Bai Giang PTTKHTTT

Trng CAO NG CNG NGH THNG TIN
Khoa CNG NGH THNG TIN

---------- ----------
Bi ging
Phn tch thit k

H THNG THNG TIN
(Analysis and Design of
Information Systems)
Bin son: Th.S TRNG CHU LONG
Tp. H Ch Minh
MC LC
Chng 1: Tng quan v h thng thng tin (Information System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chng 2: M hnh v cc phng php m hnh ha (Model,Modelling) . . . . . . . . . . 12
Chng 3: Kho st h thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chng 4: Phn tch t chc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Chng 5: Phn tch d liu-M hnh ha d liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Chng 6: Phn tch x l-M hnh x l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Chng 7: Thit k d liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Chng 8: Thit k h thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Tm hiu cch dng Power Designer 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
V m hnh CDM trong Power Designer 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
V m hnh PDM trong Power Designer 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Mt s cch chuyn t CDM sang PDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
V m hnh BPM trong Power Designer 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Cch thc nh s th t slide bi ging
Chng 1: Tng quan v H THNG THNG TIN

Phn tch thit k H THNG THNG TIN
~1~
H thng l g ?
L tp hp cc phn t, c cc mi lin h rng

buc ln nhau v cng hot ng hng ti
mt mc ch chung
Tng quan v
H THNG THNG TIN
Ni dung chi tit

H thng
H thng t chc
H thng qun l
H thng thng tin
Cc bc pht trin HTTT
Cc kha cnh trong nh ngha h thng

Cc phn t ca h thng: l cc thnh
phn hp thnh h thng
Mi lin h gia cc phn t: hay gi l
mi rng buc gia cc phn t to
thnh cu trc (hay t chc)
S hot ng v mc ch ca h thng
th hin s tin trin v hot ng
Cc phn t H THNG
H THNG
(System)
Thut ng H THNG
Thut ng h thng khng phi l mi.
T lu ngi ta ni n h thng
H thng Mt tri
H thng Trit hc
H thng Lut php
H thng Thy lc
H thng C kh
H thng Tun hon
H thng Thng tin
Bin son: Th.S Trng Chu Long
Cc phn t l rt a dng, chng hn

H thng mt tri th phn t l mt tri,
qu t, ha tinh,...
H thng thn kinh th cc phn t l b c,
ty sng, dy thn kinh,...
i khi cc phn t l nhng i tng tru
tng nh: phng php, lp lun, quy tc...
nh trong h thng t tng
=> cc phn t khc bit v bn cht gia cc
h thng khc nhau hoc trong cng h thng
Lin h gia cc phn t

Chng hn trong h thng hnh chnh,
gm cc cn b v nhn vin, th gia h
tn ti mi rng buc v phn cp, phn
quyn, cc lin h on th, cc lin h v
dn s,... Khi xt tnh t chc ca mt h
thng, cn xt n quan h n nh, lu
di. V d: A l th trng ca B (n nh),
A v B va c c i cng tc cng nhau
(tm thi)
Hot ng ca h thng
~2~
Hnh minh ha H THNG
S hot ng ca h thng th hin trn

hai mt
S tin trin: phn t v lin h c th
c pht sinh, c tng trng, c suy
thoi, c mt i
S hot ng: phn t ca h thng,
trong cc mi rng buc nh, cng
cng tc vi nhau thc hin mt mc
ch chung ca h thng
Phn t
Phm vi
Lin h
gia cc
phn t
u vo
u ra
Giao tip
Mi trng
Mc ch ca h thng
v d HT kinh doanh/dch v
Mc ch ca h thng th hin ch h
thng nhn ci vo ch bin thnh ci
ra nht nh. Chng hn
H thng thu hnh: nhn vo nng lng
in cng sng v tuyn t i pht
bin thnh cc hnh nh trn mn hnh
H thng sn xut: nhn vo nguyn vt
liu, tin v dch v sn xut ra cc
thnh phm, hng ha
L h thng m mc ch l kinh doanh hoc

dch v
Kinh doanh l hot ng ca con ngi nhm
mang li li nhun (thu gi tr thng d).
Chng hn sn xut, phn phi hay lu thng
sn phm l cc hot ng kinh doanh
Dch v l hot ng ca con ngi nhm
mang li ch (cung cp gi tr s dng), nhng
c nhng dch v l phi li nhun
Nhn xt v H THNG
Dch v phi li nhun
Khi ni h thng nhn ci vo v xut ci
L cc dch v khng th c tng nng
ra, th ngm hiu l h thng phi

trong mt mi trng v n nhn ci vo
sut, to ra gi tr thng d, v d:
t mi trng v xut ci ra tr li mi
cc hot ng gio dc, y t, t thin,
trng . M mi trng chng qua l
...
mt h thng no , c giao tip vi h

thng ang xt
V d v mt h thng
Hnh minh ha H THNG

Mi trng
H thng
phn
t
Ci vo
phn
t
Lin h
phn
t
phn
t
phn
t
H thng ca hng bn nc gii kht

Nc gii kht
Ci ra
Lao ng
Tin t
Vn phng
B phn
bn
hng
Ha n
Tin t
Khch hng
Nc gii kht
Kho hng
Nh cung cp
Ngn hng

Quy m ca HT kinh doanh/dch v
Quy m nh: phn xng, ca hng
Quy m va: nh my, cng ty, bnh
vin, trng i hc
Quy m ln: tng cng ty, ngnh sn
xut, tp on kinh doanh a quc gia...
Cho nn sau ny ta thng gi h thng
kinh doanh/dch v l doanh nghip
hay khi qut hn gi l c quan
~3~
H THNG T CHC
H THNG T CHC
IM
CHUNG
CA
THNG KINH DOANH/DCH V
SO VI CC H THNG KHC ?
c im ca HT Kinh doanh/dch v
L ca con ngi v c con ngi tham gia
Ca con ngi, cho nn cc mc tiu ca
chng l do con ngi nh ra
C con ngi tham gia, cho nn con
ngi thng xuyn gp phn thc y
hay km hm s pht trin ca h thng,
v con ngi
C tr thng minh, kh nng sng to
C tnh cm, tham vng
Hai nt ni bt ca HT kinh
doanh/dch v t c im trn
Vai tr ca c ch iu khin (s qun
l): rt quan trng, nhm gi cho h
thng hng ng ch v y kt
qu vi cht lng cao
Vai tr ca thng tin cng rt quan
trng, nhm phc v cho nhu cu giao
tip, trao i gia con ngi vi nhau
L h thng trong mi trng kinh

t - x hi
Mc tiu
Li nhun
Phi li nhun
Do con ngi to ra v c s tham

gia ca con ngi
H THNG T CHC
T chc hnh chnh s nghip
y ban nhn dn, mt trn t quc

Phi li nhun: phc v nhn dn, thc hin
cc cng vic hnh php
T chc x hi
Hi t thin, chm sc sc khe cng

ng
Phi li nhun: tr gip tinh thn/vt cht
cho con ngi
T chc kinh t
X nghip, cng ty
Li nhun: sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v
Mi trng t chc
L cc thnh phn bn ngoi t chc:
tc ng ln t chc nhm
Cung cp u vo
Tip nhn u ra ca t chc
Mi trng t chc gm
Mi trng kinh t: khch hng, ch

u t, ngn hng, nh cung cp
Mi trng x hi: nh nc, cng
on
V d:
Hot ng ca t chc
Xt cng ty ITC chuyn sn xut v kinh

doanh giy dp cao su trn th trng
trong v ngoi nc
Phn bit
T chc
Mi trng
~4~
Nhn hng ha, dch v, tin

Bin i
Xut ra mi trng hng ha, dch v
Mi trng
Mi trng
Cng ty ITC vi
- Hot ng sn xut
- Kinh doanh ni a
Phng sn
xut ca
cng ty ITC
Thng
lng
vo
hng ho
dch v
tin
thng tin
Bin i
Thng lng ni b
hng ho
dch v
tin
thng tin
Thng
lng ra
- Xut khu hng ha
T chc & Mi trng

T chc: l ci bn trong h thng
Mi trng: l ci tn ti bn ngoi h
thng (t chc) c nh hng tim tng
n hot ng t chc. Cc yu t ny
gm cc nh cnh tranh, cc ngun lc,
cng ngh v cc iu kin kinh t... nh
hng n t chc
Mi trng bn ngoi t chc

Phn thnh hai lp
Mi trng chung (cn gi l mi trng
v m): l cc yu t c nh hng rng
v khng trc tip n t chc. V d:
lm pht, tht nghip.
Mi trng ring (cn gi l mi trng
tc nghip, mi trng vi m): nh cnh
tranh, nh cung cp, khch hng
Mi trng & t chc

Ranh gii gia t chc v mi
trng ty theo quan im ca
ngi quan st
T chc v mi trng c tc ng
ln nhau
Hot ng ca t chc
Hot ng mt cn bng khi thng
lng vo + thng lng ra b nhiu,
chng hn nh:
Thanh ton tin hng ca khch hng
b tr hn
Cung ng nguyn vt liu chm tr
Cn phi
Kim tra hot ng
Qun l hot ng
H THNG QUN L
(Management System)
Phn tch thit k HTTT
H thng qun l
L b phn m nhn cc hot ng
qun l
Gm con ngi, phng tin, phng
php v bin php
Nhim v ca H thng qun l: Kim
tra xem hot ng ca t chc c t
mc tiu hay khng, a hot ng ca
t chc i ng mc tiu
~5~
v d h thng qun l SINHVIEN
V d v HTQL bn nc gii kht
Thu nhp d liu v

Sinh vin
Qu trnh hc tp ca sv: im, lp
Tm kim sinh vin: theo tn, m s, lp,...
Cp nht d liu v l lch, im
In bng im s liu, lp, ...
Bng bo co thng k t l ln lp, sv gii,
kh,...
Truyn d liu v n v ch qun: b gio
dc, c s chnh,...
(5) Nc gii kht giao t n v cung ng vo
H thng qun l ca hng in my

Thu nhp d liu v cc phiu mua hng,
bn hng, d liu v phiu xut, phiu
nhp, phiu tr hng, bo hng, khch
hng,...
Tm kim khch hng, hng ha, ha n
mua, bn,...
Cp nht d liu v hng, ha n,...
In bo co thu, chi theo chu k
In bng tng hp v khch hng, nh
cung cp,...
kho
(6) Phiu nhp hng gi cho vn phng
theo di
(7) Thng bo cho b phn bn hng tnh
trng tn kho hin hnh
(8) Nc gii kht giao cho khch hng
H thng qun l
Thu thp d liu, thng
tin; x l v sn xut
thng tin; truyn tin
Truy vn Bo co
Thc hin vt l hot
ng ca t chc
(sn xut, kim k,
sa cha, tip th)
da trn mc tiu v
phng hng c
ra bi h thng
quyt nh
Chin
lc
Qun
l
Xc nh mc tiu
ca t chc; tc
ng ln h thng
tc v thc hin
hon thnh mc
tiu
Quyt nh
iu hnh
Tc v

Khch hng
(8)
(1)
B phn bn hng
(2)
(2)
Vn phng
(3)
(7)
Kho
(6)
H THNG THNG TIN

(Information Systems)
(4)
(5)
n v cung ng
Khi nim v thng tin
(1) n t mua nc gii kht ca khch
L h thng gm nhiu phn t, phi

hp hnh ng nhm mc ch
Thu nhp d liu, thng tin
Lu tr d liu, thng tin
X l d liu, thng tin
Truyn tin d liu, thng tin
hng gi n b phn bn hng
(2) n t mua nc gii kht c kim
tra hp l gi cho vn phng theo di

v kho chun b giao hng
(3) Thng tin tn kho v s lng cn t
p ng n hng
(4) n t hng c lp v gi cho n v
cung ng
~6~
Khi nim v thng tin
D liu, thng tin v tri thc
Phn nh s hiu bit ca con ngi

v mt i tng. C 2 loi thng tin
THNG TIN: l d liu qua x l

c ngha vi ngi s dng
Thng tin t nhin: vn bn, hnh nh,

s , li ni
Thng tin cu trc
c chn lc v cu trc di dng
cc c trng
C ng, truyn t nhanh, c tin
cy v chnh xc cao, c th tnh ton
x l theo thut gii
TRI THC: ti sn v sc mnh

quyt nh s tn ti v thnh
cng
HTTT v mi trng ngoi
nh ngha H THNG THNG TIN
Mi trng ngoi
L tp hp cc thnh phn thu thp, x l,

lu tr v phn phi thng tin nhm h
tr cc hot ng ra quyt nh, kim sot
trong mt t chc
H thng thng tin
V du: HTTT v mi trng ngoi ca bi ton qun l

SINHVIEN
SINHVIEN
HTTT
qun l sv
Cn b
qun l nh
trng
T d liu -> thng tin

S liu
nhp hng
Lp bo co
tn kho
Bo co
tn kho
S liu
xut hng
Hai thnh phn c bn ca

H THNG THNG TIN
D liu: l thng tin c lu tr
v duy tr nhm phn nh hin
trng hin thi hay qu kh ca
doanh nghip
X l: l qu trnh bin i thng
tin
D liu, thng tin v tri thc
D liu trong H thng thng tin
D LIU: cc s kin v s liu th

tng trng cho cc tnh hung xy
ra trong t chc, trong mi trng
trc khi c b tr v sp xp theo
dng m con ngi c th hiu c
v em ra s dng t c ngha i
vi ngi s dng
Cc d liu phn nh cu trc ni b ca
cng ty nh d liu: nhn s, nh xng,

thit b
Cc d liu phn nh hot ng kinh
doanh/ dch v ca cng ty nh d liu:
sn xut, mua bn, giao dch
~7~
X l ca H thng thng tin

Sn sinh cc thng tin theo th thc quy
nh nh n hng, ha n, cc bo
co, cc bn thng k
Tr gip quyt nh thng thng l
cung cp nhng tin cn thit cho vic la
chn ca lnh o.
Mi x l thng p dng mt quy tc
qun l nh sn v din ra theo mt trt
t nh sn (gi l th tc)
u ra ca x l c th l
Cc kt qu chuyn trc tip cho cc c
nhn/t chc ngoi doanh nghip (n
hng, ha n, thng k bn hng, bo
co ti chnh,...) => gi l kt qu ngoi
Cc kt qu c lu gi tr li trong h
thng, sau ny dng lm u vo cho
cc x l khc (cc thng tin v tnh
trng, v lch s hay lu tr) => gi l kt
qu trong
Biu din H THNG THNG TIN

Trc cc mc nhn thc
Quan nim
T chc
Vt l
D
liu
X
l
B Con Truyn
x ngi thng
l
Trc
cc
thnh
phn
Cc s kin tin ha
(Cp nht)
D liu
V cu trc c quan
X l
d
Cc tham s Cc quy tc qun l
liu
Cc th tc
vo
Cc thnh
phn c
bn ca
HTTT
Kt qu ngoi
D liu
V hot ng kinh
doanh/dch v
Kt
qu
trong
Xt trn trc cc
mc nhn thc
(thu thp)
Cc s kin hot ng
Phn loi H thng thng tin

H h tr ch o
Executive Support System (ESS)
H thng thng tin qun l
Chin
lc
Management Information System (MIS)
H h tr ra quyt nh
Decision Support System (DSS)
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/Executive_Support_System.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_Support_System
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Processing_System
Biu din HTTT gc tru tng

c lp vi phng tin lu tr
Qun l
H thng x l giao dch
Transaction Processing System (TPS)
Nhn thc mc QUAN NIM
Xc nh cc yu cu - Ci g?
Tc v
Nhn thc mc T CHC
~8~
Thnh phn D LIU

D liu TNH
L mc trung gian
Xc nh cch t chc x l, phn b
d liu Ai, u, bao gi?
Nhn thc mc VT L
M t HTTT trong mt mi trng ci
t c th
Ph thuc vo phn cng, phn mm
t bin i trong qu trnh sng

Thi gian tn ti lu di
Hng ha, phng ban, qui nh, ti sn
D liu NG
Phn nh cc hot ng, thng xuyn
bin i
Thi gian tn ti ngn
n t hng, thu chi, ha n,
Thnh phn X L
M t qu trnh thng tin c to ra, b
bin i v b loi b khi HTTT
To thng tin
Bin i
thng tin
Loi b
thng tin
Xc nh cch thc hin - Nh th

no?
Sn xut
Trnh t m hnh ha mc nhn thc

Yu cu mi
Quan nim
H thng quan
nim hin ti
H thng quan
nim mi
H thng vt l
hin ti
H thng vt l
mi
T chc
Vt l
Cp nht
Vn chuyn
Thnh phn CON NGI

Ngi dng (User)
Khai thc h thng

Hiu qui tc x l v vai tr ca mnh
trong HTTT
C kin thc cn bn v tin hc
Phi hp vi nhm pht trin xy
dng h thng
Ngi iu hnh/pht trin (Admin)
Phn tch, thit k, lp trnh h thng

C vai tr trong vic xy dng v bo tr
h thng
Thnh phn B X L & TRUYN THNG

B x l: My mc, thit b dng t
ng ha x l thng tin
Xt trn trc cc
thnh phn
Truyn thng: Phng tin, cch thc trao

i thng tin gia cc b x l
~9~
Quy trnh tng trng

D. R. Grahma, 1989
CC BC PHT TRIN
H THNG THNG TIN
Cc bc pht trin HTTT
Ln k hoch
Kho st hin trng
Nghin cu tnh kh thi
Hp ng trch nhim
Thit k
Ci t
Th nghim
Khai thc / Bo tr
Phn
tch
Thit
k
Lp
trnh
Th
nghim
Chuyn giao
phn 1
Tng trng 2
Phn
tch
Thit
k
Lp
trnh
Chuyn giao
Th
phn 2
nghim
Tng trng 3
Phn
tch
Thit
k
Lp
trnh
Th
nghim
Chuyn giao
phn 3
Quy trnh XON C
Quy trnh pht trin h thng: bao gm

nhiu giai on t khi bt u d n h
thng cho n khi kt thc khai thc h
thng
Quy trnh pht trin: cc giai on v
trnh t ca cc giai on
M hnh: phng tin biu din ni
dung ca h thng qua cc giai on ca
qui trnh
Quy trnh thc nc
Waterfall - Royce, 1970
Gm 5 giai on
Mt giai on bt u khi giai on trc
n kt thc
Khng th quay lui sa li thiu st
Phn tch
Thit k
Lp trnh
Th nghim
Nghim thu
Quy trnh tng trng

Tng trng 1
Mt s khi nim
tuyn tnh
Hon thnh tng phn ca h thng

Mi bc tng trng p dng qui trnh
tuyn tnh xy dng 1 phn ca h thng
Quy trnh ny lp li nhiu ln cho ti khi
c mt phng n hon chnh ca c h
thng
Ch ph hp vi nhng h thng c s
phn chia v chuyn giao tng phn
Boehm, 1988
L cc tin trnh pht trin c lp i lp li
Qun l ri ro
Xc nh mc
tiu, phng n,
rng buc
Chu trnh 3
Chu trnh 2
Chu trnh 1
Lp k hoch
cho chu trnh
k tip
4
nh gi cc
phng n
2
Pht trin v
kim tra
Quy trnh XON C

Bn giai on on cho vng lp nh sau
Giai on 1: vi vng lp u tin th giai
on ny pht hin ra cc nhu cu c
bn v r rt nht, thng qua cc phng
php thng thng nh phng vn, xem
ti liu,... T vng lp th 2 tr i th giai
on ny nhm xc nh cc mc tiu ca
vng lp hin ti, cc phng phn c th
t c mc tiu v cc rng buc
t kt qu vng lp trc

~10~
Qui trnh c dng trong mn hc
Quy trnh XON C
Bn giai on on cho vng lp nh sau
Giai on 2: nh gi cc phng n c
th bng cch pht hin cc nguy c tim
n v cc gii quyt chng
Giai on 3: thit k v thnh lp mt bn
mu (prototype) chy c
Giai on 4: gii thiu cho mt s ngi
dng , ri thu thp kin ca h. Ty vo
mc quan trng m iu chnh tip
Qui trnh pht trin nhanh h thng
Xc nh v
chn la d n
Khi to v lp
k hoch d n
Phn tch
Thit k
Ci t
Bo tr
Tnh cht ca qui trnh

Tnh tun t
RAD - James Martin, 1991

S dng cng c v mi trng pht
trin phn mm biu din kt qu t
c
Qu trnh lp thay i v iu chnh
Qui trnh pht trin nhanh h thng

Xc lp yu cu
(Requirements planning)
c thc hin t trn xung

Kt qu ca giai on trc l kt qu
cho giai on sau
Tnh lp
Mi giai on c th quay lui

Lp cho n khi kt qu c chp nhn
Tnh song song: Hot ng trong 1 giai
on c th c thc hin song song vi
hot ng ca giai on khc
Xc nh v chn la
Nhu cu thc t
nhn c
Thit k
(User design)
Cc d n tim
nng v ang
thc hin
Xy dng
(Construction)
Chuyn giao
(Cutover)
Qui trnh ng nht

RUP (Rational Unified Process)
Mi trng t
chc hin hnh
Ngun lc tn
ti v c sn
Quyt nh
chn la d
n
Kt qu quyt nh:
- Chp nhn d n
- T chi d n
- Hon d n
- Xem xt li d n
Tiu chun
nh gi
Lp k hoch v khi to
Thnh lp i ng nhn vin
Kho st tng th h thng
Lp k hoch
Xc nh phm vi, ngun lc, nguyn tc
nh gi kh thi
Xy dng ti liu m t h thng
Inception (khi u), Elaboration(ch to),

Construction (xy dng), Transition (chuyn giao)
Phn tch
Xc nh yu cu ca h thng
Cu trc cc yu cu
M hnh ha, phn tch yu cu c th
dng c
Phng php: Phn tch cu trc, phn
tch h thng, hng i tng
Pht sinh cc phng n h thng &
chn la phng n kh thi nht
Thit k
Thit k lun l
D liu
Kin trc
Giao din
Thit k vt l: Chuyn i thit k
lun l sang c t phn cng, phn

mm, k thut c chn ci t h
thng
Ci t
Lp trnh
Th nghim
Xy dng ti liu
Ti liu c t h thng
Ti liu hng dn s dng
Ti liu cu hnh v ci t
Hun luyn s dng
Bo tr
Sa cc li pht sinh trong qu trnh s
dng
iu chnh nhng thay i ph hp khi
h thng c nhu cu thay i
Nng cp ln h thng mi
~11~
Chng 2: M hnh v cc phng php m hnh ha
M hnh v cc phng
php m hnh ha
Ni dung chi tit

