( sec 2 x 1) sec x tan x dx
Put t = sec x
cos 2 x
cos 2 x x
I = e x
e (1) dx
2
2
1
1
= e x cos 2 x e x cos 2 x dx
2
2
1
1
sin 2 x
I = e x cos 2 x e x
2
2
2
sin 2 x x
e (1) dx
2
1
1
1
= e x cos 2 x e x sin 2 x e x sin 2 x dx
2
4
4
1 x
1 x
1
I = e cos 2 x e sin 2 x I + c
2
4
4
1
1
1
I + I = e x cos 2 x e x sin 2 x + c
4
2
4
5
1
1
I = e x cos 2 x e x sin 2 x + c
4
2
4
2 x
1 x
4
I = e cos 2 x e sin 2 x + c
5
5
5
1
4
= e x ( 2 cos 2 x + sin 2 x ) + c
5
5
Question # 2(vii)
Let I = e2 x cos 3 x dx
dt = sec x tan x dx
So I = ( t 2 1) dt
t
t + c
3
sec3 x
=
sec+ c
3
=
u = e x
v = sin 2 x
Question # 2(v)
Let I = x3e5 x dx
e5 x
e5 x
I = x3
3 x 2 dx
5
5
Question # 2(viii)
I = cosec3 x dx
u = cosec x
v = cosec 2 x
= cosec x cosec 2 x dx
u=x
v = ex
I = csc x ( cot x ) i ( cot x )( csc x cot x ) dx
= cosec x cot x cosec x cot 2 x dx
= cosec x cot x cosec x cosec 2 x 1 dx
= cosec x cot x cosec3 x cosec x dx
FSc-II / Ex- 3.4 - 5
= cosec x cot x cosec3 x dx + cosec x dx

= cosec x cot x I + ln cosec x cot x + c
Question # 4(i)
I = a 2 x 2 dx
Let
= a 2 x 2 1 dx
I + I = cosec x cot x + ln cosec x cot x + c

2 I = cosec x cot x + ln cosec x cot x + c
1
1
1
I = csc x cot x + ln csc x cot x + c
2
2
2
Question # 3
Let I = eax sin bx dx
u = e ax
v = sin bx
cos bx cos bx ax
I = e ax

e (a ) dx
b
b
e ax cos bx a ax
=
+ e cos bx dx
b
b
sin bx ax
eax cos bx a ax sin bx
I =
+ e
e a dx
b
b
b
b
e ax cos bx a ax
a2
+ 2 e sin bx 2 e ax sin bx dx
b
b
b
e ax cos bx a ax
a2
+ 2 e sin bx 2 I + c1
b
b
b
a2
e ax cos bx a ax
I
=
+ 2 e sin bx + c1
b
b2
b
ax
b2 + a 2
e

I = 2 ( b cos bx + a sin bx ) + c1
2
b
b
I+
(b
+ a 2 I = eax ( a sin bx b cos bx ) + b 2c1
Put a = r cos & b = r sin

Squaring and adding
a 2 + b 2 = r 2 cos 2 + sin 2
a 2 + b 2 = r 2 (1) r = a 2 + b 2
Also
b r sin
b
=
= tan
a r cos
a
b
= tan 1
a
So
b 2 + a 2 I = e ax ( r cos sin bx r sin cos bx )
+ b 2 c1
(b
+ a 2 I = e ax r ( sin bx cos cos bx sin )

+ b 2 c1
(a
+ b 2 I = eax r sin ( bx ) + b 2 c1
Putting value of r and
(a
+b I = e
I=
a + b sin bx tan 1 + b 2 c1
a
ax
2
a 2 + b 2 ax
bx tan 1 b + b
e
sin
c
a a 2 + b 2 1
(a 2 + b 2 )
I=
e ax sin bx tan 1 + c
a
a +b
b2
Where c = 2 2 c1
a +b
1
u = a 2 x2
v =1
1
I = a x x x a 2 x 2 2 ( 2 x ) dx
2
x2
dx
= x a 2 x2
1
2
2 2
a x
2
a 2 x2 a2
= x a 2 x2
(a
dx
1
2 2
2
2
2
a
x
a
= x a 2 x2
dx
1
1
2
2 2
a2 x2 2
a x
2
a
= x a 2 x 2 a 2 x 2 dx +
dx
a 2 x2
1
dx
I = x a2 x2 I + a2
2
a x2
x
I + I = x a 2 x 2 + a 2 Sin 1 + c
a
x
2 I = x a 2 x 2 + a 2 Sin 1 + c
a
1
1
x 1
I = x a 2 x 2 + a 2 Sin 1 + c
2
2
a 2
) (
Review
dx
x a
dx
x +a
= ln x + x 2 a 2 + c
= ln x + x 2 + a 2 + c
Question # 4(ii)
Let I = x 2 a 2 dx
u = x2 a2
v =1
= x 2 a 2 1 dx
1
I = x a x x x2 a 2
2
x2
= x x2 a2
dx
1
2
2 2
x a
2
1
2
( 2 x ) dx
x2 a2 + a2
= x x2 a2
(x
1
2 2
dx
2
2
2
a
a
= x x2 a 2
+
dx
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
x a
x a
2
a
= x x 2 a 2 x 2 a 2 dx
dx
x2 a2
1
I = x x2 a 2 I a2
dx
2
x a2
) (
FSc-II / Ex- 3.4 - 6
I + I = x x 2 a 2 a 2 ln x + x 2 a 2 + c
dx
x a
2
= ln x + x 2 a 2 + c
2 I = x x 2 a 2 a 2 ln x + x 2 a 2 + c
I=
1
a2
1
x x 2 a 2 ln x + x 2 a 2 + c
2
2
2
Question # 4(iii)
Let
Question # 4(v)
Same as Q # 4(ii)
dx
Use
= ln x + x 2 + 4 + c
2
x +4
Question # 4(vi)
Let I = x 2e ax dx
Do yourself as Question # 2(v)
Important Formula
d ax
d
d
Since
e f ( x) = e ax
f ( x) + f ( x) e ax
dx
dx
dx
ax
ax
= e f ( x) + f ( x) e (a)
I = 4 5 x dx
2
= 4 5 x 2 1 dx
= eax [ a f ( x) + f ( x) ]
1
2 2
1
I = 4 5 x 2 x x (4 5 x )
2
5 x 2
2
dx
= 4 5x x
(4 5 x 2 )
= 4 5x x
2
(10 x) dx
4 5x2 4
dx
(4 5 x 2 )
4 5x2
4
dx
= 4 5x x
1
1
2 2
(4 5 x 2 ) 2
(4 5 x )
1
4
2
2 2
dx
= 4 5 x x (4 5 x )
1
(4 5 x 2 ) 2
I = 4 5 x 2 x I + 4
I + I = 4 5 x 2 x + 4
1
4 5x2
dx
4
5 x 2
5
1
dx
4 2
5
x
5
1
Question # 4(iv)
Let I = 3 4 x 2 dx
Same as above.
Question # 5(i)
1
Let I = e x + ln x dx
x
= e x ln x + dx
x
Put
f ( x) = ln x
f ( x) =
So I = e x ( f ( x) + f ( x) ) dx
1
x
= e x ( sin x + cos x ) dx
5x
2
x
4 5x2 +
Sin 1
+c
2
2
5
Where c =
ax
ax
e [ a f ( x) + f ( x) ] dx = e f ( x) + c
Question # 5(ii)
Let
I = e x ( cos x + sin x ) dx
x
4
= 4 5x2 x +
Sin 1
+ c1
5
2 5
dx
x
Q
= Sin 1
2
2
a
a x
5x 1
x
4
I=
4 5x2 +
Sin 1
+ 2 c1
2
2
2 5
= e x f ( x) + c = e x ln x + c
dx
4
2I = 4 5x x +
dx
5 2 2
2
x
5
2
= 4 5 x 2 x 4 5 x 2 dx + 4
On integrating
d ax
ax
dx e f ( x) dx = e [ a f ( x) + f ( x) ] dx
e ax f ( x) = e ax [ a f ( x) + f ( x) ] dx
Put f ( x) = sin x
f ( x) = cos x
So I = e x ( f ( x) + f ( x) ) dx
= e x f ( x) + c
= e x sin x + c
Question # 5(iii)
1
Let I = eax a sec1 x +
dx
x x2 1
1
Put f ( x) = sec1 x f ( x) =
x x2 1
So I = eax [ a f ( x) + f ( x) ] dx
= eax f ( x) + c
1
c
2 1
= eax sec 1 x + c
Question # 5(iv)
3sin x cos x
Let I = e3 x
dx
sin 2 x
3sin x cos x
= e3 x 2 2 dx
sin x sin x
FSc-II / Ex- 3.4 - 7
cos x
1
= e3 x 3
dx
sin x sin x sin x
= e3 x ( 3csc x csc x cot x ) dx
Put f ( x) = csc x f ( x) = csc x cot x

I = e3 x ( 3 f ( x) + f ( x) ) dx
Important Integral
Let I = tan x dx
= e f ( x) + c
3x
= e3 x csc x + c
Question 5(v)
Let I = e2 x ( sin x + 2 cos x ) dx
= e 2 x ( 2 cos x sin x ) dx
So I = e
2x
( 2 f ( x) + f ( x) ) dx
sin x
dx
cos x
Put t = cos x dt = sin x dx
dt = sin x dx
dt
dt
So I =
=
t
t
= ln t + c
=
*Correction
f ( x) = sin x
Put f ( x) = cos x
e mt
+c
m
1
1
= e m tan x + c
m
=
= ln cos x + c
= e2 x f ( x) + c
= ln cos x
= e2 x cos x + c
= ln
Question # 5(vi)
xe x
dx
Let I =
2
(1 + x )
=
f ( x) =
1
(1 + x) 2
So I = e x ( f ( x) + f ( x) ) dx
= e x f ( x) + c
1
= ex
+c
1+ x
Question # 5(vii)
Let I = e x ( cos x sin x ) dx
= e x ( (1)sin x + cos x ) dx
Put f ( x) = sin x
So I = e
f '( x) = cos x
( (1) f ( x) + f ( x) ) dx
= e x f ( x) + c
= e x sin x + c
Question # 5(viii)
Let I =
m tan 1 x
e
dx
1 + x2
= e m tan
Put t = tan 1 x
So I = emt dt
1 x
1
dx
1 + x2
1
dt =
dx
1 + x2
1
+c
cos x
tan x dx = ln
cot x dx = ln
1
= (1 + x) 1
1+ x
f ( x) = (1 + x)2 =
Q m ln x = ln x m
+c
= ln sec x + c
sec x + c
Similarly, we have
(1 + x 1)e x
dx
(1 + x)2
1+ x
1
= ex
dx
2
2
(1 + x) (1 + x)
1
1
= ex
dx
2
(1 + x) (1 + x)
Put
sin x + c
Question # 5(ix)
2x
Let I =
dx
1 sin x
2 x 1 + sin x
=
dx
1 sin x 1 + sin x
2 x(1 + sin x)
=
dx
1 sin 2 x
2 x + 2 x sin x)
=
dx
cos 2 x
2 x sin x
2x
=
+
dx
2
2
cos x cos x
2x
2 x sin x
=
dx +
dx
2
cos x cos x
cos x
= 2 x sec 2 x dx + 2 x sec x tan x dx
I = 2 x tan x tan x 1 dx
+ 2 x sec x sec x(1) dx
= 2 x tan x ln sec x
+ 2 x sec x ln sec x + tan x + c
= 2 x tan x 2 ln sec x
+ 2 x sec x 2 ln sec x + tan x + c
Question # 5(x)
e x (1 + x)
Let I =
dx
(2 + x)2
=
e x (2 + x 1)
dx
(2 + x)2
2+ x
1
= ex
dx
2
2
(2 + x) (2 + x)
FSc-II / Ex- 3.4 - 8
= e x (2 + x)1 (2 + x) 2 dx
Put f ( x) = (2 + x) 1
f ( x) = (2 + x)2
So I = e x ( f ( x) + f ( x) ) dx
= e x f ( x) + c
= e x (2 + x) 1 + c
=
ex
+c
2+ x
Question # 15(xi)
1 sin x x
Let I =
e dx
1 cos x
1 2sin x cos x
2
2 e x dx
=
x
2sin 2
x
x
2sin cos
1
2
2 e x dx
=
x
x
2sin 2
2 sin 2
2
2
x
x
1
= cosec2 cot e x dx
2
2
2
x 1
x
= e x cot + cosec 2 dx
2 2
2
x
x 1
Put f ( x) = cot
f ( x) = cosec 2
2
2 2
x
1
f ( x) = cosec2
2
2
So I = e x ( f ( x) + f ( x) )
= e x f ( x) + c
= e x ( cot x ) + c
= e x cot x + c
Found Error tell us at

http://www.MathCity.org/error
Error Analysts
12-
Kamran Javed - (2006-08)

Punjab College of Information Technology,
Rawalpindi.
Muzzfar Arshad (2010)
Punjab University, Lahore.
The End
Updated: 11 Nov. 2010
MathCity.org
FSc-II/ Ex 3.5
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mathcity.org
Question # 4
Definite Integral
Let f ( x)dx = j ( x) + c
b
Then
f ( x) dx = j ( x)
b
a
or [j ( x) ]
b
a
= j (b) - j (a )
-6
-6
2
(3 - x)
f ( x) dx = - f ( x) dx
a
b
f ( x) dx = f ( x) dx + f ( x) dx
where a < c < b

Question # 1
2
(x
+ 1 dx = x dx + dx
2
3 2
2
1
Question # 2
1
1 1
1
1
3 + 1 dx =
3 dx + dx
x
x
-1
-1
-1
=
1
+1
x3
1
+1
3
1
1
-1
+ x
4
x3
4
3
-1
4
3 3
(1)
4
- (-1) 3
=
4
3
= (1 - 1) + 2
4
-6
3
2
= - (3 - 2) - (3 + 6) 2
3
3
3
2
2
54
= - (1) 2 - ( 9 ) 2 = - (1 - 27 ) =
3
3
3
( 2t - 1)
3
+1
2
3 + 1 2
2
5 2
2

(2
=
( 2t - 1) 2
5
5 -1
5
2
1
5
( 2(1) - 1) 2
5
2 5 -1
5
2
(2
1
5
5 -1
1
5
Ans.
Question # 6
0
-2
( 2 x - 1)
-2
( 2 x - 1)
( -2 + 1) 2
( 2 x - 1)
-2
( 2(-2) - 1)
-
-2
-2
-1
-1
( 0 - 1) - ( -4 - 1)
=
-2
-2
-1
-1
( -1) - ( -5 )
=
-2
-2
1
1
=
(-2) (-1) (-2) (-5)
1 1
2
= =
2 10
5
-1
x - 1 dx
-1 0
(-1) 2
dx
-2
-2+1 0
( 2(0) - 1)
=
( 2t - 1)
5
2
+ (1 + 1)
( 2t - 1) 2 dt
+ (1 - (-1) )
-1
( 2t - 1) dt =
-1
-6
3
2
=2
( 2 x - 1)2 dx
=
3 (-1)
2

-6
2
3
2
Question # 3
0
(3 - x)
3
2
Question # 5
23 13
+ x
= - + ( 2 - 1)
3 3
1
8 1
10
= - +1 =
3 3
3
x
=
3
2
(3 - x )
3
=-
1
+1
2
1 + 1 (-1)
2
Also
( 3 - x ) 2 dx
3 - x dx =
-2
=
=
(x
1
2
- 1 x dx
1
2
1
2
1
2
x 2 - 1 2 2 x dx
2
5
x2 - 1 2
( x - 1)
2
1
+1
2
1
+1
2
d 2
x - 1 dx
dx
1
2
( x - 1)
2
3
2
3
2
2
1 2
2
= 5 - 1 - ( 2 ) - 1 2
2 3
3
3
3
3
1
1
= ( 5 - 1) 2 - ( 4 - 1) 2 = ( 4 ) 2 - ( 3) 2
3
3
( )
3
2
FSc-II / Ex- 3.6 - 2

3
1
1 2 2
1+
= 2
- ( 3) 2
3
1
= 8 - 3 3
3
1 3
= ( 2 ) - 3 ( 3) 2
3
( )
1
2
1
1
2x
dx
2 x2 + 2
d 2
x +2
1
dx
dx = ln x 2 + 2
2
2
x +2
2
1
1
ln 22 + 2 - ln 12 + 2
2
1
= ( ln 6 - ln 3)
2
1
1 6
= ln = ln 2
2 3
2
=
1
=
2
1
=
2
1
2
= ( 2 ln 2 - 0 ) - 1 = 2 ln 2 - 1
Question # 12
2
x
2x
-
2
e - e dx
0
dx
-1
(x
+ x +1
1
2
1
+1
2
(x
+ x +1
3
2
( 3) 2 = ( 3)1+ 2
= 31 3 2 = 3 3
1 2
=
x + x +1
3
-1
3
2
3 1
2
) (
3
3
1
1
= ( 3) 2 - (1) 2 = 3 3 - 1
3
3
1
= 33
3
2
x
2
e
-1
0
dx
= 2
x 2
2
e
+2 e
x 2
2
) (
= 2 e1 - e0 + 2 e-1 - e0
1
= 2 e - 1 + - 1
e
e2 + 1 - 2e
= 2
-1
1
= (1)2 + (1) + 1 - (-1) 2 + (-1) + 1
3
3
3
1
= (1 + 1 + 1) 2 - (1 - 1 + 1) 2
3
x
2
0
2
-2 -0
= 2 e2 - e2 + 2 e 2 - e 2
3 1
2
dx - e
0
x
e2
NOTE
-1
d
( 2 x + 1) dx
dx
1 1
+1
2
x
2
e
2
( x + x + 1) ( 2 x + 1) dx
x2 + x + 1
2
1
= ( 2 ln 2 - 1 (0) ) - ( 2 - 1)
1
2
-1
1
= ( 2 ln 2 - 1 ln1) - x
2x +1 2
2 x + x + 1
-1
x 2 + x + 1 dx
1
2
-1
= x ln x 1 - dx
x + 2
1
2
Question # 9
Now do yourself
1
I = ln x x - x dx
x
1
x
Tan -1
3
3
= x 2 dx + x - 2 dx - 2 dx
2
1
Let I = ln x dx = ln x 1 dx
2 1
x - x dx = x + x 2 - 2 dx
2
2
3
dx
x + 32
Question # 11
Question # 8
3
dx
x2 + 9
0
1
3 1
0
= Tan -1 - Tan -1
3
3 3
3
1
1
= Tan -1 (1) - Tan -1 ( 0 )
3
3
p
1p 1
= - (0) =
3 4 3
12
x
x 2 + 2 dx
1
Question # 7
2
Question # 10
= 2e + - 2
e
2
e - 1)
(
2
Question # 13
p
Let I =
0
p
4
cos q + sin q
dq
cos 2q + 1
cos q + sin q
dq
2 cos 2 q
Q cos q =
2
cos q + + sin q dq
2cos 2 q
2 cos 2 q
1 + cos 2q
2
FSc-II / Ex- 3.6 - 3

p
1
dq +
2 cos q
1
2
sec q dq +
1
2
sin q
dq
2 cos q cos q
p
p
0
p
4
0
p
1
1
ln sec q + tan q
+ sec q 0 4
2
2
1
p
p
= ln sec + tan - ln sec(0) + tan(0)

2
4
4
1
p
+ sec - sec(0)
2
4
1
1
= ln 2 + 1 - ln 1 + 0 +
2 -1
2
2
1
1
= ln 2 + 1 - 0 +
2 -1
2
2
1
= ln 2 + 1 + 2 - 1
Ans.
2
(
(
(
) (
)
) (
Question # 14
p
cos 2 q cos q dq
cos q dq =
3
2
(1 - sin q ) cos q dq
6
0
p
6
q cos q dq
= sin q
sin
0
( cosec
p
d
sin q dq
dq
p
sin q
= sin - sin(0) 6
3
6
p
4
csc
p
p cos
6
p
q cot q dq
p ( cos
q cosec2 q - cos 2 q dq
2q 1
cos 2 q dq
cos
2
sin q
3 4
1 sin 2q
- dq 2p
2
2
p
p
4
6
( )
p 1
3
- +
8 4 8
9 3 - 10 - p
=
8
( )
5 9
p
=- +
34 8
8
Question # 16
p
cos 4 t dt
2
( cos t )
0
p
4
dt
1 + cos 2t dt
1 + 2 cos 2t + cos 2 2t
dt
4
1
=
4
1
4
1
4
2
(1 + 2 cos 2t + cos 2t ) dt
1
8
0
p
4
1 + 2 cos 2t +
0
p
4
1 + cos 4t
dt
2
2 + 4 cos 2t + 1 + cos 4t dt
6
p
1 4
1 4
dq - dq - cos 2q dq
2p
2p
3 p
p
p
= - cot + cot - q p 4
4
6 2
6
sin 2 p
sin 2 p
1
4 6
-
2
2
2
3
3p p 11
2
= -1 + 3 - - - 2 4 6 22
2
3 p 11
3
= -1 + 3 - - 2 12 2 2 4
= - cot q
2
2
p cos q ( cosec q - 1) dq
q dq -
1 + cos q
q - 1 dq -
dq
2
p
p
Question # 15
4
p
1
1
= - 0 - sin 3 - sin 3 (0)

2
3
6
1 1 1
= - - (0)3
2 3 2
1 1
11
1 11
=
= - = 2 38
2 24
24
p
cot 2 q dq - cos 2 q dq
= -1 + 3 -
cos q dq - sin
0
sec q tan q dq
( 3 + 4 cos 2t + cos 4t ) dt
0
1
sin 2t sin 4t
= 3t + 4
+
8
2
4
FSc-II / Ex- 3.6 - 4
( )
( )
sin 4 p
1 p
4
p
= 3 + 2sin 2
+
4
8 4
4
sin 4 ( 0 )
- 3 ( 0 ) - 2sin 2 ( 0 )
4
p
1
p p sin 2 4
=
2 tan - 2
4 4
2
1 3p
0
0
=
+ 2 + -0 - 0 -
8 4
4
4
1 3p + 8
3p + 8
=
=
8 4
32
1
p 1
= 2(1) - - - 2(0) + 0 + 0
2
4 2
13 p
1 6 -p
6 -p
=
= - =
22 4
2 4
8
( )
1 3p
=
+ 2
8 4
Question # 17
p
Let I =
-2 tan(0) + 0 +
Question # 19
p
cos 2 q sin q dq
Let I =
= - t 2 dt
=-
t3
3
1
3
1)
(
2
= -
= -
3
3
1 1
7
= - - = --
24 3
24
3
8 -1
3 3
Put t = tan q + 1 dt = sec2 q dq

When x = 0 then t = 1
p
Also when x = then t = 2
4
2
dt
So I =
t
1
= ln t
Review
g ( x)
If f ( x) =
h( x )
Then
2
2
(1 + cos q ) tan q dq
0
0
p
4
0
p
4
sec
0
p
4
q -1 +
x - 3 dx
-1
Since
1 - cos 2q
dq
2
2sec q - 2 + 1 - cos 2q
dq
2
if x - 3 0 x 3
x -3
x-3 =
- ( x - 3 ) if x - 3 < 0 x < 3
5
So
x - 3 dx =
-1
( 2sec q - 1 - cos 2q ) dq
2
[ -( x - 3)] dx + ( x - 3) dx
-1
3
3
5
= - ( x - 3) dx + ( x - 3) dx
-1
1
sin 2q
2 tan q - q 2
2
a xb
bxc
f ( x) dx = g ( x) + h( x)
Let I =
q + sin q dq
2
:
:
Question # 20
1
=
2
=
sin 2 q
+ sin 2 q dq
2
cos q
( tan
0
p
4
sin 2 q
1 + cos q
dq
cos 2 q
2
1
= ln 2 - ln1 = ln 2 - 0 = ln 2
7
=
24
Question # 18
p
sec2 q
dq
( tan q + 1)
( )
sec q
dq
sin q
cos q
+ 1
cos q
1
1
2
t (-dt )
So I =
sec q
dq
sin q + cos q
0
p
Put t = cos q dt = - sin q dq

- dt = sin q dq
When q = 0 then t = 1
And when q = p then t = 1
3
2
1
sin 2 ( 0 )
( x - 3)
=2
2 3
-1
( x - 3) 2
+
2
(3 - 3) (-1 - 3) (5 - 3) 2 (3 - 3) 2
= -
+ 2 - 2
2
2
FSc-II / Ex- 3.6 - 5
0 16 4 0
= - - + - = 8 + 2 = 10
2 2 2 2
= ln 33 - 32 + 3 - 1 - ln 23 - 22 + 2 - 1
= ln 27 - 9 + 3 - 1 - ln 8 - 4 + 2 - 1
Question # 21
x 13 + 2
dx
2
x 3
Let I =
1
8
1
+ 2 x
-2
1
3
dt =
dx
3dt =
0
p
2
x 3 dx
5
1
then t =
8
2
And when x = 1 then t = 3
5 ( t )
So I =
t3
=3
3
3dt
( )
3
5
3
= 3 - 2
3
3
27 125
= 3
3 24
125
27
8
= 3 3 - 3
91
91
= 3 =
24
8

x -1
x + 1 x2 - 2
x -2
x + 1 dx
1
= x -1 dx
x
+ 1
1
3
= x dx - dx -
2 3
x
2
x +x
2
- x
3
1
dx
x +1
- ln x + 1
-x-2
- x -1
+ +
-1
3
1
3 12
= - - ( 3 - 1) - ( ln 3 + 1 - ln 1 + 1 )
2 2
9 1
= - - ( 2 ) - ( ln 4 - ln 2 )
2 2
4
= 4 - 2 - ln
= 2 - ln 2
2
3x 2 - 2 x + 1
dx
( x - 1) x 2 + 1
=
2
3
=
2
sin x
cos x cos x - cos2 x dx
0
p
4
2
( sec x tan x - sec x ) dx
Question # 25
p
Let I =
0
p
1 + sin x
4
dx
1 - sin x
1 + sin x 1 - sin x
0
p
4
dx
4
1 - sin x
1 - sin x
=
dx
=
dx
2
2
1
sin
x
cos
x
0
0
Now same as Question # 24
Question # 26
3x
dx
4 - 3x
0
Put t = 4 - 3 x 3x = 4 - t
1
Also dt = -3dx - dt = dx
3
And when x = 1 then t = 1
Let I =
So I =
4
4-t
t
1
- 3 dt
1
1 4
t
dt
3 12
2
4 t
t
4
1
1
1 -2 2
= + 4t - t dt
3
3x 2 - 2 x + 1
dx
x3 - x 2 + x - 1
Now do yourself
d 3 2
x - x + x -1
dx
dx
x3 - x 2 + x - 1
= ln x3 - x 2 + x - 1
3
2
=-
Question # 23
sin x
cos2 x - cos2 x dx
p
p
= sec - tan - ( sec(0) - tan(0) )

4
4
= 2 -1 -1 + 0 = 2 - 2
sin x - 1
dx
cos 2 x
= sec x - tan x
Question # 22
3
= ln 4
When x =
3
2
x 3 dx
20
5
Question # 24
8
1
x3 + 2
Put t =
= ln
= ln 20 - ln 5
Question # 27
p
Let I =
cos x
dx
sin x ( 2 + sin x )
Put t = sin x
dt = cos x dx
FSc-II / Ex- 3.6 - 6
1 = A(2 + t ) + B(1 + t ) . (i)

Put 1 + t = 0 t = -1 in (i)
1
p
then t =
6
2
p
When x =
then t = 1
2
1
dt
So I =
t (2 + t )
1
When x =
1 = A ( 2 - 1) + 0
Put 2 + t = 0 t = -2 in (i)
1 = 0 + B (1 - 2 ) 1 = - B
So
1
1
-1
=
+
1
+
t
2
+t
(1 + t )( 2 + t )
Now consider
1
A
B
= +
t (2 + t ) t 2 + t
Put t = 0 in (i)
1 = A(2 + 0) + B(0) 1 = 2A
Put 2 + t = 0 t = -2 in eq. (i)
So
1
1
A=
2
1
B=2
1 = -2B
1
-1
1
2
= 2+
t
2+t
t (2 + t )
1 1
1 -1
1
2 dt
dt = 2 dt +
+
t (2 + t )
t
2
t
1
1
2
1
1
1
- ln 2 + t
2
2
1
1
1
1
ln 1 - ln
2
2
1
1
- ln 2 + 1 - ln 2 +
2
2
1
1 1
5
= 0 - ln - ln 3 - ln
2
2 2
2
1
1
5
= - ln - ln 3 + ln
2
2
2
5
1
1 5
= ln 2 = ln
2 3
2 1 3
2
Question # 28
2
sin x dx
(1 + cos x )( 2 + cos x )
0
Put t = cos x
dt = - sin x dx
- dt = sin x dx
p
And when x = then t = 0
2
0
- dt
So I =
(1 + t )( 2 + t )
1
0
- ln 2 + t
0
1
0
= ( ln 1 + 1 - ln 1 + 0 )
- ( ln 2 + 1 - ln 2 + 0
= ln 2 - 0 - ln 3 + ln 2
2 2
4
= ln
= ln
3
3
mathcity@gmail.com
Let I =
= ln 1 + t
Error Analyst
1 1
1
1
dt -
dt
21 t
2 1 2+t
1
= ln t
2
Usman Khilji FAZMIC Sargodha 2004-06

