2016

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Kaohsiung, October 2016

2
3

chiangch@ms4.hinet.net

Powell

(SUMT)

Swann

2.1
Clark YGottingen 398
[2]
t
3
yt =
a0 x1 / 2 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 + a4 x 4
(1)
0.2
a0 = 0.2969a1 = 0.1260a2 = 0.3516a3 =
0.2843a4 = 0.1015 x = 0.3

rLE =

1 t

a0 = 1.1019 t 2

2 0 .2

(2)

TE = 2 tan 1 (1.16925t )

1.

(airfoil)

(Reynolds number)1105 ~
1106(plank
flying wing) [1]

(lift-to-drag ratio)

2.

(mean
camber line)(thickness)
NACA 4
NACA 4
(t)(m)(p) [2]
1t

(3)

2.1% 0

a4 0.1036
0[3]
2-2.
(mean camber line)
(camber)[2]
m
yc = 2 2 px x 2 , x p
(4a)
p
m
(1 2 p ) + 2 px x 2 , x > p
yc =
(4b)
2
(1 p )
m p
c

0
yc = 0
x = 0, 1
(5a)

dyc
=0
x= p
(5b)
dx
(xu, yu)
(xl, yl)
xu = x yt sin
(6a)
yc = m ,

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yu = yc + yt cos

(6b)

xl = x + yt sin

(6c)

yl = yc yt cos

(6d)

dy
= tan 1 c
dx
2-3.

y c = d1 (1 x) + d 2 (1 x) + d 3 (1 x)

x = p , yc ( p ) = m ,
x = 1 , yc (1) = 0 ,

dyc
dx

dyc
dx

=0

(7)

(8a)

x= p

= tan TE

(8b)

x =1

TE
d1 = tan TE
3m 2d1 (1 p)
d2 =
(1 p) 2
2m + d1 (1 p)
d3 =
(1 p) 3

(10c)

f1 f2
( 0 )f3 f2

( ( L / D ) max ) x

x = [m, p, t , TE ]T

(1)

0 m 0.1
0.1 p 0.8
0.06 t 0.2

(11)

(12a)
(12b)
(12c)

TE
(12d)
4
4
t

(2)()
c m, ac cm ,lower
(13a)

(9b)

cm,ac (aerodynamic center)

cm,lower cm,ac
cm
XFoil [4]XFoil

(9c)

3.

f1 (x) = ( L / D ) max
(10a)
0

( L / D ) max

(9a)

TE

f 2 (x) = ( L / D ) =

f 3 (x) = ( L / D) =

(10b)

g (x) = cm ,ac c m ,lower 0

(13b)

4.

(Sequential unconstrained minimization

technique, SUMT) [5]

[6]

P(x, R (t ) ) = f (x) + t ( R (t ) , g (x))

(14)
f(x)g(x)x
R(t)t t
(= 0, 1, 2...)R(t)

P(x, R (t ) ) x(t)
f(x) g (x) 0

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(1) x

( 0)

(2) R

(t )

(t )

( 0)

[6]
(1) [x a , 0 , x b , 0 ]

P(x (t +1) , R (t ) ) x (t +1)

(3)
| P(x

( t +1)

, R ) P (x , R
(t )

(t )

( t 1)

) | P

x1,0 x2,0
x1, 0 = x a , 0 + (1 )(x b, 0 x a ,0 )

x 2, 0 = x a , 0 + ( x b , 0 x a , 0 )
(15)

P
( t +1)

(4) R
(2)

Powell
(Powells Conjugate Direction Method)
Swann
(Golden Section Method)
Swann

4-1. Swann

Swann
[6]
(1) f (x 0 x s) f (x 0 ) f (x 0 + x s )

(a) f (x 0 x s ) f (x 0 ) f (x 0 + x s)

+ s
(b) f (x 0 x s ) f (x 0 ) f (x 0 + x s )
s x = x
(c) f (x 0 x s ) f (x 0 ) f (x 0 ) f (x 0 + x s )
x 0 x s
[x 0 x s, x 0 + x s]
(d) f (x 0 x s ) f (x 0 ) f (x 0 ) f (x 0 + x s )

(2) (a)(b)

x k +1 = x k + (2 k x) s
(16)
4-4

(3) f (x k +1 )

f (x k +1 ) > f (x k )
[x k 1 , x k +1 ]
(4) (1)(d)

4-2.
(Region Elimination Method)

(17)
(18)

= (1 + 5 ) / 2 = 0.61803K

(19)

(2)
(a) f (x1,k ) < f (x 2, k ) [x a ,k , x 2,k ]

x a ,k +1 = x a ,k , x b ,k +1 = x 2,k , x 2, k +1 = x1,k
x1, k +1 = x a ,k +1 + (1 )(x b ,k +1 x a , k +1 )
(b) f (x1,k ) > f (x 2,k ) [x1,k , x b,k ]

x a ,k +1 = x1,k , x b ,k +1 = x b ,k , x1,k +1 = x 2,k

x 2,k +1 = x a ,k +1 + (x b ,k +1 x a ,k +1 )
(c) f (x1,k ) = f (x 2,k ) [x1,k , x 2,k ]

x a ,k +1 = x1,k , x b ,k +1 = x 2,k ,
x1,k +1 = x a ,k +1 + (1 )(x b ,k +1 x a ,k +1 )
x 2,k +1 = x a ,k +1 + (x b ,k +1 x a ,k +1 )
(3) | x b,k +1 x a ,k +1 |

