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Tom Tat Ly Thuyet 10
Tom Tat Ly Thuyet 10
Tom Tat Ly Thuyet 10
Chng 1 : NGUYN T
I. Thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t
Kt lun : thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t gm:
Ht nhn nm tm nguyn t gm cc ht proton v ntron
V nguyn t gm cc electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn
Electron
me= 9,1094.10-31 kg
qe= -1,602.10 -19 C k hiu l eo qui c bng 1Proton
Ht proton l 1 thnh phn cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t,mang in tch dng, k hiu p
m= 1,6726.10 -27 kg
q= + 1,602.10 -19 C k hiu eo, qui c 1+
Ntron
Ht ntron l 1 thnh phn cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t, khng mang in , k hiu n.Khi
lng gn bng khi lng proton
II.Kch thc v khi lng ca nguyn t
1- Kch thc
Nguyn t cc nguyn t c kch thc v cng nh, nguyn t khc nhau c kch thc khc
nhau.
n v biu din A(angstron) hay nm(nanomet)
1nm= 10 -9 m ; 1nm= 10A
1A= 10 -10 m = 10 -8 cm
2- Khi lng
Khi lng nguyn t rt nh b, biu th khi lng ca nguyn t, phn t, p, n, e dng n
v khi lng nguyn t, k hiu u (vc)
1u = 1/12 khi lng 1 nguyn t ng v cacbon-12
1u = 19,9265.10 -27 kg/12
= 1,6605.10 -27kg
III-Ht nhn nguyn t
1. in tch ht nhn
Proton mang in tch 1+, nu ht nhn c Z proton th in tch ca ht nhn bng Z+
Trong nguyn t :
S n v in tch ht nhn = S p = S e
V d : nguyn t Na c Z = 11+ ngt Na c 11p, 11e
2. S khi
L tng s ht proton v ntron ca ht nhn
A= Z + N
V d 1: Ht nhn nguyn t O c 8p v 8n
A = 8 + 8 = 16
V d 2: Nguyn t Li c A =7 v Z = 3
Z = p = e = 3 ; N = 7 - 3 =4
Nguyn t Li c 3p, 3e v 4n
IV- Nguyn t ha hc
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 1
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
1.nh ngha
Nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn
V d : Tt c cc nguyn t c cng Z l 8 u thuc nguyn t oxi, chng u c 8p, 8e
2.S hiu nguyn t
S n v in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca 1 nguyn t c gi l s hiu nguyn t ca nguyn
t (Z)
3.K hiu nguyn t
S khi
A
Z
S hiu nguyn t
23
11
V d :
Na
Cho bit nguyn t ca nguyn t natri c Z=11, 11p, 11e v 12n (23-11=12)
V - NG V
Cc ng v ca cng 1 nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau
v s ntron, do s khi ca chng khc nhau
V d : Nguyn t oxi c 3 ng v
16
8
O,
17
8
O,
18
8
Ch :
- Cc nguyn t ca cng 1 nguyn t c th c s khi khc nhau
- Cc ng v c tnh cht ha hc ging nhau
VI- Nguyn t khi v nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc nguyn t ha hc
1- Nguyn t khi
Nguyn t khi ca 1 nguyn t cho bit khi lng ca nguyn t nng gp bao nhiu ln
n v khi lng nguyn t
V khi lng nguyn t tp trung nhn nguyn t nn nguyn t khi coi nh bng s khi
(Khi khng cn chnh xc)
V d : Xc nh nguyn t khi ca P bit P cZ=15, N=16 Nguyn t khi ca P=31
2- Nguyn t khi trung bnh
Trong t nhin a s nguyn t ha hc l hn hp ca nhiu ng v(c s khi khc nhau)
Nguyn t khi ca nguyn t l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc ng v .
A
aX bY
100
X, Y: nguyn t khi ca ng v X, Y
a,b : % s nguyn t ca ng v X, Y
V d : Clo l hn hp ca 2 ng v
35
17
Cl chim 75,77%
35
17
Cl
75,77 24,23
35.5
100
100
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
-Cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh trong khu vc xung quanh ht nhn nguyn t khng
theo nhng qu o xc nh to nn v nguyn t.
- Trong nguyn t: S e = s p = Z
2.Lp electron v phn lp electron
a.Lp electron:
- trng thi c bn, cc electron ln lt chim cc mc nng lng t thp n cao (t
gn ht nhn ra xa ht nhn) v xp thnh tng lp.
