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Broadband Network and Technologies PART1
Broadband Network and Technologies PART1
Technologies
Core and Access
Digital Multiplexing
Multiplexing Hierarchy
Transport Network
PDH and SDH
Transport Network Components
Optical Network
Optical Switching
MPLS-
The story:
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intro
4
intro
5
intro
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4 Service-bits
12 bit for frame Alignment
intro
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SDH Basics
SDH as a Transport Network
Synchronous
Transport
System (PDH)
STM-N
Video
34
Mbit/s
Fiber
Highway
Asynchronous
Transport
System (PDH)
2 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
...
2 Mbit/s
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SDH Basics
Definition of SDH
SDH STANDS FOR:
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
An international standard for high-speed
SDH Basics
SDH goal
Imperfection of PDH
Three different regional digital hierarchies
Rate & Format conversion induces extra high cost to
customers
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SDH Basics
SDH Benefits:
Reduce costs:
- simplified standard interfaces
- eliminate vendor proprietary interfaces
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SDH Basics
SDH Equipment
TERMINAL
MULTIPLEXER
ADD-AND-DROP
MULTIPLEXER
STM-N
STM-N
REGENERATOR
E1-E4
TM
ADM
STM-N
E1-E4
STM-N
STM-N
REG
STM-M
STM-M
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
CROSS-CONNECT
E1-E4
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
LXC
STM-N
SDXC
Optical Switch
STM-N
E1-E4
STM-M
STM-M
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SDH Basics
Optical Switch
Transparent switch: The incoming wavelengths are switched
to the output fibers optically, without having to convert them
to the electrical domain.
Opaque switch: The input optical signals are converted to
electrical signals, from where the packets are extracted.
Packets are switched using a packet switch, and then they
are transmitted out of the switch in the optical domain.
Possible Architectures
Lambda Switching with dynamic Re-configuration
Optical Burst Switching
Optical Tag or Packet Switching
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SDH Basics
Optical Switch Technologies
Several different technologies exist:
micro electronic mechanical systems (MEMS)
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SDH Basics
Optical Switch Technologies
= 1.3 1.5 m
L= 0.5 - 2 mm
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SDH Basics
Synchronous Multiplexer Interfaces
Tributaries
1.5 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
6 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
45 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
STM-1 Elect.
STM-1 Optical
STM-4 Optical
LAN / MAN
FDDI
ISDN / BISDN
ATM
Video
Aggregates
STM-1 (155 Mbps)
STM-4 (622 Mbps)
STM-16 (2.4 Gbps)
STM-64 (10 Gbps)
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SDH Basics
Synchronous Multiplexer Interfaces
REGENERATOR
STM-N
STM-N
REG
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SDH Basics
Synchronous Multiplexer Interfaces
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
CROSS-CONNECT
E1-E4
STM-N
STM-N
SDXC
STM-N
STM-M
SDH Basics
Synchronous Multiplexer Interfaces
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SDH Basics
SDH Reconfigurable Add-Drop Multiplexer
SDH Basics
SDH Reconfigurable Add-Drop Multiplexer
At a network junction with many
incoming and outgoing fibers, each
carrying multiple wavelengths, how
can any wavelength on any incoming
fiber be switched to any outgoing
fiber?
In a simplified version of the answer, two incoming fibers each carry two
wavelengths. The light from each fiber is initially split into two parts and sent to
one of two 2 1 wavelength selective switches (WSS). At a switch, each
wavelength is either blocked or placed on the outgoing fiber. Thus, any
incoming wavelengths on either fiber can be switched to either of the outgoing
fibers.
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SDH Basics
SDH Reconfigurable Add-Drop Multiplexer
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SDH Basics
Synchronous Add-Drop Multiplexer Interfaces
ROADM
Reconfigurable Optical
Add-drop Multiplexer
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SDH Basics
Synchronous Add-Drop Multiplexer Interfaces
4x1 WSS
WSS = Wavelength
Selectable Switch
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SDH Basics
Synchronous Add-Drop Multiplexer Interfaces
ROADM
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SDH Basics
SDH Network Segments
Multiplexer
Section
Tributaries
Regenerator
Section
SDH
Terminal
Multiplexer
Regenerator
Section
SDH
Add & Drop
Multiplexer
Regenerator
Section
Tributaries
Multiplexer
Section
SDH
Terminal
Multiplexer
SDH
Regenerator
VC
Assembly
SDH
Regenerator
VC
Disassembly
Path
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SDH Basics
Network Topologies
RING
CHAIN
MESH
POINT-TO-POINT
STAR (HUB)
ADM / DXC
Add-drop Mux/ Digital Cross-connect)
TM (Terminal Mux)
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SDH Basics
Network Topologies
There are 4 types of network topologies:
Linear topology: used in access networks in a high speed network and
when is not necessary a high protection to faults.