M hnh (Model)
M hnh ha (Modelling)
Phng php m hnh ha (Method)
Lch s cc phng php m hnh ha
Mt s m hnh tiu biu
M hnh
L mt dng th hin n gin ha
ca thc t (Efraim Turban)
Cc c im ca m hnh
Din t mt mc tru tng ha
Tun theo mt quan im
C mt hnh thc biu din
Vn bn
th, biu , s
Phn loi M HNH

M hnh tnh: biu din thng s,
cu trc ca h thng, nh d
liu, thng tin
M hnh ng: biu din hnh vi,
th tc ca h thng, nh s
tng tc gia cc i tng
~12~
M HNH HA
Biu din th gii thc s dng m
hnh
Mc ch vic m hnh ha
Lm sng t vn tip cn
M phng hnh nh ca h thng
Lm n gin ha h thng
Gia tng kh nng duy tr h thng
Phng php m hnh ha

L tp cc quy tc, th t thc hin khi
tin hc ha mt h thng thng tin
Phng php m hnh ha chnh gi l
phng php phn tch thit k
Cc thnh phn
Tp khi nim, m hnh
Quy trnh trin khai
Cng c tr gip
Lch s
X l
UML/RUP
2K
Th h III
OOM
OMT
Sadt
OODa
Axial
Th h II
90
Sa/sd
Ida
Ssa
Hipo
Tip cn Descartes
Th h I
Prote
Tip cn s ng
60
80
OOSA
Thi gian
CRC
OOA
Tip cn i tng
Remora
Merise
Tip cn h thng
Jsd
70
Arianne
Corig
Niam
D liu
Lch s pht trin pp m hnh ha

Thp nin 60: Chun ha cc k thut
ca cc nh pht trin ng dng
Thp nin 70
Phn r cc chc nng ca HTTT theo
m hnh phn cp: chia nh cng vic
x l
p dng phng php lp trnh cu
trc v n th
~13~
Lch s pht trin pp m hnh ha

Thp nin 80
M HNH T CHC
Tip cn ton din

D liu, x l, bin c ca HTTT
Phn r c kt hp cc thnh phn con
C p dng h qun tr c s d liu
M hnh phn cp chc nng
Thp nin 90
M hnh lun chuyn
Tng hp phng php thp nin 70 v

80
i tng: gom nhm cu trc d liu v
x l
M hnh PHN CP CHC NNG

Phn r 1 chc nng tng hp thnh cc
chc nng chi tit
H qun l
ca hng
MT S M HNH
TIU BIU
Bn hng
Bn l
Mt s m hnh tiu biu

M hnh t chc
M hnh dng d liu
M hnh ng
M hnh d liu
M hnh hng i tng
Mt s m hnh tiu biu

M hnh
t chc
M hnh phn cp chc nng
M hnh
dng d liu
M hnh tng tc thng tin
M hnh lun chuy n
M hnh dng d liu

M hnh Petri-net
M hnh
M hnh
ng
M hnh trng thi

M hnh Merise
M hnh quan h
M hnh
d liu
M hnh mng
M hnh thc th kt hp
M hnh
hng i tng
M hnh OOA
M hnh UML
Qun l
n hng
Qun l
tn kho
K ton
Qun l
cng n
Qun l
Qun l
nhp hng xut hng
Bo co
tn
M hnh PHN CP CHC NNG

Cho ci nhn khi qut, d hiu, t tng
th n chi tit
Rt d thnh lp bng cch phn r dn
cc chc nng t trn xung
C tnh cht tnh, v ch thy c cc
chc nng m khng thy trnh t x l
Lu : phn bit s chc nng vi s
t chc ca cng ty. S t chc th hin
cc b phn, cc t chc hp thnh cng ty
M hnh LUN CHUYN

Din t qu
trnh lun
chuyn thng
tin qua cc
khng gian
Khch hng
H khng
hp l
Kho
Vn phng
Kim tra
H
H
hp l
Lu H
Kim tra
tn kho
Tn
kho
CSDL
Ln k hoch
giao hng
DS
tn kho
Tch hp d liu,
x l, t chc
Khng thch hp
x l giao tc
BP bn hng
t mua
NGK
Lp phiu
giao hng
Lu phiu
giao hng
Phiu giao
hng
Phiu giao
hng
Ghi nhn
tn kho mi
M hnh lun chuyn
~14~
M HNH NG
Ch r cng vic phi thc hin ( mc vt l)

Ch r trnh t cng vic v cc thng tin c
chuyn giao gia cc cng vic
M hnh mng Petri-net
chc nng x l thng tin

chng t (trn giy)
danh sch (in trn giy)
lu ti ch
tp trn bng t
tp trn a t
M HNH DNG D LIU

M hnh tng tc thng tin
M hnh trng thi

M hnh x l Merise
M hnh Petri-net
Din t bin c v s ng b ca bin c
n t hng
t hng
Ln lch giao hng
Trng thi
ln
lch
c to mi
M hnh d liu
Thanh ton
Din t r khi nim ng
Giao hng
thanh ton
M hnh TNG TC THNG TIN

Din t dng d liu gia cc tc nhn
giao
Khng m t c cc i
tng
M hnh trng thi

Din t bin c v s ng b ca bin c
n t hng
n t mua NGK
Khch
hng
Bin c
Trng thi hin hnh
Phng
bn
hng
n t hng b t chi
Thng tin giao NGK
n t mua NGK
n
t
mua
NGK
Thng
tin
giao
NGK
Tn kho
t hng
Kho
Chp nhn t
hng
H mi
T chi do
khng hp l
Hp l
Ln lch giao
B t chi
ln lch giao
1 thng
thanh ton
Giao hng
Tc nhn
2 nm
Din t dng d liu gia cc x l

n t mua
NGK
Kim
tra
H
H hp
l
Lu
H
H khng
hp l
Thng
H b t chi
bo t
chi
H
NGK giao + ha n
Lp
n
giao
hng
Tnh
tn
kho
H hng
giao
Bin c
X l
Kim tra n hng

c
u cui
Kho d liu
Tn kho NGK
Ha n giao
hng
Ho n giao hng
Din t r vic truyn thng
Thanh ton
n hng
(a)
Ln lch
giao hng
(b)
Khng
T chi
n hng
a v b
Giao hng
ng b
Hnh ng
Din t ti sao
Phn chia d
liu v x l
Khng m t tnh ng b
Lun lun
Khng m t
c cc i
tng
t hng
Dng d liu
Thng tin tn
kho
Din t r khi
nim ng
M hnh Merise
n t hng
n t mua
NGK
Trng thi bt u
Din t cc quan nim x l
H mi
n t mua NGK
Khch hng
giao
Dng d liu, thng tin
M hnh DNG D LIU
Trng thi kt thc
Thanh ton
Vn
phng
Din t r vic truyn thng
Khng m t x l
Trng thi
Bin c
n hng
giao
M HNH D LIU
M hnh hng i tng
M hnh quan h
M hnh OOA
M hnh mng
M hnh UML
M hnh thc th kt hp
M hnh QUAN H
M hnh i tng OOA
Din t cc quan nim d liu
Quan h
Tn_NGK
Hiu Loi
nv
M s
Tn
VT
n gi
i tc
M s
H tn
a ch
in thoi
Kha ngoi
ngi
S_H
Tng qut ho
(IS A)
n
Ngyt
Ngygiao Trngthi Khchhng

Nh cung ng
Tr gi t hng()
SL_t
G_t
H
M s
Ngy t
Ngy giao
Tng tr gi
M hnh MNG
Lin kt 1-1
Lc
hot ng
CHITIT_H
H_NGK
KHCH_HNG
Phc tp
M hnh i tng UML

Loi thc th
LOI_NGK
R rng v ng ngha
Tnh tr gi H()
Din t mi lin h gia cc mu tin

NGK
Thng ip
Tr gi()
Khch hng
Cng n ti a
Chitit_H
S_H
Thnh phn
(Is Part - Of)
NGK t
S lng t
n gi
Phng thc thanh ton
M_NGK
Kt hp
Get maso()
n t hng
Lp & i
tng
NGK
Kha chnh
Nc gii kht
M_NGK
~15~
Ch c 1 loi mi
kt hp
Scenario
Scenario
Diagrams
Lc
Diagrams
tun t
Khng c lin kt
dng n-p
M hnh THC TH-KT HP
Use-Case
Lc
State
State
Diagrams
Lc
Diagrams
lp
State
State
Diagrams
Lc
Diagrams
trng thi
Models
Scenario
Scenario
Diagrams
Lc
Diagrams
cng tc
Component
Component
Diagrams
Lc
Diagrams
Lc
trin khai
thnh phn
M hnh i tng UML
Din t d liu mc tru tng

NGK
(1,1)
THUC
(0,n)
Lc Use-Case
ng nhp
LOI_NGK
Nhn vin
Lp n t hng vn phng
Thc th
(0,n)
State
State
Diagrams
Lc
Diagrams
i tng
Xut ha n bn hng
Mi kt hp
Nhn
vin bn
hng
(1,n)
H_NGK
(1,1)
CA
(1,n)
KHCH_
HNG
Kim tra n giao hng
Thng k tnh hnh bn hng
t NGK
Cp nht tn kho
Trng kho
H thng
danh mc NGK
Nh cung ng
M hnh i tng UML

Lc tun t
: NhanVien
: ManHinhDangNhap
: DangNhapController
: DanhSachNhanVien
: NhanVien
1. // nhap ten va mat khau( )

1.1. // lay ten va mat khau ( )
1.1.1. // lay nhan vien (idNhanVien)
1.1.1.1. // lay mat khau( )
1.2. // kiem tra tinh dung dan ( )
1.3. // xuat thong bao thanh cong ( )
1.4. // hien thi man hinh chinh ( )
: ManHinhChinh
~16~
Chng 3: Kho st h thng
~17~
Ni dung kho st
Mc tiu ca n v c kho st: chin

lc, cng vic thc hin
KHO ST H THNG
D liu
nh ngha, ni dung, kch thc

V d:
H s, s sch, tp tin
Biu mu, bo co, qui tc, cng thc

Nhng qui nh rng buc trn d liu
Cc s kin tc ng ln d liu
Ni dung kho st
Mc tiu kho st yu cu
Ni dung kho st
i tng kho st
Cc phng php xc nh yu cu
nh gi hin trng
Chn la phng n thit k
Mc tiu kho st yu cu
Tip cn vi nghip v chuyn mn,
mi trng ca h thng
Tm hiu vai tr, chc nng, nhim
v v cch thc hot ng
Nu ra c cc im hn ch cn
phi thay i
a ra nhng vn cn c
nghin cu thay i
Mc tiu kho st yu cu
X l
Tm hiu cc d liu c to ra, di

chuyn, bin i v c lu tr khi
no, nh th no, bi ai
Phng php, tn xut, khi lng
phc tp, chnh xc
Th t v cc ph thuc ca cc hot
ng truy xut d liu
Ni dung kho st
Cc chnh sch, hng dn, m t hot
ng qun l, th trng v mi trng
h thng.
Cc phng tin, ti nguyn (phn cng,
phn mm, trang thit b, )
Trnh chuyn mn s dng vi tnh ca
cc i tng x l thng tin
Cc nh gi, phn nn v h thng hin
ti, cc xut gii quyt
i tng kho st
Mc tiu kho st yu cu p dng cho
Cn b lnh o,
qun l
Ngi dng
H thng ang hot ng
Ngi s dng,
nhn vin nghip v
Nhn vin k thut
H thng mi hnh thnh

i
tng
Biu mu
Ti liu
Tp tin
Th tc, qui trnh
Chng trnh
my tnh
Thng bo
S sch
Phng php xc nh yu cu
~18~
V d v Phng vn
K hoch phng vn tng quan
H thng: Ca hng nc gii kht
Ngi lp: Nguyn Vn A
Phng vn
Dng bng cu hi
STT
Ch
Quan st trc tip
Qui trnh bn
NGK
Phn tch ti liu
Kt hp thit k ng dng
S dng bn mu (prototype)
Phn tch vin

Ln k hoch
phng vn
n v
Xc nhn k hoch
phng vn
Chun b ch , cu
hi phng vn
Sp xp nhn s tham
gia phng vn
Gi ch
phng vn
Tr li
t cu hi
Ghi nhn
Kim tra v nh gi
kt qu
Tm kim cc quan
im khc
B sung hoc
xc nhn kt qu
Mu k hoch phng vn
K hoch phng vn tng quan
H thng: ......................
Ngi lp: ......................
Ngy lp: .../.../...
Phng vn
Nm r v ti nguyn
my mc trang thit b,
phn mm, h iu
hnh ang s dng
8/8/2003
10/8/2003 10/8/2003
Ngi c phng vn:

Trn Th X
Cu hi
Ngy: 05/08/2003
Ghi nhn
Cu hi 1:
Tt c n hng ca khch
hng phi c thanh ton
trc ri mi giao hng ?
Tr li:
Phi thanh ton trc hoc ngay
khi giao
Kt qu quan st:
Thi khng chc chn
Cu hi 2:
Tr li:
Anh/Ch mun h thng mi s D liu ch nhp mt ln v cc
gip cho anh/ch iu g?
bo co t ng tnh ton
Kt qu quan st:
Khng tin tng lm, hnh
trin khai tht bi mt ln
Loi cu hi dng phng vn
Phng vn
Ch
H thng my
mc phn
mm
8/8/2003
Phng vn
Phng vn
STT
Qui trnh t
mua NGK
Qun l nhp
xut tn kho
Ngy lp: 01/08/2003

Ngy bt Ngy kt
Yu cu
u
thc
Hiu tt c cc yu cu
v bn l, bn s v quy 5/8/2003 5/8/2003
trnh x l t hng
Qun l nhp xut tn
7/8/2003 7/8/2003
kho
Yu
cu
Ngy bt
Ngy
u
kt thc
Bng k hoch hng dn bui phng vn

H thng:
Ngi phng vn:.
Phn tch vin:..
V tr/phng tin
Vn phng, phng hp, in thoi,
Mc tiu:
D liu g?
Lnh vc no?
Chi tit bui phng vn
Thi gian c lng (pht)
Gii thiu
Tng:
Tng quan ca h thng
Ch 1
Cc cu hi
Ch 2
Cc cu hi
...
Tm tt cc im chnh
Cu hi ca ngi tr li phng vn
Kt thc
Quan st tng quan
Pht sinh ngoi d kin
Cu hi m: L cu hi c phm vi
tr li t do, kt qu khng tun
theo mt vi tnh hung c nh
Cu hi ng: L cu hi c cc tr
li l vic chn la mt hay nhiu
trong nhng tnh hung xc nh
trc
Loi cu hi dng phng vn

Cu hi m
u im
Khng rng buc
kt qu tr li
C th pht sinh
tng mi
Khuyt im
Thi gian d ko
di
Ni dung tr li c
th vt phm vi
cu hi
Cu hi ng
u im
Thi gian tr li ngn
Ni dung tr li tp
trung, chi tit
Khuyt im
Mt nhiu thi gian
chun b cu hi
Khng m rng c
kt qu tr li
~19~
Kho st dng bng cu hi

Phn loi cu hi thnh nhm
Phn loi i tng thnh nhm
i tng tch cc
Ngu nhin
Theo ch nh tha tiu chun no
C kinh nghim 2 nm tr ln
Thng xuyn s dng h thng
Theo loi
Ngi dng, ngi qun l,
So snh phng vn bng cu hi

c im
Phng vn
S phong ph
thng tin
Thi gian
Chi ph
C hi nm
bt v pht
hin
Cao (cch tr li, c

ch)
C th ko di
C th cao
Mi ngi bit ln
nhau
Ngi c phng
vn ng vai tr
quan trng v c th
quyt nh kt qu
Vai tr tham
gia
Khng bit ngi

tr li
Tr li th ng,
khng chc chn
quyt nh kt qu
Cu hi v
Tr li v
nghip v
k thut
k thut
Phn tch vin
v quy trnh lm vic thc t ca h

thng
Thng thng khi kho st
Phng php phng vn + quan st
Phn tch ti liu
Tr li v
nghip v
Cu hi
Tr li v
tng quan
tng quan
u im
Gim thiu thi gian phng vn

Cho php cc i tng phng vn
nghe c kin ch o ca cp trn
khi gp vn bt ng kin
Kh c th t chc bui phng vn

(thi gian, v tr thch hp)
Ti liu
Ti liu
lm tip
Ti liu b sung: bng hi, phiu thu thp,
Ti liu nghin cu: bo co nghin cu,

Ti liu chun b: cuc hp, my tnh,
Cc vn tn ti trong h thng: thiu

thng tin, cc bc d tha
Cc c hi h thng p ng nhu cu
mi
V d: phn tch c doanh thu, thi
quen khch hng,
Phng hng t chc c th tc ng
n cc yu cu ca h thng thng tin
Ngi phng vn
Phng vn nhm
Khuyt im
Ti liu
hon
chnh
Ti liu giao dch: chng t, th t, thng

bo,
Ti liu lu: s sch, tp tin, bo co,
Ti liu tng hp: bo co, thng k, k
hoch
Ti liu t chc, chnh sch: cu trc t
chc, m t cng vic, qui trnh, th tc ,
Li ch khi phn tch ti liu
Nhiu phn tch vin

Nhiu i tng phng vn
Mi phn tch vin t cu hi v ghi nhn li
nhng kin thuc lnh vc ca mnh
Phng
vn
nhm
trng thu thp chnh xc cch thc
Trung bnh thp

(ch tr li)
Thp, va phi
Va phi
Phng vn nhm
Cu hi v
Quan st trc tip ti ni lm vic, hin
Bng cu hi
Tt (pht hin v
Hn ch (sau khi
chn lc cc cu hi) thu thp d liu)
Tnh bo mt
Quan st trc tip
Li ch khi phn tch ti liu

L do tn ti ca h thng hin hnh
Tm ra tn v v tr ca nhng c nhn c
lin quan n h thng: gip cho vic
giao tip lin lc ng mc tiu hn
D liu cu trc, qui tc x l d liu
~20~
Hn ch khi Phn tch ti liu
ch li: kt hp thit k ng dng
Cc ti liu, th tc cng l ngun thng
ch li trong cc trng hp sau
tin khng ng, trng lp

Thiu ti liu
Ti liu ht hn
Yu cu cha r rng v thng sut

Ngi dng v thnh vin khch tham gia
vo vic pht trin h thng
C nhng vn trao i tn ti gia
phn tch vin v ngi dng
Cng c v d liu sn sng: cng c pht
sinh bo biu v giao din
Kt hp thit k ng dng
Khuyt im: Kt hp thit k ng dng
JAD (Join Application Design)
To ra mt xu hng lm vic khng

theo chun ti liu hnh thc v yu cu
h thng
Cc bn mu c th tr thnh rt c th
phong cch ca ngi dng ban u
B qua cc pht sinh v tng tc v chia
s d liu vi nhng h thng khc
L mt hnh thc phng vn nhm

C chng trnh
Phn tch vin iu khin th t cu hi
Gm cc thnh phn
a im
Ngi tham d: ngi ch tr, ngi
dng h thng, phn tch vin, nhn vin
pht trin, ngi ghi chp
Chng trnh
Cng c tr gip
nh gi hin trng
- Khung cnh mt phng hp bnh thng cho bui hp JAD (ngun: Adapter from Wood and Silver, 1989)
Kt hp thit k ng dng
S dng bn mu (prototype)
Xc nh bi ton
Cc yu cu ban u
Chuyn i ti
h thng vt l
Nu bn mu
khng
Ci t v s dng
bn mu
Xy dng bn mu
Cc yu cu mi
Vn pht sinh
Phin bn k tip
nh gi v nng
cp bn mu
nh gi hin trng
Ph phn
Thiu, vng
Thiu thng tin cho x l

Thiu nhn lc
Thiu phng tin
B xt cng vic ang lm
Km hiu lc
C cu bt hp l
Phng php khng cht ch
Lu chuyn giy t bt hp l, cu k
Giy t, s sch trnh by km
Qu ti, n tc
Tn km,
d tha
- Chi ph cao
- Lng ph

- Bn l
- Theo t hng
- Thanh ton
v d: qun l NGK
Chn la phng n
Ti liu yu cu
h thng
Kho
B
phn
bn
hng
Nh cung cp
- Giao hng
- t mua NGK
- Tn kho
~21~
Pht sinh phng n

Khch hng
Phng n 1
Vn phng
Phng n 2
Phng n tt nht
Phn nhm yu cu
Nhn xt m hnh trn

Thiu
S ghi chp tn kho, tn kho hin

hnh l do kim k sau mt vi ngy
Thiu thng tin xut bn l
Km hiu lc
Cc thng tin s n tc ti b phn

bn hng
Nu kho ln, vic kim k tn kho s
kh khn v khng chnh xc
Tn km: chi ph, giy t
v d: i l bn bng a
Bn hng:
-Bn l
-Theo n t hng
-Thanh ton
- t mua bng a
- Giao hng
- Tnh tn kho
B phn kinh doanh
Nh cung cp
Kho
Vn phng
Tim nng ca h thng

mi, dng so snh cc
phng n
Khch hng
Chn phng n thit k
Cn bn, bt buc
V d phn nhm yu cu
Y1
Y2
Y4
Y5
Y6
Qun l lu tr tt c thng tin v bn hng, t

hng, nhp xut kho, thu chi v cng n
Cho php tm kim tc thi cc thng tin v
cng n ca mt khch hng
T ng tnh ton tn kho ti thi im cui
ngy
T ng tnh ton v in bng doanh thu theo
thng
Cc thng tin chng t ch nhp mt ln v c
truy xut bi tt c phng ban lin quan
Cc biu mu ho n, phiu giao hng, thng
k c th in ra giy
V d phn nhm yu cu
Y7
Y8
Y9
Phn tch thit k