- Cc electron trn cng mt lp c mc nng lng gn bng nhau
Th t lp
1 2
3
4
5
6 7
Tn lp
K L M N O P Q
b.Phn lp electron:
- Cc e trn cng mt phn lp c mc nng lng bng nhau
- Cc phn lp c k hiu bng ch ci thng : s, p, d, f,
- S phn lp = s th t ca lp
V d:
+ Lp th nht (lp K,n=1) c 1 phn lp :s
+ Lp th hai (lp L,n=2) c 2 phn lp : s, p
+ Lp th ba (lp M,n=3) c 3 phn lp :s, p, d
+ Lp th t (lp N,n=4) c 4 phn lp: s, p, d, f
- Cc electron phn lp s gi l electron s, tng t ep, ed,
c. Obitan nguyn t :
L khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m xc sut c mt electron l ln nht ( 90%) k
hiu l AO.
Trn 1 AO ch cha ti a 2 electron c gi l electron ghp i
Nu trong 1AO cha 1 lectron c gi l e c thn
Nu trong AO khng cha e c gi l AO trng.
- Phn lp s c 1 AO hnh cu.
- Phn lp p c 3 AO hnh s 8 ni cn i.
- Phn lp d c 5 AO hnh phc tp.
- Phn lp f c 7 AO hnh phc tp.
3.S electron ti a trong mt phn lp , mt lp:
a.S electron ti a trong mt phn lp :
Phn
Phn
Phn
Phn
lp s
lp p
lp d
lp f
S e ti a
2
6
10
14
2
6
10
Cch ghi
S
p
d
f14
- Phn lp s electron ti a gi l phn lp electron bo ha.
b. S electron ti a trong mt lp :
Lp
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10
Lp K
Lp L
Lp M
Lp N
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Th t
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
Sphnlp
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
S e ti a ( 2n2)
2e
8e
18e
32e
- Lp electron s e ti a gi l lp e bo ha.
14
Th d : Xc nh s lp electron ca cc nguyn t :
N
7
4.Cu hnh electron nguyn t
a.Nguyn l vng bn
- Cc e trong nguyn t trng thi c bn ln lt chim cc mc nng lng t thp n cao.
- Mc nng lng ca : 1s2s2p3s3p4s3d5s4d5p6s4f5d6p7s5f6d...
- Khi in tch ht nhn tng ln s xut hin s chn mc nng lng gia s v d hay s v f.
+ Lp : tng theo th t t 1 n 7 k t gn ht nhn nht
+Phn lp: tng theo th t s, p, d, f.
b. Nguyn l pauli:
Trn 1obitan nguyn t cha ti a 2 electron v c chiu t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc
ring ca mi electron.
c. Qui tc hun :
Trong cng mt phn lp cc electron in vo cc obitan sao cho s lectron c thn l ln nht.
e. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t:
- Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t:
Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t biu din s phn b electrron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp
khc nhau.
- Quy c cch vit cu hnh electron :
+ STT lp e c ghi bng ch s (1, 2, 3. . .)
+ Phn lp c ghi bng cc ch ci thng s, p, d, f.
+ S e c ghi bng s pha trn bn phi ca phn lp.(s2 , p6 )
- Mt s ch khi vit cu hnh electron:
+ Cn xc nh ng s e ca nguyn t hay ion. ( s e = s p = Z )
+ Nm vng cc nguyn l v qui tc, k hiu ca lp v phn lp ...
+ Qui tc bo ho v bn bo ho trn d v f : Cu hnh electron bn khi cc electron in
vo phn lp d v f t bo ho ( d10, f14 ) hoc bn bo ho ( d5, f7 )
- Cc bc vit cu hnh electron nguyn t
Bc 1: in ln lt cc e vo cc phn lp theo th t tng dn mc nng lng.
Bc 2: Sp xp li theo th t cc lp v phn lp theo nguyn tc t trong ra ngoi.
Bc 3: Xem xt phn lp no c kh nng t n bo ho hoc bn bo ho, th c s sp xp li
cc electron cc phn lp ( ch yu l d v f )
V d: Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t cc nguyn t sau
+ H( Z = 1)
+ Ne(Z = 10)
+ Cl(Z = 17) 1s22s22p63s23p5
+ Fe, Z = 26, 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
+ Cu ( Z = 29); Cr ( Z = 24)
-Cch xc nh nguyn t s, p, d, f:
+ Nguyn t s : c electron cui cng in vo phn lp s.