Muzammil Ahsan - 2011
i.e. B = -1
1
1
(1 + t )( 2 + t ) dt = 1 + t dt - 2 + t dt
0
0
0
1 = A ( 2 + t ) + Bt (i)
1 = 0 + B(-2)
A =1
dt
dt
= -
=
(1 + t )( 2 + t ) 0 (1 + t )( 2 + t )
1
Now consider
1
A
B
=
+
1
+
t
2
+t
(1 + t )( 2 + t )
mathcity.org
(2)3 (1)3
=
+ ( 2 1)
3
3
8 1
= +1
3 3
7
10
=
+1 =
sq. unit.
3
3
Example 4
Find the area bounded by the curve
f ( x) = x3 2 x 2 + 1
and the x-axis in the first quadrant.
Solution
Put f ( x) = 0
x3 2 x + 1 = 0
1 1 2 0
1
1 1 1
1 1 1 0
Question # 2
y = 5 x2 ;
2
Area =
x = 1
or x =
1 1+ 4
1 5
=
2
2
1 5
Thus the curve cuts the x-axis at x = 1 ,
2
Since we are taking area in the first quad. only
1+ 5
1 5
ignoring
as it is ive.
x = 1,
2
2
1+ 5
Intervals in 1st quad. are [ 0,1] & 1,
2
Since f ( x) 0 whenever x [ 0,1]
1+ 5
and f ( x) 0 whenever x 1,
2
Area in 1 quad. =
(x
x4
x3
=
2 + x
4
3
=
=
=
x = 1 to x = 2
y 0 whenever x [1, 2]
2
Area =
(x
+ 1)dx
x dx + dx
2
x3
3
+ x
1
2
1
Question # 3
y = 3 x ;
x = 1 to x = 4
Since y 0 when x [1, 4]

4
Area =
3
1
4
= 3
x dx
1
3x 2
1 2
= + 1 0
2 3
7
=
sq. unit
12
Question # 1
y = x2 + 1 ;
)dx
(2)3
(1)3
5(2) 3 5(1) 3
8
1
10 3 5 + 3
22 14
22 14
+
=
3 3
3 3
36
= 12 sq. unit
3
2 x + 1 dx
x3
5x
3
1 (1) 2 4(1)(1)
2(1)
st
(5 x
x2 x 1 = 0
or
x = 1 to x = 2
y > 0 whenever x ( 1, 2 )
( x 1) ( x 2 x 1) = 0
x 1 = 0
Page#167
dx = 3
1
x2
dx
1
+1
x2
1
+1
2
2
= 3
3
= 3
1
3 4
x2
1
3 4
x2
3
32
= 2 (4) (1) 2
4
4
2 32
3 3
3
(4)
(1)
=
2
(2 ) 1
4
= 2 ( 8 1) = 14 sq. unit
Question # 4
to x =
2
2

Q y > 0 whenever x ,
2 2
y = cos x ;
x=
FSc-II / Ex- 3.7 - 2
Area =
sin x
Question # 7
y = x3 + 1
Putting y = 0 , we have

= sin sin
2
2
= 1 + 1 = 2 sq. unit
x3 + 1 = 0
Question # 5
y = 4 x x2
4 x x2 = 0
Now y > 0 when x ( 0, 4 )

4
2
( 4x x ) dx
0
x +1 = 0
or x 2 x + 1 = 0
x = 1
or
3 4
4x
x
2
3
2 x2
3 4
x
3
Area =
(4)
(0)3
2
= 2(4)2
2(0)
3
3
64
= 32 ( 0 0 )
3
32
=
sq. unit.
2
Question # 6
y = x2 + 2 x 3
2
x + 3x x 2 = 0
x ( x + 3 ) 1( x + 3 ) = 0
= 0
x = 3 or x = 1
Now y 0 whenever x [ 3,1]

1
Area
(x
+ 2 x 3 dx
=
=
1 (1)2 4(1)(1)
2(1)
x 2x
+
3x
3
2
x3
+ x 2 3x
3
(x
+ 1 dx
x4
+x
4
( 2)
( 1)4
=
+ 2
1
4
4
16
1
= + 2 1
4
4
3
27
= 6
=
sq. unit
4
4
4
Question # 8
y = x3 2 x + 4 ;
x2 + 2 x 3 = 0
( x + 3)( x 1)
x=
= 0
x = 0 or x = 4
( x + 1) ( x 2 x + 1)
1 1 4
2
1 3
x=
2
Which is not possible.
Now y 0 when x [ 1, 2]
x (4 x) = 0
Area =
5
32
+9 =
sq. unit
3
3
cos x dx
(1)
=
+ (1)2 3(1)
3
(3)3
+
+ (3) 2 3(3)
3
1
27
= +1 3 +
+ 9 + 9
3
3
5
= + ( 9 + 18)
3
x =1
x3 2 x + 4 = 0
2 1
0 2
4
2 4 4
1 2
2
0
( x + 2 ) ( x2 2 x + 2)
= 0
x + 2 = 0 or x 2 2 x + 2 = 0
2 (2)2 4(1)(2)
2
2 4 8
=
2
2 4
=
2
This is imaginary.
Now y 0 when x [ 2,1]
x = 2
or x =
Area =
(x
2 x + 4 dx
2
1
x3dx 2 x dx + 4 dx
FSc-II / Ex- 3.7 - 3
x4
=
4
And y 0 whenever x [ 0,1]
x2
2
2
+4 x
2
1
2
(1)4 (2)4 (1)2 (2) 2

=
4 2
2
4
+ 4 (1 (2) )
1 16 1 4
= 2 + 4 (1 + 2 )
4 4 2 2
1
1
= 4 2 2 + 4 ( 3)
4
2
15 3
= 2 + 12
4 2
15
45
= + 3 + 12 =
sq. unit
4
4
Question # 9
y = x3 4 x
x3 4 x = 0
x x 4 = 0
x ( x + 2 )( x 2 ) = 0
x = 0 or x = 2 or x = 2
Now y 0 whenever x [ 2, 0]
And y 0 whenever x [ 0, 2]
(x
y dx y dx
Area =
=
4 x dx x 4 x dx
x4
x2
4
4
2
x4
2 x2
4
2
0
x4
x2
4
4
2
x4
2 x2
4
0
2
y dx y dx
x ( x 1)( x + 1) dx
x ( x 1)( x + 1) dx
0
x3 x dx x3 x dx
0
x4 x2
=
4
2
x4 x2
4
2
(0)4 (0) 2 (1) 4 (1) 2

=
2 4
2
4
(1) 4 (1)2 (0)4 (0) 2
2 4
2
4
Question # 11
y2 = 3 x ;
Q y 0 when x [ 1, 2]
2
Area =
16
= ( 0 0 ) 8
4
16
8 + (0 0)
4
= ( 4 8 ) ( 4 8 ) = ( 4 ) ( 4 )
x ( x 1)( x + 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 1 or x = 1
Now y 0 whenever x [ 1, 0]
3 x dx
1
2
(3 x ) 2
dx
= 4 + 4 = 8 sq. unit.
Question # 10
y = x ( x 1)( x + 1)
x = 1 to x = 2
y = 3 x
The branch of curve above the x-axis is
y = 3 x
(0)
(2)
=
2(0)2
2(2)2
4
4
4
4
(2)
(0)
2(2)2 +
2(0)2
4
4
1 1
= ( 0 0 )
4 2
1 1
+ ( 0 0 )
4 2
1 1
= 0 + 0
4 4
1 1
1
= +
=
sq. unit
4 4
2
Area =
(3 x )
1
+1
2
1 + 1 (1)
2
(3 x )
3
2
( 3 2 ) (1)
2 (3 x )
3
3
2
2 (3 2)
2 ( 3 (1) )
+
3
3
3
2 (1) 2 2 ( 4 ) 2
=
+
3
3
2 2 ( 2)
= +
3
3
3 2
2
3
2
FSc-II / Ex- 3.7 - 4
2 16
= +
3 3
When x = 0
a 0 = a sin
14
sq. unit
3
sin = 1
Question # 12
1
g ( x) = cos x ; x = to x =
2
Q g ( x) 0 when x [ , ]
When x = 2a
a 2a = a sin
x
2
sin
1
So area =
x
= 2 sin
2
= a
= a
= a
1
2
= cos
cos(0)
2
3
a2
=
2
y = 2ax x 2
x ( 2a x ) = 0
2a x = 0 x = 2a
Q y 0 when x [ 0, 2a ]
1 + cos d
(1 + cos ) d
a
+ sin
2
a2

+ sin + sin
2 2
2 2
2
Error Analyst
Waqas Muzzafar (2009-10)
2ax x 2 dx
Book: Exercise 3.7 (Page 167)
a 2 a 2 + 2ax x 2 dx
Calculus and Analytic Geometry Mathematic

12
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.
Edition: May 2005.
a 2 a 2 2ax + x 2
0
2a
2a
cos 2 d
0
2a
a2
( + 1 + 1)
2
a2
a 2
= ( ) =
sq. unit
2
2
2ax x = 0
On squaring
2ax x 2 = 0
a cos cos d
2a
a 2 cos 2 cos d
Question # 14
Area =
= a2
3
1 1
1 3
sq. unit.
= 1 = =
2 2
2 2
4
or
sin 2x dx
x=0
Q y 0 when x 0,
3
= a
x = 0 to x =
a 2 1 sin 2 cos d
Question # 13
cos 2 x
= 2(2) = 4 sq. unit.
Area =
a 2 a 2 sin 2 ( a cos d )

= 2 sin sin
2
2
= 2 (1 ( 1) ) = 2 (1 + 1)
y = sin 2 x ;
a = a sin
=
2
1 = sin
1
cos x dx
2
Area =
a sin = a
=
2
a2 ( a x )
Put a x = a sin
dx = a cos d
dx = a cos d
dx
dx
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman

(atiq@mathcity.org)
Available online at
http://www.mathcity.org in PDF Format.
Last Update: 30 October 2010
mathcity.org

x2
+ ln c
2
= x 2 + ln c
Question # 1(i)
dy
x
= 1+ y
dx
ln y = 2
x dy = (1 + y ) dx
= x 2 ln e + ln c
dy
dx
=
1+ y x
= ln e x + ln c
Integrating both sides

dy
dx
1+ y = x
ln (1 + y ) = ln x + ln c
ln y = ln ce x
y = ce x
= ln cx
1 + y = cx
y = cx 1
Proved
Question # 1(ii)
dy
x 2 ( 2 y + 1) 1 = 0
dx
dy
x 2 ( 2 y + 1) = 1 x 2 ( 2 y + 1) dy = dx
dx
1
( 2 y + 1) dy = 2 dx
x
On integrating
1
( 2 y + 1) dy = x 2 dx
2 ydy + dy = x 2 dx
y2
x 2+1
+y=
+c
2
2 + 1
x 1
2
y +y=
+c
1
1
y2 + y = c
Proved
x
2
y2
e2 x c
= x+
+
2
2 2
y 2 = 2 x + e2 x + c
Proved
Question # 1(v)
dy
y2 +1
dy
=
2
= e x dx
x
dx
e
y +1
Integrating both sides
dy
2
= e x dx
y +1
Tan 1 y = e x + c
y = Tan e x + c
Question # 2
dy
dy
= y
= dx
dx
y
On integrating
dy
y = dx
ln y = x + ln c
= ln e x + ln c
ln y = ln ce x
Question # 1(iii)
dy
y e2 x = 1
dx
dy
y
= 1 + e2 x ydy = 1 + e 2 x dx
dx
On integrating
2x
ydy = 1 + e dx
= x ln e + ln c
y 2 = 2 x + e2 x + c
Question # 1(iv)
1 dy
2y = 0
x dx
1 dy
dy
= 2y
= 2 xy
x dx
dx
dy
= 2 xdx
y
On integrating
dy
y = 2 xdx
Q ln e = 1
Q ln e = 1
y = ce x
Question # 3
ydx + xdy = 0 ydx = xdy
dy
dx
=
x
y
On integrating
ln x = ln y + ln c
c
ln x = ln
y
c
x =
xy = c
y
Question # 4
Do yourself
Question # 5
dy
y
dy
= 2
= x 2 dx
dx
y
x
Integrating
dy
2
y = x dx
x 2 +1
x 1
+ ln c ln y =
+ ln c
2 + 1
1
1
ln y = + ln c
x
ln y =
FSc-II / Ex- 3.8 - 2
Question # 9
1
ln y = ln e + ln c
x
=
ln e x
ln y = ln ce
Do yourself
+ ln c
1
x
Question # 10
y = ce
Question # 6
dy
= 1
dx
dx
sin y dy =
sin y dy = sin x dx
cosec x
Integrating
sin y dy = sin x dx
cos y = cos x c
cos y = cos x + c
sin y cosec y
Question # 7
xdy + y ( x 1) dx = 0
xdy = y ( x 1) dx
dy
x 1
dx
=
y
x
dy
x 1
= dx
y
x x
dy
1
= 1 dx
y
x
On integrating
dy
1
y = 1 x dx
ln y = x ln x + ln c
= x ln e ln x + ln c
= ln e x ln x + ln c
ln y = ln cxe x
y = cxe x
Question # 8
x2 + 1
x dy
=
y +1
y dx
y +1
x2 + 1
dx =
dy
x
y
On integrating
y +1
x2 +1
x dx = y dy
x2 1
y 1
x + x dx = y + y dy
1
1
x + dx = 1 + dy
x
y
1
1
x dx + dx = dy + dy
x
y
x2
+ ln x = y + ln y ln c
2
x2
ln e + ln x + ln c = y ln e + ln y
2
x2
ln cxe 2
x2
cxe 2
+ ln x + ln c = ln e y + ln y
= ln ye y
= ye
Question # 11
dy 2 xy
+
= x
dx 2 y + 1
dy
2 xy
= x
dx
2y +1
2y
= x 1
y + 1
2
2 y +1 2 y
= x
2 y +1
dy
1
= x
( 2 y + 1) dy = x dx
dx
2 y +1
Now do yourself
Question # 12
dy
x 2 yx 2
+ y 2 + xy 2 = 0
dx
dy
x 2 yx 2
= y 2 xy 2
dx
dy
x 2 (1 y )
= y 2 (1 + x )
dx
1 y
1+ x
dy = 2 dx
2
y
x
Now do yourself
(
(
)
)
Question # 13
sec 2 x tan y dx + sec 2 y tan x dy = 0
sec 2 x tan y dx = sec 2 y tan x dy
sec 2 y
sec 2 x
dx =
dy
tan x
tan y
On integrating
sec 2 y
sec2 x
dx
=
tan x
tan y dy
d
d
( tan y )
tan x )
(
dy
dx

dx =
dy
tan x
tan y
ln tan x = ln tan y + ln c
ln tan x + ln tan y = ln c
ln ( tan x tan y ) = ln c
tan x tan y = c
x2
ln e 2
Do yourself
1
x
i.e. ye
x2
cxe 2
Question # 14
dy
2 dy
y x dx = 2 y + dx
dy
dy
yx
= 2 y2 + 2
dx
dx
dy
dy
y 2 y2 = 2 + x
dx
dx
dy
y (1 2 y ) = ( 2 + x )
dx
dx
dy
=
2+ x
y (1 2 y )
FSc-II / Ex- 3.8 - 3
On integrating
dx
dy
2 + x = y (1 2y ) .. (i)
Now consider
1
A
B
= +
y 1 2 y
y (1 2 y )
Review
o tan x dx = ln sec x = ln cos x
Put y = 0 in (ii)
1 = A (1 2(0) ) + 0 A = 1
Question # 15
o
o
o
1 = A (1 2 y ) + By . (ii)
Put 1 2 y = 0 2 y = 1 y =
So
1
in (ii)
2
=
=
dx

=
2+ x
ln ( 2 + x )
y + 1 2 y dy
1
2
y dy + 1 2 ydy
2
1
y dy 1 2 y dy
d
(1 2 y )
1
dx
dy
y 1 2 y dy
= ln y ln (1 2 y ) ln c
ln ( 2 + x ) + ln c = ln y ln (1 2 y )
ln c ( 2 + x ) = ln
c (2 + x) =
y
(1 2 y )
y
(1 2 y )
y = c ( 2 + x )(1 2 y )
Alternative ( )
dx
2
1
2 + x = y + 1 2 y dx
1
2
= dy +
dy
y
1 2 y
1
2
= dy
dy
y
2 y 1
d
( 2 y 1)
dx
1
dy

= dy dx
2+ x
y
2 y 1
ln ( 2 + x ) = ln y ln ( 2 y 1) ln c
ln ( 2 + x ) + ln c = ln y ln ( 2 y 1)
ln c ( 2 + x ) = ln
c (2 + x) =
i.e.
y
( 2 y 1)
y
( 2 y 1)
y
= c (2 + x)
( 2 y 1)
= ln sin x = ln csc x
= ln sec x + tan x
= ln csc x cot x
1 + cos x tan y
1
1 = 0+ B B = 2
2
1
1
2
= +
y 1 2y
y (1 2 y )
Using in (i)
dx
2+ x =
cot x dx
sec x dx
csc x dx
dy
= 0
dx
dy
= 1
dx
1
tan y dy =
dx
cos x
tan y dy = sec x dx
On integrating
tan y dy = sec x dx
cos x tan y
ln cos y = ln sec x + tan x ln c

ln cos y = + ln sec x + tan x + ln c
ln cos y = ln c ( sec x + tan x )
cos y = c ( sec x + tan x )
Question # 16
dy
dy
yx
= 3 1 + x
dx
dx
dy
dy
yx
= 3 + 3x
dx
dx
dy
dy
y 3 = 3x + x
dx
dx
dy
= (3x + x )
dx
dy
dy
dx
= 4
y 3 = 4x
dx
x
y 3
Now do yourself
Question # 17
sec x + tan y
dy
= 0
dx
dy
= sec x
dx
tan y dy = sec x dx
Now do yourself as Question # 15
tan y
Question # 18
dy
e x + e x
= e x e x
dx
e x e x
dy = x x dx
e +e
On integrating
e x e x
dy
=
e x + e x dx
d x x
e +e
y = dx x x dx
e +e
y = ln e x + e x + c
FSc-II / Ex- 3.8 - 4
Question # 19
dy
dy
x = xy 2
= x + xy 2
dx
dx
dy
dy
= x dx
= x 1+ y2
dx
1+ y2
dy

= x dx
1 + y2
x2
+c
2
x2
y = Tan + c
2
Tan1 y =
v = 980t + c1 .. (i)
Initially, when t = 0 then v = 2450 cm/sec
2450 = 980 (0) + c1
c1 = 2450
Putting in (i)
v = 980t + 2450
Question # 20
dx
dx
= 2x
= 2dt
dt
x
dx

= 2 dt
x
ln x = 2t + ln c
= ln e 2t + ln c
Question # 23
i) When a body is projected upward its
acceleration is g . (where g = 980 cm/sec2)
dv
i.e. acceleration =
= g ,
dt
where v is velocity of ball.
dv
= 980
dt
dv = 980 dt
On integrating
dv = 980 dt
Q ln e x = x
dx
dt
where x is height of ball.
ii) Since velocity = v =
ln x = ln ce2t
x = ce 2t (i)
When t = 0 then x = 4 , putting in (i)
4 = ce 2(0) 4 = c e0
4 = c (1)
c = 4
Putting in (i)
x = 4e 2t
Question # 21
ds
+ 2 st = 0
dt
ds
ds
= 2 st
= 2t dt
dt
s
On integrating
ds
s = 2 t dt
t2
ln s = 2 + ln c
2
2
= t + ln c
= ln e t + ln c
2
ln s = ln ce t
Q ln e x = x
s = ce t . (i)
When t = 0 then s = 4e , using in (i)
2
4e = ce (0)
4e = c (1)
c = 4e
Putting in (i)
2
s = 4e e t
2
s = 4e1t
Question # 22
Number of bacteria initially
No. of bacteria after two hours
No. of bacteria after four hours
= 200
= 2(200)
= 400
= 2(400)
= 800 Ans.
dx
= 980 t + 2450
dt
dx = ( 980 t + 2450 ) dt
Integrating
dx = ( 980 t + 2450 ) dt
t2
+ 2450t + c2
2
x = 490 t 2 + 2450t + c2 . (ii)
Initially, when t = 0 then x = 0
0 = 490 (0) + 2450(0) + c2
c2 = 0
Putting value of c2 in (ii)
x = 980
x = 490 t 2 + 2450t + 0
x = 2450t 490 t 2
iii)
Q v = 980t + 2450
When body is at max. height then v = 0
980t + 2450 = 0
2450
980t = 2450 t =
980
t = 2.5 sec
Since x = 2450t 4980t 2
When t = 2.5sec
x = 2450 ( 2.5 ) 490 ( 2.5)
= 6125 3062.5
= 3062.5
Hence ball attains max. height of 3062.5 cm.
2
Error Analyst
1- Usman Khilji FAZMIC Sargodha. 2003-05

2- Adnan Arif FAZMIC Sargodha. 2003-05
mathcity@gmail.com
mathcity.org

Distance Formula
Let A( x1, y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) be two points in a
plane and d be a distance between A and B
then
d = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 )2
or
B( x2 , y2 )
A ( x1 , y1 )
d = ( x1 x2 ) 2 + ( y1 y2 )2
O(0,0)
See proof on book at page181
Ratio Formula
Let A( x1, y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) be two points in a plane. The coordinates of the point C
dividing the line segment AB in the ratio
k1 : k2 are
k1x2 + k2 x1 k1 y2 + k2 y1
,
k
+
k
k1 + k2
1 2
If C be the midpoint of AB i.e. k1 : k 2 = 1:1

then coordinate of C becomes
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
,
2
2
k2
k1
B( x2 , y2 )
A ( x1 , y1 )
O(0,0)
x=3
x = -3
Question # 1
(i) x > 0
y
Right half plane
2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant
(ii) x > 0 and y > 0
x > 0
x< 0
The 1st quadrant.
y > 0
y > 0
(iii) x = 0
y-axis
-x
x
x< 0
(iv) y = 0
x > 0
y< 0
y <0
x-axis
(v) x < 0 and y 0
3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant
nd
2 quadrant & negative x-axis
-y
(vi) x = y
It is a line bisecting 1st and 3rd quadrant.
(vii) x = y
A positive value cant equal to a negative value, except number zero, so origin,
( 0,0 ) , is the only point which satisfies x = y
y
(viii) x 3
x 3 x 3 or x 3
x 3 or x 3
x
which is the set of points lying on right side of the
line x = 3 and the points lying on left side of the
line x = 3 .
(ix) x > 2 and y = 2
The set of all points on the line y = 2 for which x > 2 .
(x) x and y have opposite signs.
It is the set of points lying in 2nd and 4th quadrant.
FSC-II / Ex. 4.1 - 2
Question # 2
(a) A(3,1) ; B (2, 4)
(i)
AB = (2 3) 2 + (4 1)2 = (5)2 + (5)2
Review:
= 25 + 25 = 50 = 25 2 = 5 2
3 2 1 4 1 3
(ii) Midpoint of AB =
,
= ,
2 2 2
2
(b) A(8,3) ; B (2, 1)
1
(c) A 5 , ; B 3 5 , 5
3
(i)
(ii)
The midpoint of
A( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 )
x1 + x2 , y1 + y 2 .
2
2
is
2
1
16
AB = 3 5 + 5 + 5 + = 2 5 +
3
3
4 109
256
436
4 109
= 20 +
=
=
=
3
9
9
9
5 3 5 13 + 5 4 5 14 3
7
Midpoint of AB =
,
, = 2 5,
=
2
2 2
2
3
Question # 3
(a) Distance of
176,7 from origin =

=
the point
176 0 + ( 7 0 )
2
(176 ) + ( 49 )
(176 ) + ( 49 )
= 225 = 15
176,7 is at 15 unit away from origin.
(b) Distance of (10, 10 ) from origin =
(10 0 ) + ( 10 0 )
2
= 100 + 100 = 200

= 100 2 = 10 2 15
the point (10, 10 ) is not at distance of 15 unit from origin.
(c) Do yourself as above
2
15 15
15
15
(d) Distance of , from origin = 0 + 0

2 2
2
2
225 225
225 15
=
+
=
=
15
4
4
2
2
15 15
Hence the point , is not at distance of 15 unit from origin.
2 2
Question # 4
(i) Given: A(0,2) , B( 3, 1) and C (0, 2)
AB =
30
+ ( 1 2 ) =
2
(0 3 )
+ ( 3 )
AB = 12
+ ( 2 + 1) =
= 3 +1 = 4 = 2
= 3 + 9 = 12
BC =
( 3)
( 3 )
+ ( 1)
2
BC = 4
FSC-II / Ex. 4.1 - 3
(0 0) + ( 2 + 2)
2
CA =
= 0 + ( 4)
2
2
= 16 = 4
CA = 16
Q AB + BC = 12 + 4 = 16 = CA
by Pythagoras theorem A, B & C are vertices of a right triangle.
2
(ii)
Given: A ( 3,1) , B ( 2, 3) and C ( 2,2 )

AB =
( 2 3) ) + ( 3 1)
BC =
( 2 (2) ) + ( 2 (3) )
CA =
( 3 2 ) + (1 2 )
( 5 )
=
2
+ ( 4)
( 4) + (5)
2
(1) + ( 1)
2
2
2
= 25 + 16 = 41
= 16 + 25 = 41
= 1+1 = 2
Q AB = BC A , B & C are vertices of an isosceles triangle.
(iii)
Given: A ( 5, 2) , B ( 2,3) & C ( 2,2 )

AB =
( 2 5 )
+ (3 2) =
( 7 ) + (1)
= 49 + 1 = 50 = 5 2
BC =
( 3 + 2 ) + ( 4 3 )
2
( 1) + ( 7 )
2
= 1 + 49 = 50 = 5 2
CD =
( 4 + 3)
+ ( 5 + 4 ) =
( 7 ) + ( 1)
= 49 + 1 = 50 = 5 2
DA =
(5 4)
+ ( 2 + 5) =
(1)
= 1 + 49 = 50 = 5 2
Q AB = CD and BC = DA
Now
AC =
( 3 5) + ( 4 2 )
2
+ (7)
A , B , C and D are vertices of parallelogram.
( 8 )
+ ( 6 )
= 64 + 36 = 100 = 10
BD =
( 4 + 2 ) + ( 5 3 )
2
( 6 ) + ( 8 )
2
= 36 + 64 = 100 = 10
Since all sides are equals and also both diagonals are equal therefore A , B , C , D are
vertices of a square.
Question # 5
Let A( x1, y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are vertices of triangle ABC , and let D (1, 1) ,
E (4, 3) and F (1,1) are midpoints of sides AB , BC and CA respectively.
Then
A
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
,
= (1, 1)
2
2
D
F
x1 + x2 = 2 ..........(i ) and y1 + y2 = 2 ............(ii )
x2 + x3 y2 + y3
,
= ( 4, 3)
2
2
B
C
E
x2 + x3 = 8..........(iii ) and y2 + y3 = 6 ..........(iv)
x3 + x1 y3 + y1
,
= ( 1,1)
2
2
x1 + x3 = 2 ..........(v) , and y1 + y3 = 2 ..........(vi )
FSC-II / Ex. 4.1 - 4
Subtracting (i) and (iii)

x1 + x2
= 2
x2 + x3 = 8
Subtracting (ii) and (iv)

y1 + y2
= 2
y2 + y3 = 6
x1
x3 = 10 ..........(vii )
Adding (v) and (vii)
x1 + x3 = 2
x1 x3 = 10
y1
y3 = 4 ..........(viii )
Adding (vi) and (viii)
y1 + y3 = 2
y1 y3 = 4
= 8
2 x1
x1 = 4
2 y1
= 6
y1 = 3
y 2 = 2 3
x2 = 2
y 2 = 5
Putting value of y1 in (v)

3 + y3 = 2
Putting value of x1 in (v)

4 + x3 = 2
x3 = 2 4
Putting value of y1 in (ii)

3 + y2 = 2
Putting value of x1 in (i)

4 + x2 = 2
x2 = 2 4
y3 = 2 3
x3 = 6
y3 = 1
Hence vertices of triangle are ( 4,3) , ( 2, 5) & ( 6, 1) .