H THNG THNG TIN
Mong
mun
Nhu cu nng cao,

h thng vn tn ti
nu khng c yu
cu ny
Cn thit
C s cho tt c
phng n, h
thng mi nu
khng c cc yu
cu ny thi khng
c ngha
Y3
- K ton
- Lp thu, chi, theo di
- Thng k, bo co tng hp
Phng n n
Chn la
iu kin
rng buc
- K ton
- Lp thu, chi, theo di
- Thng k, bo co tng hp
Y10
Y11
Thng bo v in danh sch cc khch hng n

qu hn
T ng tnh tn kho ti bt k thi im trong
ngy, theo tng loi NGK bt k
T ng tnh ton v in bng doanh thu theo
ngy
Tr gip cho th kho tnh ton s lng t
mua nh cung cp ti bt k thi im trong
ngy
Lp xut mc tn kho ti thiu hp l cho
tng loi NGK
~22~
Rng buc h thng
v d v Chn la pht trin
Ngy rng buc h thng mi

Cc ngun ti chnh v nhn lc hin c
Cc yu t ca h thng hin hnh khng
th thay i
Cc gii hn php l v hp ng
Tm quan trng hoc tnh nng ng ca
h thng c th gii hn cch thc xy
dng h thng (v d: bo mt)
Tiu chun
Yu cu
Y1 Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
Y11
Rng buc
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
Phng n A
Phng n B
C (yu cu 5 C y
khng p ng)
C
C
Khng
C
Khng
C (cui ngy)
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Phng n C
C y
40
40
3 thng
Khng thay i
Mt vi thnh vin
100
70
7 thng
Thay i
Tt c
70
60
5,5 thng
Khng thay i
Tt c
V d RNG BUC H THNG

R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
Chi ph pht trin phn mm khng c

vt qu 70 triu
Chi ph phn cng khng c vt qu 50
triu
H thng phi hot ng sau 5 thng k t
ngy bt u
Khng thay i h k ton ang chy rt n
nh
H thng phi c s dng bi tt c
nhn vin c lin quan n cng vic
Pht sinh phng n

Yu cu
p
ng
yu
cu
Tha
rng
buc
Rng buc
Phng n
Chn la pht trin

Gia cng
Phn mm ng gi
Cc nh sn xut theo t hng
Cc gii php tng th
Pht trin ni b
V d
iu kin Trng
s
Yu cu
Y1
Y2
Phng n A
T l
im
30
150
20
60
50
4
160
R2
40
10
Tng
50
200
100
410
Yu cu
Y1 Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
Y11
Rng buc
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
Tng
Phng n B Phng n C
T l im
T l
im
210
Rng buc
R1
40
iu kin
L vic t hp gia p ng yu cu v
tha rng buc
C
C
C
C
C
Trng s Phng n A Phng n B Phng n C

T l im T l im T l im
25
8
7
5
3
2
50
5
4
1
1
1
1
125
32
7
5
3
2
174
5
5
4
3
1
1
125
40
28
15
3
2
213
5
5
5
5
4
4
125
40
35
25
12
8
245
20
10
8
7
5
50
100
5
5
5
5
5
100
50
40
35
25
250
424
5
4
3
5
5
100
40
24
35
25
224
437
1
2
2
2
4
20
20
16
14
20
90
335
Chng 4: Phn tch t chc
~23~
Xt s hin trng sau
MC TIU
Khi bnh nhn n bnh vin c yu cu c

khm bnh, nhn vin qun l h s s tip
nhn bnh nhn => ghi thng tin vo phiu tip
nhn bnh ng thi cp nht s tip nhn
bnh nhn => nhn vin qun l h s s lp h
s bnh nhn, hoc cp nht h s bnh nhn
v cho ra s khm bnh cng nh phiu thu
tin => bc s khm bnh s ghi cc thng tin
lin quan n bnh n ca bnh nhn vo s
khm bnh v ghi toa thuc => nhn vin qun
l h s s cp nht h s bnh n, a toa
thuc cng s khm bnh li cho bnh nhn
Qun l h s bnh nhn
Xc nh cc cng vic ti cc v tr lm
vic
Tp hp cc h s, d liu cho tng
nghip v
Rt ra cc quy tc nghip v rng buc v
x l v d liu trong h thng t chc
hin hu.
Tng hp v m t tng hp hot ng
ca x nghip.
MC TIU
Ngi hay
my
iu kin
khi ng
Rng buc
no
Who?
When?
Which?
Xt s hin trng sau

Where?
V tr lm
vic
What?
S dng
h s g
To ra kt
qu g
What?
Who?
Ai s dng
kt qu
Phng thc tin hnh

Da trn thng tin thu thp c trong
qu trnh kho st. Trong giai on ny
phn tch vin tin hnh tp hp v vit
su liu:
S hin trng
Ti liu m t h s
Ti liu m t cng vic
Ti liu m t quy tc nghip v
Ti liu m t d liu
Da vo danh sch mt hng v phiu vt

t, nhn vin qun l kho s lp phiu t
hng chuyn cho nh thu, ng thi
cp nht s t hng. Khi giao hng, nh
thu s gi km phiu cung ng. Nhn
vin qun l kho s nhp v kim hng, lp
phiu nhp hng v chuyn cho nh thu.
Khi c ha n do nh thu gi n, nhn
vin qun l kho tin hnh cp nht chng
t gm s ha n v phiu vt t
Qun l kho hng
Chng 4: Phn tch t chc
~24~
M t h s
HS
Tng hp cc d liu
Cng
vic
Vai tr
Phiu vt t: dng ghi li cc loi vt t

D1 trong kho, cho ta bit trnh trng cng gi tr T1,T3
kho hng
Danh
sch cc mt hng: cho bit cc mt hng
D2 cn t
T1
trong ngy ti
t hng: dng t phiu hng nh
D3 Phiu
T1
thu
nhn hng: dng ghi li thng tin cc mt
D4 Phiu
T2
hng nhn t nh thu
cung ng: chng t ca nh cung p ghi
D5 Phiu
T2
chi tit v mt hng giao
ha n: tp hp cc phiu giao hng hay
D6 S
T3
ha n k xc nhn
Mc quan nim d liu
T in d liu
nh
ngha
Ten Tn
NCC nh
cung
cp
Tn
Mc tiu
Tng hp cc x l
Tng hp cc d liu
Thanh lc d liu
Lp t in d liu
Mc tiu
Lm r cc thiu st v s ri rc ca
cc thng tin khi tin hnh tm hiu
hin trng.
Th hin hot ng ca h thng t
chc bng bng cc dng lun
chuyn thng tin.
Tng hp cc d liu thnh t in
d liu
Tng hp cc x l
DNG THNG TIN
Yu cu khm
Phiu tip nhn bnh
Phiu tip nhn c in
thng tin
Phiu thu
Phiu thu
S khm
Toa thuc
S khm
Toa thuc
S khm
Thanh lc d liu
D liu ng ngha
n gi gi n v
D liu a ngha
Tr gi ti b phn cung ng ch gi vn
nguyn vt liu
Tr gi ti b phn bn hng ch gi vn sn
phm
Lp t in d liu
NGUN
CH
Bnh nhn Nhn vin
Nhn vin Bnh nhn
Bnh nhn Nhn vin
Nhn vin
Bnh nhn
Nhn vin
Bc s
Bc s
Nhn vin
Nhn vin
Bnh nhn
Nhn vin
Bc s
Nhn vin
Nhn vin
Bnh nhn
Bnh nhn
Kiu Loi d
nh
Quy tc
V d
d liu
liu
lng
Kiu
S cp Ch in 1000 COFiCo
ch,
hoa
di 20
Chng 5: Phn tch d liu-M hnh ha d liu
Phn tch d liu
~25~
M hnh thc th kt hp
Khi nim
M HNH HA
D LIU
Ni dung chi tit
(1,1)
(0,n)
Thc th
Th hin
Thuc tnh
Mi kt hp
Vai tr
Bn s
(1,n)
(0,n)
(0,n)
(0,n)
(0,n)
Thc th (Entity)
Gii thiu
M hnh thc th kt hp
M hnh thc th kt hp m rng
Su liu cho m hnh
Phng php phn tch d liu
Qui tc m hnh ha quan nim d liu
Tiu chun chn la khi nim
Gii thiu v M hnh ha d liu
Biu din 1 lp khi nim trong th gii thc
Trc quan
Con ngi: nhn vin, sinh vin, khch hng

Ni chn: phng hc, chi nhnh, vn phng
i tng: sch, my mc, sn phm, xe
S kin: ng k, bn hng, t trc, yu
cu
Khng trc quan
Ti khon, thi gian, kha hc, kh nng,

ngun vn
K hiu: Thc th (Entity)
M hnh ha d liu l mt k thut

T chc d liu
Tn thc th
Phn tch kha cnh tnh ca h thng

Biu din cu trc d liu mc quan nim
To su liu cho d liu
Danh t hoc cm danh t
Mc nhn thc
Quan nim
V d
T chc
Nc gii kht
Vt l
Khch hng
n t hng
Thnh phn
D liu
X l
M hnh thc th kt hp
Mi kt hp (Association)
Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

c gii thiu bi Chen, 1976
Ph bin rng ri trong thit k quan
nim d liu
ANSI cng nhn m hnh chun, 1988
Gm
M hnh nguyn thy
M hnh m rng
Biu din s kt hp h ng ngha gia 2

hay nhiu thc th
S kin ni kt
Mi quan h vt l
K hiu
Tn mi kt hp
ng t hoc cm ng t
Mi kt hp (Association)
Khch hng
Sng
Con ngi
Nc gii kht
Bn s (Cardinality)
Nhn vin
Lm vic ti
0,1
Nhn vin
Qun l
L ngi qun l
Qun l
1,1
Mi quan h a phn
Biu din ng ngha ca mt thc th

tham gia vo mi kt hp
Tn vai
tr
Tn mi
kt hp
Tn thc th
ng t hoc
cm ng t
Vai tr (Role)
Lm vic
Thnh ph
Sinh ti
0,n
Phn loi mi kt hp da vo bn s
E1
min,max
K hiu
Lm vic ti
0,n
Bn s (Cardinality)
Vai tr (Role)
Tn vai
tr
Sng
Lp hc
Bui hc
Mi quan h phn thn
Nhn vin
1,1
Con ngi
Ngy
Phng ban
1,n
0,n
Mn hc
Tn thc th
Gm c
Lm vic
c qun l bi
0,1
Thnh ph
Sinh ti
Nhn vin
~26~
Mt Mt
Mt Nhiu
Nhiu Mt
Nhiu Nhiu
min,max
E2
max(E1,R)=1 & max(E2,R)=1

max(E1,R)=1 & max(E2,R)=n
max(E1,R)=n & max(E2,R)=1
max(E1,R)=n & max(E2,R)=n
Th hin (Instance)
Gm c
Phng ban
Th hin ca thc th: s xut hin

c th ca cc phn t
c qun l bi
Nhn vin
Qun l
Khch hng
Gio vin
Khch hng A
Gio vin 1
Khch hng B
Gio vin 2
Khch hng C
Gio vin 3
L ngi qun l
Thng thng tn-mi-kt-hp s ly 1 trong cc

tn-vai-tr (ta b qua tn-vai-tr)
Bn s (Cardinality)
Rng buc v s lng cc thc th
K hiu bi 1 cp (min, max)
Min : qui nh gi tr ti thiu cc thc
th khi tham gia vo mi kt hp
Gi tr i t 0, 1, 2, n k (k l hng
s)
Max : qui nh gi tr ti a cc thc
th khi tham gia vo mi kt hp
Gi tr i t 1, 2, n n
Th hin (Instance)
Th hin ca mi kt hp: l s t
hp khng trng lp cc thc th

Gio vin
1,n
Ging dy
1,n
Mn hc
gv1
gv1,mh1
mh1
gv2
gv2, mh1
mh2
gv3, mh2
mh3
gv3
gv1, mh3
gv2, mh1

~27~
M hnh thc th kt hp m rng
Thuc tnh (Attribute)
Biu din c trng ca
B sung vo m hnh thc th kt hp

Thuc tnh kt hp
nh danh
Tng qut ha
Tp con
Mi kt hp m rng
Thc th
Mi kt hp
K hiu
Tn thuc tnh

H tn
Sinh vin
M s
Kt qu
1,n
Hc phn
1,n
Cu trc phn cp
M hc phn
Tn hc phn
S tn ch
Thit lp cu trc cy phn cp gia cc

thc th
Tng qut
E
im
sv1(A, 1)
sv1, hp1, 6
hp1(01, CSDL, 4)
sv2(B, 2)
sv2, hp1, 7
hp2(02, CNPM, 4)
sv3(C, 3)
sv3, hp2, 8
hp3(03, CTDL, 4)
sv1, hp3, 9
E1
E2
E3
Chuyn bit
E l mt tng qut ha ca 1 nhm thc th

E1, E2, E3 khi: mi i tng ca lp E1, E2,
E3 cng l i tng ca lp E
XE
Ngy n
XE TI
H tn
S CMND
Ngh nghip
(0,n)
Hc v
C 1 bng
C nhiu bng
Khng c bng
Con ngi
1,1
Sng
0,n
XE BUS
XE HI
Tn
Thnh ph
Din tch
NHN VIN
Thuc
PHNG BAN
Dn s
1,1
Sinh ti
0,n
TH K
Ngy sinh
K S
NV QUN L
CON NGI
N NG
PH N
QUN L
TH K
NHN VIN
S dng bn s cho nhng thuc tnh a tr

QUN L
K THUT
QUN L
HNH CHNH
NHN VIN
LP TRNH
NHN VIN
BN HNG
NHN VIN
TIP TH
Tnh k tha ca Cu trc phn cp
M HNH
THC TH-KT HP
M RNG
Thc-th-chuyn-bit k tha thuc tnh

v mi kt hp ca thc-th-tng-qut
A
E1
E2

~28~
Tnh k tha ca Cu trc phn cp Phm vi ca Cu trc phn cp
S PN
Ngy nhp
PHIU NHP
(1,n)
(0,n)
(0,n)
NVLIU
Ngy chng
t
CHNG T
(1,n)
(p,o)
Tn NVL
CT
CT
(0,n)
S lng
PHIU
NHP
SL xut
Tp
chuyn
bit
M NVL
V tnh
S chng t
CT
XUT
Tp tng qut
Tp tng qut
Ngy xut
(1,n)
SL nhp
CT
NHP
S PX
PHIU XUT
Tp
chuyn
bit
Tp
chuyn
bit
Chuyn bit bn phn, chng lp
NVLIU
M NVL
Tn NVL
V tnh
PHIU
XUT
(p,e)
Xy dng thc-th-chuyn-bit khi

xc nh c c trng ring ca n
cc thc th: ti s dng
Tp tng qut
Tp chuyn
bit
Tp
chuyn
Tp
bit
chuyn
bit
(t,o)
Chuyn bit ton phn, chng lp
XE
CON NGI
p, e
(t, e)
XE BUS
XE HI
Chuyn bit bn phn, ring bit
Xy dng thc th tng qut khi xc

nh c cc c trng chung ca
Tp tng qut
Chuyn bit bn phn, ring bit
XE TI
(t,e)
Chuyn bit ton phn, ring bit
Tp
chuyn
bit
Nguyn tc to Cu trc phn cp
Tp
chuyn
bit
N NG
PH N
Chuyn bit ton phn, ring bit
NHN VIN
Thuc
PHNG BAN
p, o
TH K
K S
NV QUN L
Chuyn bit bn phn, chng lp
Tnh bao ph ca Cu trc phn cp

S tng quan gia thc-th-tngqut v thc-th-chuyn-bit
Gm
Ton phn (t-total)
Bn phn (p-partial)
Ring bit (e-exclusive)
Chng cho (o-overlaping)
Phm vi ca Cu trc phn cp

Ton phn: tt c cc phn t ca cc thc
th chuyn bit ph ton b tp phn t ca
thc th tng qut
Bn phn: cc phn t ca cc thc th
chuyn bit khng ph ton b tp phn t
ca thc th tng qut
Ring bit: phn t ca thc th chuyn bit
ny khng l phn t ca thc th chuyn
bit khc
Chng cho: phn t ca thc th chuyn
bit ny c th l phn t ca thc th
chuyn bit khc
CON NGI
(t, e)
N NG
PH N
(p, e)
QUN L
TH K
(t, o)
QUN L
K
THUT
QUN L
HNH
CHNH
NHN VIN
(p, o)
NHN
VIN
LP
TRNH
NHN
VIN BN
HNG
NHN
VIN TIP
TH
Tp con
L trng hp c bit ca tng qut ha:
ch c 1 thc th chuyn bit
CNG-NHN
H tn
a ch
(p, e)
KHCH HNG
(p, e)
CNG-NHN
THNG-XUYN
Ngy k
hp ng
M s KH
Tn KH
in thoi
KHCH QUEN
Mc cng n
S tng quan lun l bn phn v ring bit
Thuc tnh kt hp
A CH
(0,n)
S nh
ng
Qun (0,1)
CMND
(1,1)
I = {S CMND}
Thuc
(0,n)
M b phn
B PHN
N HNG
S n
hng
SN PHM
(1,n)
Lin quan
S CMND
Ngy lp
(1,1)
nh danh bn trong kt hp
(1,1)
CT N
HNG
S th t
Ni lp
INV = {S th t, B PHN}
(0,n)
Ca
NHN KHU
S th t
NHN VIN
S CMND
CON NGI
Thnh ph
Quc gia
(0,1)
nh danh bn trong kt hp
nh danh bn trong/n gin
L 1 nhm cc thuc tnh c lin h

CON NGI
~29~
CON NGI
I = {H tn,
Ngy sinh}
I1CTDH = {N HNG, SN PHM}
H tn
Ngy sinh
nh danh
con ngi
I2CTDH = {N HNG, S th t}
nh danh
Mi kt hp m rng
Tp hp cc thuc tnh c tnh cht c

trng duy nht nhm phn bit tt c cc
th hin ca thc th
K hiu
L mi kt hp c nh ngha trn t
nht 1 mi kt hp khc
E1
R1
E2
E1
R1
E2
R3
nh danh 1 thuc tnh
Gi I l tp hp
I = {A1, A2, , An, E1, E2, , Em}
n0, m0, n+m1
I l nh danh
(1) Khng c 2 th hin ca E c chung 1

gi tr nh danh
(2) Nu b bt i 1 Ai hay Ei th (1)
khng cn ng
Phn loi NH DANH
Xt bi ton qun l gio v nh sau

Lu tr cc thng tin v sinh vin, mn
hc, gio vin, lp hc v cc hc k
trong tng nin kha
Lp danh sch m cc mn hc cho mt
lp trong mt hc k
Phn cng ging dy mn hc c m
cho mt gio vin
Lu thng tin ng k mn hc ca sinh
vin trn mn hc c m
Ghi nhn im kt qu hc tp ca sinh
vin
M MH
S hc
phn
MN HC
n gin (m+n=1)
Phi hp (m>0 & n>0)
a
ch
M
SV
Tn sinh
vin
SINH
VIN
Tn MH
(0,n)
(0,n)
Bn trong (m=0)
Bn ngoi (n=0)
E3
Cung nh hng cho bit

R2 nh ngha trn R1
nh danh 2 thuc tnh tr ln
nh danh
R2
E3
R2
E4
M
MH
Hc k
Nin hc
HC K
(0,n)
(0,n)
Ngy bt u
NG
K
im
(0,n)
(0,1)
Ngy kt thc
M lp
LP
Tn lp
S s
M GV
Tn GV
GIO
VIN
(0,n)
PHN
CNG
~30~
Lut cn bn
(a) Lc khi im
Sng
CON NGI
NI CHN
Chuyn i
(b) Lc kt qu
SU LIU CHO M HNH
Sng
CON NGI
THNH PH
Phn tch d liu
Thuc
QUC GIA
Su liu cho m hnh

Thc hin vic m t c th cc kt qu
xy dng
Mc ch
Gip nhm thit k c ci nhn tng th
v kt qu
Khi cn chnh sa trn 1 chi tit no s
thy c s nh hng
L phng tin trao i gia cc thnh
vin tham gia xy dng HTTT
Lut cn bn
Lc mc quan nim c to ra sau

mt qu trnh x l lp i lp li
Bt u bng phin bn cha hon chnh
Thc hin cc chuyn i
To ra phin bn cui cng
Tnh cht ca chuyn i
u phi c 1 lc khi im, 1 lc
kt qu
nh x tn gia 2 lc
Cc khi nim trong lc kt qu phi k
tha tt c cc kt ni xc nh trong
lc khi im
Lut cn bn trn xung
Lut cn bn
Chin lc thit k lc
ST
T
Lut cn bn
T1
Thc th mi kt hp
gia 1 hay nhiu thc th
T2
Thc th tng qut ha

Thc th tp con
T3
Thc th Cc thc th
khng c mi quan h
T4
Mi kt hp Mi kt
hp song song
T5
Mi kt hp Thc th
v cc mi kt hp
T6
Pht trin thm thuc

tnh
T7
Pht trin thm thuc

tnh kt hp
T8
Tinh ch thuc tnh

Lut cn bn
Dng tinh ch lc quan nim:
tp hu hn cc chuyn i cn p
dng cho lc ban u to ra
lc cui cng
c chia thnh
Lut cn bn trn xung
Lut cn bn di ln
Lc khi im
Lc kt qu
THNH PH
CON NGI
CON NGI
Thuc
NI CHN
PH N
N NG
(a) ng dng lut T1
QUC GIA
(b) ng dng lut T2
CON NGI
CON NGI
GII THNG
Lin h
n
GII NOBEL
Sng
THNH PH
THNH PH
GII OSCAR
(c) ng dng lut T3
Sinh ti
(d) ng dng lut T4
KHCH HNG
KHCH HNG
Ca
Thu
Chin lc thit k lc
HP NG THU
Trn xung (TOP-DOWN)
Lin quan
NH
Di ln (BOTTOM-UP)
NH
(e) ng dng lut T5
Trong ra ngoi (INSIDE-OUT)
M s
SINH VIN
Tn sinh vin
SINH VIN
Phi
(f) ng dng lut T6
Phi hp (MIXED)
Ngy sinh
S nh
CON NGI
~31~
CON NGI
ng
a ch
Chin lc trn xung (TOP-DOWN)
Phng
(g) ng dng lut
T7
Lnh vc
ng dng
Qun
Thnh
ph
Mt phng tinh
ch th 1
Ngy
Ngy
Mt phng nh
ch th 2
Thng
Ngy
Nm
Ngy tim chng

cui
(h) ng dng lut T8
Lut cn bn di ln
STT
Mt phng nh
ch cui cng
Tnh trng sc kho
Thng tin
sc kho
Lc khi
im
Lut cn bn
V d: ng dng Qun l nhn chng hc