Na, Z =11, 1s22s22p63s1
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 4
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
V d 4:
Ion M3+ c cu to bi 37 ht. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 9.
a. Xc nh s lng tng ht trong M .
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 5
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 6
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Nng lng ion ha th nht (I1) ca nguyn t l nng lng ti thiu cn tch electron th nht
ra khi nguyn t trng thi c bn. ( tnh bng Kj/mol)
4. m in: ca mt nguyn t l i lng c trng cho kh nng ht electron ca nguyn
t khi to thnh lin kt ha hc.
Khi in tch ht nhn tng:
trong cng chu k, m in tng.
trong cng nhm, m in gim.
5. S bin i tnh kim loiphi kim:
a Trong cng chu k, khi in tch ht nhn tng:
* tnh kim loi gim, tnh phi kim tng dn.
b trong cng nhm A, khi in tch ht nhn tng:
* tnh kim loi tng, tnh phi kim gim dn.
6. S bin i ha tr:
Trong cng chu k , khi in tch ht nhn tng , ha tr cao nht vi oxi tng t 1 n 7,
ha tr i vi hidro gim t 4 n 1.
Ha tr i vi hidro= s th t nhm ha tr i vi oxi
Cng thc phn t ng vi cc nhm nguyn t ( R : l nguyn t )
R2On : n l s th t ca nhm.
RH8-n : n l s th t ca nhm.
Nhm
IA
IIA
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
Oxit
R20
RO
R2O3
RO2
R2O5
RO3
Hirua
RH4
RH3
RH2
7. S bin i tnh axit-baz ca oxit v hidroxit tng ng:
a Trong cng chu k , khi in tch ht nhn tng : tnh baz gim , tnh axit tng .
b Trong cng nhm A, khi in tch ht nhn tng : tnh baz tng, tnh axit gim.
* Tng kt :
N.L ion Bn knh
m
Tnh
Tnh
Tnh
ha (I1)
n.t(r)
in
kim loi
Phi kim
baz
Chu k
(Tri sang phi)
VIIA
R2O7
RH
Tnh
axit
Nhm A
(Trn xung )
8. nh lut tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc.
Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n cht cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc hp cht to nn
t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Ca
u hnh e
nguye
n t
To
ng soe
Stt nguye
n to
Nguye
n tos hoa
cp
Thuo
c nho
mA
Nguye
n tod hoa
cf
Thuo
c nho
mB
Soe ngoa
i cu
ng
Stt cu
a nho
m
Sol
pe
Stt chu k
V d : Xt i vi nguyn t P ( Z = 15)
-
To
ng soe
Nguye
n tos hoa
cp
Nguye
n tod hoa
cf
Soe ngoa
i cu
ng
Sol
pe
-
Ca
u hnh e
nguye
n t
: 16 ne
n Stt nguye
n to:16
: P ne
n thuo
c nho
mA
:
: 6e ne
n thuo
c nho
m VIA
: 3 l
p ne
n thuo
c chu k 3
a + b l s th t ca nhm .
+ Nu a + b > 10
(a + b) 10 l s th t ca nhm.
+ Nu 8 a + b 10 nguyn t thuc nhm VIII B
b. Nguyn t h f : (n-2)fansb vi a = 1 14 ; b = 1 2
+ Nu n = 6 Nguyn t thuc h lantan.
+ Nu n = 7 Nguyn t thuc h actini.
(a + b) 3 = s th t ca nguyn t trong h
V d : Z = 62 ; n = 6, a = 6, b = 2 6 + 2 3 = 5 , thuc th 5 trong h lantan.
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 9
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
echo
enhan
Chng 3: LIN KT HO HC
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 10
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 11
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
0,4
1,7
LKCHT khng cc
LKCHT phn cc
Lin kt ion
V d : Da v m in ca cc cht hy xc nh loi lin kt ho hc tn ti trong cc hp cht
sau : O2. CO2, HCl, NaCl, CH4, AlCl3...
4. S LAI HO CC ORBITAN
a. Khi nim : S lai ho obitan nguyn t l s t hp (trn ln) mt s obitan trong
nguyn t c cc obitan lai ho ging nhau nhng nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian.
* S obitan lai ho = Tng s cc obitan tham gia t hp.