Question # 6
Since ABC is a right triangle therefore by Pythagoras theorem
2
2
2
AB + CA = BC
0 3
2
+ ( 2 + 1) +

3h
2
2
2
+ ( 1 + 2 ) = ( h 0 ) + ( 2 2 )
[3 + 9] + 3 2 3h + h2 + 1 = h2 + 16
12 + 4 2 3 h + h2 = h 2 + 16
2 3 h = h 2 + 16 12 4 h 2
2 3h = 0
h=0 .
Question # 7
Points ( x1 , y1 ) , ( x2 , y2 ) and ( x3 , y3 ) are collinear if
x1 y1 1
x2 y2 1 = 0
x3 y3 1
Since given points are collinear therefore
1 h 1
3 2 1 =0
7 3 1
1(2 3) h(3 7) + 1(9 14) = 0 1(1) h(4) + 1(5) = 0
1 + 4h 5 = 0
4h 4 = 0
4h = 4
Question # 8
The centre of the circle is mid point of AB
5 + 5 2 4 0 6
i.e. centre C =
,
= , = ( 0, 3)
2 2 2
2
Now radius = AC
= (0 + 5)2 + (3 + 2) 2
= 25 + 1 = 26
h =1
FSC-II / Ex. 4.1 - 5
Question # 9
Do yourself as Question # 6
Hint: you will get a equation h 2 + 4h 60 = 0
Solve this quadratic equation to get two values of h .
Question # 10
Given: A ( 9,3) , B ( 7,7 ) , C ( 3, 7 ) and D ( 5, 5)
Let E , F , G and H be the mid-points of sides of quadrilateral
(
Coordinate of F = (
Coordinate of G = (
Coordinate of H = (
Coordinate of E =
) ( ) = (1,5)
) ( ) = ( 5,0)
) ( ) = (1, 6)
) ( ) = (7, 1)
97 3+ 7
,
=
2
2
7 3 7 7
=
,
2
2
3 + 5 7 5
,
=
2
2
9+5 35
=
,
2
2
2 10
,
2 2
10 0
,
2 2
2 12
,
2 2
14 2
,
2 2
(5 1)2 + (0 5) 2 =
36 + 25 =
61
FG =
(1 + 5) 2 + (6 0)2 =
36 + 36 =
72 = 6 2
GH =
(7 1) 2 + (1 + 6)2 =
36 + 25 =
61
(1 + 3)2 + (2 0)2 = (1 5)2 + (h 0)2
16 + 4 = 16 + h 2 20 = 16 + h 2
On squaring
20 = 16 + h 2 h2 = 20 16 h2 = 4
When h = 2 , then D (1, h) = D (1, 2)
Then
72 = 6 2
Question # 11
Given: A ( 3,0 ) , B (1, 2 ) , C ( 5,0 ) , D (1, h )
Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram if
AB = CD & BC = AD
when AB = CD
Now EF =
HE = (1 7)2 + (5 + 1) 2 = 36 + 36 =
Since EF = GH and FG = HE
Therefore EFGH is a parallelogram.
AB =
(1 + 3)2 + (2 0)2 =
16 + 4 =
BC =
(5 1)2 + (0 + 2)2 =
16 + 4 =
CA =
(1 5)2 + (2 0)2 =
16 + 4 =
DA = (3 1)2 + (0 2) 2 =
Now for diagonals
AC =
(5 + 3)2 + (0 0) 2 =
h = 2
20
20
20
16 + 4 =
20
64 + 0 = 8
BD = (1 1)2 + (2 0)2 = 0 + 4 = 2
Since all sides are equal but diagonals AC BD
Therefore ABCD is not a square.
Now when h = 2 , then D (1, h) = D(1, 2) but we also have B (1, 2)
i.e. B and D represents the same point, which can not happened in quadrilateral
so we can not take h = 2 .
FSC-II / Ex. 4.1 - 6
Question # 12
Given: A ( 3,0 ) , B ( 3,0 )
Let C ( x, y ) be a third vertex of an equilateral triangle ABC .
Then
AB = BC = CA
(3 + 3)2 + (0 0) 2 =
( x 3)2 + ( y 0)2 =
( x + 3) 2 + ( y 0) 2
36 + 0 = x 2 6 x + 9 + y 2 = x 2 + 6 x + 9 + y 2
On squaring
36 = x 2 + y 2 6 x + 9 = x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 9 ............(i )
From equation (i)
x2 + y 2 6x + 9 = x2 + y 2 + 6 x + 9
x + y 6x + 9 x y 6x 9 = 0
12 x = 0 x = 0
Again from equation (i)
36 = x 2 + y 2 6 x + 9
36 = (0) 2 + y 2 6(0) + 9
Q x=0
2
36 = y 2 + 9 y 2 = 36 9 = 27
) (
y = 3 3
so coordinate of C is 0,3 3 or 0, 3 3 .
And hence two triangle can be formed with vertices A ( 3,0 ) , B ( 3,0 ) , C 0,3 3 and
A ( 3,0 ) , B ( 3,0 ) , C 0, 3 3 .
Question # 13
Given: A ( 1,4 ) , B ( 6,2 )
Let C and D be points trisecting A and B
Then AC : CB = 1: 2
1(6) + 2(1) 1(2) + 2(4)
So coordinate of C =
,
1+ 2
1+ 2
6 2 2 + 8 4 10
=
,
= ,
3 3 3
3
Also AD : DB = 2 :1
2(6) + 1(1) 2(2) + 1(4)
So coordinate of D =
,
2 +1
2 +1
12 1 4 + 4 11 8
=
,
= ,
3 3 3
3
4 10
11 8
Hence , and , are points trisecting A and B .
3 3
3 3
Question # 14
Given: A ( 5,8) , B ( 5,3)
3
Let C ( x, y ) be a required point
A
Q AC : CB = 3 : 2
3(5) + 2(5) 3(3) + 2(8)
Co-ordinate of C =
,
3+ 2
3 + 2
15 10 9 + 16
5 25
=
,
= ,
= (1 , 5)
5
5
5 5
2
C
5
FSC-II / Ex. 4.1 - 7
Question # 15
Given: A (1,4 ) , B ( 5,6 )
(i) Let P ( x, y ) be required point, then

AB : AP = 1: 2
AB : BP = 1:1 i.e. B is midpoint of AP
1+ x 4 + y
Then B ( 5,6 ) =
,
2
2
4+ y
1+ x
5=
and 6 =
2
2
10 = 1 + x
and 12 = 4 + y
x = 10 1
,
y = 12 4
=9
,
=8
Hence P ( 9,8) is required point.
(ii) Since PA : AB = 2 :1
2(5) + 1( x) 2(6) + 1( y )
A (1, 4 ) =
,
2 + 1
2 +1
10 + x , 12 + y
=
3
3
12 + y
10 + x
1=
and 4 =
3
3
3 = 10 + x
and 12 = 12 + y
x = 3 10
and y = 12 12
= 7
,
= 0
Hence P ( 7,0 ) is required point.
1
B
1
A
Question # 16
Given: A ( 5,3) , B ( 2,2 ) and C ( 4,2 )
Let D ( x, y ) be a point equidistance from A , B and C then
DA = DB = DC
DA
= DB
= DC
( x 5)2 + ( y 3)2 = ( x + 2) 2 + ( y 2)2 = ( x 4) 2 + ( y 2)2 .. (i)

From eq. (i)
( x 5)2 + ( y 3)2 = ( x + 2) 2 + ( y 2)2
x 2 10 x + 25 + y 2 6 y + 9 = x 2 + 4 x + 4 + y 2 4 y + 4
x 2 10 x + 25 + y 2 6 y + 9 x 2 4 x 4 y 2 + 4 y 4 = 0
14 x 2 y + 26 = 0 7 x + y 13 = 0 (ii)
( x + 2) 2 + ( y 2)2 = ( x 4) 2 + ( y 2)2
x 2 + 4 x + 4 + y 2 4 y + 4 = x 2 8 x + 16 + y 2 4 y + 4
12 x 12 = 0 12 x = 12
x =1
Put x = 1 in eq. (ii)
7(1) + y 13 = 0
y 6 = 0
y = 6
Hence (1,6 ) is required point.
Now radius of circumcircle = DA
=
(5 1)2 + (3 6)2 =
16 + 9
25 = 5 units
FSC-II / Ex. 4.1 - 8
Intersection of Median
Let A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are vertices of triangle.
Intersection of median is called centroid of triangle and can be determined as
x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
,
3
3
Centre of In-Circle (In-Centre)

Let A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are vertices of triangle.
And AB = c , BC = a , CA = b
ax + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3
Then incentre of triangle = 1
,
a + b + c
a+b+c
Question # 17
Let A ( 4, 2 ) , B ( 2,4 ) , C ( 5,5 ) are vertices of triangle then
a = BC =
(5 + 2) 2 + (5 4)2 =
49 + 1 =
b = CA =
(4 5)2 + (2 5)2
c = AB =
(2 4)2 + (4 + 2)2 =
50 = 5 2
= 1 + 49 =
36 + 36
50 = 5 2
=
72 = 6 2
c
Now
ax + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3

In-centre = 1
,
B
a + b + c
a+b+c
5 2 ( 4 ) + 5 2 ( 2 ) + 6 2 ( 5 ) 5 2 ( 2 ) + 5 2 ( 4 ) + 6 2 ( 5 )
,
=
5
2
+
5
2
+
6
2
5
2
+
5
2
+
6
2
20 2 10 2 + 30 2 10 2 + 20 2 + 30 2
=
,
16
2
16 2
40 2 40 2
=
,
16
2
16 2
b
a
5 5
= ,
2 2
Question # 18
Given: A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 )
Let C , D and E are points dividing AB into four equal parts.
Q AC : CB = 1: 3
1( x ) + 3( x1 ) 1( y2 ) + 3( y1 )
3 x + x 3 y + y2
Co-ordinates of C = 2
,
= 1 2, 1
1+ 3
1+ 3
4
Now AD : DB = 2 : 2
1
1
1
1
= 1:1 i.e. D is midpoint of AB .
A
E
B
C
D
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
Co-ordinates of D =
,
2
2
Now AE : EB = 3 :1
3( x ) + 1( x1 ) 3( y2 ) + 1( y1 )
x + 3 x2 y1 + 3 y2
Co-ordinates of E = 2
,
= 1
,
3+1
3 +1
4
3 x + x 3 y + y2 x1 + x2 y1 + y2
x + 3 x2 y1 + 3 y2
Hence 1 2 , 1
,
,
and 1
,
are the points

4
4
2
2
4
4
dividing AB into four equal parts.

Error Analyst
1- Sohaib Ali
2- Tahir Waqas
3- Muhammad Imran Khan
FAZMIC Sargodha.
UoS Sargodha.
FAZMIC Sargodha.
2004-06
2003-05
2004-06
mathcity.org

Question # 1(i)
Since P ( x, y ) = P ( 3, 2 )
i.e. x = 3 and y = 2
O ( h, k ) = O (1, 3)
i.e. h = 1 and k = 3
Q X = xh
= 3 1 = 2
Also Y = y k
= 2 3 = 1
Hence ( 2, 1) is point P in XY coordinates.
Question # 1(ii) & (iii)
Do yourself
Question # 1(iv)
3 5
Since P ( x, y ) = P ,
2 2
3
5
i.e. x =
and y =
2
2
1 7
O ( h, k ) = O ,
2 2
1
7
i.e. h = and k =
2
2
Q X = xh
3 1
= = 2
2 2
And Y = y k
5 7
=
= 1
2 2
Hence ( 2, 1) are coordinates of P in XY -axes.
Question # 2(i)
Q P ( X , Y ) = P ( 8,10 )
X = 8 and Y = 10
O ( h, k ) = O ( 3, 4 )
h = 3 and k = 4
Q X = xh
8 = x3
x = 8+3
x = 11
Also Y = y k
10 = y 4
y = 10 + 4 y = 14
Hence (11,14 ) are coordinates of P in xy -axes.
Question # 2(ii)
Do yourself
Question # 2(iii)
3 7
Q P ( X ,Y ) = P ,
4 6
3
7
X = and Y =
4
6
1 1
O ( h, k ) = O ,
4 6
1
1
h = and k =
4
6
Q X = xh
3
1
= x
4
4
3 1
1
x = +
x =
4 4
2
Also Y = y k
7
1
= y+
6
6
7 1
4
y =
y =
6 6
3
1 4
Hence , is the required point.
2 3
Question # 2(iv)
Do yourself
Rotation of Axes
Let ( x, y ) be the coordinates of point P in
xy-coordinate system. If the axes are rotated
through at angle of and ( X , Y ) are coordinate
of P in new XY-coordinate system then
X = x cos + y sin
Y = y cos x sin
Question # 3(i)
Q P ( x, y ) = P ( 5,3)
x = 5 & y = 3 , = 45o
Since X = x cos + y sin
= 5cos 45o + 3sin 45o
1
1 1
= 5
( 5 + 3)
+ 3
=
2
2 2
8
4 2
=
=
= 4 2
2
2
Now Y = y cos x sin
= 3cos 45o 5sin 45o
1
1 1
= 3
(3 5)
5
=
2
2 2
1
= 2
= 2
2
Hence the required point is 4 2, 2 .

Question # 3(ii)
Q P ( x, y ) = P ( 3, 7 )
x = 3 & y = 7 , = 30o
Since X = x cos + y sin
= 3cos 30o 7sin 30o
FSc-II / Ex- 4.2 - 2
3 1
X = 3
7
2 2
3 3 7
=
2
Now Y = y cos x sin
3
1
= 15
+ 10
2
2
15 3 + 10
=
2
Y = y cos x sin
= 7 cos 30o 3sin 30o

3 1
7 3 3
= 7
3 =
2
2 2
Hence the required point is
3 3 7 7 3 3
2 ,
.
2
Question # 3(iii)
Do yourself
Question # 3(iv)
Q P ( x, y ) = P (15,10 )
x = 15 & y = 10
y 1
tan = =
1 1
x 3
Also = tan
3
x = 3 , y =1
1
tan =
r = x2 + y 2
3
1
= 32 + 12
sin
10
=
= 10
3
cos
10
1
3
sin =
, cos =
10
10
Now X = x cos + y sin
3
1
= 15
+ 10
10
10
1
=
( 45 + 10 ) = 55
10
10
Y = y cos x sin
3
1
= 10
15
2
2
10 3 15
=
2
15 3 + 10 10 3 15
,
=
.
2
2
Question # 4(i)
Q P ( X , Y ) = P ( 5, 3)
X = 5 & Y = 3
Also = 30o
1
3
& cos =
2
2
Therefore sin =
3
1
5 = x
+ y
2
2
3x + y = 10 .. (i)
Also Y = y cos x sin
3 1
3 = y
x
2 2
6 = 3y x
x = 3 y 6 (ii)
3
3 y 6 + y = 10
3 y 6 3 + y = 10
3
1
= 10
15
10
10
1
=
( 30 15 ) = 15
10
10
55 15
,
.
10 10
Question # 3(iv) (Edition 2007)
Q P ( x, y ) = P (15,10 )
y
1
x = 15 & y = 10
tan = =
x
3
1
Also = tan 1
x = 3 , y =1
3
1
r = x2 + y 2
tan =
3
2
=
3 + 12
1
sin
= 2
= 4=2
cos
3
2
1
3
sin =
,
cos =
2
2
( )
4 y = 10 + 6 3
10 + 6 3
4
5 + 3 3
=
2
Putting value of y in (ii)
y =
5 + 3 3
3
6
2
5 3 + 9
5 3 + 9 12
=
6 =
2
2
5 3 3
=
2
5 3 3 5 + 3 3
Hence
,
is required point.
2
2
x =
Question # 4(ii)
Do yourself
Question # 4(iii)
2 7
Since P ( X , Y ) = P ,
13 13
FSc-II / Ex- 4.2 - 3
2
7
& Y=
y 5
13
13
tan = =
x 12
5
Now = arctan
x = 12 , y = 5
12
r = x2 + y 2
5
tan =
12
= 122 + 52
5
sin
= 169 = 13
= 13
12
cos
13
5
12
sin =
and cos =
13
13
X =
Error Analyst
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(waleed_valeed@hotmail.com)
Submit errors at
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mathcity.org

Inclination of a Line:
The angle a (0o a < 180o ) measure anticlockwise from positive x - axis to the straight line
l is called inclination of a line l .
B( x2 , y2 )
A ( x1 ,y1)
Slope or Gradient of Line

The slope m of the line l is defined by:
m = tan a
If A( x1, y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) be any two
distinct points on the line l then
y - y1 y1 - y2
m= 2
=
x2 - x1 x1 - x2
See proof on book at page: 191
Note: l is horizontal, iff m = 0 (Q a = 0o )
l is vertical, iff m = i.e. m is not defined. (Q a = 90o )

If slope of AB = slope of BC , then the points A, B and C are collinear
i.e. lie on the same line.
Theorem
The two lines l1 and l2 with respective slopes m1 and m2 are
(i)
Parallel iff m1 = m2
1
(ii) Perpendicular iff m1m2 = -1 or m1 = m2
Question # 1
(i) (-2,4) ; (5,11)
y - y1 11 - 4 7
Slope m = 2
=
= =1
x2 - x1
5+2
7
10
Since tan a = m = 1
a = tan -1 (1) = 45o
(ii) (3, -2) ;
180 - a = 83o 40
(-2,4)
10
15 x
10
(2,7)
5
10 x
(3,-2)
5
a = 180 - 83o 40
a = 96o20
y
10
(ii) (4,6) ;
(4,8)
y - y1 8 - 6 2
Slope m = 2
=
= =
x2 - x1 4 - 4 0
Since tan a = m =
a = tan -1 () = 90o
(5,11)
10
(2,7)
y - y1 7 + 2
9
Slope m = 2
=
=
= -9
x2 - x1
2 - 3 -1
Since tan a = m = -9
- tan a = 9 tan (180 - a ) = 9
180 - a = tan -1 ( 9 )
y
15
(4,8)
(4,6)
10 x
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 2
Question # 2
Since A(8,6) , B (-4,2) and C (-2, -6) are vertices of triangle therefore
2-6
-4 1
A
=
=
(i) Slope of side AB =
-4 - 8 -12 3
-6 - 2 -8
=
= -4
Slope of side BC =
-2 + 4 2
6 + 6 12 6
Slope of side CA =
= =
B
C
8 + 2 10 5
(ii) Let D, E and F are midpoints of sides AB , BC and CA respectively.
Then
A
8
4
6
+
2
4
8
Coordinate of D =
,
= , = ( 2,4 )
2 2 2
2
F
D
-4 - 2 2 - 6 -6 -4
Coordinate of E =
,
= , = ( -3, -2 )
2 2 2
2
B
-2 + 8 -6 + 6 6 0
E
Coordinate of F =
,
= , = ( 3,0 )
2 2 2
2
-2 - 6 -8 8
Hence Slope of median AE =
=
=
-3 - 8 -11 11
0 - 2 -2
Slope of median BF =
=
3+ 4 7
4 + 6 10 5
Slope of median CD =
= =
2+2 4 2
(iii) Since altitudes are perpendicular to the sides of a triangle therefore
-1
-1 1
Slope of altitude from vertex A =
=
=
A
slope of side BC -4 4
-1
-1
5
Slope of altitude from vertex B =
=
=slope of side AC 6
6
5
-1
-1
Slope of altitude from vertex C =
=
= -3
B
slope of side AB 1
3
Question # 3
(a) Let A(-1, -3) , B (1,5) and C (2,9) be given points
5+3 8
= =4
Slope of AB =
1+1 2
9-5 4
Slope of BC =
= =4
2 -1 1
Since slope of AB = slope of BC
Therefore A, B and C lie on the same line.
(b) & (c)
(d) Let A(a,2b), B(c, a + b) and C (2c - a , 2a ) be given points.

(a + b) - 2b a - b
Slope of AB =
=
c-a
c-a
2a - ( a + b) 2 a - a - b a - b
Slope of BC =
=
=
(2c - a ) - c 2c - a - c c - a
Since slope of AB = slope of BC
Therefore A, B and C lie on the same line.
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 3
Question # 4
Since A(7,3) , B(k , -6) , C (-4,5) and D(-6,4)
-6 - 3
-9
=
Therefore slope of AB = m1 =
k -7 k -7
4 - 5 -1 1
Slope of CD = m2 =
=
=
-6 + 4 -2 2
(i) If AB and CD are parallel then m1 = m2
-9
1
=
- 18 = k - 7
k -7 2
k = -18 + 7
k = -11
(ii) If AB and CD are perpendicular then m1m2 = -1
-9 1

= -1 - 9 = -2(k - 7)
k - 7 2
9 = 2k - 14 2k = 9 + 14 = 23
k=
23
2
Question # 5
Since A(6,1), B(2,7) and C (-6, -7) are vertices of triangle therefore
7 -1 6
3
Slope of AB = m1 =
=
=REMEMBER
2 - 6 -4
2
The symbols
-7 - 7 -12 7
Slope of BC = m2 =
=
=
(i) P stands for parallel
-6 - 2 -8 4
(ii) P stands for not parallel
1+ 7 8 2
Slope of CA = m3 =
= =
(iii) ^ stands for perpendicular
6 + 6 12 3
3 2
Since m1m3 = - = -1
2 3
The triangle ABC is a right triangle with m A = 90o
Question # 6
Let D (a, b) be a fourth vertex of the parallelogram.
2 +1
3
1
=
=Slope of AB =
D (a,b)
-2 - 7 -9
3
4-2 2
Slope of BC =
=
1+ 2 3
b-4
Slope of CD =
a -1
A (7,-1)
-1 - b
Slope of DA =
7-a
Since ABCD is a parallelogram therefore
Slope of AB = Slope of CD
1 b-4
- =
- (a - 1) = 3(b - 4)
3 a -1
- a + 1 - 3b + 12 = 0
- a - 3b + 13 = 0 .............(i )
C (1,4)
B (-2,2)
Also slope of BC = slope of DA

2 -1 - b
=
2(7 - a ) = 3(-1 - b)
14 - 2 a = -3 - 3b
3 7-a
14 - 2 a + 3 + 3b = 0 - 2a + 3b + 17 = 0.............(ii )
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 4
Adding (i) and (ii)
- a - 3b + 13 = 0
- 2a + 3b + 17 = 0
-3a
+ 30 = 0 3a = 30 a = 10
Putting value of a in (i)
-10 - 3b + 13 = 0 - 3b + 3 = 0 3b = 3 b = 1
Hence D (10,1) is the fourth vertex of parallelogram.
Question # 7
Let D (a, b) be a fourth vertex of rhombus.
-1 - 2 -3
=
Slope of AB =
D(a,b)
C(6,3)
3 +1
4
3 +1 4
Slope of BC =
=
6-3 3
b-3
Slope of CD =
a-6
A (-1,2)
B(3,-1)
2-b
Slope of DA =
-1 - a
Since ABCD is a rhombus therefore
Slope of AB = Slope of CD
3 b-3
- =
- 3(a - 6) = 4(b - 3)
4 a-6
- 3a + 18 = 4b - 12
- 3a + 18 - 4b + 12 = 0
- 3a - 4b + 30 = 0.............(i )
Also slope of BC = slope of DA
4 2-b
=
4(-1 - a ) = 3(2 - b)
3 -1 - a
- 4 - 4a = 6 - 3b
- 4 - 4a - 6 + 3b = 0
- 4a + 3b - 10 = 0 .............(ii )
ing eq. (i) by 3 and (ii) by 4 and adding.
- 9a - 12b + 90 = 0
-16a + 12b - 40 = 0
-25a
+ 50 = 0 25a = 50 a = 2
Putting value of a in (ii)
-4(2) + 3b - 10 = 0 3b - 18 = 0 3b = 18 b = 6
Hence D ( 2,6 ) is the fourth vertex of rhombus.
3-2 1
Now slope of diagonal AC =
=
6 +1 7
b - (-1) 6 + 1 7
Slope of diagonal BD =
=
=
= -7
a-3
2 - 3 -1
Since
1
(Slope of AC )(Slope of BD ) = (-7) = -1
7
Diagonals of a rhombus are ^ to each other.
For notes and latest news visit http://www.mathcity.org
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 5
Question # 8
4+2 6
= =6
2 -1 1
2 -1
1
Slope of line joining ( 4,1) and ( -8,2 ) = m2 =
=
-8 - 4 -12
Since m1 m2
1
1
= - -1
Also m1m2 = 6
-12
2
lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular.
(a) Slope of line joining (1, -2 ) and ( 2, 4 ) = m1 =
(b)
Equation of Straight Line:

(i) Slope-intercept form
Equation of straight line with slope m and y - intercept c is given by:
y = mx + c
(ii) Point-slope form
Let m be a slope of line and A( x1, y1 ) be a point lies on a line then equation of
line is given by:
y - y1 = m ( x - x1 )
(iii) Symmetric form
Let a be an inclination of line and A( x1, y1 ) be a point lies on a line then
equation of line is given by:
y - y1 x - x1
=
cosa sin a
(iv) Two-points form
Let A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) be points lie on a line then its equation is given by:
y - y1
y - y1 = 2
( x - x1 )
x2 - x1
or
y - y1
y - y2 = 2
( x - x2 )
x2 - x1
or
x
x1
x2
y 1
y1 1 = 0
y2 1

(v) Two-intercept form
When a line intersect x - axis at x = a and y - axis at y = b
i.e. x - intercept = a and y - intercept = b , then equation of line is given by:
x y
+ =1
a b
(vi) Normal form
Let p denoted length of perpendicular from the
origin to the line and a is the inclination of the
perpendicular then equation of line is given by:
x cosa + y sin a = p
p
a
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 6
Question # 9
(a) Since slope of horizontal line = m = 0
& ( x1, y1 ) = (7, -9)
therefore equation of line:
y - (-9) = 0( x - 7)
x + 9 = 0 Answer
1
0
& ( x1, y1 ) = (-5,3)
therefore required equation of line
y - 3 = ( x - (-5) )
1
y - 3 = ( x + 5)
0( y - 3) = 1( x + 5)
0
x+5=0
Answer
(b)
Since slope of vertical line m = =
(c) The line bisecting the first and third quadrant makes an angle of 45o with the
x - axis therefore slope of line = m = tan 45o = 1
Also it passes through origin ( 0,0 ) , so its equation
y - 0 = 1( x - 0) y = x
x- y=0
Answer
(d) The line bisecting the second and fourth quadrant makes an angle of 135o with
x - axis therefore slope of line = m = tan135o = -1
Also it passes through origin ( 0,0 ) , so its equation
y - 0 = -1( x - 0) y = - x
x+ y=0
Answer
Question # 10
(a)
Q ( x1 , y1 ) = ( -6,5)
and slope of line = m = 7
so required equation
y - 5 = 7 ( x - (-6) )
y - 5 = 7 ( x + 6)
7 x + 42 - y + 5 = 0
(b)
y - 5 = 7 x + 42
7 x - y + 47 = 0
Answer
Q ( x1 , y1 ) = (-8,5)
and slope of line = m =
So required equation
y - 5 = ( x - (-8) )
1
y - 5 = ( x + 8) 0( y - 5) = 1( x + 8)
0
x+8=0
Answer
(c)
(d)
The line through ( -5, -3) and ( 9, -1) is

2
-1 - (-3)
y - (-3) =
( x - (-5) ) y + 3 = ( x + 5 )
14
9 - (-5)
1
y + 3 = ( x + 5)
7 y + 21 = x + 5
7
x + 5 - 7 y - 21 = 0
x - 7 y - 16 = 0
Answer
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 7
Q y - intercept = -7
(0, -7) lies on a required line
Also slope = m = -5
So required equation
y - (-7) = -5( x - 0)
y + 7 = -5 x 5 x + y + 7 = 0
Answer
Q x - intercept = -9
(-9,0) lies on a required line
Also slope = m = 4
Therefore required line
y - 0 = 4( x + 9)
y = 4x + 9
4x - y + 9 = 0
Answer
(e)
(f)
x - intercept = a = -3
y - intercept = b = 4
Using two-intercept form of equation line
x y
x y
+ =1
+ =0
a b
-3 4
4 x - 3 y = -12
ing by -12
4 x - 3 y + 12 = 0 Answer
(e)
Question # 11
Given points A(3,5) and B (9,8)
3 + 9 5 + 8 12 13 13
Midpoint of AB =
,
= , = 6,
2 2 2 2
2
8-5 3 1
Slope of AB = m =
= =
9-3 6 2
1
1
Slope of line ^ to AB = - = =--2
1
m
2
A (3,5)
B(9,8)
13
Now equation of ^ bisector having slope -2 through 6,
2
13
y - = -2( x - 6)
2
13
13
y - = -2 x + 12
y - + 2 x - 12 = 0
2
2
37
2x + y =0
4 x + 2 y - 37 = 0
Answer
2
Question # 12
Given vertices of triangle are A(-3,2) , B (5, 4) and C (3, -8) .
Equation of sides:
A
4-2
2 1
Slope of AB = m1 =
= =
5 - (-3) 8 4
-8 - 4 -12
Slope of BC = m2 =
=
=6
3-5
-2
B
C
2 - (-8) 10
5
Slope of CA = m3 =
=
=-3 - 3 -6
3
1
Now equation of side AB having slope
passing through A(-3,2)
4
[You may take B ( 5, 4 ) instead of A(-3, 2) ]
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 8
1
( x - (-3) ) 4 y - 8 = x + 3
4
x + 3 - 4 y + 8 = 0 x - 4 y + 11 = 0
y-2=
Equation of side BC having slope 6 passing through B (5, 4) .

y - 4 = 6( x - 5)
y - 4 = 6 x - 30
6 x - 30 - y + 4 = 0
6 x - y - 26 = 0
5
passing through C (3, -8)
3
5
y - (-8) = - ( x - 3)
3( y + 8) = -5( x - 3)
3
3 y + 24 = -5 x + 15
5 x - 15 + 3 y + 24 = 0
Equation of side CA having slope -
5x + 3 y + 9 = 0
Equation of altitudes:
Since altitudes are perpendicular to the sides of triangle therefore
1
1
Slope of altitude on AB = - = = -4
1
m1
4
Equation of altitude from C (3, -8) having slope -4
y + 8 = -4( x - 3) y + 8 = -4 x + 12
4 x - 12 + y + 8 = 0
Slope of altitude on BC = -
4x + y - 4 = 0
1
1
=m2
6
Equation of altitude from A(-3,2) having slope 1

y - 2 = - ( x + 3)
6
x + 3 + 6 y - 12 = 0
1
6
6 y - 12 = - x - 3
x + 6y - 9 = 0
1
1
3
==
m3
5
-5
3
3
Equation of altitude from B (5, 4) having slope
5
3
y - 4 = ( x - 5) 5 y - 20 = 3 x - 15
5
3 x - 15 - 5 y + 20 = 0
3x - 5 y + 5 = 0
Slope of altitude on CA = -
Equation of Medians:
Suppose D, E and F are midpoints of sides AB , BC and CA respectively.
-3 + 5 2 + 4 2 6
Then coordinate of D =
,
= , = (1,3)
A
2 2 2
2
5 + 3 4 - 8 8 -4
Coordinate of E =
,
= , = ( 4, -2 )
D
2 2 2
2
3 - 3 -8 + 2 0 -6
Coordinate of F =
,
= , = ( 0, -3 )
2 2 2
2
B
E
Equation of median AE by two-point form
-2 - 2
y-2=
( x - (-3) )
4 - (-3)
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 9
-4
( x + 3)
7
7 y - 14 + 4 x + 12 = 0
y-2=
7 y - 14 = -4 x - 12
4x + 7 y - 2 = 0
Equation of median BF by two-point form