Ring topology: most often used; ensures a high management flexibility
SDH Basics
Protection Schemes
1+1 Protection ( Dual Rings)
East / West Protection ( Loop-back)
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SDH Basics
Network Topologies
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SDH Basics
Network Topologies
Ring type SONET/SDH international network topology which
connects several national networks
1. The national networks:
OC-12 - SONET ring networks (equivalent with STM-4 SDH); networks
with 622Mbps bit rate.
2. The international network:
OC-48 - SONET ring (equivalent with STM-16 SDH); networks with
2488Mbps bit rate.
3. The multiplexers:
from the international network ensure the connection with the national
networks; some multiplexers from the national networks are also
telephone switches.
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SDH Basics
Network Topologies
Example of international SDH/SONET network which connects several
national networks
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SDH Basics
SDH Network Deployment
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SDH Basics
SDH Network Deployment
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SDH Basics
SDH Network Deployment
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SDH Basics
SDH Network Deployment
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SDH Basics
SDH Network Deployment
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SDH Basics
SDH Network
B3 = Parity for VC
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SDH Basics
SDH Network STM-1 FRAME
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SDH Basics
SDH Network STM-1 FRAME and Tributary Units
The VC-4 channel capacity, 149.76 Mbps, has
been defined specifically for the transport of a
fourth level (139.264 Mbps) PDH multiplex signal.
To enable the transport and switching of lowerrate tributary signals within the VC-4, several
special structures, called Tributary Units (TUs),
have been defined. The characteristics of each
TU type have been specifically selected to carry
one of the standardized PDH signal rates. In
addition, a fixed number of whole TUs may be
mapped within the container area of a VC-4.
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SDH Basics
SDH Network STM-1 FRAME and Tributary Units
TU-11: TU-11 frame consists of 27 bytes, structured as 3
columns of 9 bytes. At a frame rate of 8000 Hz, these bytes
provide a transport capacity of 1.728 Mbps and will
accommodate the mapping of a North American DS1 signal
(1.544 Mbps). 84 TU-11s are multiplexed into the STM-1 VC-4.
TU-12: Each TU-12 frame consists of 36 bytes, structured as 4
columns of 9 bytes. At a frame rate of 8000 Hz, these bytes
provide a transport capacity of 2.304 Mbps and will
accommodate the mapping of a CEPT 2.048 Mbps signal.
63 TU-12s may be multiplexed into the STM-1 VC-4.
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SDH Basics
SDH Network STM-1 FRAME and Tributary Units
TU-2: TU-2 frame consists of 108 bytes, structured as 12
columns of 9 bytes. At a frame rate of 8000 Hz, these bytes
provide a transport capacity of 6.912 Mbps and will
accommodate the mapping of a North American DS2 signal.
21 TU-2s may be multiplexed into the STM-1 VC-4.
TU-3: TU-3 frame consists of 774 bytes, structured as 86
columns of 9 bytes. At a frame rate of 8000 Hz, these bytes
provide a transport capacity of 49.54 Mbps and will
accommodate the mapping of a CEPT 34.368 Mbps signal or a
North American 44.768 DS3 signal. Three TU-3s may be
multiplexed into the STM-1 VC-4.
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SDH Basics
Multiplexing Structure ( G.709)
139.264 Mbit/s
xN
STM-N
x1
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
C-4
x1
x3
TUG-3
TU-3
VC-3
x3
44.736 Mbit/s
34.368 Mbit/s
Mapping
Multiplexing
Synchronization
AU-3
VC-3
C-3
x7
6.312 Mbit/s
Container
Virtual Container
Tributary Unit
Tributary Unit Group
Administrative Unit
Administrative Unit Group
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
x3
C-2
2.048 Mbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
x4
C-12
1.544 Mbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
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SDH Basics
Transporting Low Rate Signals
VC-12
Description
J2
LO path - trace.