* S lai ho c xt i vi cc nguyn t trung tm.
b. Cc kiu lai ho thng gp .
b1. Lai ho sp (lai ho ng thng) : S t hp 1AO(s) + 1AO(p) 2AO(sp)
Phn tch : AO(s) hnh cu, AO(p) hnh s 8 ni , AO(sp) hnh s 8 ni khng cn i, hai
AO lai ho to vi nhau mt gc 180o (ng thng)
V d : Xt trong phn t BeH2 , C2H2, BeCl2
b2. Lai ho sp2 (lai ho tam gic): S t hp 1AO(s) + 2AO(p) 3AO(sp2)
Phn tch : AO(s) hnh cu, AO(p) hnh s 8 ni , AO(sp 2) hnh s 8 ni khng cn i, ba
AO lai ho to vi nhau mt gc 120o
V d : Xt trong phn t BeF3 , C2H4, BCl3...
b3. Lai ho sp3 (lai ho t din ): S t hp 1AO(s) + 3AO(p) 4AO(sp3)
Phn tch : AO(s) hnh cu, AO(p) hnh s 8 ni , AO(sp 3) hnh s 8 ni khng cn i, bn
AO lai ho to vi nhau mt gc 109o28'
V d :
Thng gp cc nguyn t O, C, N
Xt trong phn t CH4, H2O, NH3...
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 12
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Al0
H 02
O 02
Cl 02
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
ANION NO 3 trong mi trng axit l cht xiha mnh (sn phm to thnh l NO 2, NO,
N2O, N2, hay NH 4 ); trong mi trng kim to sn phm l NH3 (thng tc dng vi kim loi m
oxit v hirxit l cht lng tnh); trong mi trng trung tnh th xem nh khng l cht oxiha.
H2SO4 C l cht oxiha mnh( to SO2, S hay H2S)
MnO 4 cn gi l thuc tm (KMnO4) trong mi trng H+ to Mn2+ (khng mu hay hng
nht), mi trng trung tnh to MnO2 (kt ta en), mi trng OH- to MnO42- (xanh).
HALOGEN
ZN
2. CHT KH l cht nhng electron, kt qu l s oxha tng.
Nu hp cht c nguyn t (hay ion) mang soh thp nht l cht kh (soh thp nht ng vi 8 STT nhm) hay cha s oxy ho trung gian (c thl cht oxiha khi gp cht kh mnh)
n cht kim loi , n cht phi kim (C, S, P, N).
Hp cht (mui, baz, axit, oxit) nh: FeCl2, CuS2 ,Fe(OH)3, HBr, H2S, CO, Cu2O
Ion (cation, anion) nh: Fe2+, Cl-, SO32--
3. QU TRNH OXIHA l qu trnh (s) nhng electron.
4. QU TRNH KH l qu trnh (s) nhn electron.
5. S OXI HO l in tch ca nguyn t (in tch hnh thc) trong phn t nu gi nh rng
cc cp electron chung coi nh chuyn hn v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn .
Qui c 1: S oxi ho ca nguyn t dng n cht bng khng
Fe0
Al0
H 02
O 02
Cl 02
Qui c 2: Trong phn t hp cht , s oxi ho ca nguyn t Kim loi nhm A l +n; Phi
kim nhm A trong hp cht vi kim loi hoc hyro l 8 - n (n l STT nhm)
Na 2 1 SO4
K+1NO3
Fe+2SO4
Fe 2 3 (SO4)3
2
CO
2
H2SO 4 2 KNO 32
F2O+2
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Fe 2 3 O 3
+ H 02 Fe0 + H 2 1 O-2
2Fe+3 + 6e 2Fe0
qu trnh kh Fe3+
2H0 2e 2H+
qu trnh oxi ho H2
+3
0
(2Fe + 3H2 2Fe + 3H2O)
Cn bng :
Fe2O3 +
3H2
2Fe +
3H2O
Cht oxi ho cht kh
3+
Fe l cht oxi ho
H2 l cht kh
7. PHN LOI PHN NG XIHA KH
Mi trng
Mi trng axit MnO 4 + Cl- + H+
2
+ OH
MnO 24 + SO 24 + H2O
MnO2 + SO 24 +OH-
Cht phn ng
Phn ng oxi ha- kh ni phn t: L phn ng oxiha- kh trong cht kh v cht
oxiha u thuc cng phn t.