-3 - 4
y-4=
( x - 5)
0-5
-7
y-4=
- 5 y + 20 = -7 x + 35
( x - 5)
-5
- 5 y + 20 + 7 x - 35 = 0
7 x - 5 y - 15 = 0
Equation of median CD by two-point form
3 - (-8)
y - (-8) =
( x - 3)
1- 3
11
y + 8 = ( x - 3)
- 2 y - 16 = 11x - 33
-2
11x - 33 + 2 y + 16 = 0
11x + 2 y - 17 = 0
Question # 13
Here ( x1 , y1 ) = ( -4, -6 )
-3
Slope of given line = m =
2
Q required line is ^ to given line
1
1
2
\ slope of required line = - = =
-3
m
3
2
2
Now equation of line having slope
passing through ( -4, -6 )
3
2
y - (-6) = ( x - (-4) )
3
3( y + 6 ) = 2( x + 4)
3 y + 18 = 2 x + 8
2 x + 8 - 3 y - 18 = 0
2 x - 3 y - 10 = 0 Answer
Question # 14
Here ( x1 , y1 ) = (11, -5 )
Slope of given line = m = -24
Q required line is P to given line
\ slope of required line = m = -24
Now equation of line having slope -24 passing through (11, -5)
y - (-5) = -24 ( x - 11)

y + 5 = -24 x + 264 24 x - 264 + y + 5 = 0
24 x + y - 259 = 0 Answer
Question # 15
Given vertices A(-1, 2) , B (6,3) and C (2, -4)
Since D and E are midpoints of sides AB and AC
respectively.
-1 + 6 2 + 3 5 5
Therefore coordinate of D =
,
= ,
2 2 2
2
A
D
B
E
C
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 10
-1 + 2 2 - 4 1 -2 1
Coordinate of E =
,
= , = , -1
2 2 2 2
2
-7
-1 - 5
2 =
2 =7
Now slope of DE =
1 -5
-4
4
2
2
2
-4 - 3 -7 7
slope of BC =
=
=
2 - 6 -4 4
Since slope of DE = slope of BC
Therefore DE is parallel to BC .
2
Now
5
1 5
4 7
DE = - + -1 - = - + -
2
2 2
2 2
49
65
65
= 4+
=
=
... (i)
4
4
2
BC =
(2 - 6)
+ ( -4 - 3 ) =
2
( -4 )
+ ( -7 )
= 16 + 49 = 65 (ii)
From (i) and (ii)
DE =
1
BC
2
Proved.
Question # 16
Let l denotes the number of litres of milk and p denotes the price of milk,
Then ( l1 , p1 ) = ( 560,12.50 ) & ( l2 , p2 ) = ( 700,12.00 )
Since graph of sale price and milk sold is a straight line
Therefore, from two point form, its equation
p - p1
p - p1 = 2
(l - l1 )
ALTERNATIVE
l2 - l1
You
may use determinant
12.00 - 12.50
p - 12.50 =
(l - 560)
form of two-point form to
700 - 560
find an equation of line.
- 0.50
p - 12.50 =
(l - 560)
l p 1
140
l1 p1 1 = 0
140 p - 1750 = -0.50l + 280
l2 p2 1
140 p - 1750 + 0.50l - 280 = 0
0.50l + 140 p - 2030 = 0
If p = 12.25
0.50l + 140(12.25) - 2030 = 0
0.50l + 1715 - 2030 = 0
0.50l - 315 = 0
315
0.50l = 315
l=
= 630
0.50
Hence milkman can sell 630 litres milk at Rs. 12.25 per litre.
Question # 17
Let p denotes population of Pakistan in million and t denotes year after 1961 ,
Then ( p1 , t1 ) = ( 60,1961) and ( p2 , t2 ) = ( 95,1981)
Equation of line by two point form:
t -t
t - t1 = 2 1 ( p - p1 )
p2 - p1
1981 - 1961
t - 1961 =
( p - 60)
95 - 60
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 11
20
( p - 60)
35
7t - 13727 = 4 p - 240
4
t - 1961 = ( p - 60)
7
7t - 13727 + 240 = 4 p
7 13487
4 p = 7t - 13487 p = t . (i)
4
4
This is the required equation which gives population in term of t .
t - 1961 =
(a)
(b)
Put t = 1947 in eq. (i)

7
13487
p = (1947) = 3407.25 - 3371.75 = 35.5
4
4
Hence population in 1947 is 35.5 millions.
Put t = 1997 in eq. (i)
7
13487
p = (1997) = 3494.75 - 3371.75 = 123
4
4
Hence population in 1997 is 123 millions.
Question # 18
Let p denotes purchase price of house in millions and t denotes year then
( p1 , t1 ) = (1,1980 ) and ( p2 , t2 ) = ( 4,1996 )
Equation of line by two point form:
ALTERNATIVE
t2 - t1
You may use determinant
t - t1 =
( p - p1 )
p2 - p1
form of two-point form to
find an equation of line.
1996 - 1980
t - 1980 =
( p - 1)
p t 1
4 -1
p1 t1 1 = 0
16
t - 1980 = ( p - 1)
p2 t 2 1
3
3 t - 5940 = 16 p - 16
3 t - 5940 + 16 = 16 p 16 p = 3 t - 5924
3
5924
3
1481
p= t p= t. (i)
16
16
16
4
This is the required equation which gives value of house in term of t .
Put t = 1990 in eq. (i)
3
1481
p = (1990) = 373.125 - 370.25 = 2.875
16
4
Hence value of house in 1990 is 2.875 millions.
( C2 , F2 ) = (100,212 )
Equation of line by two point form

F - F1
F - F1 = 2
( C - C1 )
C2 - C1
212 - 32
F - 32 =
(C - 0)
100 - 0
180
F - 32 =
C
100
9
F = C + 32
5
F
220
(100,212)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
(0,32)
20 40
60 80 100
Take scale 10ss = 20C and 10ss = 20F on x-axis

and y-axis respectively to draw graph.
Question # 19
Since freezing point of water = 0o C = 32o F
and boiling point of water = 100o C = 212o F
therefore we have points ( C1 , F1 ) = ( 0,32 ) and
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 12
Question # 20
Let s denotes entry test score and y denotes year.
Then we have ( s1 , y1 ) = ( 592,1998) and ( s2 , y2 ) = ( 564,2002 )
By two point form of equation of line
y - y1
y - y1 = 2
( s - s1 )
s2 - s1
2002 - 1998
4
y - 1998 =
( s - 592) y - 1998 =
( s - 592)
564 - 592
-28
1
y - 1998 = - ( s - 592) 7 y - 13986 = - s + 592
7
7 y - 13986 + s - 592 = 0 s + 7 y - 14578 = 0
Put y = 2006 in (i)
s + 7(2006) - 14578 = 0 s + 14042 - 14578 = 0
s - 536 = 0 s = 536
Hence in 2006 the average score will be 536 .
Question # 21 (a)
(i) - Slope-intercept form
Q 2 x - 4 y + 11 = 0
4 y = 2 x + 11 y =
y=
2 x + 11
4
1
11
x+
2
4
is the intercept form of equation of line with m =
1
11
and c =
2
4
(ii) - Two-intercept form

Q 2 x - 4 y + 11 = 0
2
4
xy =1
-11
-11
2 x - 4 y = -11
x
y
+
=1
11
-11
2
4
11
11
and b = .
is the two-point form of equation of line with a = 2
4
(iii) - Normal form
Q 2 x - 4 y + 11 = 0 2 x - 4 y = -11
Dividing above equation by (2)2 + (-4) 2 = 20 = 2 5
2x
4y
-11
x
2 y -11
=
=
2 5 2 5 2 5
5
5 2 5
x
2y
11
ing by -1 .
+
=
5
5 2 5
1
2
Suppose cosa = < 0 and sin a =
>0
5
5
1
o
a lies in 2nd quadrant and a = cos -1 = 116.57
5
Hence the normal form is

11
x cos 116.57 o + y sin 116.57o =
2 5
11
And length of perpendicular from (0,0) to line = p =
2 5
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 13
Question # 21 (b)
Q 4x + 7 y - 2 = 0
7 y = - 4x + 2
y=
- 4x + 2
7
4
2
y =- x+
7
7
is the intercept form of equation of line with m = (ii) - Two-intercept form
Q 4x + 7 y - 2 = 0
7
2x + y = 1
2
x
y
+
=1
1
2
2
7
4
2
and c =
7
7
4x + 7 y = 2
ing by 2
is the two-point form of equation of line with a =
1
2
and b = .
2
7
(iii) - Normal form

Q 4x + 7 y - 2 = 0
4x + 7 y = 2
Dividing above equation by (4)2 + (7) 2 = 16 + 49 = 65
4
7
2
.
x+
y=
65
65
65
4
7
Suppose cosa =
> 0 and sin a =
>0
65
65
4
o
a lies in first quadrant and a = cos -1
= 60.26
65
2
x cos 60.26o + y sin 60.26o =
65
2
65
Question # 21 (c)
Q 15 y - 8 x + 3 = 0
15 y = 8 x - 3
y=
8
3
x15
15
8x - 3
15
8
1
y= x15
5
y=
is the intercept form of equation of line with m =
8
1
and c = 15
5
(ii) - Two-intercept form

Q 15 y - 8 x + 3 = 0 - 8 x + 15 y = -3
8x
x
y
- 5y =1
+
=1
3
3
-1
5
8
3
1
is the two-point form of equation of line with a = and b = - .
8
5
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 14
(iii) - Normal form

Q 15 y - 8 x + 3 = 0
8 x - 15 y = 3
Dividing above equation by (8) 2 + (-15)2 = 64 + 225 = 289 = 17
8
15
3
x- y=
.
17
17
17
8
15
Suppose cosa =
> 0 and sin a = - < 0
-1 8
17
17
a = cos
17
8
a lies in 4th quadrant and a = cos -1 = 298.07 o
o
o
= 61.93 , 298.07
17
Taking value that
lies in 4th quadrant.
3
o
o
x cos 298.07 + y sin 298.07 =
17
3
17
General equation of the straight line

A general equation of straight line (General linear equation) in two variable x
and y is given by:
ax + by + c = 0
where a , b and c are constants and a and b are not simultaneously zero.
See proof on book at page: 199.
a
c
y=- xb
b
a
Which is an intercept form of equation of line with slope m = b
Note: Since ax + by + c = 0 by = - ax - c
Question # 22
(a) Let l1 : 2 x + y - 3 = 0
l2 : 4 x + 2 y + 5 = 0
2
Slope of l1 = m1 = - = -2
1
4
Slope of l2 = m2 = - = -2
2
Since m1 = m2 therefore l1 and l2 are parallel.
l1 : 3 y = 2 x + 5 2 x - 3 y + 5 = 0
l2 : 3 x + 2 y - 8 = 0
2 2
Slope of l1 = m1 = =
-3 3
3
Slope of l2 = m2 = - =
2
2 3
Since m1m2 = - = -1 l1 and l2 are perpendicular.
3 2
(b)
Let
(c)
l1 : 4 y + 2 x - 1 = 0 2 x + 4 y - 1 = 0
l2 : x - 2 y - 7 = 0
2
1
Slope of l1 = m1 = - = 4
2
Let
and c = -
c
b
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 15
1 1
=
-2 2
1
1 1
Since m1 m2 and m1m2 = - = - -1
4
2 2
l1 and l2 are neither parallel nor perpendicular.
Slope of l2 = m2 = -
(d) & (e)
Question # 23 (a)
l1 : 3 x - 4 y + 3 = 0.............(i )
l2 : 3 x - 4 y + 7 = 0.............(ii )
We first convert l1 and l2 in normal form
(i ) -3 x + 4 y = 3
(-3) 2 + (4)2 = 25 = 5
3
4
3
- x+ y=
5
5
5
3
4
Let cosa = - < 0 and sin a = > 0
5
5
Dividing by
3
a lies in 2nd quadrant and a = cos -1 - = 126.87o
5
3
x cos(126.87) + y sin(126.87) =
5
3
Hence distance of l1 form origin =
5
Now (ii ) - 3 x + 4 y = 7
(-3) 2 + (4)2 = 25 = 5
3
4
7
- x+ y=
5
5
5
3
4
Let cosa = - < 0 and sin a = > 0
5
5
a lies in 1st quadrant
3
and a = cos -1 - = 126.87o
5
Dividing by
x cos(126.87) + y sin(126.87) = 7
Hence distance of l2 form origin = 7
l2
B
l1
A
126.87
O
5
From graph we see that both lines lie on the same side of origin therefore
7 3 4
Distance between lines = AB = OB - OA = - =
5 5 5
Let l3 be a line parallel to l1 and l2 , and lying midway between them. Then
uuur
4
AB
3
3 4
Distance of l3 from origin = OA +
= + 5 = +
=1
2
5 2
5 10
Hence equation of l3
x cos(126.87) + y sin(126.87) = 1
3
4
x - + y = 1 - 3x + 4 y = 5
5
5
3x - 4 y + 5 = 0
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 16
Question # 23 (b)
l1 : 12 x + 5 y - 6 = 0.............(i )
l2 : 12 x + 5 y + 13 = 0.............(ii )
We first convert l1 and l2 in normal form
(i ) 12 x + 5 y = 6
(12)2 + (5) 2 = 169 = 13
12
5
6
x+ y=
13
13
13
12
5
Let cosa = > 0 and sin a = > 0
13
13
Dividing by
12
a lies in 1st quadrant and a = cos -1 = 22.62o
13
6
x cos(22.62) + y sin(22.62) =
13
6
Hence distance of l1 form origin =
13
Now (ii ) - 12 x - 5 y = 13
(12)2 + (5) 2 = 169 = 13

l1
12
5
- x - y =1
l2
13
13
A
12
5
Let cosa = - < 0 and sin a = - < 0
O
13
13
B
a lies in 3rd quadrant
12
and a = cos -1 - = 202.62o
13
x cos(202.62) + y sin(202.62) = 1
Hence distance of l2 form origin = 1
From graph we see that lines lie on the opposite side of origin therefore
6
19
Distance between lines = AB = OA + OB = + 1 =
13
13
Let l3 be a line parallel to l1 and l2 , and lying midway between them. Then
uuur
19
AB
19 7
Distance of l3 from origin = OB = 1 - 13 = 1 =
2
2
26 26
Hence equation of l3
7
x cos(202.62) + y sin(202.62) =
26
12
5 7
x - + y - =
- 24 x - 10 y = 7
13
13 26
24 x + 10 y + 7 = 0
Dividing by
Question # 23 (c)
Do yourself as Question # 23 (a)
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman, Email: atiq@mathcity.org, URL: http://www.mathcity.org
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 17
Question # 24
Let l : 2 x - 7 y + 4 = 0
2 2
=
Slope of l = m = -7 7
Since required line is parallel to l
Therefore slope of required line = m =
Now equation of line having slope
2
7
REMEMBER
If l : ax + by + c = 0
a
then slope of l = b
2
passing through ( -4,7 )
7
2
y - 7 = ( x - (-4))
7
7( y - 7) = 2( x + 4)
7 y - 49 = 2 x + 8 2 x + 8 - 7 y + 49 = 0
2 x - 7 y + 57 = 0
Question # 25
Given: A ( -15, -18 ) , B (10,7 ) and ( 5,8)
7 - (-8)
Slope of AB = m =
10 - (-15)
7+8
15
3
=
=
=
10 + 15
25
5
Since required line is perpendicular to AB
1
1
5
Therefore slope of required line = - = =3
m
3
5
5
Now equation of line having slope - through ( 5, -8)
3
5
y - (-8) = - ( x - 5)
3
3( y + 8) = -5( x - 5) 3 y + 24 = -5 x + 25
5 x - 25 + 3 y + 24 = 0 5 x + 3 y - 1 = 0 Ans.
Question # 26
Let l : 2 x - y + 3 = 0
2
= 2
-1
Since required line is perpendicular to l
1
1
Therefore slope of required line = = m
2
Let y - intercept of req. line = c
1
Then equation of req. line with slope - and y - intercept c
2
1
y = - x + c (i)
2
1
x+ y = c
2
x y
+ =1
2c c
This is two intercept form of equation of line with
x - intercept = 2c and y - intercept = c
Slope of l = m = -
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 18
Since product of intercepts = 3
(c) ( 2c ) = 3
2c 2 = 3
c2 =
3
2
c=
3
2
Putting in (i)
1
3
x
2
2
1
3
1
3 2
x+y m
= 0
x+y m
= 0
2
2
2
2 2
1
6
x+y m
= 0
2
2
x + 2 y m 6 = 0 are the required equations.
y = -
Question # 27
Let A (1,4 ) be a given vertex and B ( x1, y1 ) , C ( x2 , y2 ) and D ( x3 , y3 ) are remaining
vertices of parallelogram.
Since diagonals of parallelogram bisect at (2,1) therefore
1 + x 4 + y2
1
( 2,1) = 2 ,
D (x3 , y3)
C (x2 , y2)
2
2
1 + x2
4 + y2
2=
and 1 =
1
2
2
1
(2,1)
7
4 = 1 + x2
,
2 = 4 + y2
7
x2 = 4 - 1
,
y2 = - 4 + 2
x2 = 3
,
y2 = -2
1
A (1,4)
B (x1 ,y1)
Hence C ( x2 , y2 ) = C ( 3, -2 )
Now slope of AB = 1
y -4
1
= 1 y1 - 4 = x1 - 1
x1 - 1
x1 - y1 - 1 + 4 = 0
x1 - y1 + 3 = 0 . (i)
1
Also slope of BC = 7
y - y1
1
-2 - y1
1
2
=
=x2 - x1
7
3 - x1
7
- 14 - 7 y1 = -3 + x1 - 3 - x1 + 14 + 7 y1 = 0
x1 + 7 y1 + 11 = 0 (ii)
Subtracting (i) and (ii)
x1 - y1 + 3 = 0
x1 + 7 y1 +11 = 0
-
- 8 y1 - 8 = 0
y1 + 1 = 0 y1 = -1
Putting in (i)
x1 - ( -1) + 3 = 0
B ( x2 , y2 ) = B ( -4, -1)
Now E is midpoint of BD
( 2,1)
x1 + 4 = 0
x + x y + y3
= 1 3, 1
2
2
-4 + x3 -1 + y3
=
,
2
2
x1 = -4
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 19
-4 + x3
-1 + y3
,
1 =
2
2
4 = - 4 + x3
,
2 = - 1 + y3
x3 = 8
,
y3 = 3
D ( x3 , y3 ) = D ( 8,3)
Hence ( -4, -1) , ( 3, -2 ) and D ( 8,3) are remaining vertex of P gram .
2 =
Position of the point with respect to line (Page 204)

Consider l : ax + by + c = 0 with b > 0
Then point P ( x1 , y1 ) lies
i)
above the line l if ax1 + by1 + c > 0
ii)
below the line l if ax1 + by1 + c < 0
Corollary 1 (Page 205)
The point P ( x1 , y1 ) lies above the line if ax1 + by1 + c and b have the same sign and
the point P ( x1 , y1 ) lies below the line if ax1 + by1 + c and b have opposite signs.
Question # 28
(a)
2x - 3y + 6 = 0
To make coefficient of y positive we multiply above eq. with -1 .
- 2x + 3y - 6 = 0
Putting ( 5,8) on L.H.S of above
-2(5) + 3(8) + 6 = - 10 + 24 - 6 = 8 > 0
Hence ( 5,8) lies above the line.
(b) Alternative Method
4x + 3y - 9 = 0
*Correction
Putting ( -7,6 ) in L.H.S of given eq.
4(-7) + 3(6) - 9 = - 28 + 18 - 9 = - 19 ... (i)
Since coefficient of y and expression (i) have opposite signs therefore ( -7,6 ) lies
below the line.
Question # 29
2x - 3y + 6 = 0
(a)
-2 x + 3 y - 6 = 0 . (i)
Putting (0,0) on L.H.S of (i)
-2(0) + 3(0) - 6 = - 6 < 0
( 0,0 ) lies below the line.
Putting ( - 4,7 ) on L.H.S of (i )
-2(-4) + 3(7) - 6 = 8 + 21 - 6
= 23 > 0
( - 4,7 ) lies above the line.
Hence ( 0,0 ) and ( - 4,7 ) lies on the opposite side of line.
(b)
3x - 5 y + 8 = 0
-3 x + 5 y - 8 = 0 . (i)
Putting (2,3) on L.H.S of (i)
FSc-II / Ex. 4.3 - 20
-3(2) + 5(3) - 8 = - 6 + 15 - 8
= 1 > 0
( 2,3) lies above the line.
Putting ( -2,3) on L.H.S of (i )

-3(-2) + 5(3) - 8 = 6 + 15 - 8
= 13 > 0
( -2,3) lies above the line
Hence ( 2,3) and ( -2,3) lies on the same side of line.

Perpendicular distance of P(x1,y1) from line (Page 212)
The distance d from the point P ( x1 , y1 ) to the line l , where l : ax + by + c = 0 ,
d =
is given by:
ax1 + by1 + c
a2 + b2
Question # 30
l : 6x - 4 y + 9 = 0
Let d denotes distance of P ( 6, -1) from line l then
d =
=
6(6) - 4(-1) + 9
(6) 2 + (-4) 2
36 + 4 + 9
=
36 + 16
49
52
49
2 13
Area of Triangular Region

Let A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are vertices of triangle then
x
1 1
Area of triangle =
x2
2
x3
y1 1
y2 1
y3 1
x1
x2
x3
If A , B and C are collinear then

Question # 31
y1 1
y2 1 = 0
y3 1
Do yourself as below (Just find the area)
Question # 32
Given: A ( 2,3) , B ( -1,1) , C ( 4, -5)
2 3 1
Area of D ABC = -1 1 1
4 -5 1
1
=
( 2(1 + 5) - 3(2 - 4) + 1(5 - 4) )
2
1
1
19
=
sq. unit
(12 + 6 + 1) = (19 ) =
2
2
2
Q Area of triangle 0
A, B and C are not collinear.
Bilal Ahmad
Error Analyst
FAZMIC Sargodha. 2004-06
mathcity.org

Point of intersection of lines

Let l1 : a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0
l2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 be non-parallel lines.
Let P ( x1, y1 ) be the point of intersection of l1 and l2 . Then
a1x1 + b1 y1 + c1 = 0.............(i )
a2 x1 + b2 y1 + c2 = 0.............(ii )
Solving (i ) and (ii ) simultaneously, we have
x1
y1
1
=
=
b1c2 b2c1 a1c2 a2c1 a1b2 a2b1
x1
1
y1
1
=
and
=
b1c2 b2c1 a1b2 a2b1
a1c2 a2c1 a1b2 a2b1
bc b c
a c a2c1
x1 = 1 2 2 1 and y1 = 1 2
a1b2 a2b1
a1b2 a2b1
bc b c
a c a2c1
Hence 1 2 2 1 , 1 2
is the point of intersection of l1 and l2 .
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
1 2
2 1
1 2
2 1
Equation of line passing through the point of intersection.
Let l1 : a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0
l2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
Then equation of line passing through the point of intersection of l1 and l2 is
l1 + k l2 = 0 , where k is constant.
i.e. a1x + b1 y + c11 + k ( a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) = 0
Question # 1
(a)
l1 : x 2 y + 1 = 0
l2 : 2 x y + 2 = 0
1 1
Slope of l1 = m1 =
=
2 2
2
Slope of l2 = m2 = = 2
1
Q m1 m2 , therefore lines are intersecting.
Now if ( x, y ) is the point of intersection of l1 and l2 then
x
y
1
=
=
(2)(2) (1)(1) (1)(2) (2)(1) (1)(1) (2)(2)
x
y
1
=
=
4 + 1 2 2 1 + 4
x y 1
=
=
3 0 3
x 1
y 1
=
and
=
3 3
0 3
3
0
x=
and
y=
3
3
x = 1
and
y=0
Hence ( 1,0 ) is the point of intersection.
FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 2
l1 : 3 x + y + 12 = 0
l2 : x + 2 y 1 = 0
3
1
1
Slope of l2 = m2 =
2
Q m1 m2 , therefore lines are intersecting.
Now if ( x, y ) is the point of intersection of l1 and l2 then
x
y
1
=
=
1 24 3 12 6 1
x
y 1
=
=
25 15 5
x
1
y 1
=
=
and
25 5
15 5
25
15
x=
= 5 and y = = 3
5
5
Hence ( 5,3) is the point of intersection.
(b)
(c)
Question # 2 (a)
Let l1 : 2 x + 5 y 8 = 0
l2 : 3 x 4 y 6 = 0
Equation of line passing through point of intersection of l1 and l2 is
2 x + 5 y 8 + k ( 3x 4 y 6 ) = 0.............(i)
Since ( 2, 9 ) lies on (i ) therefore put x = 2 and y = 9 in (i)
2(2) + 5(9) 8 + k ( 3(2) 4(9) 6 ) = 0
4 45 8 + k ( 6 + 36 6 ) = 0
49 + 36k = 0
49
36k = 49
k=
36
Putting value of k in (i )
49
2 x + 5 y 8 + ( 3x 4 y 6 ) = 0
36
72 x + 180 y 288 + 49 ( 3x 4 y 6 ) = 0
ing by 36
72 x + 180 y 288 + 147 x 196 y 294 = 0
219 x 16 y 582 = 0 is the required equation.
Question # 2 (b)
Let l1 : x y 4 = 0
l2 : 7 x + y + 20 = 0
l3 : 6 x + y 14 = 0
Let l4 be a line passing through point of intersection of l1 and l2 , then
l4 : l1 + k l2 = 0
x y 4 + k ( 7 x + y + 20 ) = 0.............(i)
(1 + 7k ) x + ( 1 + k ) y + ( 4 + 20k ) = 0
1 + 7k
Slope of l4 = m1 =
1 + k
FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 3
6
1
(i)
If l3 and l4 are parallel then
m1 = m2
1 + 7k

= 6
1 + k
1 + 7k = 6 ( 1 + k ) 1 + 7 k = 6 + 6k
7 k 6 k = 6 1
k = 7
Putting value of k in (i )
x y 4 7 ( 7 x + y + 20 ) = 0
x y 4 49 x 7 y 140 = 0
48 x 8 y 144 = 0
6 x + y + 18 = 0
is the required equation
(ii) If l3 and l4 are then
m1m2 = 1
1 + 7k

( 6 ) = 1
1 + k
6 (1 + 7k ) = ( 1 + k )
6 + 42k = 1 k
42k + k = 1 6
43k = 5
k =
5
43
Putting in (i ) we have
5
( 7 x + y + 20 ) = 0
43
43x 43 y 172 5 ( 7 x + y + 20 ) = 0
43 x 43 y 172 35 x 5 y 100 = 0
8 x 48 y 272 = 0
x 6 y 34 = 0 is the required equation.
x y4
Question # 2(c)
Suppose
l1 : x + 2 y + 3 = 0
l2 : 3 x + 4 y + 7 = 0
Equation of line passing through the intersection of l1 and l2 is given by:
x + 2 y + 3 + k ( 3x + 4 y + 7 ) = 0 (i)
(1 + 3k ) x + (2 + 4 k ) y + (3 + 7 k ) = 0
(1 + 3k ) x + (2 + 4k ) y = (3 + 7 k )
(1 + 3k ) x (2 + 4k ) y
+
=1
(3 + 7 k ) (3 + 7 k )
x
y
+
=1
(3 + 7 k )
(3 + 7 k )
(1 + 3k )
(2 + 4k )
Which is two-intercept form of equation of line with
(3 + 7k )
(3 + 7k )
and y intercept =
x intercept =
(1 + 3k )
(2 + 4k )
We have given
x intercept = y intercept
(3 + 7 k )
(3 + 7 k )
=
(1 + 3k )
(2 + 4k )
FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 4
1
1
(2 + 4k ) = (1 + 3k )
=
(1 + 3k )
(2 + 4k )
4k 3k = 1 2 k = 1
Putting value of k in (i)
x + 2 y + 3 1( 3x + 4 y + 7 ) = 0
x + 2 y + 3 3x 4 y 7 = 0 2 x 2 y 4 = 0
x+ y+2 = 0
is the required equation.
Question # 3
Let l1 : 16 x 10 y 33 = 0
l2 : 12 x + 14 y + 29 = 0
l3 : x y + 4 = 0
l4 : x 7 y + 2 = 0
For point of intersection of l1 and l2
x
y
1
=
=
290 + 462 464 + 396 224 + 120
x
y
1
=
=
172 860 334
x
1
y
1
=
and
=
172 334
860 334
172 1
860
5
x=
=
and
y=
=
334 2
334
2
1 5
, is a point of intersection of l1 and l2 .
2 2
For point of intersection of l3 and l4 .
x
y
1
=
=
2 + 28 2 4 7 + 1
x y 1
=
=
26 2 6
x
1
y 1
=
and
=
26 6
2 6
26
13
2
1
x=
=
and
y=
=
6
3
6
3
13 1
, is a point of intersection of l3 and l4 .
3 3
1 5
13 1
Now equation of line passing through , and ,
2 2
3 3
5
1
5 3+ 2
1
y+ =
x
2 13 1
2
3
2
13
5
6 x 1 y + 5 = 13 x 1
y+ =
2 29
2
2
29
2
6
145
13
13
145
29 y +
= 13 x +
13 x + 29 y +
=0
2
2
2
2
13 x + 29 y + 66 = 0
FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 5
Three Concurrent Lines

Suppose l1 : a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0
l2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
l3 : a3 x + b3 y + c3 = 0
If l1 , l2 and l3 are concurrent (intersect at one point) then
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 = 0
a3 b3 c3
Question # 4
Assume that
l1 : y = m1 x + c1
m1x y + c1 = 0
l2 : y = m2 x + c2
m2 x y + c2 = 0
l3 : y = m3 x + c3
m3 x y + c3 = 0
If l1 , l2 and l3 are concurrent then
m1 1 c1
m2 1 c2 = 0
m3 1 c3
1
m1
c1
R R1
m2 m1 0 c2 c1 = 0
by 2
R3 R1
m3 m1 0 c3 c1
Expanding by C2
(1) [(m2 m1 )(c3 c1 ) (m3 m1 )(c2 c1 )] + 0 0 = 0
[(m2 m1 )(c3 c1 ) (m3 m1 )(c2 c1 )] = 0

(m2 m1 )(c3 c1 ) = (m3 m1 )(c2 c1 )
is the required condition.
Question # 5
Let l1 : 2 x 3 y 1 = 0
l2 : 3 x y 5 = 0
l3 : 3 x + py + 8 = 0
Since l1 , l2 and l3 meets at a point i.e. concurrent therefore
2 3 1
3 1 5 = 0
3 p 8
2(8 + 5 p ) + 3(24 + 15) 1(3 p + 3) = 0
16 + 10 p + 72 + 45 3 p 3 = 0
7 p + 98 = 0 7 p = 98
98
p=
p = 14
7
l1
l2
l3
FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 6
Angle between lines

Let l1 and l2 be two lines. If 1 and 2
be inclinations and m1 and m2 be slopes of
lines l1 and l2 respectively, Let be a angle
from line l1 to l2 then is given by
m m1
tan = 2
1 + m1m2
l2
l1
2
X

Question # 6
Let l1 : 4 x 3 y 8 = 0
l2 : 3 x 4 y 6 = 0
l3 : x y 2 = 0
To check l1 , l2 and l3 are concurrent, let
4 3 8
3 4 6
1 1 2
= 4 ( 8 6 ) + 3( 6 + 6 ) 8 ( 3 + 4 )
= 4 ( 2 ) + 3( 0 ) 8 (1)
=8+ 0 8 = 0
Hence l1 , l2 and l3 are concurrent.
4 4
l2
Slope of l1 = m1 =
=
3 3
3 3
2
Slope of l2 = m2 =
=
4 4
1
1
1
Now let 1 be angle from l1 to l3 and 2 be a
angle from l3 to l2 . Then
1 4
1
m3 m1
3
3 = 1 (i)
tan 1 =
=
=
7
1 + m3m1 1 + (1) 4
7
3
3
3 1
1
m2 m3
4
4 = 1 (ii)
And
tan 2 =
=
=
7
1 + m2m3 1 + 3 (1)
7
4
4
From (i) and (ii)
tan 1 = tan 2 1 = 2
l3 bisect the angle formed by the first two lines.
( )
( )
Question # 7
Given vertices of triangles are A ( 2,3) , B ( 4,1) and C ( 3,5 ) .
(i) Centroid of triangle is the intersection of medians and is given by
x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
,
3
3
2 4 + 3 3 + 1 + 5 3 9
=
,
= , = ( 1,3)
3
3 3 3
Hence ( 1,3) is the centroid of the triangle.
l3
l1
FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 7
(ii)
Orthocentre is the point of intersection of altitudes.