N2
K4
VC-12
140 Bytes/ 500sec
intro
Byte
Bits
Description
Bits 1 and 2
Bit 3
Bit 4
Bits 5 to 7
Bit 8
SDH Basics
Transporting Low Rate Signals
TU-12
TU = Tributary Unit
V1+V2 = Pointer for V5
V3 = Justification Byte
V4 = Reserved
1 Byte
36 bytes
TU-12
TU-12
4x9 Bytes
TU-12
144 Bytes/ 500sec
TU-12
36 bytes
36 bytes
12x9 Bytes
TUG-2
V4
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SDH Basics
Transporting Low Rate Signals
TU-12
TU = Tributary Unit
V1+V2 = Pointer for V5
V3 = Justification Byte
V4 = Reserved
1 Byte
TU-12
144 Bytes/ 500sec
V1
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
VT-6
VT-3
VT-2
VT-1.5
36 bytes
N
36 bytes
V4
36 bytes
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SDH Basics
Transporting Low Rate Signals
TU-12
1 Byte
TU-12
144 Bytes/ 500sec
105
139
0
34
35
69
70
104
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SDH Basics
Transporting Low Rate Signals
TU-12 (4x9 bytes)
7xTUG-2
Null Pointer
Overhead Bytes
SDH Basics
Transporting Low Rate Signals
3xTUG-3
AU-4 Pointer
86 X 9 Bytes
AU-Pointer
POH
STM-1
C-4
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SDH Basics
Transporting Low Rate Signals
POH
POH
Virtual Container
VC-4
C-4
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
N1
VC-4 Pointer
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SDH Basics
Transporting Low Rate Signals
3xTUG-3
86 X 9 Bytes
STM-1
AU-Pointer
POH
RSOH
C-4
MSOH
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SDH Basics
Regenerator and Multiplexer Section Overhead
( Hex: F6 28)
A1
A1
A2
A2
A2
J0
B1
E1
F1
D1
D2
D3
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SDH Basics
Regenerator and Multiplexer Section Overhead
K1
K2
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
D11
D12
S1
B2
Z1
B2
Z1
Z2
Z2
M1
E2
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SDH Basics
Regenerator and Multiplexer Section Overhead
RSOH
POH
MSOH
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SDH Basics
Administrative Unit Pointer
261 Bytes
AU-Pointer
POH
POH
9 Bytes
J1
261
C-4
C-4
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SDH Basics
AU- 4 Pointer : H1 and H2
9 Bytes
261 Bytes
9 Rows
VC-4 / E4 Mapping
H1
H2
H3
SS
Size
00
TU-2
10
TU-12
11
TU-11
Negative Justification
Opportunity: H3 can carry
Traffic data
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SDH Basics
AU-3 Pointer
9 Bytes
261 Bytes
9 Rows
3xVC-3
V1
V2
V3 Pointer Action
V4 Future Use
Size
00
TU-2
10
TU-12
11
TU-11
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SDH Basics
Synchronization time
Frame N+1
Frame N
Synchronization time
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SDH Basics
Positive, Negative Justification
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SDH Basics
Positive, Negative Justification
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SDH Basics
Positive Justification
The Pointer can vary from 0 to 782
which is 783 values.
Pointer = 0011010110 = 214
The counting starts from row 4
column 4 i.e. directly after byte H3
214
SDH Basics
Negative Justification
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SDH Basics
Positive Justification
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SDH Basics
Negative Justification
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SDH Basics
STM-1 Virtual Container (VC-4)
F
9 Rows
Section
Overhead
Path Overhead
Serial
Signal
Stream
155.52 Mbit/s
260 Columns
9 Bytes x
1 Column
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SDH Basics
Tributary Unit Frame Structure
F
9 Rows
Section
Overhead
Path Overhead
Serial
Signal
Stream
155.52 Mbit/s
Tributary
Unit Frame
STM-1
Container
Capacity
260 Columns
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SDH Basics
Tributary Unit Frame Structure
Serial
Signal
Stream
155.52 Mbit/s
9 Rows
Section
Overhead
Path Overhead
For STM-1
N=9
M = 270
Total = 2430
Bytes / 125
sec
TU Pointer
VC Path
Overhead
Low-Rate
Tributary
Signal
Virtual
Container
Container
260 Columns
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SDH Basics
Different Sizes of Tributary Unit Frames
TU-12
TU-2
TU-3
4 columns
12 columns
86 columns
9 rows
TU-11
3 columns
1.728 Mb/s
2.304 Mb/s
Optimised for Optimised for
a N. American a European
DS1 (1.544
2 Mb/s signal
Mb/s) signal
6.912 Mb/s
Optimised for
a N. American
DS2 (6.312
Mb/s) signal
49.54 Mb/s
Optimised for a N. American DS3
(44.736 Mb/s) signal, but will also
carry a European 34.368 Mb/s signal
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SDH Basics
Synchronous Byte-Interleaved Multiplexing
t
STM-1
SIGNAL A
t
STM-1
SIGNAL B
ByteInterleaved
Multiplexer
STM-1
SIGNAL C
STM-4
(4 x STM-1)
STM-1
SIGNAL D
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SDH Basics
STM-4 Frame Structure
Serial Signal Stream
STM-1 A
125 usec.