KClO3
nung
MnO2
KCl +
3
2
O2
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
11. CC CH LM BI TP
Khi hon thnh chui phn ng tnh s oxiha bit l phn ng oxiha-kh hay khng.
chng minh hoc gii thch vai tr ca mt cht trong phn ng th trc ht dng s oxiha
xc nh vai tr v la cht phn ng.
Ton nh p dng nh lut bo ton electron da trn nh lut bo ton nguyn t theo s .
Mt cht c hai kh nng axit-baz mnh v oxiha-kh mnh th xt ng thi
Ring mt cht khi phn ng vi cht khc m c c 2 kh nng phn ng axit- baz v oxihokh th c xt ng thi ( th d Fe3O4 + H+ + NO3Hn hp gm Mn+, H+, NO3- th xt vai tr oxiha nh sau (H+, NO3-), H+, Mn+
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
35
17
Cl (75%) v
37
17
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
Cl2 + 2S S2Cl2
2P + 3Cl2 t 2PCl3
Cl2 khng tc dng trc tip vi O2.
c. Tc dng vi mt s hp cht c tnh kh:
H2S + Cl2 t 2HCl + S
3Cl2 + 2NH3 N2 + 6HCl
Cl2 + SO2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HCl
d. Cl2 cn tham gia phn ng vi vai tr va l cht xiha, va l cht kh.
Tc dng vi nuc
Khi ho tan vo nc , mt phn Clo tc dng (Thun nghch)
Cl 02 + H2O HCl + HClO ( Axit hipoclor)
as
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
H2 + 2NaOH + Cl2
2NaCl + 2H2O pdd/mnx
2Na+ Cl2 ( b sung thm kin thc v in phn)
2NaCl pnc
( nu qu trnh in phn khng c mng ngn th sn phm thu c l dung dch nc javel)
Ngoi ra cn c th t HCl v O2 c xc tc l CuCl2 400oC.
2Cl2 + 2H2O
4HCl + O2 CuCl2
III. AXIT CLOHIDRIC (HCl)
Dung dch axit HCl c y tnh cht ho hc ca mt axit mnh
1. Ho tnh
a. TC DNG CHT CH TH dung dch HCl lm qu tm ho (nhn bit axit)
HCl H+ + Clb. TC DNG KIM LOI (ng trc H trong dy Bktp) to mui (vi ha tr thp ca kim
loi) v gii phng kh hidr
Fe + 2HCl t FeCl2 + H2
0
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
4HCl + MnO2
MnCl2 + Cl 02 + 2H2O
t 400
Na2SO4 + 2HCl
t 250
hidro clorua.
Cha ion m clorua (Cl-) v cc ion dng kim loi, NH 4 nh NaCl ZnCl2 CuCl2AlCl3
NaCl dng n, sn xut Cl2, NaOH, axit HCl
KCl phn kali
ZnCl2 ty g khi hn, chng mc g
BaCl2 cht c
CaCl2 cht chng m
AlCl3 cht xc tc
V. HP CHT CHA XI CA CLO
Trong cc hp cht cha xi ca clo, clo c soh dng, c iu ch gin tip.
Cl2O Clo (I) oxit
Cl2O7 Clo(VII) oxit
HClO Axit hipoclor
NaClO Natri hipoclorit
HClO2 Axit clor
NaClO2 Natri clorit
HClO3 Axit cloric
KClO3 kali clorat
HClO4 Axit pecloric
KClO4 kali peclorat
Tt c hp cht cha oxi ca clo iu l cht xiha mnh.
1.NC ZAVEN l hn hp gm NaCl, NaClO v H 2O c tnh xi ha mnh, c tnh ty mu,
c iu ch bng cch dn kh Clo vo dung dch NaOH (KOH)
Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O
NaClO + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3 + HClO ( c tnh ty mu)
(Cl2 + 2KOH KCl + KClO + H2O)
2.KALI CLORAT cng thc phn t KClO3 l cht xiha mnh thng dng iu ch O 2 trong
phng th nghim
t 2KCl + O2
2KClO3 MnO
KClO3 c iu ch khi dn kh clo vo dung dch kim c c un nng n 1000c
3Cl2 + 6KOH 100
5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O
3.CLORUA VI cng thc phn t CaOCl2 l cht xiha mnh, c iu ch bng cch dn clo
vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 c: Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 CaOCl2 + H2O
Nu Ca(OH)2 long: 2Ca(OH)2 + 2Cl2 CaCl2 + Ca(OCl)2 + 2H2O
2
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
2Na + I2 t 2NaI
2Al + 3Br2 t 2AlBr3
2Al + 3I2 t 2AlI3
2.TC DNG VI HIDRO
non
g
H2 + Br2 un
2HBr
H 2 + I2
2 HI phn ng xy ra thun nghch.
hot ng gim dn t Cl Br I
Cc kh HBr, HI tan vo nc to dung dich axit
HBr H 2 O ddaxit HBr
HI H 2 O dd axit HI.