1 3
2
Slope of AB = m1 =
=
=1
4 + 2 2
A
5 1 4
Slope of BC = m2 =
=
3+ 4 7
Since altitudes are to sides therefore
1
1
Slope of altitude on AB = = = 1
B
C
m1
1
1
1
7
Slope of altitude on BC =
=
=
4
m2
4
7
Equation of altitude on AB with slope 1 from C ( 3,5 )
y 5 = 1( x 3)
y 5 = x + 3 x 3 + y 5 = 0
x + y 8 = 0 .. (i)
7
Now equation of altitude on BC with slope from A ( 2,3)
4
7
y 3 = ( x + 2)
4
4 y 12 = 7 x 14 7 x + 14 + 4 y 12 = 0
7 x + 4 y + 2 = 0 .. (ii)
For point of intersection of (i) and (ii)
x
y
1
=
=
2 + 32 2 + 56 4 7
x y 1
=
=
34 58 3
x
1
y 1
=
and
=
34 3
58 3
34
58 58
x=
and y =
=
3
3 3
34 58
Hence , is orthocentre of triangle ABC .
3 3
(iii) Circumcentre of the triangle is the point of intersection of perpendicular bisector.
Let D and E are midpoints of side AB and BC respectively.
4 2 1 + 3 6 4
Then coordinate of D =
,
= , = ( 3,2 )
2 2 2
2
A
4 + 3 1 + 5 1 6 1
Coordinate of E =
,
= , = ,3
2 2 2 2
2
D
1 3
2
=
=1
Slope of AB = m1 =
4 + 2 2
B
C
E
5 1 4
Slope of BC = m2 =
=
3+ 4 7
1
1
Slope of bisector on AB = = = 1
m1
1
1
1
7
Slope of bisector on BC =
=
=
4
m2
4
7
Now equation of bisector having slope 1 through D ( 3,2 )
y 2 = 1( x + 3)
FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 8
y 2 = x 3 x + 3 + y 2 = 0
x + y + 1 = 0 .. (iii)
7
1
Now equation of bisector having slope through E ,3
4
2
7
7
1
y 3 = x + 4 y 12 = 7 x
2
4
2
7
17
7 x + + 4 y 12 = 0 7 x + 4 y = 0
2
2
14 x + 8 y 17 = 0 . (iv)
For point of intersection of (iii) and (iv)
x
y
1
=
=
17 8 17 14 8 14
x
y
1
=
=
25 31 6
x
1
y
1
=
and
=
25 6
31 6
25 25
31
x=
=
and y =
6
6
6
25 31
Hence , is the circumcentre of the triangle.
6
6
34 58
25 31
Now to check ( 1,3) , , and , are collinear, let
6
3 3
6
1
34
3
58
1
1
3
31
1
6
6
58 31 34 25 1054 1450
= 1 + 3 + 1
6 3
6 18
18
3
49 31
= 1 3 + 1( 22 )
2 2
49 93
= + 22 = 0
2
2
Hence centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of triangle are collinear.
25
Question # 8
Let l1 : 4 x 3 y 8 = 0
l2 : 3 x 4 y 6 = 0
l3 : x y 2 = 0
To check lines are concurrent, let
4 3 8
3 4 6
1 1 2
= 4(8 6) + 3(6 + 6) 8(3 + 4)
= 4(2) + 3(0) 8(1) = 8 + 0 8 = 0
Hence l1 , l2 and l3 are concurrent.
For point of concurrency, we find intersection of l1 and l2 (You may choose any two
lines)
FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 9
x
y
1
=
=
18 32 24 + 24 16 + 9
x
y 1
=
=
14 0 7
x
1
y 1
=
and
=
14 7
0 7
14
0
x=
= 2 and y =
=0
7
7
Hence ( 2,0 ) is the point of concurrency.
Question # 9
Let l1 : x 2 y 6 = 0
l2 : 3 x y + 3 = 0
l3 : 2 x + y 4 = 0
x
y
1
=
=
6 6 3 + 18 1 + 6
x
y 1
=
=
12 21 5
x
1
y 1
=
and
=
12 5
21 5
12
21
x=
and y =
5
5
12 21
, is the point of intersection of l1 and l2 .
5
5
For point of intersection of l2 and l3 .
x
y
1
=
=
4 3 12 6 3 + 2
x y 1
=
=
1 18 5
x 1
y 1
=
and
=
1 5
18 5
1
18
x=
and y =
5
5
1 18
5 5
Now for point of intersection of l1 and l3
x
y
1
=
=
8 + 6 4 + 12 1 + 4
x y 1
=
=
14 8 5
x 1
y 1
=
and
=
14 5
8 5
14
8
x=
and
y=
5
5
14 8
5 5
FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 10
12 21 1 18
14 8
Hence , , , and , are vertices of triangle made by l1 , l2
5 5 5
5
5 5
and l3 . We say these vertices as A, B and C respectively.
y
18 + 21
39
B
5 = 5 = 39 = 3
Slope of side AB = m1 = 5
1 + 12
13
13
5
5
5
m2
m1
8 18
26
5
5=
5 = 26 = 2
Slope of side BC = m2 =
14 1
13
x
13
5
5
5
m3
A
C
21 + 8
13
13 1
5
5
5
Slope of side CA = m3 =
=
=
=
26
26 2
12 14
5
5
5
Let , and denotes angles of triangle at vertices A, B and C respectively. Then
5
3 1
m1 m3
2
tan =
=
= 2 =1
5
1 + m1m3 1 + (3) 1
2
2
( )
= tan 1 (1) = 45o

Now
tan =
m2 m1
2 3
5
=
=
=1
1 + m2m1 1 + (3) ( 3) 5
= tan 1 (1) = 45o

Now
5
1 +2
m3 m2
2
tan =
=
= 2 =
1
1 + m3m2 1 +
0
2
2 ( )
( )
= tan 1 ()
= 90o .
Question # 10 (a)
Since l1 : joining (2,7) and (7,10)
10 7 3
Therefore slope of l1 = m1 =
=
72 5
Also l2 : joining (1,1) and (5,3)
3 1
2
1
=
=
5 1 6
3
Let be a angle from l1 to l2 then
1 3
m2 m1
3
5
tan =
=
1 + m1m2 1 + 3 1
5
3
14
14
15
15 = 14 5 = 7
=
=
4
15 4
6
1 1
5
5
7
7
tan =
tan(180 ) =
Q tan(180 ) = tan
6
6
7
180 = tan 1 = 49.4
6
( )(
= 180 49.4
= 130.6o
Now acute angle between lines = 180 130.6 = 49.4o

Question # 10(b)
FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 11
Question # 10(c)
Since l1 : joining (1, 7) and (6, 4)
4 + 7 3
=
6 1 5
Also l2 : joining (1,2) and ( 6, 1)
1 2 3 3
=
=
6 + 1 5 5
3 3
m2 m1
0
5
5
tan =
=
=0
=
3
1 + m1m2 1 + 3
1+ 9
25
5
5
( )( )
= tan 1 ( 0 ) = 0o
Also acute angle between lines = 0o
Question # 10(d)
Since l1 : joining (9, 1) and (3, 5)
5 +1 4
1
=
=
3 + 9 12
3
Also l2 : joining (2,7) and ( 6, 7)
7 7 14 7
=
=
6 2 8 4
7 1
m2 m1
4
3
tan =
=
1 + m1m2 1 + 7
1
4
3
7 +1
25
25 12
4
3
=
= 12 =
=5
5
12 5
1 7
12
12
1
= tan ( 5 ) = 78.69o
( )
( )( )
Also acute angle between lines = 78.69o

Question # 11(a)
Given vertices A ( 2,11) , B ( 6, 3) and C ( 4, 9 )
Let m1 , m2 and m3 denotes the slopes of side AB , BC and CA respectively. Then
3 11 14 7
y
m1 =
=
=
6 + 2
4 2
A
9 + 3 6
3
m2 =
=
=
4 + 6 10
5
m3
m1
11 + 9 20
10
m3 =
=
=
2 4 6
3
x
Let , and denotes angles of triangle at vertex

m2
B
C
A, B and C respectively. Then
10 7
m3 m1
3
2
tan =
=
7
1 + m3m1 1 + 10
3
2
41
41
6
6 = 41 3 = 41
=
=
6 32
64
1 35
32
3
3
)( )
FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 12
41
= tan 1
64
= 32.64o
( )
( )( )
7 3
m1 m2
2
5
=
tan =
1 + m1m2 1 + 7
3
2
5
7 +3
41
2
5
10 = 41 10 = 41
=
=
10 11
11
1 21
11
10
10
41
41
tan =
tan (180 ) =
Q tan(180 ) = tan
11
11
41
180 = tan 1 = 74.98
11
= 180 74.98
= 105.02
( )
( )( )
3 10
m2 m3
5
3
tan =
=
1 + m2 m3 1 + 3 10
5
3
41
3 + 10
41
41
5
3
= 15 =
=
=
1+ 2
3
15 3 45
41
= tan 1 = 42.34o
45
Question # 11(b)
Given vertices A ( 6,1) , B ( 2,7 ) and C ( 6, 7 )
Let m1 , m2 and m3 denotes the slopes of side AB , BC and CA respectively. Then
7 1 6
3
y
m1 =
=
=
B
2 6 4
2
7 7 14 7
m1
m2 =
=
=
6 2 8 4
m2
A
1+ 7 8 2
m3 =
= =
x
6 + 6 12 3
Let , and denotes angles of triangle at
m3
vertex A, B and C respectively. Then

C
2 3
m3 m1
3
2
tan =
=
1 + m3m1 1 + 2
3
3
2
13
2 +3
3
2
=
= 6 =
11
0
( )
( )( )
= tan 1 ( )
= 90o
3 7
m1 m2
2
4
tan =
=
7
1 + m1m2 1 + 3
2
4
13
13
4
4 = 13 8 = 2
=
=
4 13
1 21
13
8
8
= tan 1 (2) = 63.43o
)( )
FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 13
7 2
m2 m3
4
3
tan =
=
2
1 + m2 m3 1 + 7
4
3
13
13
13 6
1
12
=
= 12 =
=
13
12 13 2
1+ 7
6
6
1
= tan 1
= 26.57o
2
( )( )
Question # 11(c) & (d)

Question # 12
Given vertices are A ( 5,2 ) , B ( 2,3) , C ( 3, 4 ) and D ( 4, 5)
Let m1 , m2 , m3 and m4 be slopes of side AB, BC , CD and DA. Then
32
1
y
m1 =
=
2 5 7
B
4 3 7
m1
m2 =
=
=7
A
3 + 2 1
5 + 4 1
m3 =
=
m2
4+3
7
m4
2+5 7
m4 =
= =7
5 4 1
C
m3
Now suppose , , and are angels of
D
quadrilateral at vertices A, B, C and D
respectively. Then
50
7 1
7+ 1
m4 m1
7
7
tan =
=
=
= 7 =
1 + m4m1 1 + ( 7 ) 1
11
0
7
= tan 1 ( )
= 90o
1 7
50
m1 m2
7
7 =
tan =
=
=
1 + m1m2 1 + 1 ( 7 )
0
7
= tan 1 ( )
= 90o
7 1
m2 m3
7
tan =
=
1 + m2 m3 1 + ( 7 ) 1
= tan 1 ( )
7+ 1
50
7
=
= 7 =
11
0
= 90o
1 7
50
m3 m4
7
7 =
tan =
=
=
1 + m3m4 1 + 1 ( 7 )
0
7
= tan 1 ( )
= 90o
Trapezium
If any two opposite sides of the quadrilateral are parallel
then it is called trapezium.
FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 14
Question # 13
Given vertices are A ( 1, 1) , B ( 3,0 ) , C ( 3,7 ) and D (1,8)
Let m1 , m2 , m3 and m4 be slopes of side AB, BD, DC and CA . Then
0 +1
1
y
m1 =
=
3 + 1 2
D m
80 8
3
m2 =
= =2
1+ 3 4
m2
7 8 1
m3 =
=
3 1 2
m4

1 7 8
m4 =
=
=2
B m
1 3 4
1
A
Since m2 = m4 or m1 = m3
Hence A, B, C and D are vertices of trapezium.
Now suppose , , and are angels of
quadrilateral at vertices A, B, C and D respectively. Then
Now do yourself as above in Question # 12
Question # 14
Let
l1 : 7 x y 10 = 0
l2 : 10 x + y 41 = 0
l3 : 3 x + 2 y + 3 = 0
For intersection of l1 and l2
x
y
1
=
=
41 + 10 287 + 100 7 + 10
x
y
1
=
=
51 187 17
x
1
y
1
=
and
=
51 17
187 17
51
187
x=
= 3 and y =
= 11
17
17
( 3,11) is the point of intersection of l1 and l2 .
Now for point of intersection of l2 and l3
x
y
1
=
=
3 + 82 30 + 123 20 3
x y 1
=
=
85 153 17
x y 1
=
=
85 153 17
x
1
y 1
=
and
=
85 17
153 17
85
153
x=
= 5 and
y=
= 9
17
17
( 5, 9 ) is the point of intersection of l2 and l3 .
x
y
1
=
=
3 + 20 21 + 30 14 + 3
x y 1
=
=
17 51 17
FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 15
x
1
y 1
=
and
=
17 17
51 17
17
51
x=
= 1 and
y= =3
17
17
(1, 3) is the point of intersection of l1 and l3 .
Now area of triangle having vertices ( 3,11) , ( 5, 9 ) and (1, 3) is given by:
3 11 1
1
5 9 1
2 1 3 1
1
= 3 ( 9 + 3 ) 11( 5 1) + 1( 15 + 9 )
2
1
1
= 3 ( 6 ) 11( 4 ) + 1( 6 ) = 18 44 6
2
2
1
1
= 68 = (68) = 34 sq. unit
2
2
Question # 15
Question # 16(a)
Same Question # 7(c)

x + 3y 2 = 0
2x y + 4 = 0
x 11 y + 14 = 0
In matrix form
1 3 2 x 0
2 1 4 y = 0
1 11 14 1 0

Coefficient matrix of the system is
1 3 2
A = 2 1 4
1 11 14
A = 1(14 + 44) 3(28 4) 2(22 + 1)

= 1(30) 3(24) 2(21)
= 30 72 + 42 = 0
Hence given lines are concurrent.
Question # 16(b)
2x + 3y + 4 = 0
x 2y 3 = 0
3x + y 8 = 0
In matrix form
2 3 4 x 0
1 2 3 y = 0
3 1 8 1 0

Coefficient matrix of the system is
2 3 4
A = 1 2 3
3 1 8
A = 2(16 + 3) 3(8 + 9) + 4(1 + 6)

= 2(19) 3(1) + 4(7) = 38 3 + 28 = 63 0
Hence given lines are not concurrent.
FSC-II / Ex. 4.4 - 16
Question # 16(c)
Question # 17(a)
1 0 1 x 0
2 0 1 y = 0
0 1 2 1 0

x + 0 1 0
x 1 0
2x + 0 +1 = 0
2 x + 1 = 0
0 y + 2 0
y + 2 0

Equating the elements
x 1 = 0
2x + 1 = 0
y + 2 = 0
are the required equation of lines.
Coefficients matrix of the system
1 0 1
A = 2 0 1
0 1 2
det A = 1(0 + 1) 0 1(2 0)

=1+ 2 = 3 0
Hence system is not concurrent.
(b)
Book:
Exercise 4.4 (Page 223)

Edition: August 2003.
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (atiq@mathcity.org)

Available online at http://www.mathcity.org in PDF Format.
Printed: September 12, 2004 Updated: 27 April 2010
Error Analyst
Tayyab Mahmood
Sargodha University. 2004-06
MathCity.org
Homogenous 2nd Degree Equation

Every homogenous second degree equation
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0
represents straight lines through the origin.
Consider the equations are y = m1 x and y = m2 x
m1 x y = 0 and m2 x y = 0
Taking product
( m1x y )( m2 x y ) = 0
m1m2 x 2 m1xy m2 xy + y 2 = 0
m1m2 x 2 ( m1 + m2 ) xy + y 2 = 0 . (i)
Also we have
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0
a 2 2h
x +
xy + y 2 = 0
ing by b
b
b
a 2 2h
x xy + y 2 = 0
b
b
Comparing it with (i ) , we have
a
2h
and
m1 + m2 =
b
b
Let be the angles between the lines then
m1 m2
tan =
1 + m1m2
m1m2 =
( m1 m2 )
1 + m1m2
m12 + m22 2m1m2

1 + m1m1
m12 + m22 + 2m1m2 4m1m2

1 + m1m1
a
2h
b 4b
a
1+
b
tan =
4 h 2 ab
b+a
4h 2 4a
b
b2
a
1+
b
( m1 + m2 )
4m1m2
1 + m1m1
4h 2 4ab
b2
b+a
b
2 h 2 ab
tan =
a+b
Question # 1
10 x 2 23xy 5 y 2 = 0 (i)
10 x 2 25xy + 2 xy 5 y 2 = 0
5 x ( 2 x 5 y ) + y ( 2 x 5 y ) = 0 ( 2 x 5 y )( 5 x + y ) = 0
2 x 5 y = 0 and 5 x + y = 0
are the required lines.
Comparing eq. (i) with
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0
FSC-II / Ex. 4.5 - 2
So
a = 10
2h = 23 h =
Let be angle between lines then
23
2
b = 5
2 h 2 ab
tan =
a+b
2
23
529
2 (10)(5)
2
+ 50
2
4
=
=
10 5
5
2 27
2 729
27
2
4
=
=
=
5
5
5
27
= tan 1 = 79o31
5
Hence acute angle between the lines = 79o31
( )
Question # 2 & 3
Question # 4
2 x 2 + 3xy 5 y 2 = 0 (i)
2 x 2 + 5 xy 2 xy 5 y 2 = 0
x ( 2 x + 5 y ) y ( 2x + 5 y ) = 0
( 2 x + 5 y )( x y ) = 0
2 x + 5 y = 0 and x y = 0
are the required lines.
Comparing eq. (i) with
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0
3
a = 2 , 2h = 3 h =
, b = 5
2
Let be angle between lines then
2 h 2 ab
tan =
a+b
2
3
9
2 (2)(5)
2
+ 10
2
4
=
=
25
3
2 7
2 49
7
2
4
=
=
=
3
3
3
7
tan =
3
7
tan (180 ) =
Q tan(180 ) = tan
3
7
180 = tan 1
180 = 66o 48
3
= 180 66o 48 = 113o12
( )
Hence acute angle between the lines
= 180 113o12 = 66o 48
Question # 5
FSC-II / Ex. 4.5 - 3
Question # 6
x 2 + 2 xy sec + y 2 = 0 . (i)
ing by y 2
x 2 2 xy sec y 2
+
+ 2 = 0
y2
y2
y
x
x
+ 2sec + 1 = 0
y
y
x
This is quadric equation in
with a = 1 , b = 2sec , c = 1
y
2sec
x
=
y
( 2sec )2 4(1)(1)
2(1)
2sec 4sec 2 4
=
2(1)
2sec 4 tan 2
2
2sec 2 tan
=
2
=
2sec 4 sec 2 1
2
Q 1 + tan 2 = sec 2
x
= sec tan
y
1
sin
=
=
cos cos
x
1 + sin
=
and
y
cos
x cos = ( 1 + sin ) y
1 sin
cos
x
1 sin
=
y
cos
and x cos = ( 1 sin ) y
x cos ( 1 + sin ) y = 0 and x cos ( 1 sin ) y = 0
x cos + (1 sin ) y = 0 and
x cos + (1 + sin ) y = 0
are required equations of lines.
Now comparing (i) with
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0
a = 1 , 2h = 2sec h = sec
, b = 1b
If is angle between lines then
2 h 2 ab
a+b
2 sec 2 (1)(1)
2 sec 2 1
=
=
1+1
2
tan = tan
=
tan =
Question # 7
x 2 2 xy tan y 2 = 0
Given:
Suppose m1 and m2 are slopes of given lines then
2h
m1 + m2 =
b
2 tan
=
1
m1 + m2 = 2 tan
a
1
&
m1m2 =
=
m1m2 = 1
b
1
tan 2
a =1 ,
2h = 2 tan
h = tan
b = 1
FSC-II / Ex. 4.5 - 4
Now slopes of lines ar to given lines are

1
x &
m1
m1 y = x
&
x + m1 y = 0 &
Their joint equation:
( x + m1 y )( x + m2 y )
y =
1
1
and , then their equations are
m1
m2
1
x
m2
m2 y = x
x + m2 y = 0
y =
(Passing through origin)
= 0
x 2 + ( m1 + m2 ) xy + m1m2 y 2 = 0
x 2 + ( 2 tan ) xy + (1) y 2 = 0
x 2 2 xy tan y 2 = 0
Question # 8
Given:
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0
Suppose m1 and m2 are slopes of given lines then
2h
a
m1 + m2 =
&
m1m2 =
b
b
1
1
and , then their equations are
Now slopes of lines ar to given lines are
m1
m2
1
1
&
(Passing through origin)
y = x
y =
x
m1
m2
m1 y = x &
m2 y = x
x + m1 y = 0 & x + m2 y = 0
Their joint equation:
( x + m1 y )( x + m2 y ) = 0
x 2 + ( m1 + m2 ) xy + m1m2 y 2 = 0
2h
a
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 0
b
b
bx 2 2hxy + ay 2 = 0
Question # 9
10 x 2 xy 21y 2 = 0
x + y +1= 0
10 x 2 15 xy + 14 xy 21y 2 = 0
5x ( 2 x 3 y ) + 7 y ( 2 x 3 y ) = 0
( 2 x 3 y )( 5 x + 7 y ) = 0
2 x 3 y = 0 or
5x + 7 y = 0
So we have equation of lines
l1 : 2 x 3 y = 0 .. (i)
l2 : 5 x + 7 y = 0 . (ii)
l3 : x + y + 1 = 0 (iii)
Now do yourself as Q # 14 (Ex. 4.4)
Error Analyst
Muhammad Tayyab Riaz (2009-10)
Pakistan International School Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
mathcity.org
Question # 1
Given f ( x, y ) = 2 x + 5 y
2 y - x 8.............(i )
x- y4
- x + y - 4 ............. (ii )
The associated equations of (i ) and (ii ) are
2 y - x = 8.............(iii )
- x + y = - 4 ............. (iv)
Put x = 0 in (iii )
2y - 0 = 8 2y = 8 y = 4
Put y = 0 in (iii )
2(0) - x = 8 0 - x = 8 x = -8
(0, 4) and (-8,0) lies on (iii ) .
Put x = 0 in (iv )
- 0 + y = - 4 y = -4
Put y = 0 in (iv )
-x + 0 = - 4 x = 4
(0, -4) and (4,0) lies on (iv ) .
For intersection, subtracting (iii ) and (iv )
-x + 2y = 8
- x+ y = - 4
+ -
y = 12
Putting values of y in (iv )
- x + 12 = - 4 x = 4 + 12 = 16
(16,12 ) is point of intersection of (iii ) and (iv )
Form the graph we see that the corner points of feasible region are (4,0) , ( 0,0 ) ,
( 0, 4 ) and (16,12) .
Now we find value of f ( x, y ) at corner points
f (4,0) = '2(4) + 5(0) = 8 + 0 = 8
f ( 0,0 ) = 2(0) + 5(0) = 0 + 0 = 0
f ( 0,4 ) = 2(0) + 5(4) = 0 + 20 = 20

f (16,12) = 2(16) + 5(12) = 32 + 60 = 92
Hence f is maximum at the corner point (16,12) .
Question # 2
Given f ( x, y ) = x + 3 y
2 x + 5 y 30.............(i )
5 x + 4 y 20.............(ii )
2 x + 5 y = 30.............(iii )
5 x + 4 y = 20.............(iv )
Put x = 0 in (iii )
2(0) + 5 y = 30 5 y = 30 y = 6
Put y = 0 in (iii )
FSC-II / Ex. 5.3 - 2
2 x + 5(0) = 30 2 x = 30 x = 15
(0,6) and (15,0) lies on (iii ) .
Put x = 0 in (iv )
5(0) + 4 y = 20 4 y = 20 y = 5
Put y = 0 in (iv )
5 x + 4(0) = 20 5 x = 20 x = 4
(0,5) and (4,0) lies on (iv ) .
Form the graph we see that the corner points of
feasible region are (0,0) , (4,0) and (0,5) .
f (0,0) = 0 + 3(0) = 0
f (4,0) = 4 + 3(0) = 4
f (0,5) = 0 + 3(5) = 15
Hence f is maximum at (0,5) .
(4/5,12/5)
-2x
(0,3)
(0,4)
(4,0)
(0,0)
(2,0)
y=
- 5x
=- 4
4
x=
5
Putting values of x in (iv )
(0,-4)
For intersection of ( iv ) and (v ) , ing (v ) by 4 and subtracting from (iv).