Thng tin nhn
chng hc
Lc kt qu
Giai on to thc
B1
th
B2
Lc khi to
Giai on to mi
kt hp
Giai on tng qut

B3 ha
(tp con)
B4
Cu trc cc thuc
tnh
B5
Cu trc cc thuc
tnh kt hp
Thng tin
v con
ngi
Lin
quan
n
Tinh ch ln 1
NHN VIN
QUN L
CON NGI
NHN VIN
QUN L
(a) ng dng lut B3

CON NGI
Tui
Sinh
ti
H tn
H tn
Gii tnh
Thng tin
v v tr
CON NGI
CON
NGI
Gii tnh
Tui
S nh
ng ph
CON
NGI
(b) ng dng lut B4
Sng
Thnh ph
CON
NGI
a
ch
(c) ng dng lut B5
S nh
ng
ph
Thnh ph
N NG
PH N
QUC GIA
Tinh ch ln 2
(T2, T4)
V TR
THNH
PH

~32~
Tinh ch ln cui
Chin lc di ln (BOTTOM-UP)
(T1, T6)
H tn
Sinh
ti
(1,1)
Ngy sinh
CON
NGI
Chiu cao
Tn
V TR
(1,n) Sng (0,n)
Dn s
Cn nng
THNH
PH
QUC
GIA
N
NG
PH N nm
(1,1)
Chc
danh
Tn con
gi
Lnh vc ng dng cung cp

cc thng tin chi tit v cu
trc t: bo co, tp tin, s
sch, chng t
(0,n)
Thuc
Chu lc
Lnh vc ng dng
Xy dng cc khi
nim c bn
Cc c trng ca i tng s
c thu thp (thuc tnh)
Thu thp thm cc

khi nim c bn
Kt hp cc c trng thu thp

hnh thnh cc thc th, mi kt
hp, nh danh,
Kt hp cc khi
nim c bn
(0,n)
MIN
Tn
V d: ng dng Qun l ca hng NGK
Lc cui
v d: ng dng Qun l nhn chng hc
Lc khi to
Lin
quan
Thng tin bn NGK
Lin
quan
1
Thng tin
bn NGK
Thng tin mua NGK
Thng tin
mua NGK
Lin
quan
2
NGK
Tui n ng
Tui ph n
Chiu cao
n ng
Chiu cao
ph n
Tn n ng
Tn ph n
Cn nng
n ng
Cn nng
ph n
Tn quc gia
Tn thnh ph
Dn s
quc gia
Dn s
thnh ph
Chu lc
Tn con gi
Chc danh
Tn min
Tinh ch ln 1
Thu thp cc c trng ca cc thnh phn trong h thng
Thng tin bn
l NGK
Chi tit
bn l
Thng tin x l
t NGK
Chi tit x
l t
Tui n ng
Chiu cao
n ng
NGK
Tinh ch thng
tin bn NGK
Chi tit
ha n
HO N BN
L
N NG
Cn nng n ng
Tn quc gia
Tui ph n
Chiu cao
ph n
QUC GIA
PH N
Cn nng
ph n
Chc danh
Dn s
quc gia
NGK
Tn con gi
Tn thnh ph
THNH PH
Dn s thnh ph
Chu lc
Chi tit
t
N HNG
H tn ph n
H tn n ng
Tn min
Chi tit
giao
MIN
Ca
n gi
S H
S lng
Chi
tit
ha
n
HO N
(1,n)
Ngy H
NGK
(0,n)
(0,n)
Chi tit
n
hng
(0,n)
M s
VTnh
H tn n ng
Loi
Tui n ng
Hiu
n gi
bn
(1,n)
Tr gi
n
hng
N HNG
M KH
Ca
(1,1)
(1,n)
Xy dng khi nim

tru tng ha
H tn ph n
N NG
Chc danh
Tui ph n
Chiu cao
ph n
Cn nng ph n
PH N
Tn con gi
S lng
t
Tn min
S H
Ngy t
Chiu cao
n ng
Cn nng
n ng
Cho
(1,1)
CON NGI
Tn NGK
Tr gi
HA N
GIAO
HNG
Kt hp cc c trng hnh thnh thc th
HO N
GIAO HNG
Cho
KHCH HNG
KHCH
HNG
Tinh ch cui cng
Tn khch hng
in thoi
a ch giao hng
V TR
MIN
Tn quc
gia
Dn s
quc gia
QUC GIA
Tn
thnh
ph
THNH
PH
Dn s thnh ph
Chu lc

(1,1)
H tn
Ngy sinh
CON
NGI
Chiu cao
(0,n)
Sinh
ti
(0,n)
(1,n)
PH N
(1,1)
THNH
PH
S
nm QUC GIA
Ca
Thuc
(0,n)
Tn NKH
NH KHOA
HC
n v
Email
(0,n)
Xc nh mi kt hp, bn s
& nh danh
Chin lc trong ra ngoi (INSIDE-OUT)
Ghi ch
Chin lc phi hp (MIXED)

Lnh vc
ng dng
Cc thc th quan
trng v ni bt
Chn lc cc khi
nim quan trng nht
Lc khung
Pht trin thm cc khi

nim c lin quan n
khi nim khi im
Pht trin theo

vt du loang
Lnh vc
ng dng 2
Lnh vc
ng dng 1
Lc
khi im
Lc 1
Lc 2
Lc
cui
Lc cui cng

Sinh
ti
(1,1)
H tn
Ngy sinh
CON
NGI
Chiu cao
Cn nng
N NG
Chc
danh
(1,n)
PH N
Tn con
gi
Sng
Tn
Dn
s
V TR
(0,n)
THNH
PH
(1,1)
Chu lc
Tr gi PYC
Tnh
trng
PYC
M
sch
Chi
(1,n) tit YC
(1,1)
n v
in thoi
Email
S dng
Ghi ch
(1,n
)
NH KHOA
HC
S t
sch
Ngy t
(0,n)
Cp
(1,1)
NGN
SCH
(0,n
)
Chi
tit
t
(1,n
)
N
SCH
Ngn ng
Ca
Tn NKH
n gi
SCH
Ngy
giao
Tr gi
Nm
S tin
Dn s
CON NGI
N NG
(1,1
)
Lc v tr
Tn
(1,n)
NH CUNG
CP
(1,n)
M s
Tn NCC
(1,1)
H tn
Ngy sinh
CON
NGI
Chiu cao
(1,1)
Pht trin ln th 2
Pht trin ln th 4
MIN
(0,n)
Tn
V TR
Sng
Cn nng
Dn s
a ch
Pht trin ln th 3
(0,n)
(0,n)
Sinh
ti
(1,n)
S lng t
n gi
t
Thuc
Chu lc
Lc con ngi
Pht trin ln th 1
Yu
cu
S
trang
THNH
PH
(1,1)
PH N
Tn con gi
Chc danh
MIN
Tn
Tn
V TR
(0,n)
Tn sch
(0,n
)
H tn
QUC GIA
Thuc
Pht trin ln
th 2
Thng tin v
v tr
Lin
quan n
Lc khung
Chiu cao
Cn nng
V d: ng dng Qun l yu cu sch

S
lng
Thng tin v
con ngi
Ngy sinh
Pht trin ln
th 3
S
phiu
Ngy
Pht trin ln th
1
(0,n)
QUC GIA
S
nm
a ch
Nm
Lnh vc ng dng
Lc
trung gian
M s
Tn NCC
S
tin
S
dng
NGN
SCH
Cp
(1,1)
in
thoi
MIN
Tn
(1,n)
(0,n) NH CUNG
CP
(1,n)
Chu lc
Tn con gi
n gi
Cung
cp
t
Ngy
giao
Ngn ng
(1,1)
N SCH (1,1)
(1,1)
Chc danh
S trang
SCH
n gi
PYC
Tn sch
(0,n)
CT
phiu
Tr gi
(t,e)
Tnh
trng
N NG
(1,n)
PHIU
Ngy
Dn s
Sng
Cn nng
S
phiu
Tn
V TR
~33~
M sch
S
lng
N
NG
Chc danh
PH N nm
THNH
PH
QUC
GIA
(1,1)
Tn con gi
Lc cui cng
Chu lc
Thuc
(0,n
)
Tn
MIN
~34~
v d: ng dng Qun l ca hng NGK

Thng tin
bn hng
Thng tin
tn kho
Lin quan
Lc khung
S lng
n gi
S H
HO N
Ngy H
CT ha
n
(1,n)
(0,n)
Tr gi
(0,n)
HO N
GIAO HNG
CT n
hng
(0,n)
Cho
(1,1)
S H
Ngy t
N HNG
Tr gi n hng
M s
Tn NGK
NGK
VTnh
Hiu
n gi bn
Loi
S lng t
(1,n)
(1,1)
M KH
Ca
KHCH HNG
(1,n)
Tn khch hng
in thoi
a ch giao hng
Lc bn hng
M s
Tn NGK
VTnh
(0,n)
LOI
NGK
(1,1)
NGK
Thuc
Tn ti
thiu
Hiu Loi
S PN
Ngy
nhp
Tng
nhp
Tn
(0,n)
n gi
bn
Tng xut
Tn u
k
(0,n)
M t
(1,n)
Tr gi
Mi thuc tnh ch m t c trng cho

mt thc th duy nht
M hng
Tn
HNG
HA
KHCH HNG
CT
nhp
S lng
nhp
THNG
NM
M t
in thoi
Cc khi
nim tng
Trn
bc
xung
c tinh
ch
Cc khi
nim c
xy dng
Di
t
cc
ln
thnh
phn c
bn
N HNG
Khuyt im
i hi phn ch
Khng c cc hiu vin phi gii vi
ng l khng mong mc tru tng
mun
ha cao lc khi
im
- D dng cho cc
ng dng c nh Khi cn thit c th
cht cc b
phi xy dng li
- Phn ch khng cu trc trong qu
phi chu gnh trnh tinh ch ng
nng qu ln lc dng lut c bn
bt u
u im
- D dng pht hin ra

Cc khi nim
cc khi nim mi
c xy dng
lin quan n cc
Trong
theo cch p
khi nim c
ra ngoi
cn vt du - Phn ch khng phi
loang
chu gnh nng qu
ln lc bt u
Phn
ch t
trn xung cc
Tip cn theo cch chia
Phi yu cu,
ch
tr gim phc
hp hp t di
tp
ln, s dng
lc khung
Khuyt im
Hnh nh ton b
ca ng dng ch
c xy dng
vo giai on cui
cng
i hi quyt
nh quan trng
v lc khung
ti thi im bt
u ca qu trnh
thit k
Ca
S H
Ngy
Khch hng
Lc tn kho
So snh cc chin lc
M t
Gm
Nm
n gi
nhp
u im
Tn
a ch
Thng
So snh cc chin lc
Chin
lc
Quy tc 1
VT
(0,n)
PHIU
NHP
Chin
lc
Phn tch d liu
Quy tc 2
Nu c c trng ph thuc vo nhiu
thc th th l c trng ca mi kt
hp nh ngha trn cc thc th
SINH VIN
LP HC
Thuc
Ngy bt u
Ngy bt u
Quy tc 3
Cc thc th cng lin quan n 1 mi kt
hp th mt t hp th hin ca cc thc
th phi l th hin duy nht ca mi
kt hp
SINH VIN
MN HC
Hc
im
Hc li
???
HC K
Quy tc 4
~35~
Quy tc 7
Cc nhnh ni vi mi kt hp phi l
nhnh bt buc, nu khng phi ta nn
tch thnh nhiu mi kt hp
M hnh ha nhm lp: Mt nhm lp

l mt tp thuc tnh a tr c lin h
logic vi nhau
Cung
ng
Lin
t
hng
h
MT HNG
KHO HNG
NH CUNG CP
Tn ti nhiu th hin
khng c s tham gia
y cc thc th
Quy tc 5
Nu c 1 c trng ph thuc vo 1 thuc
tnh ca thc th th tn ti thc th n
cn c nh ngha b sung
S xe
XE
Mu xe
S ch
Trng lng
XE
Thuc
Loi xe
LOI XE
Loi xe
Trng lng
Quy tc 6
M hnh ha thuc tnh a tr: Trong
giai on thit k quan nim, thuc
tnh a tr thng tch khi thc th.
Mi thuc tnh a tr hay nhm lp
c chuyn thnh mt thc th ring
v c mi quan h vi thc th m n
c tch ra
M hnh trn c 3 thuc tnh a tr

ngy khm, BSkhm, triu chng. C
3 thuc tnh ny c quan h logic vi
nhau v hnh thnh mt nhm lp.
Gi thit rng mi ln bnh nhn i
khm vo mt ngy, do mt bc s v
c mt triu chng. Kt qu ca vic
tch nhm lp t BENHNHAN to
nn mt thc th mi l LCH S
IU TR
LCH S IU TR: gm ba thuc tnh
a tr ca nhm lp, trong ngy
khm v s bnh nhn c chn
lm thuc tnh nh danh. C mt
mi quan h mt-nhiu t bnh
nhn n qu trnh cha bnh: thc
th LCH S IU TR l mt thc th
yu
~36~
Quy tc 8
M hnh d liu ph thuc thi gian
Tiu chun chn la

khi nim
Cc kiu thc th con

Gi s thc th A c thc th con l B.
C 2 cch x l ty chn sau:

Quy tc 1: Loi b kiu thc th B v b
sung mi kiu thc th ca B vo A, ng
thi thm mt kiu thuc tnh cho php
phn loi cc thc th ca A (thuc B hay
khng thuc B). Chuyn mi kiu lin kt
vi B sang A.
Chn lm thc th hay khng ?

Trong 1 s trng hp, cc khi nim cn biu
din ch c 1 th hin, nu khng c nhu cu m
rng v sau th khng nn xem l thc th
Khch hng gi n t hng cho cng ty
KHCH HNG
CNG TY
Ca
Gi
N T HNG
Ch c mt
th hin
CNG TY
trong sut
chu trnh
h thng
Chn lm thc th hay khng ?

i tng quan tm khng c cu trc c
trng (ch c 1 thuc tnh) th cn thn khi
quyt nh l 1 thc th
NGK thuc mt loi v c mt hiu no (v d nh Tribeco)
Khi loi ngi l VIENCHUC th cc thuc tnh bt hiu

v s tc phm khng dng ti, ngha l khng c gi
tr. Tuy nhin cho cc kiu thuc tnh i vi mt
thc th lun lun c gi tr, trong trng hp trn
ngi ta gn cho kiu thuc tnh mt gi tr quy c
Null (c hiu khng tn ti hoc cha bit)
Cc kiu thc th con

Quy tc 2: thay th mi lin quan tha
k gia A v B bi mt kiu lin kt gia
A v B m cc bn s ti a u l 1
NC GiI KHT
Loi nc
Hiu nc
Nu Loi nc khng
c cp ti cc
c trng khc th
nn l thuc tnh
Thc th hay thuc tnh?

Thc th: xc nh 1 s c trng c bn
nh thuc tnh, mi kt hp, tng qut ha
Thuc tnh: cu trc nguyn t, n gin,
khng c cc c trng khc
Mi xe hi c trng bi m s xe, loi xe, hng sn
xut, s ch v mu sc )
XE HI
S xe Mu sc
Sn
xut
bi
HNG SN
XUT
Tng qut ha hay thuc tnh ?

Tng qut ha: mt s c trng s c
lin kt cp thp hn
Thuc tnh: trng hp ngc li
Mi con ngi c h tn, gii tnh, ngy sinh v mu tc. Ring trng
hp nam gii th c thm thng tin nm hon thnh ngha v qun s
CON NGI
Mu sc tc
Phi
CON NGI
N NG
Mu sc tc
PH N
Tnh trng ngha

v qun s
Kt hn
Thuc tnh kt hp hay n ?

Thuc tnh kt hp: mt s c trng s
c lin kt cp thp hn
Thuc tnh n: trng hp ngc li
Mi sinh vin lu tr cc thng tin nh h tn, a ch (ghi
r s nh, ng, qun, thnh ph), ngy sinh, ni sinh
S nh
A
CH
SINH VIN
H tn
a ch
Ngy sinh
Ni sinh
SINH VIN
ng
Qun
Thnh ph
Mi kt hp hay thc th ?
Thc th: khi nim quan tm c 1 s c
trng (mi kt hp, nh danh)
Khi bn hng, nh cung cp s lp ha n cha cc thng tin nh s
phiu, ngy lp phiu, tng s tin. Trong ha n gm nhiu chi tit
ha n, mi chi tit gm m s hng ha, s lng, n gi v thnh
tin
n gi
HNG HA
Chi tit
H
(1,n)
M hngTn hng VT
HA N
(0,n)
(1,1)
S lng n gi
S H
Ngy H
Tr gi
Ca
(0,n)
KHCH HNG
H tn KH
a ch
in thoi
Mi kt hp hay thc th ?
M hng
Tn hng
n gi
HNG HA
HO N
VT
(0,n)
(1,n)
Lin
quan
(1,1)
CHI TIT
HO N
(1,1)
Ca
S th t
S lng
n gi
(1,1)
S H
Ngy H
Tr gi
Ca
(0,n)
KHCH
HNG
H tn KH
a ch
in thoi
~37~
Chng 6: Phn tch x l-M hnh x l
Khi nim: M hnh dng d liu

K hiu
(DeMarco,
Youdon)
Khi
nim
K hiu
(Gane,
Sarson)
ngha
Cc hot ng bn trong
HTTT
S chuyn i thng tin
gia cc thnh phn
Vng cha thng tin bn
trong HTTT
x l
Dng
d liu
Kho d
liu
u
cui
~39~
Data Flow trong Qun l ca hng NGK
1
Tnh tn kho
nguyn vt
liu
Bo co tn kho
Thng bo
ngy giao hng
Lp phiu t
mua nguyn vt
liu
Thng tin
thanh ton
Ha n
Tc nhn bn ngoi HTTT
Kho d liu (data store)
x l (process)
L mt hot ng x l bn trong HTTT
Gm
To mi thng tin
S dng thng tin
Cp nht thng tin
Hy b thng tin
S th t
Tn x l
Tn x l = ng t + b ng
(do)
(what)
Process trong Qun l ca hng NGK

1
Lp
ho n
Tnh
tn kho
vt t
3
Tn vt
t
Sai cch t tn
Dng d liu (data flow)

L s di chuyn d liu, thng tin t
thnh phn x l ny n thnh phn x
l khc
x l
Kho d liu
Tn dng d liu
Tn dng d liu = Cm danh t
Ch : dng x l khng bao hm dng

iu khin
L vng cha thng tin, d liu bn trong

HTTT
Mt s hnh thc ca kho d liu
S sch, h s
Bng tra cu
Tn kho d liu
Phiu
CSDL
Tn kho d liu = danh t
(cm danh t)
Tp tin
Kho d liu (data store)

Li ch ca kho d liu
Cho php nhiu i tng x l ng
thi truy xut d liu
Cn thit lu li d liu cho nhng x
l tip theo sau
V d
Ha n
S nht k
Danh sch KH
u cui (terminal)
L thc th bn ngoi giao tip vi h
thng: c lp vi h thng
Mt s hnh thc ca u cui
Con ngi
T chc khc
Tn u cui
H thng khc
Tn u cui = danh t
(cm danh t)

Terminal trong Qun l ca hng NGK
Khch hng
Nh cung cp
~40~
Mt s tnh hung
Kho d liu (Data Store)
D1
D1
H
thng
D2
D2
Phng k ton
Ngn hng
T
D
Mt s tnh hung
Mt s tnh hung
Dng d liu (Data Flow) & Kho d
liu (Data Store)
d1
d2
u cui (Terminal)
T1
T2
Dng d liu i vo kho d liu: biu

din vic cp nht d liu (d1)
Dng d liu ra khi kho d liu: biu
din vic khai thc d liu ca kho d
liu (d2)
Mt s tnh hung
T2
Mt s tnh hung
Dng d liu (Data Flow) & u cui

(Terminal)
T1
T1
d1
Dng d liu (Process)

A
P1
P2
P1
P2
P3
P3
u vo h thng
d2
P1
T2
Dng d liu (Data Flow) & X l

(Process)
(1)
P2
T1
(b)
(3)
(a)
T2
(10)
P1
(2)
P3
Dng d liu (Data Flow)
P1
(c)
P2
Mt s tnh hung
Mt s tnh hung
P1
P3
P2 B
u ra h thng
P1
(5)
(6)
(7)
P2
(9)
D1
D2
(8)
(4)
(11)
~41~
S dng lut T1
C PHNG PHP
PHN TCH X L
Phng php phn tch x l

Mc tiu phn tch x l: Xy dng 1
lc tng th v x l ca ton b
HTTT => cng vic ny phc tp v
thng phi thc hin cc bc lp i
lp li
Gm
Lut cn bn
Chin lc phn tch x l
Tch 1 x l thnh 2 x l con vi

X l u thc hin vic chuyn tip
d liu
X l sau thc hin vic x l d liu
c chuyn tip n
1
1.1
X l
n t
hng
Tip nhn
n t
hng
1.2
n t
hng
Gii quyt
n t
hng
S dng lut T2
Tch 1 x l thnh 2 x l c thi im
khc nhau, do d liu chuyn i gia 2
x l ny phi c lu ti 1 kho d liu
1
X l
lng
1.1
X l
chm cng
1.2
X l
tnh lng
Bng chm cng
S dng lut T3
Lut cn bn
Nhc li
Mt chuyn i c 1 lc ban u v 1
lc kt qu
Mi lut cn bn s chuyn i nh x tn
ca cc khi nim trong lc ban u
sang tn ca cc khi nim trong lc
kt qu
Cc khi nim trong lc kt qu phi k
tha cc kt ni lun l c nh ngha
trong m hnh ban u
Lut cn bn
T1
X l phn r vi dng
d liu gia
T2
X l phn r vi kho d
liu gia
T3
X l phn r khng c
kt ni
Lc
khi im
T4 Phn r dng d liu