V mnh axit th li tng dn t HCl < HBr < HI
Br2 + 5Cl2 + 6H2O 2HBrO3 + 10HCl
Cc axit HBr , HI c tnh kh mnh c th kh c axit H2SO4 c
2HBr + H2SO4 Br2 + SO2 + H2O
8HI + H2SO4 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O
2HI + 2FeCl3 FeCl2 + I2 + 2HCl
VIII. NHN BIT dng Ag+ (AgNO3) nhn bit cc gc halogenua.
0
DU HIU
- ho xanh m
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
- dd KMnO4 ( tm)
- mt mu tm
- dd Br2 ( nu )
- dd CuCl2
- ngi mi
- tn que dim
- dd KI + h tinh bt
- mt mu nu
- kt ta en
- mi trng thi
- bng chy
- ho xanh m
H2
- kim loi Ag
- t, lm lnh
CO2
CO
- dd Ca(OH)2
- dd PdCl2
- ho xm en
- c hi nc
Ngng t
- dd b c
- dd b sm mu
NH3
- qu m
- HCl c
- khng kh
- H2O, qu m
- ho xanh
- khi trng
- ho nu
- dd c tnh axit
SO2
H2S
O2
O3
NO
NO2
DU HIU
- mt mu tm
- mt mu nu
- kt ta en
- mi trng thi
- bng chy
- dd KI + HTB
- ho xanh m
- kim loi Ag
- ho xm en
O3
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
16
8
17
8
18
8
2SO2
O2
2SO3
V2O5 ,300 C
CH4 + 2O2 t
CO2 + 2H2O
Tc dng vi cc cht hu c.
C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
CH3COOH + H2O
C2H5OH + O2 lenmemgiam
III. ZN l dng th hnh ca oxi v c tnh xha mnh hn O2 rt nhiu
O3 + 2KI + H2O I2 + 2KOH + O2 (oxi khng c)
Do to ra KOH nn O3 lm xanh qu tm dd KI (dng trong nhn bit ozon)
2Ag + O3 Ag2O + O2 (oxi khng c phn ng)
IV. HIR PEOXIT : L cht c 2 kh nng l c tnh oxiho v c tnh kh.
Tnh oxiho: H2O2 + 2KI I2 + 2KOH
H2O2 + KNO2 KNO3 + H2O
Tnh kh :
H2O2 + Ag2O 2Ag + O2 + H2O
5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
V. LU HUNH l cht xiha nhng yu hn O 2, ngoi ra S cn ng vai tr l cht kh khi tc
dng vi oxi ( phn tch da trn dy s oxiho ca S )
S l cht oxiha khi tc dng vi kim loi v H2 to sunfua cha S2Tc dng vi nhiu kim loi (c t0,to sn phm ng s oxy ho thp ca kim loi)
Fe + S0
FeS-2
st II sunfua
t
0
-2
t
Zn + S
ZnS km sunfua
Hg + S
HgS-2 thy ngn sunfua, phn ng xy ra t0 thng
o
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
t0
2H2S + O2 2H2O + 2S
(Dung dch H2S trong khng kh hoc lm lnh ngn la H2S ang chy)
Tc dng vi clo c th to S hay H2SO4 ty iu kin phn ng
H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O 8HCl + H2SO4
H2S + Cl2 2 HCl + S (kh clo gp kh H2S)
Dung dch H2S c tnh axit yu 2 nc : Khi tc dng dung dch kim c th to mui axit
hoc mui trung ho
H2S + NaOH 1:1 NaHS + H2O
H2S + 2NaOH 1::2 Na2S + 2H2O
VII. LU HUNH (IV) OXIT cng thc ha hc SO2, ngoi ra c cc tn gi khc l lu hunh
dioxit hay kh sunfur, hoc anhidrit sunfur.
4
SO2 l cht kh ( S - 2e
S6 )
Khi gp cht oxi ho mnh nh O2, Cl2, Br2 : kh SO2 ng vai tr l cht kh.