3 x + 4 y = 12
8 x + 4 y = 16
-
=-
12
+y
3x
+4
y=
2x+
Question # 3
Given f ( x, y ) = 2 x + 3 y
3 x + 4 y 12.............(i )
2 x + y 4.............(ii )
2x - y 4
- 2 x + y -4 .............(iii )
The associated equations of (i ) , (ii ) and ( iii ) are
3 x + 4 y = 12.............(iv )
2 x + y = 4.............(v)
-2 x + y = -4 .......... (vi )
Put x = 0 in (iv )
3(0) + 4 y = 12 4 y = 12 y = 3
Put y = 0 in (iv )
3 x + 4(0) = 12 3 x = 12 x = 4
(0,3) and (4,0) lies on (iv ) .
Put x = 0 in (v )
2(0) + y = 4
y=4
Put y = 0 in (v )
2 x + (0) = 4 2 x = 4 x = 2
(0, 4) and (2,0) lies on (v ) .
Put x = 0 in (vi )
- 2(0) + y = - 4 y = - 4
Put y = 0 in (vi )
- 2x + 0 = - 4 y = 2
( 0, - 4 ) and ( 2,0 ) lies on line (vi ) .
FSC-II / Ex. 5.3 - 3
8
12
4
2 + y = 4 y = 4 x=
5
5
5
4 12
, is point of intersection of (iii ) and (iv )
5 5
Form the graph we see that the corner points of feasible region are (0,0) , (2,0)
4 12
( 0,3) and , .
5 5
f (0,0) = 2(0) + 3(0) = 0
f (2,0) = 2(2) + 3(0) = 4
f (0,3) = 2(0) + 3(3) = 9
4
4 12
4 12 8 36 44
f , = 2 + 3 = +
=
=8
5
5
5 5
5 5 5 5
Hence f is maximum at (0,3) .
7x
Question # 4
Given: f ( x, y ) = 2 x + y
*Correction
x + y 3 .............(i )
7 x + 5 y 35 .............(ii )
y
x + y = 3 .............(iii )
(0,7)
7 x + 5 y = 35 .............(iv)
3x
Put x = 0 in (iii )
+4
y=
0+ y =3 y =3
12
Put y = 0 in (iii )
(0,3)
x+0=3 x=3
(0,3) and (3,0) lies on (iii ) .
(5,0)
Put x = 0 in (iv )
x
(0,0)
(3,0)
7(0) + 5 y = 35 y = 7
Put y = 0 in (iv )
7 x + 5(0) = 35 x = 5
(0,7) and (5,0) lies on (iv ) .
From graph we see that the corner points of feasible region are (3,0) ( 0,3) , ( 5,0 )
and (0,7) .
f (3,0) = 2(3) + 0 = 6
f (0,3) = 2(0) + 3 = 3
f (5,0) = 2(5) + 0 = 10
f ( 0,7 ) = 2 ( 0 ) + 7 = 7
Hence f is minimum at corner point (0,3) .
+5
y=
35
Question # 5
Do yourself
Question # 6
Do yourself
FSC-II / Ex. 5.3 - 4
7x
Question # 7
Let x and y denotes units of food X and food Y respectively.
Let f ( x, y ) denotes the cost function, then we have to minimize
f ( x, y ) = 25 x + 30 y
y
subject to the constraints
2 x + 3 y 12 (i )
(0,8)
4 x + 2 y 16
2 x + y 8 (ii )
3 x+
4y =
12
(0,4)
2 x + 3 y = 12 (iii )
2 x + y = 8 . (iv )
Put x = 0 in (iii ) 3 y = 12 y = 4
(0,0)
Put y = 0 in (iii ) 2 x = 12 x = 6
( 0, 4 ) & ( 6,0 ) lies on ( iii )
+5
y=
35
(3,2)
(4,0)
Put x = 0 in ( iv ) y = 8
Put y = 0 in ( iv ) 2 x = 8 x = 4
( 0,8) & ( 4,0 ) lies on ( iv )

For intersection of (iii ) & (iv ) , -ing (iii ) & (iv )
2 x + 3 y = 12
2x + y = 8
-
2y = 4
y=2
Put y = 2 in (iv )
2x + 2 = 8 2x = 6 x = 3
( 3,2 ) is intersection of (iii ) & (iv )
From graph, we see that corner points are ( 6,0 ) , ( 3,2 ) and ( 0,8 ) .
Now
f ( 6,0 ) = 25(6) + 30(0) = 150
f (3,2) = 25(3) + 30(2) = 75 + 60 = 135
f (0,8) = 25(0) + 30(8) = 240
Since f ( x, y ) is minimum at ( 3,2 ) therefore
Hence 3 unit of food X and 2 unit of food Y are used to minimize the cost.
Question # 8
Let x denotes number of fans and y denotes number of sewing machines.
Then profit function
f ( x, y ) = 22 x + 18 y
Subject to the constraints
x + y 20 . (i )
360 x + 240 y 5760
9 x + 6 y 144 . (ii )
( ing by 40)
We have to maximize f ( x, y )
The associated equation of (i ) and (ii ) are
x + y = 20 . (iii )
9 x + 6 y = 144 (iv )
Put x = 0 in (iii ) y = 20
Put y = 0 in (iii ) x = 20
(6,0)
FSC-II / Ex. 5.3 - 5
9x
( 0,20 ) & ( 20,0 ) lies of (iii )

Now put x = 0 in (iv ) 6 y = 144 y = 24
Put y = 0 in (iv ) 9 x = 144 x = 16
y
( 0,24 ) & (16,0 ) lies on (iv )
(0,24)
For point of intersection of (iii ) and (iv )
Multiplying eq. (iii ) by 6 and subtracting
(0,20)
from (iv )
9 x + 6 y = 144
6 x + 6 y = 120
+6
y=
3x
= 24 x = 8
Putting value of x in (iii )
8 + y = 20 y = 20 - 8
y = 12
( 8,12 ) is the intersection of (iii ) and (iv )
14
(8,12)
x+
y=
20
(20,0)
(16,0)
(0,0)
Now from graph we see that ( 0,0 ) , (16,0 ) , ( 8,12 ) and ( 0, 20 ) are corner points of
feasible region.
Now
f ( 0,0 ) = 0 + 0 = 0
f (16,0 ) = 22(16) + 18(0) = 352

f ( 8,12 ) = 22 (16 ) + 18 (12 ) = 392
f ( 0,20 ) = 22 ( 0 ) + 18 ( 20 ) = 360
Since f ( x, y ) is maximum at ( 8,12 ) . Thus 8 fans and 12 sewing machine to
maximize the profile.
2 x+
Question # 9
Let x denotes the unit of product A and y denotes the unit of product B
Then profit function is
f ( x, y ) = 30 x + 20 y
y
subject to the constraints
2 x + y 800 . (i)
x + 2 y 1000 . (ii)
(0,800)
The corresponding equations of (i ) and
(ii ) are
(0,500)
(200,400)
2 x + y = 800 (iii )
x+2
x + 2 y = 1000 . (iv )
y=
100
0
Put x = 0 in (iii ) y = 800
Put y = 0 in ( iii ) 2 x = 800
(0,0)
(400,0)
(1000,0)
x = 400
( 0,800 ) & ( 400,0 ) lies on (iii )
Now put x = 0 in (iv ) 2 y = 1000 y = 500
Put y = 0 in (iv ) x = 1000
Hence ( 0,500 ) & (1000,0 ) lies on (iv )
For point of intersection, ing eq. (iii ) by 2 and - ing from (iv )
4 x + 2 y = 1600
x + 2 y = 1000
y=
800
3x
= 600
x = 200
FSC-II / Ex. 5.3 - 6
Putting value of x in (iii )

2 ( 200 ) + y = 800
y = 800 - 400 y = 400
So ( 200, 400 ) is point of intersection of line (iii ) & (iv )
From graph, we see that corner points of feasible region are
( 0,500 ) , ( 0,0 ) , ( 400,0 ) & ( 200, 400 ) .
Now
f ( 0,500 ) = 30 ( 0 ) + 20 ( 500 ) = 10000
f ( 0,0 ) = 30 ( 0 ) + 20 ( 0 ) = 0
f ( 400,0 ) = 30 ( 400 ) + 20 ( 0 ) = 12000

f ( 200,400 ) = 30 ( 200 ) + 20 ( 400 ) = 14000
Since f ( x, y ) is maximum at ( 200, 400 ) .
Thus 200 unit of product A and 400 unit of product B must be used to maximize the
profit.
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Page # 255

Circle
The set of all point in the plane that are equally distant from a fixed point is called a
circle.
The fixed point is called centre of the circle and the distance from the centre of the
circle to any point on the circle is called the radius of circle.
Equation of Circle
Let r be radius and C ( h, k ) be centre of circle. Let P ( x, y )
be any point on circle then
P(x,y)
PC = r
r
( x - h)2 + ( y - k )2 = r
C(h,k)
On squaring
2
2
( x - h) + ( y - k ) = r 2
This is equation of circle in standard form.
If centre of circle is at origin i.e. C ( h, k ) = C ( 0,0 ) then equation of circle becomes
x2 + y 2 = r 2
Equation of circle with end points of diameter
Let A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) be end points of
diameter.
Let P ( x, y ) be any point on circle then
mAPB = 90o
(Note: An angle in a semi circle is a right
angle see Theorem 4 at page 270)
Thus the line AP and BP are ^ ar to each other
and we have
(Slope of AP ) (Slope of BP ) = - 1
y - y1 y - y2

= -1
x - x1 x - x2
A(x1 ,y1)
P(x ,y)
B(x2 ,y2)
( y - y1 )( y - y2 ) = - ( x - x1 )( x - x2 )
( x - x1 )( x - x2 ) + ( y - y1 )( y - y2 ) = 0
is the required equation of circle with end points of diameter A ( x1 , y1 ) & B ( x2 , y2 ) .
General form of an equation of a circle

The equation
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
represents a circle.
2
2
2
x + 2 gx + g + y + 2 fy + f 2 + c = g 2 + f 2
(x + g)
( x - (- g ) ) + ( y - (- f ) )
+(y + f )
2
= g2 + f 2 - c
2
g + f -c
2
This is equation of circle in standard form with

centre at ( - g , - f ) and radius = g 2 + f 2 - c
FSC-II / Ex. 6.1 - 2
Question # 1(a)
Given: centre C ( h, k ) = ( 5, -2 )
Equation of circle:
2
2
( x - h) + ( y - k ) = r 2
( x - 5)
+ ( y + 2)
( 4)
radius = r = 4
x 2 - 10 x + 25 + y 2 + 4 y + 4 = 16
x 2 + y 2 - 10 x + 4 y + 25 + 4 - 16 = 0
x 2 + y 2 - 10 x + 4 y + 13 = 0
Question # 1(b)
Given:
centre C ( h, k ) =
2, -3 3
Equation of circle:
2
2
( x - h) + ( y - k ) = r 2
(x - 2 ) + ( y + 3 3)
2
radius = r = 2 2
(2 2 )
x 2 - 2 2 x + 2 + y 2 + 6 3 y + 27 = 8
x 2 + y 2 - 2 2 x + 6 3 y + 2 + 27 - 8 = 0
x 2 + y 2 - 2 2 x + 6 3 y + 21 = 0
Question # 1(c)
Given end points of diameter:
A ( x1 , y1 ) = ( -3,2 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) =
Equation of circle with ends of diameter is
( x - x1 )( x - x2 ) + ( y - y1 )( y - y2 ) = 0
( x - (-3) )( x - 5) + ( y - 2 )( y - (-6) )
( x + 3)( x - 5) + ( y - 2 )( y + 6 ) = 0
( 5, -6 )
= 0
x 2 + 3x - 4 x - 15 + y 2 - 2 y + 6 y - 12 = 0
x 2 + y 2 - 2 x + 4 y - 27 = 0
Question # 2(a)
x 2 + y 2 + 12 x - 10 y = 0
Here 2 g = 12 , 2 f = -10 , c = 0
g =6 ,
f = -5
So centre = ( - g , - f ) = ( -6,5)
Radius =
g2 + f 2 - c
(6) 2 + (-5)2 - 0
36 + 25
Question # 2(b)
5 x 2 + 5 y 2 + 14 x + 12 y - 10 = 0
14
12
x2 + y2 + x + y - 2 = 0
5
5
14
12
Here 2 g =
, 2f =
, c = -2
5
5
7
6
g=
,
f =
5
5
61
ing by 5
FSC-II / Ex. 6.1 - 3
7 6
= - ,-
5 5
(-g, - f )
Centre =
Radius =
g + f -c
2
7 6
5 + 5 - (-2)

49 36
+
+2
25 25
27
5
= 3
3
5
Question # 2(c) & (d)

Question # 3
Given: A ( 4,5) , B ( -4, -3) , C ( 8, -3)
Let H ( h, k ) be centre and r be radius of circle, then
AH
AH
BH
BH
CH
=
CH
A
B
r
= r
2
= r2
( h - 4 ) + ( k - 5 ) = ( h + 4 ) + ( k + 3) = ( h - 8 ) + ( k + 3 ) = r 2 (i)
From eq. (i)
2
2
2
2
( h - 4 ) + ( k - 5 ) = ( h + 4 ) + ( k + 3)
2
h 2 - 8h + 16 + k 2 - 10k + 25 = h 2 + 8h + 16 + k 2 + 6k + 9
h 2 - 8h + 16 + k 2 - 10k + 25 - h2 - 8h - 16 - k 2 - 6k - 9 = 0
- 16h - 16k + 16 = 0
h + k - 1 = 0 . (ii)
Again from (i )
( h + 4 ) + ( k + 3) = ( h - 8 )
2
2
( h + 4 ) = ( h - 8)
2
+ ( k + 3)
h 2 + 8h + 16 = h 2 - 16h + 64
h 2 + 8h + 16 - h 2 + 16h - 64 = 0
24h - 48 = 0
24h = 48
h = 2
Putting value of h in (ii)

2 + k -1 = 0
k +1 = 0
k = -1
Again from (i )
( h - 4) + ( k - 5)
2
2
= ( 2 - 4 ) + ( -1 - 5 )
Q h=2,
2
2
= ( -2 ) + ( -6 ) = 4 + 36 = 40
Now equation of circle with centre at H ( 2, -1) & r =
2
( x - 2 )2 + ( y + 1)2 = ( 40 )
r2 =
x 2 - 4 x + 4 + y 2 + 2 y + 1 = 40
x 2 + y 2 - 4 x + 2 y + 4 + 1 - 40 = 0
x 2 + y 2 - 4 x + 2 y - 35 = 0
Ans.
k = -1
r =
40
40
FSC-II / Ex. 6.1 - 4
Question # 3(b)
Given: A ( -7,7 ) , B ( 5, -1) , C (10,0 )
A
B
AH
AH
BH
BH
CH
r
r
= r
CH
=
= r2
( h + 7 ) + ( k - 7 ) = ( h - 5 ) + ( k + 1) = ( h - 10 ) + ( k - 0 ) = r 2 . (i)
From equation (i) we have
2
2
2
2
( h + 7 ) + ( k - 7 ) = ( h - 10 ) + ( k - 0 )
2
h 2 + 14h + 49 + k 2 - 14k + 49 = h 2 - 20h + 100 + k 2

h 2 + 14h + 49 + k 2 - 14k + 49 - h 2 + 20h - 100 - k 2 = 0
34h - 14k - 2 = 0 17 h - 7 k - 1 = 0 . (ii)
Again from (i )
( h - 5)
+ ( k + 1)
( h - 10 )
+ ( k - 0)
h 2 - 10h + 25 + k 2 + 2k + 1 = h2 - 20h + 100 + k 2

h 2 - 10h + 25 + k 2 + 2k + 1 - h 2 + 20h - 100 - k 2 = 0
10h + 2k - 74 = 0
5h + k - 37 = 0 . (iii)
Multiplying eq. (iii) by 7 and subtracting from (ii)
17 h - 7 k - 1 = 0
35h + 7 k - 259 = 0
- 260 = 0
52h
52h = 260
h = 5
Putting value of h in eq. (iii)

5 ( 5) + k - 37 = 0 25 + k - 37 = 0 k - 12 = 0
k = 12
Again from eq. (i), we have

2
2
r 2 = (h + 7) + (k - 7)
= ( 5 + 7 ) + (12 - 7 ) = (12 ) + ( 5 ) = 144 + 25 = 169
r = 13
Now equation of circle with centre ( 5,12 ) and radius 13 :
2
( x - 5)
+ ( y - 12 )
= (13) 2
x 2 - 10 x + 25 + y 2 - 24 y + 144 = 169
x 2 + y 2 - 10 x - 24 y + 25 + 144 - 169 = 0
x 2 + y 2 - 10 x - 24 y = 0
is required equation.
Question # 3(c)
Given: A ( a,0 ) , B ( 0, b ) , C ( 0,0 )
AH
2
AH
(h - a)
BH
=
BH
=
2
B
r
CH
= r2
+ ( k - 0) = ( h - 0 ) + ( k - b ) = ( h - 0) + ( k - 0 ) = r 2
2
r
r
= r
CH
=
FSC-II / Ex. 6.1 - 5
( h - a ) + k 2 = h 2 + ( k - b ) = h 2 + k 2 = r 2 .. (i)
From equation (i)
2
( h - a ) + k 2 = h2 + k 2
2
h 2 - 2ha + a 2 + k 2 = h 2 + k 2
- 2ha + a
= 0
- 2ha = - a
a2
h =
2a
h=
a
2

2
h 2 + ( k - b ) = h2 + k 2
h 2 + k 2 - 2bk + b 2 = h 2 + k 2
2bk = b
b2
k =
2b
- 2bk + b2 = 0
k =
b
2

r 2 = h2 + k 2
2
a b
= +
2 2
a2 b2
=
+
4
4
r =
a b
Now equation of circle with centre , and radius
2 2
a
b
x - 2 + y - 2 =
2
a
b2
2
2
x - ax +
+ y - by +
4
4
2
a
b2
2
2
x - ax +
+ y - by +
4
4
2
2
x + y - ax - by = 0
2
a 2 b2
+
4
4
a 2 + b2
2
a
b
+
4
4
2
a
b2
=
+
4
4
2
2
a b
- = 0
4
4
2
Alternative Method
Given point on circle: A ( a,0 ) , B ( 0, b ) , C ( 0,0 )
Consider an equation of circle in standard form
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 . (i)
Since A ( a,0 ) lies on circle, therefore
(a) 2 + (0)2 + 2 g (a) + 2 f (0) + c = 0

a 2 + 2 ga + c = 0 . (ii)
Also B ( 0, b ) lies on the circle, then
(0)2 + (b) 2 + 2 g (0) + 2 f (b) + c = 0
b 2 + 2 fb + c = 0 . (iii)
Also C ( 0,0 ) lies on the circle, therefore
(0)2 + (0) 2 + 2 g (0) + 2 f (0) + c = 0
Putting value of c in (ii )
a 2 + 2 ga + 0 = 0
2ga = - a 2
c = 0
g = -
Putting value of c in (iii )
b2 + 2 fb + 0 = 0
b2
f = 2b
2 fb = - b2
b
f = 2
a2
2a
g = -
a
2
FSC-II / Ex. 6.1 - 6
Putting value of g , f and c in (i)

a
b
x2 + y 2 + 2 - x + 2 - y + 0 = 0
2
2
x 2 + y 2 - ax - by = 0
is required equation of circle.
Question # 4(a)
Given: A ( 3, -1) , B ( 0,1)
l : 4x - 3y - 3 = 0
Let C ( h, k ) be centre and r be radius of circle
Q A & B lies on circle
\ CA = CB = r
( h - 3) + ( k + 1) = ( h - 0 ) + ( k - 1)
.. (i)
2
2
2
( h - 3 ) + ( k + 1) = h 2 + ( k - 1)
2
B
A
l
C(h,k)
= r
on squaring
h 2 - 6h + 9 + k 2 + 2k + 1 = h 2 + k 2 - 2k + 1
h 2 - 6h + 9 + k 2 + 2k + 1 - h 2 - k 2 + 2k - 1 = 0
- 6h + 4 k + 9 = 0 (ii)
Now since C ( h, k ) lies on given equation l
\ 4 h - 3k - 3 = 0 (iii)
ing equation (ii) by 3 & (iii) by 4 then adding
-18h + 12k + 27 = 0
16h -12 k - 12 = 0
- 2h
+ 15 = 0
2h = 15
h =
15
2
Putting in (iii)
15
4 - 3k - 3 = 0
30 - 3k - 3 = 0
2
- 3k + 27 = 0 3k = 27 k = 9
Now from eq. (i)
r =
h 2 + ( k - 1)
2
15
2 + ( 9 - 1)

225
+ 64
4
448
4
15
Now equation of circle with centre at C ( h, k ) = ,9 and radius
2
2
481
15
2
x - 2 + ( y - 9) = 4
225
481
x 2 - 15 x +
+ y 2 - 18 y + 81 = 0
4
4
x 2 + y 2 - 15 x - 18 y + 17 = 0
2
481
4
FSC-II / Ex. 6.1 - 7
Question # 4(b)
Given: A ( -3,1) lies on circle , radius = r = 2
l : 2x - 3y + 3 = 0
Let C ( h, k ) be centre of circle.
Since A ( -3,1) lies on circle
r =2
A(-3,1)
C(h,k)
\ r = AC
2 =
4 =
( h + 3) + ( k - 1)
2
2
( h + 3) + ( k - 1)
2
4 = h 2 + 6h + 9 + k 2 - 2k + 1
h 2 + 6 h + 9 + k 2 - 2k + 1 - 4 = 0
h 2 + 6h + 9 + k 2 - 2k - 3 = 0 .. (i )
Since centre C ( h, k ) lies on l
\ 2 h - 3k + 3 = 0
3k - 3
2h = 3k - 3 h =
. (ii )
2
Putting value of h in (i )
2
3k - 3
3k - 3
2
+
k
+
6
2
2 - 2k + 6 = 0
2
9k - 18k + 9
+ k 2 + 9k - 9 - 2k + 6 = 0
4
2
9k - 18k + 9 + 4k 2 + 36k - 36 - 8k + 24 = 0
ing by 4
13k 2 + 10k - 3 = 0 13k 2 + 13k - 3k - 3 = 0

13k ( k + 1) - 3( k + 1) = 0
( k + 1)(13k - 3) = 0
3
k = -1
or
k =
13
Putting value of k in (ii)
3(-1) - 3
3 ( 313) - 3
h =
2
h =
2
-6
=
9 -3
- 30
2
13 = -15
13
=
=
= -3
13
2
2
( -3, -1) is centre of circle
15 3
- , is centre of circle.
13 13
Now equation of circle with centre at ( -3,1) and radius 2
( x + 3)
+ ( y + 1) = (2)2
2
( x + 3)
+ ( y + 1) = 4
2
15 3
Now equation of circle with centre at - , and radius 2
13 13
2
2
15
3
2
x + 13 + y - 13 = (2)
15
3
x+ + y - = 4
13
13
FSC-II / Ex. 6.1 - 8
Question # 4(c)
Given: A ( 5,1) and l : 2 x - y - 10 = 0 is tangent at B ( 3, -4 )
Let C ( h, k ) be centre and r be radius of circle.
Q A ( 5,1) and B ( 3, -4 ) lies on circle
\ AC = BC = r
( h - 5) + ( k - 1) = ( h - 3) + ( k + 4 )
2
2
2
2
( h - 5 ) + ( k - 1) = ( h - 3) + ( k + 4 )
2
= r ..... (i)
On squaring
+ 21 = 0
2k = 21
k =
21
2
Putting value of k in (iii)

21
h + 2 + 5 = 0 h + 21 + 5 = 0
2
h + 26 = 0 h = - 26
Now from eq. (i)
r =
( h - 3)
+ (k + 4)
2
2
=
=
21
( -26 - 3) + 2 + 4
841
4205
841 +
=
4
4
2
( -29 )
29
+
2
21
Now equation of circle with centre at -26, and radius

2
2
4205
21
( x + 26 ) + y - 2 = 4
441 4205
x 2 + 52 x + 676 + y 2 - 21y +
= 0
4
4
x 2 + y 2 + 52 x - 21y - 265 = 0
2
A(5,1)
r
C(h,k)
h 2 - 10h + 25 + k 2 - 2k + 1 = h2 - 6h + 9 + k 2 + 8k + 16
h 2 - 10h + 25 + k 2 - 2k + 1 - h 2 + 6h - 9 - k 2 - 8k - 16 = 0
- 4h - 10k + 1 = 0 .. (ii)
2
a
= = 2
Now slope of tangent l = m1 = b
-1
k+4
And slope of radial segment CB = m2 =
h -3
Since radial segment is perpendicular to tangent therefore
m1m2 = - 1
k +4
2
= - 1 2k + 8 = - h + 3
h-3
h - 3 + 2k + 8 = 0
h + 2k + 5 = 0 .. (iii)
Multiplying eq. (iii) by 4 and adding in (ii)
4h + 8k + 20 = 0
- 4h -10 k + 1 = 0
- 2k
l
4)
(3 ,-
4205
4
FSC-II / Ex. 6.1 - 9
Question # 4(d)
Given; A (1,4 ) , B ( -1,8)
l : x + 3y - 3 = 0
Let C ( h, k ) be centre and r be radius of circle then
AC = BC = r
( h - 1) + ( k - 4 ) = ( h + 1) + ( k - 8 ) = r . (i)
Also l is tangent to circle
\ radius of circle = ^ ar distance of C ( h, k ) form l
2
r =
r =
h + 3k - 3
(1)2 + (3) 2
h + 3k - 3
10
. (ii)
Now from (i)
( h - 1)
+ ( k - 4) =
2
( h + 1)
+ ( k - 8)
On squaring
( h - 1)
+ ( k - 4 ) = ( h + 1) + ( k - 8 )
2
h2 - 2h + 1 + k 2 - 8k + 16 = h2 + 2h + 1 + k 2 - 16k + 64
h2 - 2h + 1 + k 2 - 8k + 16 - h2 - 2h - 1 - k 2 + 16k - 64 = 0
- 4h + 8k - 48 = 0
h - 2k + 12 = 0 . (iii)
Now from (i) & (ii)
h + 3k - 3
( h - 1)2 + ( k - 4 )2 =
10
On squaring
2
h + 3k - 3
2
2
( h - 1) + ( k - 4 ) =
10
2
2
10 ( h - 1) + ( k - 4 ) = h 2 + 9k 2 + 9 + 6 hk - 18k - 6h
2
2
10 h - 2h + 1 + k - 8k + 16 = h 2 + 9k 2 + 9 + 6hk - 18k - 6h
10h2 - 20h + 10 + 10k 2 - 80k + 160 - h 2 - 9k 2 - 9 - 6hk + 18k + 6h = 0
9h 2 + k 2 - 14h - 62k - 6hk + 161 = 0 . (iv)
From (iii)
h = 2 k - 12 .. (v)
Putting in (iv)
2
9 ( 2k - 12 ) + k 2 - 14 ( 2k - 12 ) - 62k - 6 ( 2k - 12 ) k + 161 = 0
9 4k 2 - 48k + 144 + k 2 - 28k + 168 - 62k - 12k 2 + 72k + 161 = 0
36k 2 - 432k + 1296 + k 2 - 28k + 168 - 62k - 12k 2 + 72k + 161 = 0

25k 2 - 450k + 1625 = 0
k 2 - 18k + 65 = 0
ing by 25
2
k - 13k - 5k + 65 = 0
k ( k - 13) - 5 ( k - 13) = 0
( k - 13)( k - 5) = 0
k = 13 or k = 5
FSC-II / Ex. 6.1 - 10
Putting in eq. (v)

h = 2(13) - 12
= 26 - 12 = 14
Now from (i)
r =
( h - 1)
r =
(14 - 1)
(13)
2
2
+ ( k - 4)
Putting in (v)
h = 2 ( 5) - 12
= 10 - 12 = - 2
Now from (i )
+ (13 - 4 )
+ (9)
( x - 14 )2 + ( y - 13)2
( x - 14 )
169 + 81
( h - 1)
( 2 - 1)
= 250
Now eq. of circle with centre (14,13)
and radius 170
r =
250
and radius
+ ( k - 4)
+ (5 - 4)
= 1+1 = 2
Now eq. of circle with centre ( 2,5)
2
( x - 2)
+ ( y - 13 ) = 250
( x - 2)
Question # 5
Radius of circle = r = a
Q circle lies in second quadrant and touching both the
axis therefore centre of circle is ( -a, a )
So equation of circle
2
2
( x - ( -a ) ) + ( y - a ) = ( a ) 2
( 2)
+ ( y - 5) =
+ ( y - 5) = 2
( a,a) a
a
x
x + 2ax + a + y - 2ay + a - a = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2ay + a 2 = 0
2
Question # 6
Suppose
l1 : 3 x - 2 y = 0
l2 : 2 x + 3 y - 13 = 0
S : x2 + y 2 + 6x - 4 y = 0
From S
2g = 6 , 2 f = - 4 , c = 0
f = -2 ,
g = 3 ,
Centre C ( - g , - f ) = C ( -3,2 )
Radius = r =
=
g2 + f 2 - c
(3)2 + (-2) 2 - 0
= 9 + 4 = 0 = 13
Now to check l1 is tangent to circle, we find
3(-3) - 2(2) + 0
^ ar distance of l1 from centre =
(3)2 + (-2)2
-9-4
- 13
13
=
=
=
9+4
13
13
= 13 = radius of circle
l1 is tangent to given circle.
l1
C( 3,2)
FSC-II / Ex. 6.1 - 11
Now to check l2 is tangent to circle, let
^ ar distance of l2 from centre =

=
=
2(-3) + 3(2) - 13
(2)2 + (3)2
- 6 + 6 - 13
4+9
13
13
- 13
13
= 13 = Radius of circle
l2 is also tangent to given circle.

