EXAMPLE 9-2 Demonstrate the analogy between the wave characteristics on a transmission line and uniform plane waves in a lossy medium. EXAMPLE 9-3 It is found that the attenuation on a $0 (Q) distortionless trans- mission line is 0.01 (4B/m). The line has a capacitance of 0.1 (nF/m), a) Find the resistance, inductance, and conductance per meter of the line. b) Find the velocity of wave propagation. ©) Determine the percentage to which the amplitude of a voltage traveling wave decreases in 1 (km) and in 5 (km). EXAMPLE 9-5 A signal generator having an internal resistance 1 (Q) and an open- circuit voltage vj) = 0.3 cos 2n10°r (V) is connected to a 50 (O) lossless transmission line. The line is 4 (m) long, and the velocity of wave propagation on the line is 25 x 10° (m/s). For a matched load, find (a) the instantaneous expressions for the voltage and current at an arbitrary location on the line, (b) the instantaneous expressions for the voltage and current at the load, and (c) the average power transmitted to the load, EXAMPLE 9-6 The open-circuit and short-circuit impedances measured at the input terminals of a lossless transmission line of length 1.5(m), which is less than a quarter wavelength, are —)54.6 (Q) and j103 (Q), respectively. (a) Find Z, and of the line. (b) Without changing the operating frequency, find the input impedance of a short- circuited line that is twice the given length. (c) How long should the short-circuited line be in order for it to appear as an open circuit at the input terminals? EXAMPLE 11-1 Plot the E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns of a Hertzian dipole.EXAMPLE 11-2 Find the directive gain and the directivity of a Hertzian dipole. 1 EXAMPLE11-3 Find the radiation resistance of a Hertzian dipole. EXAMPLE 11-4 Find the radiation efficiency of an isolated Hertzian dipole made of a metal wire of radius a, length d, and conductivity a. EXAMPLE 11-5 A thin quarter-wavelength vertical antenna over a perfectly con- ducting ground is excited by a sinusoidal source at its base. Find its radiation pattern, radiation resistance, and directivity. EXAMPLE 11-6 Assume a sinusoidal current distribution on a center-fed, thin, straight half-wave dipole. Find its effective length. What is its maximum value? EXAMPLE 11-7 Plot the H-plane radiation patterns of two parallel dipoles for the following two cases: (a) d = 2/2, € = 0; (b) d= A/4, € = —n/2. EXAMPLE 11-8 Discuss the radiation pattern of a linear array of the three isotropic sources spaced 1/2 apart. The excitations in the sources are in-phase and have ampli- tude ratios 1:2:1. EXAMPLE 11-9 Find the array factor and plot the normalized radiation pattern ofa broadside array of five isotropic elements spaced 4/2 apart and having excitation amplitude ratios 1 1. Compare the first sidelobe level with that of a five-element uniform array.P.11-7 The amplitude of the time-harmonic current distribution ona centered short dipole antenna of length 2h « 2) can be approximated by 2 triangular function I)= (1 - ) Problems 665, Find (a) the far-zone electric and magnetic field intensities, (b) the radiation resistance, and (6) the directivity. P.1-8 The transmitting anteana of a radio navigation system is a vertical metal mast 40 (m) in height insulated from the earth. A 180 (kHz) source sends a current having an amplitude of 100(A) into the base of the mast. Assuming the current amplitude in the antenna to decrease linearly toward zero at the top of the mast and the earth to be a perfectly conducting plane, determine: a) the effective length of the antenna, b) the maximum field intensity at a distance 160 (km) from the antenna, ©) the time-average radiated power, 4) the radiation resistance. P.11-15 Two elemental dipole antennas, each oflength 2h « 2, are aligned colinearly along the z-axis with their centers spaced a distance d (d > 2h) apart. The excitations in the two antennas are of equal amplitude and equal phase. ‘a) Write the general expression for the far-zone electric field of this two-clement ‘colinear array. 'b) Plot the normalized E-plane pattem for d = 4/2. ©) Repeat part (b) for d= 3. P.11-19 For a uniform linear array of 12 elements spaced 3/2 apart: a) Sketch the normalized array pattern |A(y)| in Eq. (11-89) versus b) Find the widths of the main beam at half-power points and between the frst nulls when the atray is operated in the broadside mode. ©) Repeat part (b) for an endfire operation. P.11-20 For a uniform linear array with a large number of elements the denominator sin (¥/2) in Eq, (11-89) remains small over a large portion of the normalized array pattern near the main beam and can be approximated by (¥/2). Use this approximation to deter- ‘mine the directivity of the array of a large uniform array with many elements. P.11-21 Using the graph in Fig. 11—15(a) for the normalized array factor of a fve-element broadside linear array with d = 2/2 and amplitude ratios 1:2:3:2:1, plot the polar radiation pattern for d = 1/4 and § = —n2.