T5 Hon chnh dng d liu
T6 Phn r kho d liu
T7 To lp kho d liu
1
X l
t v
mua hng
1.
1
X l
t hng
1.2
X l
mua hng
S dng lut T4
Lut cn bn
STT
Tch 1 x l thnh 2 x l khi chng

khng c kt ni hay khng c nhu
cu trao i thng tin
Lc kt qu
Tch 1 dng d liu tng hp thnh

cc dng d liu c ni dung thng tin
c lp nhau
Ha n
Ha n kim
Phiu giao hng
Phiu giao hng
S dng lut T5
Dng d liu tm n vic chuyn i
ni dung thng tin
Thng tin
thanh ton
1
Thng tin s tin
Sec chuyn
Lp phiu
v ti khon
tin
chuyn
tin
S dng lut T6
~42~
tng
T cc x l c tip cn tng quan

v h thng, lp v phn r thnh
cc x l chi tit bng cch p dng
cc lut
Chun mc phn r x l l tnh c
lp: cc x l sau khi phn r lin kt
vi nhau cng t cng tt
Chia 2 tp con ca kho d liu c th

kt ni n 2 x l khc nhau
n t hng
n t hng ca
khch hng
Khch hng
Cc bc thc hin
B1: Xy dng lc khung h thng bng cch xc
nh cc u cui h thng v cc dng d liu vo ra
h thng t cc u cui
B2: Lp - p dng cc lut cn bn trn xung phn r

h thng
B3: Kim tra b sung kho d liu v dng d liu
S dng lut T7
Qun l ca hng NGK (TOP-DOWN)
Chia kho d liu thnh 2 kho d liu con

m kho d liu sau c to lp t kho d
liu trc bng x l
Bc 1
Thng tin t v
mua NGK
1
n t hng
Lu tr
n t hng
Cc chin lc bao gm
Trn xung (TOP-DOWN)
Di ln (BOTTOM-UP)
Trong ra ngoi (INSIDE-OUT)
X l
ca h
thng
ca
hng
NGK
Thng tin
thanh ton
Hp ng
giao hng
n t hng lu tr
Chin lc phn tch x l
Khch
hng
n t mua NGK
Nh cung
ng
Thng tin nhp NGK

Bc 2
Thng tin t v mua

NGK
Khch
hng
Hp ng
giao hng
0.1
0.2
X l
bn NGK
X l
t mua
NCU
Thng
tin bn
hng
Thng tin
nhp NGK
0.3
X l
k ton
Thng tin nhp

NGK
Nh
cung
ng

~43~
Cc bc thc hin
Bc 2 Phn r x l 1
0.1.1
Thng tin bn l
Ha n
Khch
hng
B1: Xc nh cc x l chi tit
X l
bn l
1
X l
bn NGK
B2: B sung kho d liu
0.1.2
X l
bn theo
H
B3: B sung u cui v

dng d liu
X l t mua NGK t nh cung ng
Bc 2 Phn r x l 1.1 v 1.2
(2)
X l
bn l
Lp
ha n
(1)
Khch hng
(3)
1.2
X l
bn theo
H
(4)
Bc 1
0.1.1.2
0.1.1.1
0.1.1
In
ha n
1
Tnh ton
lng tn
NGK
D liu
D liu ha n
ha n
Ho n xut
1.2.2
n hng
1.2.1
n hng cha giao
Kim tra
Ln lch
v lu
giao hng
n hng
n hng
Thng tin NGK
n hng
s giao
1.2.3
s giao
Lp ha
1.2.
S liu tn kho
n giao
4 k
Kim
Ho n
H
tn kho
giao hng Ha n xut
Qun l ca hng NGK (BOTTOM-UP)
Xc nh
NGK cn
mua
Lp v lu
phiu t
NGK
5
Tip nhn
giao hng
NGK
Kho
Thng tin
hng trong
kho
Bi tp
6
Cp nht
n hng
giao
7
X l thanh
ton
Bc 2
2
1
Tnh ton
lng tn
NGK
Lm tn dng
Thu n
Tr li
n
Xc nh k
hn tr
X l n
trong hn
X l n
ngoi
hn
tng
Thng tin
thanh
ton
7
X l
thanh
ton
Xc nh tt c cc x l chi tit
o Trong phm vi ca h thng
o Ton b h thng
Sau xc nh cc kt ni gia
chng
Thng tin
phiu
nhp
5
Tip nhn
giao hng
NGK
Phiu t mua
Thng tin
phiu t
n hng
giao
6
Cp nht
n hng
giao

Bc 3
1
2
3
Bo co
NGK cn
Tnh ton tn kho Xc nh
Lp v
t
lng tn
lu phiu
NGK cn
NGK
t NGK
mua
Thng tin nhp
Thng tin xut

Ha n xut
Nh cung ng
Phiu thanh
ton
Phiu nhp
Phiu t
7
X l
thanh
ton
Thng tin
thanh ton
Thng tin
phiu t
Gi phiu
t NGK
Phiu nhp
Cho vay
3
Lp v
lu phiu
t NGK
Xc nh
NGK cn
mua
Thng tin nhp
Thng tin
xut
Ha n xut
Duyt n
Gi phiu
t NGK
Phn r dng d liu theo m hnh chc

nng sau:
Nhn
n
Phiu t
4
Gi phiu
t NGK
5
Tip nhn
giao hng
Ha n
NGK
giao hng
Thng tin
Phiu nhp phiu nhp
Thng tin
phiu t
Phiu t mua
n hng
giao
Phiu
nhp
6
Cp nht
n hng
giao

Chin lc trong ra ngoi (INSIDE-OUT)
C 2 hng tip cn
Ph hp vi qu trnh tin trin ca x

l dng d liu
Qu trnh tin
ddl1
ddl1
P1
ddl2
P2
P2
ddl2
D
P1
ddl1
ddl1
P1
ddl2
Phiu yu cu
2
Kim tra
danh mc
sch
PYC thuc
danh mc
n gi sch
PYC khng thuc

4
danh mc
Thng tin sch
Thng bo
PYC khng
DM sch
PYC vt
hp l
ngn sch
Thng bo kt qu t
v ngy nhn sch
7
Thng bo
ngy d
kin nhn
Ngn sch
Kim tra
tho ngn
sch
PYC hp l
5
Phn loi
sch theo
NCU
Thng tin sch

theo NCU
Nh cung ng
6
Lp phiu
t sch
Phiu t
sch
Thng tin t sch
Khi xy dng mt m hnh x l nn

tun theo mt s hng dn sau y
Xut pht t u cui

Gi thng tin vo h thng
Kho st u vo ca h thng
P1
1
Lu
PYC
Phiu yu cu
PYC khng
khng hp l
p dng rt t nhin cho phn tch x l
ddl1
Ngn sch
(1)
Phiu yu cu
Qu trnh li (backward)
v d: Qun l yu cu sch
Nh khoa hc
Qu trnh tin (forward)
~44~
P1
Mi dng d liu ra ca x l phi da trn

dng d liu vo ca x l (y l iu
kin cn)
Ch nhng d liu no tht cn cho x l
mi a vo(iu kin )
Mt x l nn c lp chc nng vi x l
khc
Cc x l lun trng thi sn sng hot
ng
ddl2
Qu trnh li
Qu trnh phn cp x l nn tun

theo cc qui nh sau
Xut pht t u cui

Nhn thng tin ra t h thng
Kho st u ra ca h thng
T
T
T
ddl1
ddl1
ddl1
P1
P1
ddl2
P2
P2
ddl2
D
P1
T
ddl1
ddl1
ddl2
P1
ddl2
P1
v d: Qun l yu cu sch
Phiu yu cu
(1)
Nh khoa
hc
0
Thng bo PYC H thng
khng hp l x l yu
cu sch
(2)
n t sch
(4)
Thng bo ngy d
kin nhn sch (3)
Nh cung
ng
Qu trnh phn cp s c phn cp n mt

chi tit no m ngi thit k xem l
Mi cp ch cha t 3 n 7 x l, nu nhiu
hn th kh quan st mt cch tng qut
cp trn ta ch c bit quan tm n ni
dung ca qu trnh x l, cn cc hot ng
hoc sai cn x l th chng ta nn t cp 3
tr i
Nu i vo mt cp chi tit m c thm kho d
liu mi hay u cui mi th vn l hp l
c t x l
Nhm biu din ni dung lun l ca
cc x l di dng bng
Cc hnh thc c t
M gi
Bng quyt nh
Cy quyt nh
~45~
Bng quyt nh
c chia thnh 4 phn
iu kin
Gi tr iu kin
Hnh ng
Gi tr hnh ng
Nh cung cp
Ho n
xc nhn
Ha n
Xc nhn
ha n
Thng tin n hng

n t hng
M gi
S dng tp cc k hiu, qui nh
din t cc x l
V d : S dng 1 s qui nh cho cc
khi nim
NHA_CUNG_CAP
Tp hp
ncc1 NHA_CUNG_CAP
Phn t
Ten_ncc = ncc1.TEN_NCC
Bin
Xt iu kin, hnh ng ca v d trn

iu kin
Gi tr iu kin
C n t hng tng ng vi ha n ? S S
Ha n c ng s lng v n gi
S S
khng ?
Gi tr hnh
Hnh ng
ng
T chi ha n do khng c n t
X X
hng
T chi ha n do khng ng s lng
X
v n gi
Thanh ton ha n
M gi
V d : S dng 1 s qui nh cho cc khi
nim
Cu trc chn
Cu trc lp
Cu trc iu kin
Cu trc trng hp
Chn ddh DON_DAT_HANG
sao cho dhh.SO_DDH = 102
ddh.GIAM_GIA=0.1
bng lng
X l tnh
lng
Thng tin thi

gian lm vic
H s lng ca nhn
vin
Bng chm cng
H s nhn vin
iu kin
1
S
<40
Loi nhn vin

S gi lm vic
Hnh ng
Tnh lng gi
Tnh lng ngoi gi
Pht sinh bo co ngy ngh
X
bng lng
X l tnh
lng
Chn ddh DON_DAT_HANG sao cho dhh.SO_DDH = 102

ddh.GIAM_GIA=0.1
Thng tin thi

gian lm vic
Bng chm cng
iu kin
H s lng ca nhn
vin
H s nhn vin
Gi tr iu kin
1
2
3
4
S
H
H
H
- <40 40 >40
Nu ddh.TONG_TRI_GIA >= 1000000 th ddh.GIAM_GIA=0.1

Nu khng ddh.GIAM_GIA=0.2
Cui nu
Loi nhn vin

S gi lm vic
Trng hp
Trng hp ddh.TONG_TRI_GIA>5000000 th
ddh.GIAM_GIA=0.05
Trng hp ddh.TONG_TRI_GIA>1000000 th ddh.GIAM_GIA=0.1
Nu khc ddh.GIAM_GIA=0.05
Cui trng hp
Hnh ng
Gi tr hnh ng
Tr lng thng
X
Tnh lng gi
X
X
X
Tnh lng ngoi gi
X
Pht sinh bo co ngy ngh
X
6
H
>40
Gi tr hnh ng
Tr lng thng
M gi
a=0
Lp khi (a<10)
Tm_mt_hng_bn_chy_nht
a=a+1
Cui lp
Gi tr iu kin
2
3
4
5
H
S
H
S
<40 40
40 >40
Cy quyt nh
Biu din ni dung lun l ca x l
di dng cy, Gm cc thnh phn
Nt u pha bn tri: nt khng
iu kin
Nt cui pha bn phi: nt hnh
ng
Cc nhnh: m t cc tnh hung r
nhnh
v d: x l "Xc nhn ha n"

C n t
hng tng ng
ng s lng
v n gi
Thanh ton ha n
T chi ha n do
khng ng s lng
Khng ng s hay n gi
lng v n gi
Khng c n t
hng tng ng
T chi ha n do
khng c n t hng
~46~
Chng 7: Thit k d liu

~47~
Hnh minh ha v
MaSV TenSV NgSinh HocBong

11
AA 1/1/1990
5000
22
BB 2/2/1990
6000
33
CC 3/3/1990
5000
44
BB 4/4/1990
5000
MaSV
11
22
33
44
Ni dung chi tit
TenSV
AA
BB
CC
BB
t1
t2
t3
t4
Hnh minh ha PTH
Ph thuc hm
Nu B=4 th c th
suy ra A=1
Nu B=5 th c th
suy ra A=1
Nu B=7 th c th
suy ra A=3
Nhng nu c A=1
th B cha bit
bng 4 hay 5
PTH S cp
PTH Trc tip
Cc dng chun
Thit k lun l d liu

Cp cao
Cp thp
Thit k m
r khng tha AB, nhng tha BA
Khi nim: Ph Thuc Hm
Hy cho bit PTH no sau y tha
PTH l mt loi RBTV rt quan trng

pht hin cc thit k CSDL tt
C th biu din RBTV bng PTH
PTH c pht biu da trn
A
a1
a1
a2
a2
a3
Ng ngha ca mi trng ng dng

Qui tc
PTH trn quan h R biu din mi lin

h gia cc tp thuc nh trong R
B
b1
b2
b1
b1
b2
AE
C
c1
c2
c3
c4
c3
D
d1
d2
d3
d3
d1
E AD; ABD; EA; AE

e1
AD a1d1; a1d2;
a2d3; a3d1
e1
e1
ABD a1,b1d1; a1,b2d2;
e1
a2,b1d3; a2,b1d3;
a3,b2d1
e1
a1e1;
a2e1; a3e1
EA e1a1; e1a2;
e1a3
nh ngha: Ph thuc hm
Xt quan h CHM CNG nh sau
Cho quan h R
A, B l nhng tp thuc tnh khc rng
Mt th hin r(R) tha PTH f: AB nu
M CN
C1
C1
C2
C3
C3
C2
"t1, t2 r, t1[A]=t2[A] => t1[B]=t2[B]
Mi gi tr ti A xc nh duy nht
mt gi tr ti B
V d: SINHVIEN(MaSV, TenSV, Diem)

MaSVTenSV, nhng TenSV MaSV
My
m1
m2
m3
m5
m4
m2
Thi gian
10
10
50
100
30
20
PX
p1
p1
p2
p3
p2
p1
Trng
Gip
Gip
t
inh
t
Gip
M CN,MyThi gian,PX,Trng
PXTrng
MyPX, Trng
~48~
Ph thuc hm S CP
Mt PTH AB l PTH s cp (s ng)
nu khng tn ti A' A m A'B.
Ni cch khc, khng c thuc tnh
tha trong v tri ca PTH, chng hn
trong quan h CHM CNG trn th
DNG CHUN V CHUN HA

LC C S D LIU
M CN,MyThi gian l PTH s cp

M CN,MyPX khng phi PTH s cp,
v MyPX
Ph thuc hm TRC TIP

Mt PTH AB trong quan h R l PTH
trc tip nu khng tn ti tp thuc
tnh C trong R khc vi A v B, m
AC v CB, chng hn trong quan
h CHM CNG ni trn th
PXTrng l PTH trc tip
MyTrng khng phi l PTH trc
tip v MyPX v PXTrng
Kha ca mt quan h R
Kha ca mt quan h R(A,B) nu
AB l mt PTH s cp trong R.
Ni cch khc
Gi tr ca A xc nh duy nht gi
tr ca cc thuc tnh cn li, tc l
xc nh duy nht mt b, v
Trong A khng c thuc tnh tha
(A l ti thiu)
LUT SUY DIN

Lut suy din dng suy din mt PTH mi t
mt tp PTH cho trc
H lut suy din Armstrong
Phn x: Y X XY
Tng trng: XY XZYZ, vi XZ = X Z
Bc cu: XY, YZ XZ
Cc lut khc
Phn r: X YZ XY, XZ
Hp: XY, XZ XYZ
Bc cu gi: XY, WYZ WXZ
Chun ha lc CSDL
Chun ha l g ?
Cc dng chun l g ?
Mt s dng chun nh gi tt
xu ca mt lc CSDL
Chun ha l g
Khi thit k mt h thng thng tin,
th vic lp lc CSDL t n mt
tiu chun no l mt vic lm
quan trng. Cht lng ca HTTT ph
thuc nhiu vo lc CSDL ny
CHUN HA
Chun ha l qu trnh tch bng
(phn r) thnh cc bng nh hn da
vo cc ph thuc hm m khng lm
mt thng tin => t chc d liu mt
cch hiu qu trong CSDL
TRNG LP D LIU
Khi mt phn ca d liu c th suy ra t mt
s phn d liu khc => gi l trng lp d liu
~49~
Cc dng chun
Mt s dng chun dng nh gi
tt, xu ca mt lc CSDL
Dng 1 (1 Normal Form 1NF)
Dng Boyce Codd (Boyce Codd
Normal Form BCNF)
MC CH CA CHUN HA
Mc ch ca tin trnh chun ha:
Cc dng chun Normal form

Bng vi
cc thuc
tnh a tr
Chun 1
(1NF)
Chun 2
(2NF)
Loi b d liu b d tha v m bo

d liu ph thuc tr nn ngha.
Loi b cc
thuc tnh
a tr
Chun 3
(3NF)
Ch cn cc ph
thuc X A
m X l kha
Loi b cc
ph thuc
b phn
Loi b cc
ph thuc
bc cu
Chun 4
(4NF)
Loi b cc
ph thuc
a tr
Loi b cc
ph thuc
ni
Cc dng chun l g ?
Chun
Boyce
Codd
(BCNF)
Chun 5
(5NF)
Cht lng thit k ca mt lc

CSDL c th nh gi da trn nhiu
tiu chun trong s trng lp
thng tin v chi ph kim tra cc rng
buc ton vn l hai tiu chun quan
DNG CHUN 1 (1NF)

(First Normal Form)
trng
Cc dng chun l g ?
Cc dng chun l cc ch dn thit k
cc bng trong CSDL.
Mc ch ca chun ha l loi b cc d
tha v
Yu cu v khng gian lu tr
Trnh cc li khi thao tc d liu
(Insert, Delete, Update)
Chun ha lm tng thi gian truy vn

nh ngha: DNG CHUN 1 (1NF)

Mt lc quan h c gi l dng
chun (1NF) nu v ch nu cc gi tr
ca cc thuc tnh trong quan h l
nguyn t (thuc tnh n khng
phn chia c)
~50~
1NF
MINH HA KHNG L 1NF
t dng chun 1
Cc trng hp khng l dng chun 1
Chia d liu thnh cc bng ring bit

cho mi nhm d liu c lin quan
MSSV TEN
MONHOC DIEM
MANV TEN
NGHE NOILAM
sv01
Ke toan
Quan tri
Tin hoc
5
7
6
nv01
Kim
in
312
512
nv02
Chi
May
312
400
435
nv03
Ngoc Mc
435
Le
sv02
Let
Tin hoc
sv03
Luon Tin hoc
V d: [sinh vin], [kt qu], [mn hc]
Ton b cc ct ca bng phi c gi tr

n.
Tt c cc thuc tnh kho phi c xc
SINHVIE
nh
N
Thuc tnh khng nguyn t
MONHO
C
MINH HA KHNG L 1NF

MASV HOTEN DIACHI
A01
A03
A02
12 Thi
H
56 M
Trn An
My
L Na
H
Nam
34 Cu
G
MA
MON
M01
M02
TEN
MON
CSDL
Anh 2
M01
M04
M02
M03
TENGV
Mai
Lan
P13
P25
8
5
CSDL
Mai
P13
Ton 1
Anh 2
Vi m
Nam
Lan
Chi
P40
P25
P30
10
7
9
y khng phi l dng chun 1NF v

thuc tnh MAMON, TENMON, TENGV,
PHONG, DIEM c min gi tr "a tr"
MINH HA DNG CHUN 1
1NF
Chuyn quan h sang dng chun 1

MSSV TEN
MONHOC DIEM
sv01
Le
Ke toan
Quan tri
Tin hoc
5
7
6
sv02
Let
Tin hoc
sv03
Luon Tin hoc
MSSV TEN
MONHOC DIEM
sv01
Le
Ke toan
sv01
Le
Quan tri
sv01
Le
Tin hoc
sv02
Let
Tin hoc
sv03
Luon Tin hoc
Nhn xt v 1NF
Mi lc quan h u dng
chun 1
Dng chun 1 c th dn n s
trng lp d liu. Do gy ra cc d
thng v cp nht d liu
PHONG DIEM
Dng chun 2
(Second Normal Form)
Cho CSDL gm 2 quan h : THI, SINHVIEN

MONTHI GIAOVIEN
3
A
4
B
5
C
Kha l
MONTHI
Kha l MONTHI, MSSV
MONTHI MSSV TEN TUOI DIACHI DIEM

3
11
LAN 20
X
8
3
12
HA
21
Y
6
4
11
LAN 20
X
7
4
12
HA
21
Y
6
5
11
LAN 20
X
7
5
13
TU
22
Z
2
Nhn xt 2 quan h trn

quan h th 2 thy rng
MONTHI, MSSV, DIEM xc nh kt qu
thi ca sinh vin
MSSV, TEN, TUOI, DIACHI xc nh i
tng l sinh vin
~51~
MONTHI MSSV TEN TUOI DIACHI DIEM

3
11
LAN 20
X
8
3
12
HA
21
Y
6
4
11
LAN 20
X
7
4
12
HA
21
Y
6
5
11
LAN 20
X
7
5
13
TU
22
Z
2
Vn xut hin quan h SINHVIEN: vic lu
tr thng tin cho sv LAN phi lp li 3 ln a
ch, 3 ln tui => qu d tha. V qu trnh cp
nht d liu cn tr khi thm, xa, sa
PTH y , v PTH b phn

R(U), K U l kha chnh ca R
AU l thuc tnh khng kha nu A K
XY l PTH y nu "AX th
(X-{A})Y khng ng trn R. Ngc li
XY l PTH b phn
Thm: quan h SINHVIEN ch cha SINHVIEN

thi, nu mun thm 1 sv mi th khng
c v khng bit sv thi cha ? cho
nn kha MONTHI, MSSV l khng y .
Xa: gi s cn b mn thi th 5 m danh
sch sv vn gi nguyn. Khi quan h THI
xa b (5,c) cn quan h SINHVIEN, nu xa
mn thi 5 th thng tin v sv TU s mt
Sa: gi s cn i a ch ca LAN th cn sa
ti 3 dng => tn thi gian, vi li ch sa
thng tin sv ch khng c sa kt qu thi
Hng khc phc bt li t quan h