4
2 S O2
O2
V2O5 ,300
2SO3
S O 2 + 2H2S 2H2O + 3 S
S O 2 + Mg MgO +
Ngoi ra SO2 l mt oxit axit
SO2 + NaOH 1:1 NaHSO3 (
nNaOH
nSO2
2)
nNaOH
nSO2
1)
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
mol
NaHSO3 : x
< 2 th to ra c hai mui
mol
nSO2
Na2 SO3 : y
VIII. LU HUNH (VI) OXIT cng thc ha hc SO3, ngoi ra cn tn gi khc lu hunh tri
oxit, anhidrit sunfuric.
L mt xit axit
Tc dng vi H2O to axit sunfuric
SO3 + H2O H2SO4 + Q
SO3 tan v hn trong H2SO4 to leum : H2SO4.nSO3
Tc dng vi baz to mui
SO3 + 2 NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O
IX. AXT SUNFURIC H2SO4 trng thi long l mt axit mnh, trng thi c l mt cht
xiha mnh.
dng long l axt mnh lm qu tm, tc dng kim loi(trc H 2) gii phng H2, tc
dng baz, oxit baz v nhiu mui.
H2SO4 2H+ + SO42- l qu tm ho mu .
H2SO4 + Fe FeSO4 + H2
H2SO4 + NaOH NaHSO4 + H2O
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
H2SO4 + CuO CuSO4 + H2O
H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2 HCl
Nu 1<
nNaOH
t Fe2(SO4)3+
2Fe + 6 H2SO4
3SO2+ 6H2O
t0
t Fe2(SO4)3
+ SO2 + 4H2O
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
H2 + S H2S
3. IU CH SO2 c rt nhiu phn ng iu ch
S
+
O2 t SO2
0
Na2SO3 + H2SO4()
4. IU CH SO3 : 2SO2 + O2
2 SO3 .
V2O5 ,300 C
SO3 l sn phm trung gian iu ch axit sunfuric.
5. SN XUT AXIT SUNFURIC ( trong CN) T QUNG PYRIT ST FeS2
t0
t FeS2
4FeS2 + 11O2
Oxi ho SO2
2SO2 + O2
V2O5 ,300 C 2SO3
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
Hp nc:
T LU HUNH
2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
O
t S to SO2:
S + O2
Oxi ho SO2
2SO2 + O2
2SO3
V2O5 ,300 C
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
SO3 hp nc
SO2
O
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
C : Bin thin nng ca cht tham gia phn ng hoc cht sn phm
t : Bin thin thi gian.
3. Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng
a. Nng : Tng nng cht phn ng tc phn ng tng
v = k . C Aa .C Bb
Gii thch : Ta c
Trong :
v tc ti thi im nht nh
k hng s tc
CA,CB nng ca cc cht A,B.
b. Nhit : Tng nhit tc phn ng tng.
Gii thch : Theo Qui tc Van't Hoff : c tng nhit ln 10 oC th tc phn ng tng t 2 - 4
ln.
v
Biu thc lin h t 2
v t1
t 2 t1
10
cC + dD (* )
Kc : hng s cn bng.
C . D
A a . B b
C
Ta c : K c
trong :
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
Nguyn l L Sa t li : Mt phn ng thun nghch ang trng thi cn bng khi chu mt
tc ng t bn ngoi nh bin i nng , nhit , p sut th cn bng s chuyn dch theo
chiu chng l s bin i .
a. Nng : Tng nng cht tham gia phn ng cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun
v ngc li.
b. p sut : Tng p sut cn bng chuyn dch v pha c s phn t kh t hn, Gim p
sut cn bng dch v pha c s phn t kh nhiu hn.
c. Nhit : Tng nhit cn bng chuyn dch v chiu thu nhit, gim nhit cn bng
chuyn dch v chiu to nhit
H 0 : Thu nhit
* Lu : H H 2 H 1 nu
H 0 : To nhit
III. Nhng ch quan trng
a. Cn bng ho hc l cn bng ng
Ngha l ti thi im cn bng c thit lp khng c ngha l phn ng dng li m vn xy ra
nhng tc ca phn ng thun bng tc phn ng nghch. ( vt=vn).
b.Khi bin i h s trong phng trnh ho hc biu din cn bng ho hc th hng s cn bng
cng bin i theo.