(unimodal function)
f (x1,k ) f (x 2,k ) f (x a ,k )

f (x b,k )

(1) f (x1,k ) < f (x 2,k ) f (x 2,k ) > f (x b ,k )

[x a ,k , x 2,k ] [x 2,k , x b ,k ]

(2) f (x1,k ) > f (x 2,k ) f (x a ,k ) < f (x1,k )

[x1,k , x b,k ] [x a ,k , x1,k ]

4-3. Powell

Powell [5,6]

(1) x0 si, i =
1 ~ N
si
(2) sN x(1)
(3) s1, s2 ... sN-1, sN N
x(i)i = 2, ..., N+1
(4) x (1) x ( N +1)
t=

x ( N +1) x (1)
| x ( N +1) x (1) |

(20)

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x (1) = x ( 2) = L = x ( N +1)
(5) xk
| x k x k 1 |
f (x k ) f (x 0 )
xk x0

(6) s1 s2 ~ sN si=si+1i = 1 ~
N1 t sN

s1 ~ sN

det[s1 , s 2 ,L, s N ] 0
(21)

sN
(2)

4-4.

Swann
x k +1 = x k + (2 k x) s

( xi ) min , ( xi ) k +1 ( xi ) min

(22)
( xi ) k +1 = ( xi ) k +1 , ( xi ) min < ( xi ) k +1 < ( xi ) max
( x )
i max , ( xi ) k +1 ( xi ) max
( xi ) k +1 x k +1 i

s
, ( xi ) k +1 ( xi ) min
0

( si ) = ( si ) , ( xi ) min < ( xi ) k +1 < ( xi ) max

(23)
0
, ( xi ) k +1 ( xi ) max

( si ) s i s = 0

Swann

g (x) = cm,ac cm ,lower 0

(24)

R g ( x) 2
( R, g (x)) =
0

, g ( x) < 0
, g ( x) 0

(25)

(exterior point)
g(x) = 0

R (t ) = 10t
(26)
5.
Powell

3
1 f1(x)

Re = 5105( R=1)

(R=100 R=1000)

5-1.
(10)
4 Re = 5105
f2(x)
52f3(x)2
4(a)

f1(x)

4(b)
f1(x)

f2(x) 3 ~ 7

f3(x)

f3(x)

5-2.

(10b) f2
3 ~ 7 (11055105 1106)
5
5105 1106
1105
2% 10%

1105
10%

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3 ~
7 0

6.

Powell

(SUMT)

Swann

1.

x = [m, p, t, TE]T

(7)(1)(6)

Re,

XFoil

clcd cm

(10)(14)(22)

7.
1. Nickel, K. and Wohlfahrt, M., Tailless Aircraft in
Theory and Practice (AIAA Education Series),
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
Inc., 1994.
2. Jacobs, E. N., Ward, K. E., and Pinkerton, R. M., The
Characteristics of 78 Related Airfoil Sections from
Tests in the Variable-density Wind Tunnel, Report No.
460. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics:
November 1933.
3. Rumsey, C., Turbulence Modeling Resource: 2D
NACA 4412 Airfoil Trailing Edge Separation,
<http://turbmodels.larc.nasa.gov/naca4412sep_val.ht
ml>, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Langley Research Center, July, 2015.
4. Drela, M. and Youngren, H., XFOIL Subsonic Airfoil
Development System. XFOIL 6.9 Primer.
<http://web.mit.edu/drela/Public/web/xfoil/xfoil_doc
.txt>, November 2001.
5. Rao, S. S., Engineering Optimization, 4th editoin,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009.
6. Ravindran, A., Ragsdell, K. M., and Reklaitis, G. V.,
Optimization - Methods and Applications, 2nd
edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006.

TE

2.

R=10000
R=1000

R=100
R=10
R=1

m
p
t

TE
cm,ac
f1(x)

0.03
0.3
0.1
1.6
0.0009
-95.19

0.0672546
0.4456970
0.0937006
8.154713
0.0000
-123.43454

3.

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f3 = 104.960
f3 = 109.038

L/D

f2 = 99.9747
f2 = 100.292
f1 = 123.435

cl

f1 = 123.768
(a) ()

(degree)
(b) (L/D)(cl)

5.
L/D

cl

(degree)
(b) (L/D)(cl)

4.

Re = 1106
Re = 5105
Re = 1105

m
p
t

TE
cm,ac
f1(x)

1105
5105
0.0191767
0.0550382
0.5253549
0.3645094
0.1154033
0.0740476
0.0595077
0.0772507
0.0000
0.0003
42.169716 100.29228
(a)

1106
0.0646332
0.4016252
0.0811534
0.1109174
0.0007
129.20181