SINHVIEN
Tch quan h SINHVIEN thnh hai quan
h
SINHVIEN(mssv, ten, tuoi, diachi)

THIXONG(monthi, mssv, diem)
Nh vy CSDL lc ny thnh 3 quan h

dng chun 2
Nu b MaDA
ra khi thuc
tnh kha th
SoGio khng
ph thuc y
vo kha
Ba lc trn u thuc 2NF
nh ngha: DNG CHUN 2
2NF
Lc quan h R c gi l 2NF, nu
mi thuc tnh khng kha ca R ph
thuc y vo kha (ngha l thuc
nh khng kha khng ph thuc vo
mt phn ca kha)

MASV HOTEN
A01
A01
~52~
MA TEN
TENGV PHONG DIEM
MON MON
DIACHI
L Na
12 Thi H M01 CSDL
L Na
Mai
P13
8
5
12 Thi H M02 Anh 2
Lan
P25
A03
Trn An 56 M My M01 CSDL
Mai
P13
A02
H Nam 34 Cu G M04 Ton 1 Nam
P40
10
A02
H Nam 34 Cu G M02 Anh 2
Lan
P25
A02
H Nam 34 Cu G M03 Vi m
Chi
P30
MASV HOTEN
DIACHI
R3
R2
R1
MA
MON
TEN
MON
MASV
TENGV PHONG
MA
DIEM
MON
A01
M01
M01 CSDL
Mai
P13
A01
M02
A03
56 M
Trn An
My
M02 Anh 2
Lan
P25
A03
M01
M04 Ton 1
Nam
P40
A02
M04
10
A02
H Nam 34 Cu G
M03 Vi m
Chi
P30
A02
M02
A02
M03
A01
L Na
12 Thi
H
MaNVTenNV
MaNVNgSinh
MaNVDChi
MaNVMaPB
MaPBTenPB
MaPBTrPhong
MaNVTenPB
Nh vy t MaNV m cng c th suy ra TenPB, v

PTH MaNVMaPB, v MaPBTenPM, nh vy
lc trn c ph thuc bc cu vo kha v th
n khng l 3NF
Ta phn r lc 2NF trn thnh
3NF nh sau
Dng chun 3
(Third Normal Form)
nh ngha: DNG CHUN 3
3NF
2NF nhng khng

l 3NF
Lc quan h R t 3NF th R phi

l 2NF
Mi thuc tnh khng kha ca R
khng ph thuc bc cu vo kha
chnh ca R
Mi thuc khng kha khng c
ph thuc bc cu t kha chnh ?
Cho R(U), vi XY l PTH bc cu
nu $ZU, Z khng l kha v cng
khng l tp con ca kha m XZ
v ZY ng trn R
3NF
Mt v d khc phn r thnh 3NF

SVIEN (masv, hoten, khuvuc, congdiem)
Nu 1 thuc tnh c xc nh bi 1
thuc tnh khng kha th gi l thuc
tnh bc cu. Vy congdiem ph thuc vo
khuvuc. Phn r thnh 2 quan h (3NF):
SVIEN(masv,
hoten,
khuvuc)
v
KHU(khuvuc, congdiem)
Chuyn Table chun 2NF -> 3NF
~54~
Xt lc quan h nh sau
Cho lc quan h R(C,S,Z) vi cc PTH
CSZ
ZC
Trong lc ny mi thuc tnh u l

thuc tnh kha. Do vy R 3NF, nhng
khng phi BCNF v ZC nhng khng
phi l kha ca R
Nhn xt
Mi lc quan h thuc 3NF
cng thuc 2NF
PTH bc cu l nguyn nhn dn
n trng lp d liu
Dng chun 3 l dng ti thiu
trong thit k CSDL
Nhn xt: BCNF

Dng chun BCNF n gin v cht ch
hn dng chun 3
Mc tiu ca qu trnh chun ha l
a cc lc quan h v dng
chun 3 hoc BCNF
Thit k lun l (logic) d liu

Cp cao
c lp vi m hnh ci t
Dng chung cho nhiu loi m hnh d
liu
Cp thp
Chuyn i lc kt qu ca thit
k lun l cp cao sang 1 m hnh d
liu nht nh
nh ngha: Dng chun BCNF
Thit k lun l d liu
quan h t dng chun BCNF

Quan h phi l dng chun 3NF
Khng c thuc tnh kha ph thuc
hm vo thuc tnh khng kha
Cho lc quan h R v tp ph
thuc hm F. Ta ni quan h R dng
chun BCNF nu XA tha trn R, A
X th X l kha ca R
Lc d liu
quan nim
Thng tin v
yu cu v d
liu
- Cc x l cp nht, truy vn
- Khi lng, tn sut
Thit k lun l cp cao
M hnh
d liu
(quan h)
Lc trung gian
- Cc x l cp nht, truy vn
- Thi gian p ng
- Tn sut
Thit k lun l cp thp
Yu cu v tiu
chun v hiu qu
Lc lun l theo m hnh
~55~
Thit k lun l d liu cp cao

Quyt nh d liu suy din: L nhng
thuc tnh m gi tr ca n c th tnh
ton s hc t nhng thuc tnh khc
Chuyn i tng qut ha v tp con
Chn la kha chnh
V d
S lng ti khon (Trung bnh 2 ti kho n)
KHCH HNG
(1,n)
M KH
Tn KH
Tng S d
Ca
(1,1)
TI KHON
Khi nim
S ti khan
S d
(1,n)
Lin
quan
(1,2)
GIAO DCH
S giao dch
Ngy giao dch
S tin
V d v d liu suy din

S H
Ngy lp
Tr gi H
HA
N
(1,
n)
(1,1)
M KH
(1,n)
KHCH
HNG
Ca
Cng n
S lng
C
M hng
Tn hng
Qui cch
(0,n)
HNG
HA
Tn tc v
(0,n)
(1,1)
G
m
TN
KHO
c tng s d khch
hng
Gi tin
Tng SL nhp
Tng SL xut
Rt tin
Tn kho
n gi bn
Khch
hng
Thc th
15.000
Ti khon
Thc th
30.000
Giao dch
Thc th
600.000
Ca
Mi kt hp
30.000
Lin quan Mi kt hp
800.000
Khi nim
M ti khon
n gi
Thng Nm
Loi
u im: Tng tc truy vn (Khng

tnh ton li gi tr ti thi im truy vn)
Khuyt im:
Khi cp nht phi kim tra tnh nht
qun vi cc d liu lin quan gim
tc cp nht
Tng dung lng lu tr
Phi lp trnh bo m rng buc
Quyt nh d liu suy din

Cc x l
truy xut ln
d liu suy
din
Cc x l
cp nht ln
d liu suy
din
Tn sut ca
tng x l
Quyt
nh
d liu
suy din
Khng c d
liu suy din
C d
liu suy
din
sut
c/Ghi Tn
(Ngy)
Ti khon
Khch
hng
Ca
Khch
hng
Ti khon
Thc th
Thc th
Mi kt hp
Ghi
Ghi
Ghi
100
100
100
Thc th
3000
Thc th
Khch
hng
Ti khon
Thc th
Khch
hng
Thc th
c
Ghi
c
Ghi
c
Ghi
c
Ghi
2000
2000
2000
2000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Thc th
c
Ghi
Khch hng
Quyt nh d liu suy din
Khi
lng
(A) C d liu suy din
Tn KH
Mc n
Loi
3000
3000
(B) khng c d liu suy din

sut
c/Ghi Tn
(Ngy)
Ti khon
Thc th
Ghi
100
M ti
Khch
hng
Thc
th
Ghi
100
khon
Ca
Mi kt hp
Ghi
100
c tng s Khch hng Thc th
c
3000
d khch
Ti khon
Thc th
c
3000x2
hng
Ca
Mi kt hp
c
3000x2
Ti
khon
Thc
th
c
2000
Gi tin
Ghi
2000
Ti
khon
Thc
th
c
1000
Rt tin
Ghi
1000
Tn tc v
Khi nim
Ti khon
Ca
Loi
c
c
6000
6000
V d
Nu A >> B
Khng s dng thuc tnh suy din
Nu A << B
S dng thuc tnh suy din
Ch
C nhng nhu cu pht sinh 1 cch
nh tnh khng th quyt nh
bng phng php nh lng

Chuyn i tng qut ha & tp con
Cn thit khi: M hnh ci t khng h
tr (M hnh quan h, mng, phn cp)
Xem xt
Cc c trng k tha ca thc-thchuyn-bit t thc-th-tng-qut
(thuc tnh, nh danh, mi kt hp)
Mi kt hp tng qut ha
~56~
V d
Thuc
(1,1)
M NV
Tn NV
NHN VIN
(0,n)
K nng
NV QL
(0,n)
S
dng
(0,n)
Chuyn
ngnh
Tn BP
B PHN
(1,n)
K S
M BP
(1,n)
Qun
l
(t,e)
TH K
M PM
Tn PM
(0,1)
(1,1)
Ph
trch
(0,1)
SLng NV
PHN MM
M NV
Tn NV
SLng NV
Chuyn ngnh
K nng
Loi NV
(1,1)
(0,n)
M PM
Tn PM
Thuc
(1,n)
(0,n)
S
dng
(0,n)
(1,n)
(0,1)
PHN MM
M BP
B PHN
(0,1)
NHN VIN
Tn BP
Qun
l
Ph
trch
(1,1)
Chuyn i tng qut ha & tp con
u im khi dng TNG QUT
Phng n chn la
Dng thc th tng qut
Dng thc th chuyn bit
Dng mi kt hp
Gii php n gin nht, khng pht
E1
E2
p dng cho tt c cc cu trc tng
sinh thm cc mi kt hp
qut ha nh ton b (t) v bn phn
(p), chng lp (o) v ring bit (e)
Dng thc th TNG QUT
Khuyt im khi dng TNG QUT
Cc c trng ca thc-th-chuyn-bit
s c chuyn sang thc-th-tng-qut
Thm thuc tnh LoiE
MGT(LoiE) = {E, E1, E2, E1E2}
C th pht sinh ra 1 s ln cc gi
tr rng cho cc thuc nh m ch
dng cho mt loi thc th tp con
m thi
Tt c cc tc v mun truy cp n
mt thc th tp con phi truy cp
ton b tt c cc thc th tp con
Pht sinh thm mt s RBTV cn phi
kim tra
A
E
E1
E
E2
C
Loi
E
A
B
C
Dng thc th TNG QUT
Dng thc th chuyn bit
Min gi tr LoiE
(t,e) : MGT(LoiE) = {E1, E2}
(t,o) : MGT(LoiE) = {E1, E2, E1E2}
(p,o) : MGT(LoiE) = {E, E1, E2}
(p,e) : MGT(LoiE) = {E, E1, E2, E1E2}
Chuyn i tt c c trng ca thc-thtng-qut xung cc thc-th-chuyn-bit
(t,e)
(t,o)
(p,e)
(p,o)
R
E1
(t,e)
A
E2
(t,o)
E1
C
A
B
R1
E2
R2
(p,e)
(p,o)
A
C

(1,1)
M NV
Tn NV
(0,n)
Thuc
(0,1)
NHN
VIN
(t,e)
K nng
TH K
K S
Qun
l
(1,n)
NV QL
M PM
Tn PM
Chuyn
ngnh
(0,1)
PHN MM
(0,n)
S
dng
Thuc1
M PM
(1,n)
Qun
l 1
Ph
trch
(1,n)
Chuyn
ngnh
Qun
l 2
B PHN
(1,1)
Thuc3
(1,1)
K S
(0,1)
(0,1)
Ngy sinh
a ch
Trnh vn ha
Chuyn ngnh
tt nghip
NV QL
(0,1)
(0,1)
(1,n)
Qun
l 3
Ph
trch
SLng NV
NHN VIN
(t,e)
100
10.000
NV_VPHNG
Ngy bt u
Bc ngh
CNG NHN
Ngai ng
X l
Tn BP
(1,n)
10.100
M NV
Tn NV
S CMND
(1,1)
(1,n)
(1,1)
K nng
(1,1)
(0,n)
La chn chuyn bit | tng qut
B PHN
SLng NV
Thuc2
TH K
(0,n)
Tn BP
M BP
(1,n)
Tn PM
M BP
(1,n)
(0,n)
S
dng
(0,n
)
PHN MM
~57~
Tn sut
(o1) Tnh lng sn phm cho cng nhn

phn xng
(o2) Tnh lng cho nhn vin vn phng
(o3) Tm kim thng tin v cng nhn
(o4) Tng hp danh sch chung ca ton
b nhn vin
(o5) Truy xut thng tin nhn vin vn
phng
Chn la
ti u
Tch (gp)
2/ thng
1/thng
Tch
1000/ngy Tch (gp)
5/thng
Gp
20/thng
Tch
u im khi dng chuyn bit
La chn chuyn bit | tng qut
Thuc nh ring ca thc th tp con

ch biu din ring cho loi thc th
tp con
Cc tc v lin quan n mt loi
thc th tp con ch truy cp n loi
thc th tp con
Ph thuc
Dung lng
Gp: dung lng ln
Tch: dung lng ti u
X l
u tin cc x l c tn sut cao
V d
Nu u tin o4 : gp
Nu u tin o2, o3: tch
Khuyt im khi dng chuyn bit

Cch chn la ny khng p dng c
cho cu trc tng qut ha loi chng
cho (o) v bn phn (p), ch dng c
cho ton phn (t) v ring bit (e)
Quan nim cc thc th tp con trc
y cng l chuyn bit ha ca mt thc
th tng qut khng cn na. Quan nim
ny c th l ch yu lin quan n mt
s x l
Khuyt im khi dng chuyn bit

Nu thuc nh ca thc th tng
qut l ng k th s lp li trong
lc ng xem xt li
Cc tc v trc y thao tc ln
thc th tng qut nay phi thao tc
ln tt c cc thc th tp con
Dng mi kt hp
B tng qut, chuyn bit
To mi kt hp t thc-th-tngqut n thc-th-chuyn-bit
E
(0,1)
(0,1)
E1
E2
R
(1,1)
E1
(1,1)
E2
V d
Thuc
(1,1)
M NV
Tn NV
Tn PM
PHN MM
PHN MM
S
dng
NV QL
Chuyn
ngnh
(0,n)
NHN VIN
(0,1)
Lquan1
(1,1)
(0,1)
Lquan2
(1,1)
TH K
K nng
K S
(1,1)
Ph
trch
(0,1)
SLng NV
(1,1)
M NV
Tn NV
Tn BP
B PHN
(1,n)
K S
(0,n)
S
dng
(0,n)
M PM
M BP
(1,n)
Qun
l
(t,e)
TH K
M PM
Tn PM
(0,1)
NHN VIN
(0,n)
K nng
(0,n)
(1,n)
Thuc
(0,1)
Lquan3
(1,1)
NV QL
Chuyn ngnh
B PHN
Qun
l
(0,1)
(1,n)
(0,1)
SLng NV
M BP
Tn BP
Ph
trch
(1,1)
~58~
u im khi dng mi kt hp
V d
C th m hnh tt c cc loi cu
trc tng qut ha ton b / bn
Thit k lun l d liu cp thp

Chun b
Loi b nh danh ngoi
Loi b thuc tnh a tr v thuc tnh
kt hp
Chuyn i m hnh thc th kt hp
sang m hnh quan h
Loi b nh danh bn ngoi

E1
(1,1)
A
B
M s TN
Thuc
(1,n)
Tn ta nh
a ch
Tn ta nh
a ch
Tng s
phng
Loi b thuc tnh kt hp

A
A
B1
E
B1
B2
B3
B2
B3
A
B
(B1+B2+B3)
V d
Tn NK
NHN KHU
NHN KHU
Ngy sinh
Qu qun
CMND
S CMND
Ngy sinh
Qu qun
M NV
M NV
Tn NV
NHN VIN
Tn NK
S CMND
Ngy lp
Ni
cp
Ngy lp
Ni cp
NHN VIN
Trnh vn ha
S nh
a ch
ng
Phng
Qun
Thnh ph
Tn NV
a ch
Trnh vn ha
Loi b thuc tnh a tr
E1
A
B
(0,n)
(0,n)
E2
C
D
EA
(1,n)
M NV
NHN VIN
V d
Tn NV
(1,1)
C
D
M s TN
TA NH
M s TN
TA NH
Thuc tnh a tr thc th
E2
S phng
S phng
(1,1)
Tng s
phng
Lc kt qu kh phc tp. V d
nh thm mt th hin cho mt
thc th tp con phi thm mi mt
th hin cho quan h v mt th
hin cho thc th tng qut ha
Phi chp nhn s d tha khi biu
din mi lin kt IS-A thnh mi kt
hp
Din tch
PHNG
Din tch
PHNG
cu ca ng dng
Khuyt im khi dng mi kt hp
Loi phng
Loi phng
phn v chng cho / ring bit

Rt uyn chuyn khi thay i yu
Tng
Tng
(0,n)
Tn NV
S T
M NV
NHN VIN
(0,n)
Ca
(1,1)
iN THOI
S T

Loi thuc tnh a tr mi kt hp
(a) R l mi kt hp 1-1 : EA s c nh
~59~
v d v Chuyn i thc th
Ngy sinh
danh ca E1 hoc E2 kt hp vi RA
Tn SV
SINH VIN
(b) R l mi kt hp 1-N : EA s c nh
danh ca E1 kt hp vi RA
SINH_VIN(MA_SV, TEN_SV, NGAY_SINH)

Tn MH
MN HC
(c) R l mi kt hp N-N : EA s c nh
S hc phn
danh ca E1 v E2 kt hp vi RA
MN_HC(TN_MH, S_HC_PHN)
Loi thuc tnh a tr mi kt hp

A
E1
R
(0,n)
EA
A (a) (b)
E2
EA
A
B
RA
Qui tc chung: Chuyn i mi kt hp

E1
A
RA
(c)
E2
E1
RA
RA
E2
E1
M SV
E3
RA
E2
R(A, B, RA)
R(A, B, C, RA)
V d
Chuyn mi kt hp 1-1
M SV
Ngy sinh
Tn MH
(1,n)
SINH VIN
(0,n)
Hc
(0,n)
Tn SV
MN HC
RA
Tn SV
SINH VIN
M SV
(0,n)
Hc
(1,n)
Tn MH
MN HC
E2
E2
E2
RA
B
E1E2(A, B,) : B l kha
Ho"c
Ho"c
E1(A,, B): B l kha
E1E2(A, B,): A l kha
E2(B,)
Chuyn m hnh ER Quan h

o Mt thc th mt quan h
(1,1)
E2(B,, A): A l kha
E2(B,, A) : A lkha
im s
Chuyn i thc th
RA
E1(A,)
E1(A,)
iM
(1,1)
R
S hc phn
Tn MH
M SV
(0,1)
E1
(0,1)
(1,1)
Ngy sinh
E1
(0,1)
S hc phn
im
E1
NHN VIN
M
NV
Ca
(0,1)
Tn NV
a ch
in thai
M s LL
(1,1)
L LCH
Qu qun
Ngy
Ni
sinh sinh
o Thuc tnh thuc tnh

o nh danh kha chnh
Chuyn i mi kt hp
NHN_VIN(MA_NV, TN_NV, A_CH, iN_THOI)

L_LCH(M_S_LL, QU_QUN, NGY_SINH, NI_SINH, MA_NV)

(1,1)
Ca
(1,1)
M KH
Tn KH
KHCH_HNG
~60~
S CNMD_D
NGI I
DIN
in thoi
Tn ND
a ch giao dch
Chuyn i mi kt hp
Mi kt hp m rng
A
Ti khon giao dch

E1
R2
KH_NDIN (m_kh, tn_kh, in_thoi,

so_cmnd_d, tn_nd, a_ch_giao_dch,
ti khon_giao_dch)
Chuyn mi kt hp 1-N
A
E1
(1,n)
S hc
phn
MN HC
M KH
Tn khch hng
S H
Ca
(1,1)
KHCH HNG
(1,n)
Tr gi n hng
in thoi
M
MH
Nin hc
Ngy bt
u
HC K
(0,n)
N_HNG(so_h, ngy_t, tr_gi_h, ma_kh)
Chuyn mi kt hp N-N
E1(A,)
E1
R
RA
E2
R(A, B, RA)
E2(B,)
S lng
n gi
S H
HA N
Tr gi
(1,n)
M s
Tn NGK
NGK
VTnh
(0,n)
Loi
Hiu
n gi bn
CT ha
n
HAN(s_hd, ngy_hd, trgi)

CHITIET_HD(so_hd, ms, slng, n_gi)
NGK(ms, tn_ngk, vtnh, loi, hiu, ngi_bn)
M GV
Tn GV
im
(0,n)
(0,1)
Ngy kt
thc
GIO
VIN
NG
K
(0,n)
LP
a ch giao hng
KHCH_HNG(ma_kh, ten_kh, inthoi, a_ch_gh)
Ngy H
(0,n)
M SV
Tn sinh
vin
(0,n)
Hc k
N HNG
SINH
VIN
Tn MH
E2(B,, A)
B
Ngy t
a
ch
M MH
(1,1)
E2
E3
R1(A,B, )
R2(A,B,C, )
E1(A,)
E2
R1
(0,n)
PHN
CN
G
M lp
Tn lp
S s
MN_HC(ma_mh, tn_mh, s_hp)

HC_K(hc_k, nin_hc, ngy_b, ngy_kt)
GIO_VIN(m_gv, tn_gv)
SINH_VIN(m_sv, tn_sv)
LP(m_lp, tn_lp, s_s)
M_MH(m_mh, m_lp, hc_k, nin_hc)
NG_K(m_mh, m_lp, hc_k, nin_hc,
m_sv, im)
PHN_CNG(m_mh,
m_lp,
hc_k,
nin_hc, m_gv)
Kha chnh ca M_MH, NG_K,
PHN_CNG qu phc tp
Chuyn mi kt hp a phn
SINH
VIN
Tn SV
a ch
M SV
(0,n)
(0,n)
Ngy sinh
MN HC
im
Hc
Tn
MH
S hc
phn
(0,n)
Hc k
HC K
Nm
Ngy B
Ngy KT
SINH_VIN(M_SV, TN_SV, NGY_SINH, A_CH)