Th d :
2A + B C + D
Kcb
4A + 2B 2C + 2D
K'cb = (Kcb)2
IV . Cu hi v bi tp
1. Cho mt mu vi nng 10g vo 200ml dung dch HCl 2M. Tc phn ng thay i nh th
no nu:
a. Nghin nh vi trc khi cho vo ?
b. dng 100ml dung dch HCl 4M ?
c. tng nhit ca phn ng ?
d. Cho thm vo 500ml dung dch HCl 4M ?
e. Thc hin phn ng trong nghim ln hn ?
2. Cho H2 + I2 2 HI.
Vn tc phn ng thay i th no khi nng ca hiro tng gp hai ln.
3. Tc ca phn ng tng ln bao nhiu ln khi nhit ca phn ng tng t 20 oC 80oC.
Bit c tng 10oC th tc tng ln:
a. 2 ln
b. 3 ln
4. Cho phn ng tng hp NH3
N2 + 3H2
2NH3 H 0 .
Cn tc ng nhng yu t no thu c nhiu NH3 nht ?
5. Cn bng ca phn ng sau s chuyn dch v pha no khi:
Tng nhit ca h.
H p sut ca h .
Tng nng cc cht tham gia phn ng.
a) N2 + 3H2 2 NH3 + Q.
CaO + CO2 Q.
b) CaCO3
c) N2 + O2
2NO + Q.
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
Trang 29
Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10
d) CO2 + H2 H2O + CO Q.
e) C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH + Q.
f) 2NO + O2 2NO2 + Q.
g) Cl2 + H2
2HCl + Q.
2SO2 + O2 Q.
h) 2SO3
6. Cho 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 + 44 Kcal.
Cho bit cn bng ca phn ng chuyn dch theo chiu no khi:
a. Tng nhit ca h.
b. Tng nng ca O2 ln gp i .
7. Cn bng phn ng CO2 + H2 CO + H2O c thit lp t0C khi nng cc cht trng
thi cn bng nh sau:
[ CO2] = 0,2 M; [H2] = 0,8 M ; [CO] =0,3 M; [H2O] = 0,3 M.
a) Tnh hng s cn bng ?
b) Tnh nng H2, CO2 ban u.
8. Cho phn ng PCl5 (k) PCl3 (k) + Cl2 (k)
C hng s cn bng 503oC l 33,33mol/lit . Tnh nng cn bng ca cc cht bit nng ban
u ca PCl5 l 1,5M v Cl2 1M
9. Cho phn ng thun nghch
N2 + O2 2NO c hng s cn bng 2400oC l Kcb = 35.10-4
Bit lc cn bng nng ca N 2 v O2 ln lt bng 5M v 7M. Tnh nng mol/lit ca NO lc
cn bng v nng N2 v O2 ban u.
10. Xt cn bng : Cl2 (k) + H2 (k) 2HCl (k)
a. nhit no hng s cn bng l 0,8 v nng cn bng ca HCl l 0,2M. Tnh nng
ca Cl2 v H2 lc ban u, bit rng lc u lng H2 ly gp 3 ln Cl2.
b. Nu tng p sut ca h th c nh hng g n cn bng khng ? ti sao ?
11. Cho cn bng 2A(k) B(k) + C(k)
a. nhit no Kcb = 1/729. Tnh xem c bao nhiu % A b phn hu.
b. Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng cng nhit trn khi c vit
A(k) 1/2B(k) + 1/2 C(k)
B(k) + C(k) 2A(k)
12. Xt cn bng sau : CaCO3 (r) CaO(r) + CO2(k) H 0
Cn bng s chuyn dch nh th no khi bin i mt trong cc iu kin sau
- Tng nhit
- Thm lng CaCO3
- Ly bt CO2
- Tng p sut chung bng cch nn th tch ca h gim xung.
13. Trong qu trnh sn xut gang , xy ra phn ng
Fe2O3(r) + 3CO(r) 2Fe (r) + 3CO2 (k) H 0
C th dng nhng bin php g tng tc phn ng ?
H 0
14. Xt cn bng CO(k) + H2O(k) CO2(k) + H2
Bit rng nu thc hin phn ng gia 1 mol CO v 1 mol H 2O th trng thi cn bng c 2/3 mol
CO2 c sinh ra. Tnh hng s cn bng cca phn ng ?
Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh
H tr kin thc h hc 10
Nm hc 2010 - 2011
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