Circles touching each other externally or
internally
Let C1 be centre and r1 be radius of circle S1 and C2 be
centre and r2 be radius of circle S 2 .
Then they touch each other externally if
C1C2 = r1 + r2
r1
r2
C1
C2
S1
S2
r1 C1 C2
And they touch each other internally if

C1C2 = r2 - r1
r2
Question # 7
Let S1 : x 2 + y 2 + 2 x - 2 y - 7 = 0
S2 : x2 + y 2 - 6 x + 4 y + 9 = 0
For S1 :
2 g = 2 , 2 f = -2 , c = -7
g =1 ,
f = -1 ,
Let C1 be centre and r1 be radius of circle S1 , then
C1 ( - g , - f ) = C1 ( -1,1)
Radius = r1 =
=
r1
C1
S2
1+1+ 7
9 = 3
For S 2 :
2 g = -6 , 2 f = 4 , c = 9
f =2
g = -3 ,
Let C2 be centre and r2 be radius of circle S 2 then
C2 ( - g , - f ) = C2 ( 3, -2 )
Radius = r2 =
g2 + f 2 - c
= (-3)2 + (2)2 - 9 =
Now circles touch each other externally if
C1C2 = r1 + r2
(3 + 1)2 + (-2 - 1) 2 = 3 + 2
16 + 9 = 5
9+4-9
25 = 5
5 = 5
Hence both circles touch each other externally.
C2
S1
g2 + f 2 - c
(1) 2 + (-1)2 - (-7) =
r2
4 = 2
FSC-II / Ex. 6.1 - 12
Question # 8
Suppose S1 : x 2 + y 2 + 2 x - 8 = 0
S2 : x 2 + y 2 - 6 x + 6 y - 46 = 0
r1 C1 C2
For S1 :
r2
2 g = 2 , 2 f = 0 , c = -8
g =1 ,
f =0
Let C1 be centre and r1 be radius of circle S1 then
C1 ( - g , - f ) = C ( -1,0 )
Radius = r1 =
=
g2 + f 2 - c
(1) 2 + (0)2 + 8
= 3
For S 2 :
2 g = -6 , 2 f = 6 , c = -46
g = -3 ,
f =3
Let C2 be centre and r2 be radius of circle S 2 then
C2 ( - g , - f ) = C2 ( 3, -3)
Radius = r2 =
g2 + f 2 - c
= (3)2 + (-3) 2 - (-46) =

Now circles touch each other internally if
C1C2 = r2 - r1
9 + 9 + 46
64
=8
(3 + 1)2 + (-3 - 0)2 = 8 - 3
16 + 9 = 5
25 = 5 5 = 5
Hence circles are touching each other internally.
Question # 9
Given: Radius r = 2 ,
Tangent: x - y - 4 = 0 at A (1, -3)
Suppose C ( h, k ) be the centre then
AC = 2
( h - 1) + ( k + 3) = 2
On squaring
( h - 1)2 + ( k + 3)2 = 4
2
h 2 - 2h + 1 + k 2 + 6k + 9 - 4 = 0
h 2 + k 2 - 2h + 6k + 6 = 0 .. (i)
k +3
Now slope of radial line AC =
h -1
1
Slope of line tangent = =1
-1
Since radial line is ^ ar to tangent, therefore
(Slope of radial line) (Slope of tangent) = - 1
k +3

(1) = - 1
h -1
k + 3 = - ( h - 1) k = - h + 1 - 3
A(1
,-3 )
ent
tang
2
C(h,k)
FSC-II / Ex. 6.1 - 13
k = - h - 2 .. (ii)
Putting in (i)
2
h 2 + ( - h - 2 ) - 2h + 6 ( - h - 2 ) + 6 = 0
h 2 + h 2 + 4h + 4 - 2h - 6h - 12 + 6 = 0
2h 2 - 4h - 2 = 0
h 2 - 2h - 1 = 0
2 (-2)2 - 4(1)(-1)
h =
2(1)
2 4+4
2 8
=
2
2
22 2
=
= 1 2
2
=
k = -1- 2 - 2
Putting h = 1 - 2 in (ii)
k = -1+ 2 - 2
k = -3- 2
Now equation of circle with
k = -3+ 2
Now equation of circle with
Putting h = 1 + 2 in (ii )
) (
2) -( y +3+
x - (1 + 2)
( x -1Book:
- y - (-3 - 2)
2)
= (2)
= 4
centre 1 - 2, -3 + 2 and radius 2.
centre 1 + 2, -3 - 2 and radius 2.

2
x - (1 - 2)
x -1+
) (
2) -( y + 32
= (2) 2
= 4

Edition: May 2005.

Last Update: 16 February 2006
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Page # 286

no
rm
a
Equation of tangent and normal to the circle

Consider an equation of circle
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
Then equation of tangent at ( x1, y1 ) is
P(x1,y1)
ta n
x1x + y1 y + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
The equation of normal at ( x1, y1 ) is
( y - y1 )( x1 + g ) = ( x - x1 )( y1 + f )
Question # 1
x 2 + y 2 = 25
dy
dy
2x + 2 y
= 0 2y
= - 2x
dx
dx
At ( 4,3) :
Slope of tangent at ( 4,3) = m =
4
( x - 4)
3
4 x - 16 + 3 y - 9 = 0
(See proof at page 257)
dy
4
= dx (4,3)
3
4
3
3 y - 9 = - 4 x + 16
4 x + 3 y - 25 = 0
Since normal is ^ ar to tangent therefore

1
1
Slope of normal at ( 4,3) = = m
-4 3
Now equation of normal at ( 4,3) having slope
3
( x - 4)
4
4 y - 12 = 3 x - 12
nt
dy
x
= dx
y
Now equation of tangent at ( 4,3) having slope -
y -3 = -
ge
3
4
3
4
y -3 =
3 x - 12 - 4 y + 12 = 0
3x - 4 y = 0
At ( 5cosq ,5sin q )
Slope of tangent at ( 5cosq ,5sin q ) = m =
dy
5cosq
cosq
= = dx (5cosq ,5sin q )
5sin q
sin q
Now equation of tangent at ( 5cosq ,5sin q ) having slope -
cosq
( x - 5cosq )
sin q
y sin q - 5sin 2 q = - x cosq + 5cos 2 q
y - 5sin q = -
x cosq + y sin q = 5sin 2 q + 5cos 2 q
x cosq + y sin q = 5 sin 2 q + cos 2 q

x cosq + y sin q = 5 (1)
x cosq + y sin q = 5
cosq
sin q
FSC-II / Ex. 6.2 - 2
Since normal are ^ ar to tangent therefore

1
sin q
Slope of normal = =
m
cosq
Now equation of normal at ( 5cosq ,5sin q ) having slope
sin q
( x - 5cosq )
cosq
y cosq - 5sin q cosq = x sin q - 5sin q cosq
x sin q - 5sin q cosq - y cosq + 5sin q cosq = 0
sin q
cosq
y - 5sin q =
x sin q - y cosq = 0
Question # 1(ii) [Alternative Method]

3x 2 + 3 y 2 + 5 x - 13 y + 2 = 0
5
13
2
x2 + y 2 + x - y + = 0
3
3
3
Comparing it with general equation of circle
5
13
2
2g =
, 2f = , c =
3
3
3
5
13
g =
,
f = 6
6
Now equation of tangent at ( x1, y1 )
x1x + y1 y + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
10
Here ( x1, y1 ) = 1,
3
10
5
13
10 2
1 x + y + ( x + 1) - y + + = 0
3
6
6
3 3
10
5
5 13
130 2
x+ y+ x+ - y+
+ = 0
3
6
6 6
18 3
11
7
157
x+ y+
= 0 33 x + 21 y + 157 = 0
6
6
18
is the required tangent.
Now equation of normal at ( x1, y1 )
( y - y1 )( x1 + g ) = ( x - x1 )( y1 + f )
Here
10
= 1,
3
10 5
10 13
y - 3 1 + 6 = ( x - 1) 3 - 6
110
10 11
7
11y = 7x - 7
y - 3 6 = ( x - 1) 6
3

110
89
7 x - 7 - 11y +
= 0
7 x - 11y +
= 0
3
3
21x - 33 y + 89 = 0
is required equation of normal.
( x1, y1 )
Question # 2
4 x 2 + 4 y 2 - 16 x + 24 y - 117 = 0 .. (i)
Since abscissa = - 4 , so putting x = -4 in given eq.
4 ( -4 ) + 4 y 2 - 16 ( -4 ) + 24 y - 117 = 0
2
FSC-II / Ex. 6.2 - 3
64 + 4 y 2 + 64 + 24 y - 117 = 0
4 y 2 + 24 y + 11 = 0
-24 (24)2 - 4(4)(11)
y =
2(4)
- 24 576 - 176
-24 400
=
8
8
-24 20
y =
8
-24 + 20
-24 - 20
y =
or
y =
8
8
1
11
y = or
y = 2
2
1
11
So we have points -4, - & -4, -

2
2
117
(i) x 2 + y 2 - 4 x + 6 y = 0
4
117
2g = - 4 , 2 f = 6 , c = 4
g = -2 ,
f = 3
Now equation of tangent at ( x1, y1 )
=
x1x + y1 y + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
1
For ( x1, y1 ) = -4, -

2
Solve yourself as Q # 1(ii)

11
For ( x1, y1 ) = -4, -

2
Solve yourself as Q # 1(ii)

Position of the point with a circle
Consider the general equation of the circle
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
The point P ( x1, y1 ) lies on the circle if
The point P ( x1, y1 )
x12 + y12 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c = 0

lies outside the circle if
And the point P ( x1, y1 )
x12 + y12 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c > 0

lies inside the circle if
x12 + y12 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c < 0
Question # 3(i)
x 2 + y 2 = 81
x 2 + y 2 - 81 = 0 .. (i)
To check the position of point ( 5,6 ) , Putting x = 5 & y = 6 on L.H.S of (i)
( 5)2 + ( 6 )2 - 81 =
25 + 36 - 81
= - 20 < 0
Hence ( 5,6 ) lies inside the circle.
FSC-II / Ex. 6.2 - 4
Question # 3(ii)
2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 12 x - 8 y + 1 = 0
1
x 2 + y 2 + 6 x - 4 y + = 0 (i)
2
To check the position of point put x = 5 & y = 6 on L.H.S of (i)
1
(5)2 + (6) 2 + 6(5) - 4(6) +
2
1
= 25 + 36 + 30 - 24 +
2
135
=
> 0
2
Hence ( 5,6 ) lies outside the circle.
Length of tangent to the circle
Consider equation of circle
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
If d denotes length of tangent from point
P ( x1, y1 ) to the circle then
d =
d
P(x1,y1)
x12 + y12 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c
Question # 4
5 x 2 + 5 y 2 - 10 x + 15 y - 131 = 0
131
x2 + y 2 - 2 x + 3 y = 0
3
Now length of tangent from point P ( x1, y1 ) is
d =
x12 + y12 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c
For ( x1, y1 ) = ( -5,4 )

d =
( -5 )
+ ( 4 ) - 2 ( -5 ) + 3 ( 4 ) 2
25 + 16 + 10 + 12 -
184
5
= 2
131
5
131
5
46
units
5
Question # 5
2 x + 3 y = 13 .. (i)
x 2 + y 2 = 13 .. (ii)
From (i)
B
A
2 x = 13 - 3 y
13 - 3 y
x =
.. (iii)
2
Putting in (ii)
2
13 - 3 y
2
+ y = 26
2
169 - 78 y + 9 y 2
169 - 78 y + 9 y 2 + 4 y 2
2
+ y = 26
= 26
4
4
FSC-II / Ex. 6.2 - 5
13 y 2 - 78 y + 169 = 104
13 y 2 - 78 y + 65 = 0
13 y 2 - 78 y + 169 - 104 = 0
y2 - 6 y + 5 = 0
y 2 - 5 y - y + 5 = 0 y ( y - 5) - 1( y - 5) = 0
( y - 5)( y - 1) = 0
y = 5 or y = 1
Putting in (iii)
13 - 3(5)
x =
2
= -1
13 - 3(1)
2
= 5
x =
( -1,5) and ( 5,1) are end points of chord intercepted.

So length of chord =
( 5 + 1)
+ (1 - 5 )
36 + 16
52
= 2 13
Question # 6
x 2 + y 2 - 2 x - 2 y - 39 = 0 . (i)
x + 2 y = 6 . (ii)
Just solve (i) & (ii) to get the points
Equation of tangent to the circle having slope m
Consider an equation of circle
x2 + y 2 = a2
Then equations of tangents parallel to the line having
slope m are
y = mx a 1 + m 2
Question # 7
x2 + y 2 = 2
Centre of circle is at origin with radius a = 2
i) Let l : x - 2 y + 1 = 0
1
1
Slope of l = m = =
-2
2
Since required tangent is parallel to l
1
\ Slope of tangent = m =
2
Now equations of tangents are
y = mx a 1 + m 2
2
1
1
y = x 2 1+
y =
2
2
1
5
1
y = x 2
y = x
2
4
2
2 y = x 10
x - 2 y 10 = 0
ii) Do yourself as above
1
1
x 2 1+
2
4
10
4
are the req. tangents.
y =
1
10
x
2
2
FSC-II / Ex. 6.2 - 6
Question # 8(i)
x 2 + y 2 = 16
radius of circle is 4 with centre O ( 0,0 )
Let slope of required tangent be m , then eq. of tangent
passing through ( 0,5 )
(0,5)
y - 5 = m ( x - 0)
y - 5 = mx
mx - y + 5 = 0 (i)
Now since (i ) is tangent to circle, therefore
Radius of circle = ^ ar distance of (i) from centre O ( 0,0 )
4 =
4 =
m (0) - 0 + 5
m 2 + (-1) 2
5
m +1
4 1 + m2
4 m2 + 1 = 5
On squaring
O(0,0)
= 5
16 m2 + 1 = 25
16m2 + 16 = 25
16m2 = 25 - 16
16m2 = 9
9
3
m2 =
m =
16
4
3
3
When m = , putting in (i)
When
m
=
, putting in (i)
4
4
3
3
x- y+5 = 0
x- y +5 = 0
4
4
3 x - 4 y + 20 = 0
3x + 4 y - 2 = 0
Question # 8(ii)
x2 + y 2 + 4x + 2 y = 0
We have 2 g = 4 , 2 f = 2 , c = 0
g = 2 ,
f = 1
Centre C ( - g , - f ) = C ( -2, -1)
(-1,2)
5
C(-2, -1)
= 4 +1 = 5
Let m be a slope of required tangent, so equation of tangent passing thorough ( -1, 2 )
y - 2 = m ( x + 1)
y - 2 = mx + m
mx - y + (m + 2) = 0 . (i)
Q (i) is tangent ot circle,
\ ^ ar distance of tangent from centre ( -2, -1) = Radius of circle
m(-2) - (-1) + (m + 2)
= 5
2
2
(m) + (-1)
- 2m + 1 + m + 2
= 5
m2 + 1
Radius =
g2 + f 2 - c
(2) 2 + (1)2 - 0
FSC-II / Ex. 6.2 - 7
- m + 3 = 5 m2 + 1
On squaring
m 2 - 6m + 9 = 5 m 2 + 1
5m2 + 5 - m2 + 6m - 9 = 0
4m 2 + 6m - 4 = 0
2m2 + 3m - 2 = 0
2m 2 + 4m - m - 2 = 0
2m ( m + 2 ) - 1( m + 2 ) = 0
( m + 2 )( 2m - 1) = 0
m + 2 = 0 or 2 m - 1 = 0
1
m = -2 or m =
2
Putting value of m in (i)
1
1
-2 x - y + ( -2 + 2 ) = 0
x - y + + 2 = 0
2
2
- 2x - y + 0 = 0
1
5
x- y+ = 0
2
2
2x + y = 0
x - 2y + 5 = 0
Question # 8(iii)
( x + 1)2 + ( y - 2 )2
= 26
( x - (-1) )2 + ( y - 2 )2 = (
Centre of circle is ( -1, 2 ) and radius
26
26
Note: To find point of contact, solve equation of tangent and circle.
Question # 9
Incomplete statement
Question # 10
Given: 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 - 8 x + 12 y + 21 = 0
21
x2 + y 2 - 4 x + 6 y +
= 0
2
(4,5)
21
2g = - 4 , 2 f = 6 , c =
2
g = -2 ,
f = 3
Let the point of contact of two tangent be P ( x1, y1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 )
Eq. of tangent at P ( x1, y1 )
x1x + y1 y + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
21
x1x + y1 y - 2 ( x + x1 ) + 3 ( y + y1 ) +
= 0
2
21
x1x + y1 y - 2 x - 2 x1 + 3 y + 3 y1 +
= 0
2
Since tangent is drawn from ( 4,5) , therefore
21
x1 (4) + y1 (5) - 2(4) - 2 x1 + 3(5) + 3 y1 +
= 0
2
21
4 x1 + 5 y1 - 8 - 2 x1 + 15 + 3 y1 +
= 0
2
FSC-II / Ex. 6.2 - 8
35
= 0
3
6 x1 + 24 y1 + 35 = 0 (i)
Similarly equation of tangent passing through Q ( x2 , y2 ) and ( 4,5) gives
6 x2 + 24 y2 + 35 = 0 (ii)
Eqs. (i) and (ii) show that both points P & Q lies on the line
6 x + 24 y + 35 = 0
So it is the required equation of chord of contact.
2 x1 + 8 y1 +
Book:

Edition: May 2005.

Last Update: 16 February 2006
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Waiting for someone.
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Page # 272

Question # 1
Consider a circle with centre at origin and radius r .
x2 + y2 = r 2 .
dy
dy
dy
x
2x + 2 y
= 0 2y
= - 2x
= - .
dx
y
dx
dx
dy
x
= - 1.
Slope of tangent at ( x1, y1 ) = m =
dx ( x , y )
y1
1
no
rm
al
mathcity.org
P(x1,y1)
tan
ge
nt
Since normal is ^ ar to tangent therefore

1
1
= Slope of normal at ( x1, y1 ) = m
- x1 y1
Now equation of normal at ( x1, y1 ) having slope
y1
.
x1
y1
x1
y1
( x - x1 )
x1
x1 y - x1 y1 = y1 x - y1 x1
x1 y = y1 x .. (i)
Clearly centre of circle (0,0) satisfies (i ) , hence normal lines of the circles passing
through the centre of the circle.
y - y1 =
Question # 2
Consider a circle with centre at origin and radius r .
x2 + y2 = r 2 .
dy
dy
dy
x
2x + 2 y
= 0 2y
= - 2x
= - .
dx
y
dx
dx
dy
x
Slope of tangent at ( x1, y1 ) = m =
= - 1.
dx ( x , y )
y1
1
P(x1, y1)
tan
O(0, 0)
ge
nt
1
1
y
= = 1.
m
- x1 y1
x1
Now equation of line perpendicular to tangent passing through centre (0,0)
y
y - 0 = 1 ( x - 0)
x1
x1 y = y1 x .. (i)
Clearly the point of tangency ( x1 , y1 ) satisfy (i ) , hence the straight line drawn from
the centre of circle perpendicular to a tangent passes through the point of tangency.
Slope of line ^ ar to tangent = -
FSC-II / Ex. 6.3 - 2
Question # 3
Let OAB be a right triangle with OA = a , OB = b .
Then the coordinates of A and B are (a,0) and (0, b) respectively.
Let C be the mid-point of hypotenuse AB . Then
y
a
+
0
0
+
b
a
b
coordinate of C =
,
= , .
2
2
2 2
B(0, b)
2
Now
CA =
a
b
- a + - 0
2
2
a b
- +
2 2
a b
+-
2 2
a 2 b2
+
.
4
4
a
b
- 0 + - b
2
2
A(a, 0)
a 2 b2
+
.
4
4
CB =
a 2 b2
a
b
CO = 0 - + 0 - =
+
.
2
2
4
4
Since CA = CB = CO , therefore C is the centre of the circumcircle.

Hence the mid-point of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the circumcentre of the
triangle.
Mean proportional
Let a, b and c be three numbers. The number b is said to be mean proportional
between a and b if a, b, c are in geometric means or
b
a
b 2 = ac or
= .
a
c
Question # 4
Consider a circle of radius r and centre ( 0,0 ) ,
then equation of circle
x2 + y2 = r 2
Let A and B are end-points of diameter of circle
along x-axis, then coordinate of A and B are
( -r ,0 ) and ( 0,r ) respectively.
Also let P ( a, b ) be any point on circle and ^ ar
from P cuts diameter at C . Then coordinate of C
are ( a,0 ) .
Since P ( a, b ) lies on a circle, therefore
a 2 + b 2 = r 2 .. (i)
P(a, b)
FSC-II / Ex. 6.3 - 3
Now
Now
AC =
( r + a ) - (0 - 0)
CB =
PC =
= r + a.
( r - a ) - (0 - 0)
2
= r -a.
(a - a)
+ (b - 0)
0 + b2 = b .
AC CB = ( r + a )( r - a )
= r 2 - a2
= a 2 + b2 - a 2
= b 2 = PC
AC CB =
PC PC
from (i)
2
AC
PC
PC
CB
PC is a mean proportional to AC and CB .

Book:

Edition: May 2005.

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Last Update: 17 April 2011.
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Question # 1(i)
y 2 = 8x
a = 2
Here 4a = 8
Vertex: O ( 0,0 )
The axis of parabola is along x-axis and opening of
parabola is to the right side.
Focus: ( a,0 ) = ( 2,0 )
Directrix: x + a = 0
x+2 = 0
(0,0)
Question # 1(ii)
x 2 = 16 y
Here 4a = 16 a = 4
Vertex: O ( 0,0 )
The axis of parabola is along y axis and opening of the
parabola is downward.
So Focus: F ( 0, a ) = F ( 0, 4 )
Directrix:
ya = 0
y4 = 0
y 4 = 0
(0,0)
x
(0,-4)
Question # 1(iii)
x2 = 5 y
Here
4a = 5
a =
(2,0)
5
4
And vertex: O ( 0,0 )

The axis of the parabola is along y-axis and opening of
the parabola is upward.
5
Focus: F ( 0, a ) = F 0,
4
5
Directrix: y + a = 0 y + = 0
4
4y + 5 = 0
Question # 1(iv)
y 2 = 12 x
Here 4a = 12 a = 3
And vertex: O ( 0,0 )
The axis of the parabola is along x-axis and opening of
the parabola is to the left side.
Focus: F ( a,0 ) = ( 3,0 )
Directrix: x a = 0
x 3 = 0
(0,5/4)
x
(0,0)
4y + 5 = 0
(0,-3)
(0,0)
x-3=0
x+2=0
mathcity.org
FSC-II / Ex. 6.4 - 2
Question # 1(v)
x 2 = 4 ( y 1) .. (i)
Put X = x , Y = y 1
X 2 = 4Y (ii)
Here 4 a = 4 a = 1
And vertex of parabola (ii) is O ( 0,0 ) with axis of
parabola is along Y axis open upward.
Q Vertex: O ( 0,0 )
X = 0 , Y = 0
x = 0 , y 1 = 0 y = 1
( 0,1) is vertex of parabola (i )
Now focus: F ( 0, a ) = F ( 0,1)
X = 0 , Y =1
x = 0 , y 1 = 1
y = 1+1 y = 2
( 0, 2 ) is focus of parabola (i)
Directrix of parabola (ii) is
Y + a = 0 Y +1 = 0
y 1+1 = 0
y = 0 is directrix of parabola (i)
(0,2)
(0,1)
(0,0)
y=0
Question # 1(vi)
Do yourself
Question # 1(vii)
( x 1)2
Put
= 8 ( y + 2 ) . (i)
X = x 1 , Y = y + 2 in (i)
X 2 = 8Y . (ii)
(1,0)
Here 4a = 8 a = 2
(0,0)
Axis of parabola is along Y-axis open upward
with vertex of ( 0,0 )
(1,-2)
X = 0
, Y = 0
x 1 = 0 , y + 2 = 0
y+4=0
x = 2
,
y = 2
(1, 2 ) is vertex of parabola (i)
Focus of (ii) is ( 0, a ) = ( 0, 2 )
X = 0 , Y = 2
x 1 = 0 , y + 2 = 2
x =1
, y = 0
(1,0 ) is the focus of given parabola (i)
Directrix of (ii)
Y +a = 0 Y +2=0
y + 2 + 2 = 0 y + 4 = 0 is directrix of given parabola.
FSC-II / Ex. 6.4 - 3
Question # 1(viii)
y = 6x2 1
6x2 = y + 1
x2 =
1
( y + 1)
6
Now try yourself
Question # 1(ix)
x + 8 y2 + 2 y = 0
y+37/4=0
y2 2 y = x + 8
y2 2 y + 1 = x + 8 + 1
( y 1) = x + 9
Put X = x + 9 , Y = y 1
2
Y2 = X
(-9,1)
1
4
The axis of parabola is along x-axis and
it is opening to the right side.
Vertex of parabola (ii) is ( 0,0 )
X = 0 , Y = 0
x + 9 = 0 , y 1 = 0
x = 9 , y = 1
( 9,1) is vertex of the parabola (i)
Here 4 a = 1
a=
1
Focus: ( a,0 ) = ,0
4
1
X =
, Y = 0
4
1
x+9 =
, y 1 = 0
4
1
x = 9 , y 1 = 0
4
35
x =
, y =1
4
35
,1 is focus of parabola (i)
4
Directrix of parabola (ii)
X +a = 0
1
X+ = 0
4
1
x+9+ = 0
4
37
x+
= 0 is directrix of parabola (i)
4
Question # 1(x)
F(-35/4,1)
(0,0)
FSC-II / Ex. 6.4 - 4
Question # 2(i)
Focus: F ( 3,1)
Directrix: x = 3 i.e. x 3 = 0
Let P ( x, y ) be any point on parabola then by definition
PF = ar distance of P ( x, y ) from directrix

x3
( x + 3)2 + ( y 1)2 =
(1)2 + (0)2
x2 + 6x + 9 + y 2 2 y + 1 = x 3
On squaring
x2 + 6x + 9 + y 2 2 y + 1 = x2 6x + 9
x 2 + 6 x + 9 + y 2 2 y + 1 x2 + 6 x 9 = 0
y 2 + 12 x 2 y + 1 = 0
is required equation of parabola.
Question # 2(ii)
Question # 2(iii)
Focus: F ( 3,1)
Directrix: x 2 y 3 = 0
Let P ( x, y ) be any point on parabola, then by definition of parabola
PF = ar distance of P ( x, y ) from directrix.

x 2y 3
( x + 3)2 + ( y 1)2 =
(1)2 + (2)2
x 2y 3
x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 2 y + 1 =
5
5 x2 + 6 x + 9 + y 2 2 y + 1 = x 2 y 3
On squaring
5 x 2 + 6 x + 9 + y 2 2 y + 1 = x 2 + 4 y 2 + 9 4 xy + 12 y 6 x
5 x 2 + 30 x + 45 + 5 y 2 10 y + 5 x 2 4 y 2 9 + 4 xy 12 y + 6 x = 0
5 x 2 + y 2 + 36 x 22 y + 4 xy + 41 = 0
is required equation
Question # 2(iv)
Given: Focus (1,2 ) , Vertex ( 3,2 )
Focus and vertex implies that axis of parabola is parallel to x-axis and opening to left
side. Therefore eq. of parabola with vertex ( 3,2 )
( y 2 )2
= 4a ( x 3 ) (i)
Now a = Distance between focus and vertex
= ( 3 1) + ( 2 2 )
= 4+0 = 2
Putting in (i)
( y 2 )2 = 4(2) ( x 3) y 2 4 y + 4 = 8 x + 24
2
y 2 4 y + 4 + 8 x 20 = 0
y 2 4 y + 8 x 20 = 0 is req. eq.
FSC-II / Ex. 6.4 - 5
Question # 2(v)
Do yourself
Question # 2(vii)
Directrix: y = 3 i.e. y 3 = 0
Vertex ( 2, 2 )
Since axis of parabola is parallel to y-axis (because directrix is parallel to x-axis).
And opening is downward.
So equation of parabola with vertex ( h, k ) = ( 2,2 )
( x h )2
( x 2 )2
= 4a ( y k )
= 4a ( y 2 )
Now a = Distance of vertex ( 2, 2 ) from directrix
=
Putting in (i)
23
(0)2 + (1) 2
( x 2 )2
1
1
= 1
= 4(1) ( y 2 )
x2 4x + 4 = 4 y 8
x2 4x + 4 4 y + 8 = 0
x 2 4 x 4 y + 12 = 0 is req. eq.
Question # 2(viii)
Directrix: y = 1
a = 2
Latusractum = 4a = 8
Q Parabola is open downward
Consider vertex = ( h, 1)
And equation of parabola
( x h ) 2 = 4a ( y k )
( x h )2
= 4(2) ( y + 1)
x 2 2hx + h 2 = 8 y 8
x 2 2hx + 8 y + h 2 + 8 = 0 is req. eq.