MN_HC(TN_MH, S_HC_PHN)
HC_K(HC_K, NM, NGY_B, NGY_KT)
HC(M_SV, TN_MH, HC_K, NM, IM)
THIT K M
(Design Code)
Thit k m (code)
Tm cc hnh thc m ha
M qun, m bu in
M xe
M sinh vin
D dng cho vic
Qun l v x l thng tin trong my
tnh
Nhn dng v phn loi d liu
Phi c thit k trn c s uyn
chuyn v c kh nng m rng
Ng ngha ca m ha
Duy nht: nhn dng i tng d
liu
Phn loi d liu: thnh cc nhm
khc nhau, da trn m phn bit
c nhm
Sp xp: m ha th hin th t ca
d liu
Kim tra: Kim sot d liu c c
nhp ng hay khng
Mt s c im khi thit k m
Vng m ha: phm vi m m c s
dng
C lin kt vi cc h thng bn ngoi,
m nn l chun cng nghip chung
Trong cng 1 n v, m c phm vi
ton cng ty
Chu k s dng: c lng 1 lng m
cn trong chu k
Ng ngha: c th hiu m bi cc thnh
phn lin quan
V d v vng m ha
Xt M mn hc c thit k khc nhau
trong cng 1 trng
TH201 - Thit k C S D Liu
Khoa CNTT
CNTT201 - Thit k C S D Liu

Phng o To
Gy ra 1 s hot ng khng cn thit nh : chuyn i m

lin quan n kt qu hc tp trn mn hc,
~61~
V d v chu k s dng
Xt M s sinh vin
9 9 X X 9 9 9
Khng d tr
01HC012
01HC345
00HC365
C d tr
01TC012
01TC345
00TC365
9 9 X X 9 9 9 9
D tr
01HC0012
01HC0345
00HC0365
9 9 X X 9 9 9 9
V d v ng ngha
Xt M s sinh vin
0011037
0011456
9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Kha Khoa Lp M s th t
0111230
Mt s loi m
Tn m
M t
V d
Mt s c gn M s xe ca tnh:
mt cch tun t 50 Thnh ph HCM
M tun
60 ng Nai
t
62 Long An
63 Tin Giang
Mt s c gn M khch hng ca tng chi
cho mi khi. Ri nhnh c qui nh nh sau:
mt s s c 0001 khch hng ti trung tm
M khi gn tun t trong 1000 khch hng chi nhnh A
khi thun 2000 khch hng chi nhnh B
tin cho phn
3000 khch hng chi nhnh C
loi d liu
Mt s loi m
Tn m
M t
Cc i tng
s c m
ha t 0 n
9, ri n
M
thnh
thp lt
vin
ca
phn i tngmi
ny
cng s c
m ha t 0
n 9, .
Mi k s ca
M
m s gn cho
theo k mt ng
s
ngha
V d
M ha phng ban trong mt cng
ty:
00 Ban gim c
1 B phn kinh doanh
1 Nhm 1
2 Nhm 2
2 B phn pht trin
10 Chi nhnh A
20 Chi nhnh B
30 Chi nhnh C
M SV ca trng HKHTN TPHCM

01 1 1 100
01 2 1 120
Nm Khoa Lp s th t
Mt s loi m
Tn m
M t
Ch vit tt hoc
biu tng ca
i tng c
M gi dng m ha
nh
V d
M ha lp hc ca trng i
hc nh sau:
00TC Lp ti chc kha 2000
01TC Lp ti chc kha 2001
00HC Lp han chnh kha
2000
01HC Lp hon chnh kha
2001
Dng mt k s
M kim
kim tra thm vo
tra
sau mi m s
~62~
Chng 8: Thit k h thng
~63~
Tiu ch phn chia
Phn tch thit k

H THNG THNG TIN
Ni dung
Phn chia h thng thnh cc h
thng con
Xy dng m hnh thit k x l h
thng
Xy dng cu trc phn mm h
thng
Tng kt
o Tnh c kt dnh (cohension): s gn b

v lun l hoc mc ch ca cc x l
trong trong mt h thng con. Tnh c
kt dnh cng cao cng tt.
o Tnh lin kt (coupling): s trao i
thng tin v tc ng ln nhau gia cc
h thng con. S lin kt ny cng yu
cng tt
Tiu ch phn chia

H thng con 2
H thng con 1
X l
X l
X l
D liu
X l
D liu
X l
X l
X l
H thng con 1
H thng con 2
Cc tiu ch gi phn chia

Gom theo thc th
Gom theo s kin giao tc
PHN CHIA H THNG THNH

CC H THNG CON
Gom theo vai tr thc hin hoc v
Mc tiu chia thnh h thng con
Gom nhm theo thc th
Gim thiu s phc tp ca mt h

thng ln, cng knh
To thun li cho cng vic thit k: bi
v chi tit ha cc ni dung t c
phn phn tch.
D dng hn cho qu trnh bo dng h
thng sau ny
Cc x l lin quan n mt i
tr t chc
tng thc th
V d: Khch hng, nh cung cp
Gom theo s kin giao tc
~64~
Xy dng m hnh thit k x l h thng
Phn chia hot ng th cng t ng
Cc x l p ng cho mt s kin
xy ra
V d hot ng lin quan n mt

phng, mt con ngi,
Thng tin bo
9
co hao ht
H
Thng k
Th kho
t l hao
thng
H thng con
Lu ho n
ht
qun l tn
H thng
con
Thng tin NVL
kho NVL
qun l
nhp
(1) con qun
4
Ho
n
l nhp
tn kho
S s dng, s tn i chiu v
cp nht s
NVL
NVL
Ho n
NK tn kho
tn, s s
NCC
dng
(4)
Ho n cha
H
Tn kim k
thanh ton
BPSX
thanh ton
3
7
Xc nh
(2)
X l thanh
NVL tn
H thng con
Tn kho +
ton ho
tn ti
qun l xut
Thng
n
thiu
tin
xut
NVL
H thng
NVL
Yu vu
(3)
con qun
6
v NVL
5
Phiu
xut:1
l thanh
Lp phiu
Xc nh
8
t
mua
Thng
ton
NVL tn
NVL cn t
X l xut
NVL
tin xut
di mc
NVL
NVL
ti thiu
X l c phn chia
Xc nh chc nng
t ng ha
[Phiu t NVL in ra phi

c BPSX xc nhn trc
khi chuyn cho NSX]
T ng
In
PDNVL
Lp phiu
t NVL
Th cng
Xc
nhn PD
NSX
Nguyn tc phn chia th cng t ng

Cc x l sau khi phn chia s hon ton th
cng hay hon ton th ng
S phn chia chp nhn vic trng lp ni
dung gia t ng v th cng
Kim tra v
lu n
hng
Phn chia h thng con
Xc
nhn PD
Tinh ch thnh cc
hot ng chi tit
cui thng
Gom theo vai tr thc

hin hoc v tr t chc
NSX
In
PDNVL
NSX
In
PDNVL
ton theo thi gian nh cui ngy,
H thng con
qun l nhp
NVL
Lp phiu
t NVL
X l mc quan nim
V d nh khch hng t hng, thanh
Lp phiu
t NVL
Kim tra
cng n
khch hng
Lu n
hng vo
my tnh
Lu n
hng
T ng
T ng
Th cng

V d: Qui trnh mn sch (Qun l th vin)
Phiu xut:2
Thng tin
NVL xut
1-2
T ng
Th cng
KT Th
2
2
Gia hn
Th
1
Tip
nhn
KT Th
3
KT Sch
Th G
Th G
Sch
4
XL cho
mn
Sch
5
KT Sch
Sch
Phiu mn
Phiu mn
Gia hn
Th
Thng bo
th c
gia hn =
email
6
XL cho
mn
Sch

Thit k vai tr: xc nh cc vai tr ngi dng
T ng
Th G
Th cng
2 TNYC
KT Th
XY DNG M HNH
THIT K X L H THNG
TNYC
KT Sch
Sch
Phiu mn
XLYC
Gia hn
Th
6
TNYC
XL cho
mn
Sch
1 TNYC
Tip
nhn
TNYC
Thng bo
th c
gia hn =
email
~65~

Thit k vai tr: t chc li lc
T ng
Th G
C th l 1 hm, 1 on chng trnh, 1 class

C th l 1 form, 1 menu
4
Thng bo
th c
gia hn =
email
6
XL cho
mn
Sch
Phiu mn
Mt n v chc nng ca h thng
XLYC
3
Gia hn
Th
Sch
Module:
1
Tip
nhn
KT Th
KT Sch
Biu cu trc (Structured chart)
Th cng
2 TNYC

Thit k vai tr: hon chnh lc
Th cng
T ng
G
3
Thng bo
th c
gia hn =
email
6
XL cho
mn
Sch
Xy dng biu cu trc tng qut.
Gia hn
Th
Sch
Da vo cc x l t ng ha trong s vt l
Xc nh cc x l chnh trong h thng con ny
KT Th
KT Sch
T chc h thng con thnh cc modules:
Th cng
1
Tip
nhn
Th G
Xy dng cu trc phn mm h thng

XLYC
TNYC
T ng
Xy dng biu cu trc chi tit.
Phiu mn

Xy dng cc modules
XY DNG CU TRC
PHN MM H THNG
Da vo cc x l t ng ha trong s vt l
D liu 1
Ly
VA
VA
3
To C
D liu 2
Ly
VB
Xut
C
Bo
co C
ABC
VB
Ghi ch:
VA: Valid A
VB: Valid B

Thng tin trao i

gia cc modules
Boss

Xy dng cc modules
Xc nh cc x l trung tm
Da vo tn ca x l
Da vo s lng DF
Make C
Get B
D liu 1
Ly
VA
Put C
VA
3
To C
A
Get A
Make B
D liu 2
Module
Ly
VB
VB
Xut
C
Bo
co C
ABC
~66~
Xy dng cc modules
Modules Chc nng ca phn mm
Xy dng biu cu trc tng qut
D liu 1
H thng x l mn sch
H thng QLTV
Ly
VA
BOSS
VA
3
To CVB
VA
2
BVA
LyVB
VB
D liu Ly
2
Ly
Gia hn th
Xut C Bo
co C
C
To C
ng k gi ch
ABC
H thng x l tr sch
Xut C
VB

Xy dng cc modules
Cy cu trc chc nng phn mm

Thit k chc nng phn mm
Ghi ch:
FCR: Formatted C
Report
Xy dng biu cu trc chi tit
H thng QLTV
BOSS
Gia hn th
ng k gi ch
H thng x l mn sch
VA
VB
Ly VA
Ly VB
VA
VB
To C
X l mn
sch
Xut C
H thng x l tr sch
A
VA B
Ly A
KT A
Ly B
VB
FCR
KT B
FCR
Format C
In C
Th
KT Th
3
KT Sch
5
XL cho
mn
Sch
Thit k chc nng phn mm: X l mn sch
H thng x l mn sch
2
Gia hn
Th
Sch
kq
Ly
th
Th
Th
Th
Gia
hn
th
Ly
Sch
kq
ng
k gi
ch
Sch
Ly TT
th
ng k
gi ch
Sch
kq
Th
kq Sch
Th
kq
Kim
tra th
X l mn sch
kq
kq
X l
mn
sch
Sch
Ly TT
sch
Cy cu trc chc nng phn mm
Xy dng cc modules: Qui trnh mn sch

G
X l mn
sch
Xut
TB
Th
Hin th
f_MuonSach
Nhp v
kim tra Th
Tnh trng Th
kq
Kim tra
sch
kq
Sch
Th
Sch
kq
Nhp v
kim traSch
Tnh trng
Sch
Th c gi
kq
Ghi nhn
mn sch
Tnh trng
Sch
Cun sch
kq
Thng
bo
Th
Sch
Phiu mn
Modules Chc nng ca phn mm
Thit k chc nng phn mm: X l mn sch - 1 lp
H thng x l mn sch
Class Form
X l mn sch
{ .
Module iu
phi
Qu n gin
l 1 chc nng
phn mm
Ly
th
Ly
Sch
Gia
hn
th
ng
k gi
ch
X l
mn
sch
Xut
TB
Hin
th
form
N&KT
Th
N&KT
Sch
GN mn
sch
- N_KT_Th
Get Data
c CSDL
Ly TT T
Kim tra
- N_KT_Sch
..
TB
- GN mn
Ly TT
th
Kim
tra th
Ly TT
sch
Kim tra
sch
Th c gi Cun sch Phiu mn
- Xut TB
}
Ghi CSDL
~67~

Thit k chc nng phn mm: X l mn sch 2 lp
X l mn sch
Hin th
f_MuonSach
kq
Sch
Th
Nhp
Nhp v
kim
tra Th
Th
Th
Nhp v
Ghi nhn
Nhp
Th
mn sch
kim
SchtraSch Sch
Sch
kq
Kim tra
Th
kq
kq
Kim tra
Sch
Tnh trng
Sch
Tnh trng Th
Ghi nhn
mn sch
TTS
TTMS
Phiu mn
Cun sch
Th c gi
Thng
bo

Thit k chc nng phn mm: X l mn sch 3 lp
X l mn sch
Th
Hin th
f_MuonSach
kq
Sch
Nhp
Th
Nhp
Sch
Th
Kim tra
Th
Tnh trng Th
Sch
kq
Ghi nhn
mn sch
Tnh trng Sch
Tnh trng Th
kq
kq
Kim tra
Sch
c Th
TTMS
TTS
c Sch
Ghi MS
Tnh trng Sch
TTS
Cun sch
Th c gi
Thng
bo
Th
Sch
TTMS
Phiu mn

Thit k chc nng phn mm: X l mn sch (hon tt)
X l mn sch
Giao din
Th
Hin th
f_MuonSach
Nhp
Sch
Th
Nghip v
Kim tra
Th
Tnh trng Th
Lu tr
Tnh trng Th
kq
Sch
kq
kq
Kim tra
Sch
Ghi nhn
mn sch
TTMS
TTS
c Sch
Tnh trng Sch
Th c gi
Thng
bo
Th
Sch
Tnh trng Sch
c Th
CSDL
kq
Sch
Nhp
Th
Ghi MS
TTS
Cun sch
TTMS
Phiu mn
Tng kt v thit k h thng

Tng kt
T cc h thng con:
Phn chia th cng/t ng, xc nh vai tr
Cy cu trc chc nng PM
Vi tng chc nng
, xy dng
Tm hiu cng c POWER DESIGNER 9

trong vic xy dng cc m hnh phc v
cho qu trnh phn tch v thit k h thng
thng tin
M hnh d liu quan nim (Conceptual Data Model)

M hnh d liu vt l (Physical Data Model)
Mt s cch chuyn t CDM sang PDM
M hnh x l cng vic (Business Process Model)
~69~
1. M hnh d liu quan nim (Conceptual Data Model)

1.1 Xy dng m hnh d liu quan nim
M hnh d liu quan nim l m hnh bao qut cc cu trc vt l ca csdl (m hnh CDM m t cc loi
mi quan h khc nhau v mt thng tin). Khng ph thuc vo thit b phn mm hay cu trc lu tr ca
d liu. Mt m hnh CDM hp l l c thm m hnh mc vt l (PDM) v hng i tng (OOM).
M hnh CDM phi c thit k u tin, ta s qun l ton b cc thc th v cc mi quan h, m hnh
ny d hiu v d chnh sa.
to m hnh CDM u tin ta phc tho cng vic trn giy bao gm.
Cc thng tin no cn lu tr
Cc thc th no cn c
Qu trnh thc hin cng vic nh th no
V d: ta cn thit k cho h thng pht hnh sch khi cc thc th cn c s l : loi sch, tc gi,
sch,
Cc vn c th pht sinh trong m hnh ny nh: c th c nhiu tc gi sch vit cng quyn sch,
khi d liu gia tng thm phc tp s tng,
Hai ca s chnh trong Power Designer 9
Brower
Output
Hin th dng hnh cy ca mt hay nhiu phin Hin th kt qu ca tin trnh x l trong Power
lm vic. Mt vng lm vic c th cha nhiu Designer, v d: tin trnh kim tra m hnh
m hnh CDM.
(check mode).
To m hnh CDM trong Power Designer, s dng cng c Palette v menu thay i
m hnh.
To m hnh mi : File / New / Conceptual Data Model.
~70~
Nhn OK, khi xut hin khung ca s mi cho ta thit k m hnh.

V thanh cng c Palette gm cc biu tng nh sau:
Tn cng c
Cng dng
(Pointer)
Dng chn biu tng
Lasso
Chn biu tng trong phm vi.
Grabber
Chn, di chuyn, thay i kch thc biu tng

Phng to, thu nh
Zoom in v Zoom out
Hin th lc ca mt gi c chn
Open Package Diagram

Properties
Hin th thuc tnh ca mt biu tng
Delete
Xa 1 biu tng.
Package
Chn mt gi.
Entity
Chn mt thc th
Relationship
Thm mi quan h.
Inheritance
Chn mt biu tng dng tha k
Association
Chn mi kt hp.
Association Link
Chn mi kt hp dng lin kt.
File
Note
Chn mt tp tin.
Chn mt ch thch
V mi lin kt dng ha gia cc biu tng v s .
V mt lin kt gia ch thch v i tng.
V thm phn m rng gia 2 i tng cho bit s ph thuc
c m rng thm
Thm mt tiu , thm vn bn
Link/Extended Dependency
Title
Text
Line, Arc, V ng thng, ng cong, hnh ch nht, ellip, ng gp khc, a

gic.
Rectangle, Ellipse, Polyline, Polygon.
S dng cc cng c trn thanh Palette

V d 1: To 2 thc th v mi quan h gia 2 thc th. Thc hin nh sau :
Chn cng c Entity sau t ln s , tng t to thm mt thc th.
Chn cng c Relationship sau nhn chut vo thc th th nht v gi chut ko vo thc th th 2.
Entity_1
Entity_2
Relationship_1
~71~
V d 2: Dng cng c text thm mt dng ch ch thch di si dy quan h ca 2 thc th trong v d

1. Thc hin nh sau: Chn biu tng Text sau nhn vo di si dy quan h, sau nhn p chut
vo chui text ban u khi s xut hin hp thoi cho ta nhp mi.
Kt qu nh sau:
Entity_1
Relationship_1
Entity_2
Quan he mot nhieu
Khi xa mt biu tng trn s , s xut hin hp thoi nh sau:
Trong :
Delete objects : xa ra khi m hnh v s .
Delete symbols only : ch xa khi m hnh, v vn cn trong s .
Nu khng mun xut hin hp thoi ta chn menu: Tools/General Options v b du check ti mc
Confirm Object Deletion.
~72~
Ta c th thit lp cc ty chn cc biu tng c hin th tt hn trong s nh sau : Tools/Display

References v Tools/Model Options
Ta thit lp thuc tnh cho m hnh CDM bng cch chn menu : Model/Model Properties
1.2. S dng cc i tng trong m hnh CDM

~73~
1.2.1. To cc Business Rule, Domain, Data Item

a. Business rule : dng din t hot ng ca cng vic, cho nn cn m t cng vic trc khi to mt
business rule. C 6 loi business rule.
Fact (v d: ngi xut bn c th xut bn mt hay nhiu loi sch).
Definition (v d: mt tc gi c bit thng qua tn v a ch)
Formula (v d: t l phn trm ca doanh thu tng theo doanh thu)
Validation (v d: t l tin bn quyn chia cho cc tc gi sch t l 100%)
Requirement (v d: m hnh thit k tng tin bn quyn khng c vt qu 10% trn tng
gi bn).
Constraint (v d: trong qu trnh pht hnh sch th ngy bt u nh hn ngy kt thc).
Ghi ch: cc business rule khng c bin dch thnh m thc thi, n c thi hnh nh mt rng buc
trong m hnh mc vt l (PDM).
to business rule ta chn menu: Model / Business Rules khi xut hin hp thoi List of Business
Rules.
Nhn chn biu tng
Add a row trn thanh
cng c, sau ta t tn
cho Rule v code (nu
cn), ti ct Rule Type ta
chn loi business rule
no .
Ta c th thm cc thuc tnh cho Business Rule va to bng cch nhn biu tng Properties xut hin
hp thoi Business Rule Properties nh sau.
b. Domain : dng to mt cu trc chun m n dng p t cho cc cc data item. Khi Domain thay i
th cc data item cng thay i theo, khi s d dng trong vic tiu chun ha cc loi d liu c th.
V d: ta c cc Data Item trn cc thc th u chn kiu char(30), nn ta mun c s la chn chung l
char(30) khi ta thay i kch thc th cc data item cng t thay i theo v khng cn vo tng thc
th thay i, do ta to mt domain tn chuoi_30 m domain ny ta thit lp char(30), sau ta
thit lp cc data item cng chung domain ny.
to business rule ta chn menu: Model / Domains => xut hin hp thoi List of Domains.
~74~
t tn domain v code nu cn (v d: name v code l chuoi_30, datatype l a30 v length = 30), datatype
v length c chn trong hp thoi Standard Data Types (cc kiu d liu tiu chun) m khi nhn vo 3
du chm ca ct Data Type s xut hin.
Trong hp thoi Standard Data Types gm cc thng tin sau.
Group box th nht cho chn kiu d liu s bao gm : Integer, Short integer, Long integer, Byte,
Number, Decimal, Float, Short float, Long float, Money, Serial, Boolean.
Group box th hai cho chn kiu d liu chui v ngy thng bao gm : Characters, Variable characters,
Long characters, Long var characters, Text, Multibyte, Variable multibyte, Date, Time, Date & Time,
Timestamp.
Group box th hai cho chn kiu d liu nh phn, hnh nh hay cc kiu khc bao gm : Binary, Long
binary, Bitmap, Image, OLE, Other, Underfined.
Text box Length cho ta chn chiu di dng cho chui v s thc
Text box Precision cho ta chn chnh xc dng cho s thc.
Text box code ch dng cho kiu Other.
Cc k hiu % sau tn kiu d liu vit tt trong ct data type.
%n => chiu di
%s => chiu di vi mt chnh xc
%p => chnh xc.
hin th kiu d liu c tn y ta chn menu : Tools / Model Options sau chn mc Model ca
khung bn tri ca hp thoi Model Option v check vo mc Use data type full name ca group box
Domain / Attribute.
~75~
Ta c th thit lp thm thuc tnh khc cho

Domain bng cch chn biu tng
Properties trn thanh cng c ca hp thoi
List of Domains
c. Data Item : l mt mu thng tin (v d: msnv, tennv).