F
622.08 Mb/s
9720 Bytes / Frame
9 Rows
STM-1 C
ByteInterleaved
Multiplexer
9 Rows
STM-1 B
STM-1 D
9 columns
Section
Overhead
261 columns
VC-4
36 columns
Interleaved
Section Overhead
1044 columns
4 Interleaved VC-4s
9720 Bytes / Frame x 8 Bits / Byte x 8000 Frames / Sec. = 622.08 Mbit/s
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SDH Basics
STM-4 Section Overhead Byte Structure
36 columns
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0
B1
E1
F1
D1
D2
D3
K2
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
D11
S1
D12
M1
OVERHEAD Functions
E2
SDH Basics
Network Management
Alarm/Event Management
Configuration Management
Performance Management
Access and Security Management
Ethernet
Gateway
Management Station
Site 1
Site 2
SDH
Multiplexer
Network
Site 3
Site 4
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SDH Basics
Management Functions
Alarm/Event Management
SDH Basics
Management Functions
Alarm/Event Management
intro
If the fault is at the LO, for example, the TU-12 level, the signal proper (customer
data) to the affected tributary is replaced by AIS and FERF being sent to the
appropriate distant transmitting element.
Errors detected in an incoming signal can be indicated to the distant originating
element in a similar fashion. In this case, the indication is a FEBE alarm, and is
indicated at the transmitting NE at the level at which the errors are detected. For
example, MS for B2 errors, VC-4 level for B3 errors, and V5 for VC-11/12 errors. The
term FEBE has been replaced by Remote Error Indication (REI).
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SDH Basics
Light Paths and Wavelength Routing
Wavelength routing networks are circuit-switched networks.
In order for a user to send data to a another user, a connection
has to be first setup by allocating a wavelength on each hop
along the connections path.
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SDH Basics
Light Paths and Wavelength Routing
When establishing a light-path over a wavelength routing
network, the same wavelength has to be used on every hop
along the path.
If the required wavelength is not available at the outgoing fiber
of an OXC through which the lightpath has to be routed, then
the establishment of the lightpath is blocked, and a notification
message is sent back to the user.
In order to decrease the probability that a lightpath is blocked,
the OXC can be equipped with converters.
A converter can transform the optical signal transmitted over a
wavelength to another wavelength.
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SDH Basics
Light Paths and Wavelength Routing
In an OXC, for each output fiber with W wavelengths, there may
be c converters, where 0 c W.
No conversion: c=0
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.
1
D
B
2
1
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
80
80
2
1
A
C
D
1
2
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
81
81
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
82
82
Traffic grooming
A lightpath is exclusively used by a single client.
Often the bandwidth a client requires is significantly
less than the wavelengths bandwidth. This means
that part of the lightpaths bandwidth is unused. Also,
the user pays for more bandwidth than required.
Traffic grooming permits many users to share the
same lightpath.
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
83
83
Sub-rate units
The bandwidth of a lightpath is divided into
sub-rate units so that it can carry traffic
streams transmitted at lower rates.
For instance a 2.5 Gbps (OC-48) bandwidth
can be available in sub-rate units of 50 Mbps
(OC-1) = 50Mbps x 48 2.5 Gbps
A client can request one or more of these subrate units. This improves wavelength
utilization and lowers users costs.
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
84
84
Established lightpaths:
OXC 1 to OXC 3
OXC 3 to OXC 4
85
85
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
86
86
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
87
87
intro
Connection-Oriented
Networks
88
88
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89
SW2
SW3
SW4
SW5
PSTN Channels
16
16
16
Data Channels
Total Channels
12
12
24
24
24
96 Channels
2
1
We have to use:
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96
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The Objective:
Redesign the network in figure (a) in
order to reduce:
The number of routers interfaces
and hence the cost.
By two methods:
1. With no optical add/drop facility
2. With optical add/drop facility
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The total
amount of
traffic is 100
Gbps
inbound.
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