Question # 2(ix)
Axis of parabola: y = 0
Let vertex is ( h, k )
Q it lies on x-axis k = 0
Now equation of parabola with vertex ( h,0 )
( y 0 )2
= 4a ( x h )
y 2 = 4a ( x h ) (i)
Q ( 2,1) lies on parabola (i)
(1)2 = 4a ( 2 h )
1 = 4a ( 2 h ) . (ii)
Also (11, 2 ) lies on parabola (i)
(2)2 = 4a (11 h )
4 = 4a (11 h )
1 = a (11 h ) . (iii)
FSC-II / Ex. 6.4 - 6
Dividing (i) & (ii)

1 4a ( 2 h )
=
a (11 h )
1
4(2 h)
11 h = 8 4h
(11 h )
4h h = 8 11 3h = 3
h = 1
Putting in (ii)
1 = 4a ( 2 (1) )
1
1 = 4a ( 3 )
1 = 12a
a =
12
Using in (i)
1
3y2 = x + 1
y 2 = 4 ( x (1) )
12
3y2 x 1 = 0
1=
Question # 3
i) When directrix is parallel to x-axis
Suppose F ( 0,0 ) be focus and equation of directrix be
y = h (parallel to x-axis)
i.e. y h = 0
Now let P ( x, y ) be any point on parabola the by definition of parabola

yh
2
2
( x 0) + ( y 0) =
(0)2 + (1)2
yh
x2 + y 2 =
1
On squaring
x 2 + y 2 = y 2 2hy + h 2
x 2 + y 2 y 2 + 2hy h2 = 0
x 2 + 2hy h 2 = 0
is req. equation.
ii) When directrix is parallel to y-axis.

When directrix is parallel to x-axis
Suppose F ( 0,0 ) be focus and equation of directrix be
x = h (parallel to y-axis)
i.e. x h = 0
Now let P ( x, y ) be any point on parabola the by definition of parabola
( x 0 )2 + ( y 0 ) 2
x2 + y 2 =
xh
(1)2 + (0)2
xh
1
On squaring
x 2 + y 2 = x 2 2hx + h2
x 2 + y 2 x 2 + 2hx h2 = 0
y 2 + 2hx h2 = 0 is req. equation
FSC-II / Ex. 6.4 - 7
Question # 4
Focus: F ( a cos , a sin )
*Correction
Directrix: x cos + y sin + a = 0
*Correction
Let P ( x, y ) be any point on parabola then by definition of parabola

x cos + y sin + a
2
2
( x a cos ) + ( y a sin ) =
cos 2 + sin 2
On squaring
2
x cos + y sin + a
2
2
( x a cos ) + ( y sin ) =
1
2
2
2
2
x 2 ax cos + a cos + y 2ay sin + a 2 sin 2
= x 2 cos 2 + y 2 sin 2 + a 2 + 2ax cos + 2ay sin + 2 xy sin cos
x 2 x 2 cos + y 2 y 2 sin + a 2 cos 2 + sin 2
= a + 2ax cos + 2ay sin + 2 xy sin cos + 2ax cos + 2ay sin
2
x 2 1 cos 2 + y 2 1 sin 2 + a 2 (1) a 2 2 xy sin cos

= 4ax cos + 4ay sin
x 2 cos 2 + y 2 sin 2 2 xy sin cos = 4a ( x cos + y sin )
( x sin y cos )2
= 4a ( x cos + y sin )
is equation of parabola which is given.
Question # 5
Consider equation of parabola
y 2 = 4ax
y y = 4a x
4a
y
=
y
x
latus ractum
ordinate
=
ordinate
abscissa
ordinate is mean proportional between latus rectum and abscissa.
x 2 + y 2 = x + 2a
On squaring
2
x 2 + y 2 = ( x + 2a ) .. (i)
15
00
00
V(a,0)
x+2a = 0
Question # 6
Suppose earth be at focus which is origin and V ( a,0 ) be vertex of parabola.
Then directrix of parabola;
y
x = 2a
P(x,y)
x + 2a = 0
Let comet be at a point P ( x, y ) then by definition of
y
parabola
30 x
PF = ar distance of P ( x, y ) from
O(0,0)
A
directrix
x + 2a
2
2
( x 0) + ( y 0) =
(1)2 + (0)2
FSC-II / Ex. 6.4 - 8
Also by Pythagoras theorem in V ABC

2
OA + AP
= OP
x 2 + y 2 = (150000 ) .. (ii)
Comparing (i) and (ii)
( x + 2a )2 = (150000)2
x + 2a = 150000 (iii)
Now from right triangle OAP
OA
3
x
cos30o =
=
2
150000
OP
2
x =
3
(150000 )
2
Using in (iii)
3
(150000 ) + 2a = 150000
2
3
2a = 150000
2a = 150000 3 ( 75000 )
(150000 )
2
2a = 75000 2 3
a = 37500 2 3
Since a is shortest distance and cant be negative
a = 37500 2 3 Km
Therefore
Question # 7
Consider equation of parabola with vertex
O ( 0,0 )
x = 4ay (i)
a
Since P , b lies on parabola
2
2
a2
a
= 4a(b ) a = 16b
2
Putting in (i)
a2
x2 = 4
y
16
b
b
O(0,0)
a
a2
x =
y is required equation.
4b
2
Question # 8
Suppose equation of parabola with vertex ( 0,0 )
x 2 = 4ay (i)
From figure, we see that P ( 50,25) lies on
parabola.
( 50 )2 = 4a ( 25 )
2500 = 100a
a = 25
Putting in (i)
x 2 = 4(25) y x 2 = 100 y
When x = 30
P(50 , 25)
y
30
O(0,0)
100
25
,b
FSC-II / Ex. 6.4 - 9
( 30 )
= 100 y
900
y =
y = 9
100
Hence the required height = 9m
Question # 9
Suppose the parabola
y 2 = 4ax . (i)
Let P ( x1, y1 ) be any point on parabola, then
y12 = 4ax1 (ii)

Now differentiating (i) w.r.t x
d 2
d
dy
dy
2a
y =
4ax 2 y
= 4a
=
dx
dx
dx
dx
y
dy
2a
Slope of tangent at ( x1, y1 ) = m1 =
=
dx ( x1, y1 )
y1
y 0
Now slope of PS = m2 = 1
x1 a
y1
m2 =
x1 a
Now slope of line parallel to axis of parabola = m3 = 0
(because axis of parabola is along x-axis)
Let 1 be angle between tangent and line parallel to axis of parabola, then
2a
2a
0
m1 m3
y1
y1
tan 1 =
=
=
1
1 + m1m3
2a
1 + (0)
y1
2a
.. (iii)
tan 1 =
y1
Let 2 be angle between tangent and PS , then
m m1
tan 2 = 2
1 + m2 m1
y1
2a
x1 a y1
=
y 2a
1 + 1
x1 a y1
y12 2a ( x1 a )
y1 ( x1 a )
=
x1 a + 2a
x1 a
4ax1 2ax1 + 2a 2
=
y1 ( x1 + a )
from (ii)
2a ( x1 + a )
2ax1 + 2a 2
=
y1 ( x1 + a )
y1 ( x1 + a )
2a
. (iv)
tan 2 =
y1
From (iii ) and (iv )
tan 1 = tan 2
1 = 2
as required
=
THE END
y12 2ax1 + 2a 2
=
y1 ( x1 + a )
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FSc-II/ Ex 6.5
FSc-II/ Ex 6.5
FSc-II/ Ex 6.5
FSc-II/ Ex 6.5
FSc-II/ Ex 6.5
FSc-II/ Ex 6.5
FSc-II/ Ex 6.5
FSc-II/ Ex 6.5
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FSc-II/ Ex 6.6
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FSc-II/ Ex 6.7
FSc-II/ Ex 6.7
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FSc-II/ Ex 7.1
FSc-II/ Ex 7.1
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Question # 1
Given A(2,5) , B ( 1,1) and C (2, 6)
uur
AB = ( 1 2)i + (1 5) j = 3i 4 j
(i)
uur
AB = 3i 4 j
(ii) From above
uur
(ii) Do yourself as above.

(iii)
Do yourself as (i)
Question # 4
i + ( + 1) j + 2 k = 3
Since
Now
uur
uur
) (
= 9i j
(iii)
+ 2 = 0
2
+ 2 2 = 0
2
( + 2 ) 1( + 2 ) = 0
( + 2 )( 1) = 0
+2=0
or
1 = 0
= 2
or
=1
v = 3i 2 j + 2k
w = 5i j + 3k
u + 2v + w = i + 2 j k + 2 3i 2 j + 2 k
+ 5i j + 3k
= i + 2 j k + 6i 4 j + 4 k + 5i j + 3k
Question # 5
Given v = i + 2 j k
v =
= 12i 3 j 6k
v =
= 9i 6 j + 6k + 5i j + 3k
= 14i 7 j + 9 k
(14) + ( 7) + (9)
2
= 196 + 49 + 81 =
Unit vector of v = v =
326
29
2i + 3 j + 4k
2
3
4
i+
j+
k
29
29
29
Hence direction cosines of v are
29
3
29
v
v
i + 2 j k
6
1
2
1
i+
j
k
6
6
6
Question # 6
a = 3i j 4k
Given
4
29
Suppose that
d = 3a 2 b + 4 c
d = 3 3i j 4k
(
)
2 ( 2i 4 j 3k )
+4 ( i + 2 j k )
29
c = i + 2 j k
4 + 9 + 16 =
b = 2i 4 j 3k
(2) + (3) + (4)
Question # 3
(i)
v = 2i + 3 j + 4k
v =
Now
3v + w = 3 3i 2 j + 2 k + 5i j + 3k
(1) + (2) + ( 1)
= 1+ 4 +1 =
Do yourself
3v + w =
2 + 2 4 = 0
Question # 2
(i) u = i + 2 j k
Now
+ + 2 + 1 + 4 = 3
On squaring both sides
2
2 + 2 + 5 = 9
2
2 + 2 + 5 9 = 0
= 6i 8 j 3i + 7 j
(iii)
2 AB CB = 2 3i 4 j 3i 7 j
(ii)
+ ( + 1) + ( 2 ) = 3
Also CB = (2 + 1)i + ( 6 1) j = 3i 7 j
= 9i 3 j 12 k + 4i + 8 j + 6 k + 4i + 8 j 4 k
= 17i 13 j 10 k
Now
d =
(17 )
+ ( 13 ) + ( 10 )
2
FSc-II / Ex- 7.2 - 2
289 + 169 + 100 =
558 = 3 62
Now
uur
CD = p.v. of D p.v. of C
= i 2 j + k 2i 4 j + 2 k
17i 13 j 10k
d
d=
=
d
3 62
= 3i 6 j + 3k
17
13
10
=
i
j
k
3 62
3 62
3 62
uur
uur
(2) + ( 3) + (6)
2
4 + 9 + 36 =
a
a
49 = 7
2i 3 j + 6k
7
2 3 6
i j+ k
7
7
7
Let b be a vector having magnitude 4
i.e. b = 4
Since b is parallel to a
=
2
3
6
b = a = i j + k
7
7
7
6
2 3
b = b b = 4 i j + k
7
7 7
8
12 24
= i
j+
k
7
7
7
therefore
Now
(ii)
Do yourself.
( 2)
v =
+ ( 4 ) + ( 4 )
2
4 + 16 + 16 = 36 = 6
2i 4 j + 4k
v
Now v =
=
v
6
=
1
2
2
= i j + k
3
3
3
The two vectors of length 2 and parallel to v are
2 v and 2 v .
1 2
2 v = 2 i
3 3
1
2 v = 2 i
3
j + 2 k = 2 i 4 j + 4 k
3 3
3
3
2 2
2
4
4
j + k = i + j k
3
3
3
3
3
Question # 10 (ii)
Given v = i 3 j + 4k , w = ai + 9 j 12 k
v = i + 3 j k
Since v and w are parallel therefore there exists

such that
v =w
i 3 j + 4 k = ai + 9 j 12 k
w = i + 6 j + zk
i 3 j + 4 k = a i + 9 j 12 k
Question # 8
Given u = 2i + 3 j + 4k
Since u , v and w are sides of triangle

therefore
u+v =w
2i + 3 j + 4k i + 3 j k = i + 6 j + zk
i + 6 j + 3k = i + 6 j + zk
Equating coefficient of k only, we have
3 = z i.e. z = 3
Position vector (p.v) of point A = 2i j + k

p.v of point B = 3i + j
p.v. of point C = 2i + 4 j 2k
1 = a .............(i )
3 = 9 .............(ii )
4 = 12 .............(iii )
From (ii ) =
9
Putting in equation (i )
1
3
1
1 = a 3 = a i.e. a = 3
3
Question # 10 (c)
Consider v = i 2 j + 3k
v =
p.v. of point D = i 2 j + k
AB = p.v. of B p.v. of A
Comparing coefficients of i , j and k
Question # 9
uur
uur
uur
Question # 10 (i)
v = 2i 4 j + 4 k
Now
a =
uur
Hence AB and CD are parallel.
Consider a = 2i 3 j + 6 k
= 3 i + 2 j k = 3AB
i.e. CD = AB where = 3
Question # 7
a =
= 3i + j 2i + j k = i + 2 j k
(1) + ( 2) + (3)
2
= 1 + 4 + 9 = 14
Now
FSc-II / Ex- 7.2 - 3
v =
v
v
14
1
2
3
i
j+
k
14
14
14
Let a be a vector having magnitude 5 i.e.
a =5
Since a is parallel to v but opposite in
direction,
therefore
1
2
3
a = v =
i+
j
k
14
14
14
Now
3
1 2
a = a a = 5
i+
j
k
14
14
14
5
5
5
=
i+
j
k
14
14
14
=
Question # 10 (d)
Suppose that v = 3i j + 4 k and
w = a i + b j 2 k
Q v and w are parallel
there exists such that
v = w
3i j + 4k = a i + b j 2 k
3 = a .............(i )
1 = b .............(ii )
4 = 2 .............(iii )
From equation (iii )
= = 2
2
Putting value of in equation (i )
3 = a ( 2)
a=
2
Putting value of in equation (ii )
b=
1
2
14
14
= (6)2 + (2)2 + (1) 2
= 36 + 4 + 1 =
41
Let v be unit vector along v . Then

6i 2 j + k
v
v =
=
41
v
6
2
1
i
j+
k
41
41
41
6 2 1
v =
41 , 41 , 41
Hence the direction cosines of v are
=
2
41
1
41
Question # 11 (iii)
P = ( 2,1,5) , Q = (1,3,1)
uur
PQ = (1 2 ) i + ( 3 1) j + (1 5 ) k
= i + 2 j 4 k
uuur
PQ = (1)2 + (2)2 + (4) 2
= 9 +1+ 4 =
14
Let v be unit vector along v . Then

3i j + 2k
v
v = =
14
v
21
uuur
Let v be unit vector along PQ . Then

uur
i + 2 j 4k
PQ
v = uur =
21
PQ
1
2
i+
21
21
1 2
v =
21 , 21 ,
=
j 4 k
21
4
21
uuur
Hence the direction cosines of PQ are

21
= (3) 2 + (1)2 + (2)2
Question # 11 (ii)
v = 6i 2 j + k
Question # 11 (i)
v = 3i j + 2k
v
= 1 + 4 + 16 =
14
41
Comparing coefficients of i , j and k
1 = b( 2)
3i j + 4k = a i + b j 2 k
3
1
2
i
j+
k
14
14
14
1
2
3
v =
14 , 14 , 14
Hence the direction cosines of v are
=
i 2 j + 3k
2
21
4
21
Question # 12(i)
45o , 45o , 60o will be direction angles of the
vectors if
cos 2 45o + cos 2 45o + cos 2 60o = 1
L.H.S = cos 2 45o + cos 2 45o + cos 2 60o
FSc-II / Ex- 7.2 - 4

2
1 1 1
=
+
+
2 2 2
1 1 1
5
= + +
=
R.H.S
2 2 4
4
Therefore given angles are not direction angles.
Question # 12(ii)
vectors if
cos 2 30o + cos 2 45o + cos 2 60o = 1
2
3 1 2 1 2
=
+
+
2 2 2
3 1 1
3
= + +
=
R.H.S
4 2 4
2
Therefore given angles are not direction angles.
Question # 12 (iii)
vectors if
cos 2 45o + cos 2 60o + cos 2 60o = 1
2
1 1 1
=
+ +
2 2 2
1 1 1
= + +
2 4 4
= 1 = R.H.S
Therefore given angles are direction angles.
Error Analyst
Muhammad Tayyab Riaz (2009-10)
Pakistan International School Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
Awais (2009-10)
Punjab College, Lahore.
Salman Ali (2009-2010)
Superior College Multan.
Become an Error analyst, submit errors at
http://www.mathcity.org/errors
If you have any question or do you want
discuss anything just go to
Book: Exercise 7.2
Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Mathematic 12
Edition: August 2003.
Available online at http://www.MathCity.org in
PDF Format (Picture format to view online).
Printed: January 25, 2009

Updated: October 25, 2010
MathCity.org
Question # 1
(i)
u = 3i + j k ,
v = 2i j + k
u = (3)2 + (1) 2 + (1)2 = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11

v = (2) 2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
u v = 3i + j k 2i j + k
)(
= (3)(2) + (1)(1) + (1)(1) = 6 1 1 = 4

u v = u v cos
Now
cos =
uv
u v
4
11 6
cos =
(ii)
(iii)
u = [ 3,5] = 3i + 5 j ,
Now do yourself as above
(iv)
u = [1, 3,1] = i 3 j + k
Question # 2
(i)
a = i k ,
4
66
v = [ 6, 2] = 6i 2 j
, v = 2i + 4 j + k
Now do yourself as (i)
b = j + k
a = (1) 2 + (0)2 + (1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2

b = (0) 2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2
a b = i k j + k = (1)(0) + (0)(1) + (1)(1) = 0 + 0 1 = 1
Since
)(
a b = a b cos
ab
1
=
b
2
ab
1
Also projection of b along a = b cos =
=
a
2
So projection of a along b = a cos =
(ii)
Question # 3
(i)
Do yourself as (ii) below
(ii) u = i + 2 j k , v = i + j + 3k
Since u and v are perpendicular therefore u .v = 0
i + 2 j k i + j + 3k = 0
)(
( )(1) + (2 )( ) + (1)(3) = 0
+ 2 2 3 = 0 2 2 + 3 = 0
2 2 + 3 2 3 = 0 ( 2 + 3) 1( 2 + 3) = 0
( 2 + 3)( 1) = 0
2 + 3 = 0 or 1 = 0
3
=
or
=1
2
FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 2
Question # 4
Given vertices: A(1, 1,0) , B (2,2,1) and C (0,2, z )
uuur
CA = (1 0) $i + (1 2) j + (0 z ) k = $i 3 j zk
uuur
CB = (2 0) $i + (2 2) j + (1 z )k = 2 $i + (1 z )k
uuur
uuur
uuur uuur
Now CA is to CB therefore CA CB = 0
$i 3 j zk 2 $i + (1 z )k = 0
)(
(1)(2) + (3)(0) + ( z )(1 z ) = 0
2 + 0 z + z2 = 0 z2 z 2 = 0
z2 2z + z 2 = 0
z ( z 2 ) + 1( z 2 ) = 0
( z 2 )( z + 1) = 0
z 2 = 0 or z + 1 = 0
z = 2 or z = 1
Question # 5
Suppose
v = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k
v $i = 0
Since
a1 i + a2 j + a3 k $i = 0
Also v j = 0
a1 i $i + a2 j $i + a3 k $i = 0
a1 (1) + a2 (0) + a3 (0) = 0
a1 = 0
a1 i + a2 j + a3 k j = 0
Also v k = 0
a1 i j + a2 j j + a3 k j = 0
a1 (0) + a2 (1) + a3 (0) = 0
a2 = 0
a1 i + a2 j + a3 k k = 0
a1 i k + a2 j k + a3 k k = 0
a1 (0) + a2 (0) + a3 (1) = 0
a3 = 0
Hence
v = (0)i + (0) j + (0)k = 0
Question # 6 (i)
Let
a = 3i 2 j + k , b = i 3 j + 5k
Now
b + c = i 3 j + 5k + 2i + j 4k
= 3i 2 j + k = a
Hence a , b and c form a triangle.
Now a b = 3i 2 j + k i 3 j + 5k
)(
)(
)(
and
c = 2i + j 4k
= (3)(1) + (2)(3) + (1)(5) = 4 + 6 + 5 = 15

b c = i 3 j + 5k 2i + j 4k
= (1)(2) + (3)(1) + (5)(4) = 2 3 20 = 21
c a = 2i + j 4k 3i 2 j + k
= (2)(3) + (1)(2) + (4)(1) = 6 2 4 = 0
Since c a = 0 therefore c a
Hence a , b and c represents sides of right triangle.
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman, (mathcity@gmail.com),
URL: http://www.MathCity.org
FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 3
Question # 6(ii)
Given: P (1,3,2) , Q(4,1,4) and R (6,5,5)
uuur
PQ = ( 4 1) i + (1 3 ) j + ( 4 2 ) k = 3 i 2 j + 2 k
uuur
QR = ( 6 4 ) i + ( 5 1) j + ( 5 4 ) k = 2 i + 4 j + k
uuur
RP = (1 6 ) i + ( 3 5 ) j + ( 2 5 ) k = 5 i 2 j 3k
Now
uuur uuur uuur
PQ + QR + RP
= 3 i 2 j + 2 k + 2 i + 4 j + k 5 i 2 j 3k = 0
Hence P , Q and R are vertices of triangle.
Now
uuur uuur
PQ QR = 3 i 2 j + 2 k 2 i + 4 j + k
)(
= (3)(2) + (2)(4) + (2)(1) = 6 8 + 2 = 0

uuur
uuur
PQ QR
Hence P , Q and R are vertices of right triangle.
Question # 7
Suppose a right triangle OAB . Let C be a midpoint of hypotenuse AB , then
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
CA = CB CA = CB .. (i)
uuur uuur uuur
Now OA = OC + CA
uuur uuur uuur
B
OB
=
OC
+
CB
uuur
uuur
uuur uuur
Since OA OB therefore OA OB = 0
uuur uuur uuur uuur
C
OC + CA OC + CB = 0
uuur uuur uuur uuur
uuur
uuur
OC CB OC + CB = 0 Q CA = CB
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
O
OC OC + CB CB OC + CB = 0
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
OC OC + OC CB CB OC CB CB = 0
uuur 2 uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur 2
uuur uuur uuur uuur
OC + OC CB OC CB CB = 0
Q OC CB = CB OC
uuur 2
uuur 2
OC CB = 0
uuur 2
uuur 2
uuur
uuur
OC = CB
OC = CB (ii)
(
(
)(
)(
)
)
(
Combining (i ) and (ii ) , we have

uuur
uuur
uuur
OC = CA = CB
Hence midpoint of hypotenuse of right triangle is equidistant from its vertices.
Question # 8
Let A , B and C be a vertices of a triangle having position vectors a , b and c
respectively.
Also consider D , E and F are midpoints of sides AB , BC and CA , then
uuur a + b
A
p.v of D = OD =
2
uuur b + c
F
D
p.v of E = OE =
2
O
uuur c + a
p.v of F = OF =
2
B
C
E
FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 4
Let right
onr AB and BC intersect at point O , which is an origin.
uuur bisector uuu
Since OD isuuur
touuuAB
r
Therefore OD AB = 0
1
a+b

(b + a) (b a) = 0
(b a) = 0
2
2
(b + a) (b a) = 0
a (b a) + b (b a) = 0
ab aa + bb ba =0
2
Q ab = ba
ab a + b ab = 0
2
b a = 0 .. (i )
uuur
uuur
Also OE is to BC
uuur uuur
b+c
Therefore OE BC = 0
(c b) = 0
2
Similarly solving as above, we get
2
2
c b = 0 .. (ii )
Adding (i ) and (ii ) , we have
2
b a + c b
=0+0
c a =0
(c + a) ( c a) = 0
c+a

( c a) = 0
uuur2 uuur
uuur
uuur
OF AC = 0 OF is to AC
uuur
uuur
i.e. OF is also right bisector of AC .
Hence perpendicular bisector of the sides of the triangle are concurrent.
Question # 9
Consider A , B and C are vertices of triangle having position vectors a , b and c
uuur
uuur
respectively. Let altitude on AB and BC intersect at origin O (0,0) .
uuur
uuur
perpendicular
to
AB
Since OCuuuis
r uuur
A
OC AB = 0
c (b a) = 0
c b c a = 0 ...............(i )
uuur
uuur
Also OAuuu
isr perpendicular
to
BC
O
uuur
OA BC = 0
B
C
a (c b) = 0
a c a b = 0 ...............(ii )
Adding (i ) and (ii )
c b c a + a c a b = 0 + 0
c b c a + c a a b = 0
Q ac=c a
c b a b = 0
(c a ) b = 0
uuur uuur
uuur
AC OB = 0
Q AC = c a
uuur
uuur
AC is perpendicular to OB .
Hence altitude of the triangle are concurrent.
FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 5
Question # 10
Consider a semicircle having centre at origin O(0,0) and A , B are end points of
diameter having position vectors a , a respectively. Let C be any point on a circle
having position vector c .
Clearly radius of semicircle = a = a = c
C
uuur
Now AC = c a
uuur
c
BC = c ( a ) = c + a
Consider uuur uuur
B a O
A
a
AC BC = ( c a ) ( c + a )
= c (c + a) a (c + a)
= cc + c a ac aa
2
= c + ac ac + a
= c
Q ac = c a
c =0
Q a = c
uuur
uuur
This show AC is to BC i.e. ACB = 90o
Hence angle in a semi circle is a right angle.
= c
Question # 11
Consider two unit vectors a and b making angle and with + ive x axis.
Then a = OA = cos i + sin j
y
b = OB = cos( ) i + sin( ) j
= cos i sin j
and
Now
)(
a b = cos i + sin j cos i sin j
A
a
a b = cos cos sin sin ...............(i )

But we have AOB = +
a b = a b cos( + )
= (1)(1)cos( + )
Q a = b = 1
a b = cos( + ) ...............(ii )
Comparing (i ) and (ii ) , we have
cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin
Question # 12
Consider a , b and c are vectors along the sides of triangle BC , CA and AB ,
also let
a = a , b = b and c = c
then form triangle,
A
A
a + b + c = 0 ...............(i )
b
(i)
b = a c
c
A
C
Taking dot product of above with b , we have
B
C
B
b b = (a c ) b
a
C
b
= a b c b
= a b cos ( C ) c b cos ( A)
= a b cos C + c b cos A
Q cos ( B ) = cos B
FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 6
b2 = ab cos C + cb cos A
b = a cos C + c cos A
ing by b
(ii) From equation (i )

c = a b
Taking dot product of above equation with c .
c c = ( a b ) c
(iii) From equation (i )
b = a c
Taking dot product of above equation with b
b b = (a c ) b
= ( a c ) ( a c )
b
c
B
B
A
B
C
a
Q b = a c
= a ( a c ) c ( a c )
= aa + ac + ca + c c
= aa + ac + ac + c c
= a a + 2a c + c c
Q ab = ba
= a + 2 a c cos ( B ) + c
2
b2 = a 2 + ac ( cos B ) + c 2
Hence
b2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos B
Q cos ( B ) = cos B
(iv)
From equation (i )
c = ab
Taking dot product of above equation with c
c c = ( a b) c
= ( a b ) ( a b )
Now do yourself as above (iii)
Q c = ab
THE END
MathCity.org
FSc-II/ Ex 7.4
FSc-II/ Ex 7.4
FSc-II/ Ex 7.4
FSc-II/ Ex 7.4
FSc-II/ Ex 7.4
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FSc-II/ Ex 7.5
FSc-II/ Ex 7.5
FSc-II/ Ex 7.5
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Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12

Merging man and maths

Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 2.0.0

Function and Limits

The volume V of a sphere of radius r is given by the formula

Or if a quantity y depends on a quantity x in such a way that each value of x determines

Given that f(x) = x2 x

f(-2) = (-2)2 (-2) = 4 + 2 =6

f(0) = (0)2 (0) = 0

f(x-1) = (x-1)2 (x-1) = x2 2x + 1 x + 1 = x2 3x + 2

f(x2+4) = (x2+4)2 - (x2+4) = x4 + 8x2 + 16 x2 4 = x4 + 7x2 + 12

Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2

Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2

f (a + h ) = ( a + h)3 + 2( a + h) 2 1 = a 3 + h 3 + 3ah(a + h ) + 2( a 2 + 2ah + h 2 ) 1

Q Area is a function of Circumference

(2) a (2) + b (2) + 1 = 3

Vertical Line Test

Degree of polynomial function is the max imum power of x in equation

A function in which the variable appears as

If base = 10 then y = log10

is Logarithmic function of base ' a '

is called common Logarithm of x

Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2

Q ' R ' all real numbers

Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2

y = Co sec 1 x x = cos ecy

If x and y are so mixed up and y cannot be expressed in

Parametric equation of circle

Parametric equation of Ellipse

Parametric equation of hyperbola

Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2

which is equation of parabola.

To e lim inating from (i) and (ii)

Which is equation of hyperbola

sinh 2 x = 2sinh x cosh x

Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2

is neither even nor odd

f ( x ) is neither even nor odd function.

Ex # 1.1 FSc Part 2

Exercise 1.2 (Solutions)

Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12

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Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.0

Exercise 1.3 (Solutions)

Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12

Merging man and maths

Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.1.1

lim x 2 + x + 4 = (3) 2 + (3) + 4 = 9 + 3 + 4

FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 2

If is measured in radian, then lim

FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 3

FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 4

FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 5

See proof of (a) and (b) on book at page 23

FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 6

(viii) lim (1 2h ) = lim (1 2h )

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Exercise 1.4 (Solutions)

Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12

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lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2 x 2 + x 5 ) = 2 (1) + 1 5 = 2 + 1 5 = 2