To mt Data Item nh
sau:
chn
menu
Model/Data Items s
xut hin hp thoi List
of Data Items nh sau. V
d: ta to msnv, tennv,
luong trong msnv kiu
d liu l intergerm tennv
l char(30), luong l
money(8,2)
~76~
Ta cng dng mt domain to p t ln

data item tng ng bng cch chn mt
hay nhiu data item, m hp thoi
properties v nhn chn mt domain.
1.2.2. Thc th (Entity)

Phn bit thc th, thc th kt hp, thuc tnh ca thc th, nh danh.
Thc th : l mt i tng m ta cn lu tr thng tin.
V d: ta cn theo di cc cc nhn vin lm vic trong cng ty ta s to thc th NHANVIEN v lu cc
thng tin lin quan v nhn vin.
Thc th kt hp : l cc thc th trung gian s c pht sinh t cc mi quan h nhiu-nhiu gia 2
thc th tn ti.
V d: mi quyn sch c th do nhiu tc gi vit v mi tc gi c th vit nhiu quyn sch => mi quan
h gia tc gi v sch l quan h nhiu-nhiu. Trong mi tc gi thuc duy nht ca thc th tc gi, mi
quyn sch thuc duy nht thc th sch, nn ta cn to mt thc th kt hp m n s cha s kt hp (nu
c) ca tc gi v sch.
Thuc tnh ca thc th : l cc mu thng tin cha trong thc th.
V d: thuc tnh mssv ca thc th SINHVIEN.
nh danh : dng nhn bit mt thuc tnh no l duy nht trong thc th m gi tr ca thuc tnh l
duy nht.
V d: thuc tnh mssv dng lm nh danh phn bit cc sinh vin ca thc th SINHVIEN.
1.2.2.1. To thc th
Cch 1. Click vo biu tng Entity trn thanh cng c palette sau click vo khung ca s s
CDM. C dng sau.
Entity_1
M khung thuc tnh ca thc th (nhn p chut hay nhn chn biu tng properties trn thanh palette)
Tab General ta g vo tn (name) v code ca thc th.
Hnh minh ha tab General
Trong :
name : dng trn s trong Power
~77~
Designer
code : dng khi pht sinh thc th thnh
table trong h qun tr c s d liu no
(v d: SQL Server)
v d: ta g vo name v code l
SINHVIEN.
Cch 2. Ta chn menu : Model / Entities
Sau nhn vo biu tng Properties trn thanh cng c s xut hin Entity Properties
1.2.2.2. To thuc tnh cho thc th
Cch 1 : M hp thoi hin

th thuc tnh ca thc th
(Entity Properties) sau
chn tab Attributes v g vo
tn cc thuc tnh, vi kiu
d liu thch hp cho tng
thuc tnh nh hnh sau.
Cch 2 : Ta nhn chn biu

tng tn Add Data Item trn
thanh cng c ti tab
Attributes, s xut hin cc
thuc tnh (phi c trc) ta
chn thm vo
Cc ct c tn M (Mandatory), P
(Primary identifier), D (Displayed)
pha cui cc thuc tnh cho bit
thuc tnh ny l bt buc, l kha
chnh, v c c hin th hay
khng trn s CDM (nu c
check chn hay b)
~78~
Ta c th m khung Attributes Properties v

check vo check box Primary Indentifer,
Displayed, Mandatory nu cn thit.
Sau ta nhn OK quay li khung ca s
Entity Properties.
Tab Identifers cho ta t tn nh

danh cho thuc tnh kha chnh.
Cc thuc tnh lm kha chnh cha trong List of Identifier (chn menu : Model / Identifiers)
1.2.2.3. To thc th kt hp
Thc th kt hp c to t mi quan h nhiu-nhiu m n s cha s kt hp c c duy nht t mi
quan h nhiu-nhiu.
V d: ta c mi quan h nhiu-nhiu gia thc th SACH v TACGIA cho bit mi tc gi c th vit nhiu
sch, v mt quyn sch c th do nhiu tc gi vit.
duoc vi et
0,n
SACH_T ACGIA
vi et
0,n
SACH
MSSACH <pi> I
<M>
TENSACH
A30
PK_SACH <pi>
TACGIA
MSTG
<pi> I
<M>
TENTACGIA
A30
PK_TACGIA <pi>
Ta chuyn mi quan h nhiu-nhiu thnh thc th kt hp nh sau.

Click phi chut ln si dy quan h gia 2 thc th khi xut hin menu ta chn Change to Entity /
Standard hay Wizard.
~79~

SACH_TACGIA
0,n
Relationship_3 1,1
SACH
MSSACH <pi> I
<M>
TENSACH
A30
PK_SACH <pi>
0,n
Relationship_2
1,1
TACGIA
MSTG
<pi> I
<M>
TENTACGIA
A30
PK_TACGIA <pi>
Khi ta s c mt thc th kt hp c pht sinh nh

sau
1.2.3. Gn kt mt Business Rule ln mt thc th (Entity)

Chn mt thc th sau m hp
thoi thuc tnh ca thc th (Enity
Properties) chn tab Rule.
Sau chn mt Rule to trc bng

cch nhn biu tng Add Objects trn
thanh cng c, s xut hin hp thoi cho ta
chn mt Business Rule.
1.2.4. To mi quan h (Relationship)

Mi quan h : l s kt hp ca ca cc thc th, n cho bit mi lin h tht s gia 2 thc th. Mt thc
th c th c mi quan h vi chnh n y l quan h phn thn.
Bn s (cardinality) ca mi quan h : cho bit mi quan h l mt hay nhiu. pht sinh ra bn s th u
tin ta phi t cu hi v mi thc th trong mi quan h l => c mt hay nhiu s tn ti ca thc th
ny trong thc th khc.
V d: quan h gia thc th TACGIA v HINHANHTG mt tc gi c th c nhiu hnh nh hay mt hnh
nh => mi quan h mt-nhiu.
Mi quan h bt buc (1,1) hay (1,n) : da theo quan im v 1 hay 2 thc th. quyt nh xem mi quan
h c l bt buc khng th ta t cu hi cho mi thc th trong mi quan h => s xut hin ca thc th
ny c cn thm thc th khc khng ?
V d: mi chi tit ha n trong thc th CHITIETHD bt buc phi thuc duy nht thc th HOADON.
Cn mi quan h gia thc th tc gi TACGIA v HINHANH l ty chn (khng bt buc), v khng yu
cu s bt buc mi tc gi phi c hnh.
Mi quan h ph thuc : l mi quan h gia 2 thc th m thc th ny ph thuc vo thc th khc xc
nh duy nht n.
V d: mi quan h ph thuc ca thc th trung gian t SACH_TACGIA n SACH v n TACGIA l
quan h ph thuc, v s xut hin ca SACH_TACGIA khi c s kt hp ca SACH v TACGIA.
~80~
C cc loi sau bn s dnh cho mi quan h nh sau:

Quan h mt-mt khng bt buc : (0,1)
Quan h mt-mt bt buc : (1,1)
Quan h mt-nhiu khng bt buc : (0,n)
Quan h mt-nhiu bt buc : (1,n)
To mi quan h trong Power Designer nh sau.
Click chn vo biu tng Relationship trn thanh cng c palette sau nhn chut vo thc th th nht
v nhn ko chut vo thc th th hai.
V d: mi quan h gia HOADON v CHITIETHD nh hnh sau.
Cc tip im gia HOADON v CHITIETHD cho
bit y l quan h nhiu-nhiu.
Mt tip im n trn thc th HOADON cho
bit ch c duy nht mt ha n cho mi
CHITIETHD.
C 3 tip im (chn qu) trn thc th
CHITIETHD cho bit cng mt ha n c th
c nhiu chi tit ha n.
HOADON
MSHD
<pi> A10
<M>
NGAYLAP
DT
<M>
TONGTIEN
MN8,2
PK_HOADON <pi>
1,1
CHITIETHD
Relationship_3
C mt ng gch ngang trc mi tip im cho

bit rng mi quan h gia 2 thc th l bt buc
(Nu l hnh trn th mi quan h ny l ty chn
=> khng bt buc).
To role trong mi quan h : Xt 2 thc th l NHAXUATBAN (nh xut bn) v SACH (sch) trong
mt nh xut bn c th xut nhiu sch, cn mi mt quyn sch phi thuc duy nht mt nh xut bn.
Ta s c m hnh nh sau.
1,n
SOLUONG I
<M>
DONGIA MN8,2 <M>
SACH
1,1
MSSACH <pi> I
<M>
TENSACH
A30
PK_SACH <pi>
0,n
NHAXUATBAN
MSNXB <pi> I
<M>
TENNXB
A30
DIACHI
VA100
PK_NHAXUATBAN <pi>
to role trn si dy quan h trn ta thc hin nh sau. M bng thuc tnh (Relationship Properties) ca
si dy quan h trn.
~81~
Chn tab detail v g vo role
cn thit gia 2 quan h.
Gi s ta vo role trong group

box
NHAXUATBAN
to
SACH l xuat ban bit

rng nh xut bn c vai tr l
xut bn sch, v ta g vo
role trong group box SACH to
NHAXUATBAN
duoc
xuat ban bit rng mi

quyn sch do nh xut bn
no xut bn.
1.2.5. S dng cc gi (package) v lin kt ngn (shortcut)

Package (gi) : l mt b phn ca m hnh, gi cha cc i tng cng loi trong m hnh. Vic s dng
gi gip ta qun l c m hnh ln.
V d: chia m hnh thnh cc phn theo cc ch v nhim v khc nhau => khi c th c phn chia
vo cc gi v cc gi s a cho cc nhm pht trin phn mm thc hin.
Lin kt ngn (shortcut) : l mt biu tng m n i din v tham chiu n mt i tng trong cc m
hnh v cc gi khc. i tng b tham chiu gi l i tng ch, ta c th truy cp n i tng ch
thng qua lin kt ngn v c th thay i i tng ch ging nh thao tc trn m hnh tng qut.
C 2 cch s dng cc gi:
Cch 1: to mi cc i tng trong gi.
Cch 2: s dng cc i tng c trong m hnh tng qut.
Trong trng hp s dng cc i tng c, th cn to lin kt ngn trong gi m n tham chiu n i
tng tht s trong m hnh tng qut.
1.2.5.1. To mt gi trong Power Designer

Click chn vo biu tng package trn thanh cng c palette, v click vo ch trng trn s khi ta c
hnh nh sau.
Package_1
M khung thuc tnh ca gi ln => g vo name v code tng ng.

Khi ta s c hnh nh sau
CAC LOAI SACH
~82~
1.2.5.2. M mt s trong gi
Vic to mt gi ch n gin l cung cp tn cho gi. ch li ca gi l s m n cha, trong s ta c
thao tc trn cc i tng mi to hay trn i tng c ging vic thao tc cc i tng trn s
tng qut.
Thc hin nh sau : click phi chut vo gi v chn Open Diagram => mt s mi xut hin trong ca
s chnh (ging vic m s ca CDM).
a. Thm cc i tng vo gi.

Chn i tng trong m hnh tng qut, chn menu : Edit/Copy.
Sau vo s ca gi chn menu : menu / Paste as Shortcut.
V d: ta to mt shortcut t thc th SACH c, khi s c hnh nh sau trong s ca gi.
SACH
MSSACH <pi> I
TENSACH
A30
duoc xuat ban

<M>
0,n
PK_SACH <pi>
NHAXUATBAN
MSNXB <pi> I
<M>
A30
xuat ban TENNXB
VA100
1,1 DIACHI
PK_NHAXUATBAN <pi>
b. Truy cp n i tng ch s dng shortcut.

M bng hp thoi thuc tnh ca shortcut (Shortcut Properties).
Pha bn phi ca cc mc Name, Target model, Target package c cc biu tng thuc tnh cho ta truy cp
n thuc tnh tht s ca i tng l thc th hay s trong m hnh tng qut.
1.2.6. To s tha k
Cho php ta to thc th nh l trng hp c bit ca nhiu thc th. Trong .
Cc thc th cha cha cc c im thng thng.
Cc thc th con cha cc c im ring bit cho tng loi .
V d: to 2 thc th GVCOHUU (gio vin c hu) v GVTHINHGIANG (gio vin thnh ging) nh l
trng hp c bit ca thc th GIAOVIEN.
Ta c th to cc thc th tha k c quyn dnh ring m khi c ngha n khng xut hin trong c 2
thc th con cng mt lc.
~84~
Chn tab Generation (dng pht sinh sang

m hnh vt l PDM) : trong groupbox
Generate Model ta b chn ti mc
Generate children, v chn mc Generate
parent => ch m table c pht sinh
ra cho tt c gio vin, v th ta cn thm
thuc tnh thy s khc bit. Trong
trng hp ny ta vo group box
Specifying attributes v thm thuc tnh
tn co huu vo li ca group box ny
ng thi chn kiu d liu (Data Type) l
: Boolean v thuc tnh s dng kim tra
xem gio vin l c hu hay khng. Ti ct
M (mandatory) ca thuc tnh ta check
chn lun bo m rng d liu cho
thuc tnh ny lun phi c.
GIAOVIEN
<pi> I
<M>
MSGV
TENGV
A30
DIACHI
VA100
DIENTHOAI
VA20
LUONG
MN8,2
PK_GIAOVIEN <pi>
Inheritance_1
GVCOHUU
PHUCAPCV MN8,2
GVTHINHGIANG
SOTIETDAY I
Kt qu c c l s c du cho trn hnh bn nguyt cho bit rng s k tha ny l c quyn.
1.3. To m hnh vt l (Physical Data Model) t m hnh quan nim

(Conceptual Data Model).
Vic to m hnh PDM cn chn mt h qun tr csdl Power Designer chuyn cc kiu d liu t m hnh
CDM sang kiu d liu vt l tng ng vi kiu c trong csdl m ta chn.
Cc i tng c chuyn t m hnh quan nim sang vt l gm : cc thc th, cc thuc tnh ca thc
th, cc nh danh kha chnh, cc mi quan h, cc nh danh.
Cc bc chuyn i m hnh CDM sang PDM nh sau:
Bc 1: M m hnh CDM chn menu : Tool / Generate Physical Data Model
Phn bit s khc nhau gia s chia s h qun tr csdl chia s (Shared DBMS) v to bn sao ca h qun
tr csdl (Copy DBMS definition) trong hp thoi khi ta chuyn t m hnh CDM sang PDM.
~85~
Shared (Use the shared DBMS definition) :

ta s dng h thng tp tin csdl c to
chia s vi csdl chnh v c lu tr vi
nh dng XML trong th vin ca h qun
tr csdl. Bt c nhng g thay i trn h
qun tr csdl chnh cng s c trong m
hnh chia s.
Copy (Create a copy of the DBMS
definition in model) : mt bn sao ca h
thng tp tin s c lu trong m hnh.
Bt k nhng thay i no trn h qun tr
csdl ch trn m hnh hin ti.
Ti hp thoi PDM Generation Option, ta nhn vo combo box ti mc DBMS v cn h qun tr csdl ta
chn Microsoft SQL Server 2000, sau chn ty chn Share, c th t li tn v code ca s CDM.
Bc 2: Chn tab Detail ni y cho ta
chn check box Check model
Power Designer kim tra li m hnh
trc khi pht sinh thnh PDM, chn
check
box
Save
generation
dependencies dng ng nht ha vic
lu li cc i tng c nhn ging
nhau trong m hnh => ty chn ny c
ch khi ta trn 2 m hnh PDM c
pht sinh t cng mt m hnh CDM.
Bc 3: Ti tab Selection dng chn

cc i tng cn pht sinh sang PDM,
mc nh cc i tng c chn ht
pht sinh, ta c th ch chn cc i
tng cn thit to trong PDM hay
cng c th chn ht.
~86~

Nhn OK, Power Designer s thc hin chuyn i kt hp vi cc ty chn m ta p t.
Khung ca s Result List xut hin thng bo cc cnh

bo (biu tng du chm than mu vng), v d nh hnh
trn l do Data Item DIACHI c dng trong nhiu thc
th, cc cnh bo ny khng nh hng n vic Power
Designer pht sinh ra m hnh PDM. Nu xut hin thng
bo li (biu tng du cho ) cn phi sa v m hnh
PDM s khng c to ra.
Ghi ch: vic xut hin cnh bo hay thng bo li
l do lc chuyn i sang m hnh PDM ta c chn mc
check mode, nu khng chn check mode th m hnh
PDM c to ra nhng khng kim tra xem ng hay sai.
Mi quan h gia table GIAOVIEN vi GVCOHUU
v GVTHINHGIANG trong m hnh CDM do ta
chn l k tha c quyn nh hnh sau.
GIAOVIEN
GIAOVIEN
MSGV
<pi> I
<M>
TENGV
A30
DIACHI
VA100
DIENTHOAI
VA20
LUONG
MN8,2
PK_GIAOVIEN <pi>
Inheritance_1
GVCOHUU
PHUCAPCV MN8,2
GVTHINHGIANG
SOTIETDAY I
MSGV
TENGV
DIACHI
DIENTHOAI
LUONG
co huu
SOTIETDAY
PHUCAPCV
int
<pk>
char(30)
varchar(100)
varchar(20)
money
bit
int
money
Sau khi chuyn sang m hnh PDM

s c dng sau.
Cc
ct trong table GVCOHUU v
GVTHINHGIANG u cho vo
table GIAOVIEN.
M hnh d liu mc vt l (Physical Data Model)
~87~
2. M hnh d liu mc vt l (Physical Data Model)

M hnh d liu vt l m t ton b cu trc vt l, cc ti khon ca h qun tr csdl hay cu trc d liu
vt l thch hp. Mt m hnh vt l ng n l c th chuyn sang m hnh mc quan nim CDM hay m
hnh hng i tng OOM.
PDM l cng c thit k csdl to ra cc cu trc d liu ph hp b sung v truy vn d liu,
PDM tiu biu cho cu trc vt l csdl dng ha m n d dng t chc v thay i nh cc bng, kha,
ch mc, hay cc i tng csdl khc.
Ph thuc vo loi csdl ta mun thit k, ta s dng cc loi s khc nhau trong PDM, c th nh sau.
C c s d liu
S
Thao tc
S vt l to b sung cho csdl vt l
Csdl nh kho
S vt l dng lu tr d liu cho vic kinh doanh
OLAP
S th nguyn c th to ra cc cu truy vn thc hin thao tc trn d liu.
Ta c th to ra m hnh PDM t h qun tr CSDL c trc nh vic chuyn ngc (reverse
engineering) ca Power Designer, PDM cn c dng to cc script csdl hay s dng mt d liu ngun
t ODBC.
c s PDM c 2 cch thng thng thc hin nh sau:
Cch 1: chuyn t m hnh CDM sang PDM.
Cch 2: to s PDM mi.
M s PDM trong Power Designer : v mt s

PDM lun lin kt vi mt h qun tr csdl nn ta thao
tc nh sau. Chn menu: File/New xut hin hp thoi
New, ta chn mc Physical Data Model v nhn OK.
Khi mt hp thoi Choose DMBS xut

hin yu cu ta chn mt h qun tr csdl
cn lin kt vi m hnh PDM.
Ta chn Microsoft SQL Server 2000 ti combo box ca mc DBMS, chn ty chn share, ti combo box
ca mc First Diagram ta chn Physical Diagram, sau nhn OK.
Khi s xut hin khung ca s cho ta thit k s PDM, ti khung ca s ny ta c th chuyn d liu
t h qun tr csdl (Microsoft SQL Server 2000) thnh cc i tng trong s bng mt trong 2 cch sau.
o Chn menu : File / Reverse Engineer / Database
Bin so n: Th.S Tr"#ng Chu Long
M hnh d liu mc vt l (Physical Data Model)
~88~
o Chn menu : Database / Reverse Engineer Database
V s xut hin hp thoi Database Reverse Engineering nh sau.
Tab Selection cho ta 2 kh nng la chn l to m hnh PDM t tp tin script c sn hay t d liu ngun
ODBC m ta to trc . Thanh cng c palette trong PDM nh sau.
Tn cng c
Pointer, Lasso, Grabber, Zoom In, Zoom Out
Hin th khung thuc tnh ca mt i tng
Porperties
Xa mt i tng
Cut
To gi
Package
To bng
Table
To khung nhn
View
To kha ngoi
Reference
File
Note
Title
Text
Line, Arc,
Rounded Rectangle, polyline, Polygon
Bin so n: Th.S Tr"#ng Chu Long
Cng dng
Chn biu tng trn s , chn trong phm vi,
chn v di chuyn biu tng, phng to, thu nh.
M s trong mt gi.
Rectangle,
Ellipse,
~89~
3. Mt s cch chuyn i t m hnh d liu quan nim (Concept Data

Model) sang m hnh d liu vt l (Physical Data Model)
1. Trng hp 1
1.1. Cch 1
CDM
PDM
Entity_1
MS1 <pi> <M>
TT1
0,n
Entity_1
Entity_2
Association_1
MS2 <pi> <M>

1,1 TT2
Identifier_1 <pi>
Identifier_1 <pi>
Entity_2
MS1 <pk> <i> not null

TT1
null
MS2 <pk> <i1> not null

MS1 <fk> <i2> not null
TT2
null
MS1 = MS1
Identifier_1 <pk>
Identifier_1 <pk>
0..*
1.2. Cch 2
CDM
Entity_1
MS1 <pi> <M>
PDM
0,1 Relationship_1 0,n
Identifier_1 <pi>
Entity_2
MS2 <pi> <M>
Entity_1
MS1 = MS1

Identifier_1 <pk>
Identifier_1 <pi>
0..*
Entity_2
MS1 <fk> <i2> null
Identifier_1 <pk>
2. Trng hp 2
2.1. Cch 1
CDM
Entity_1
MS1 <pi> <M>
TT1
PDM
Association_1
1,1
Identifier_1 <pi>
1,1
Entity_2
MS2 <pi> <M>
TT2
Identifier_1 <pi>
Entity_1
TT1
null
Identifier_1 <pk>
Entity_2
1..1
MS2 = MS2

TT2
null
Identifier_1 <pk>
MS1 = MS1
1..1
~90~

2.2. Cch 2
CDM
Entity_1
MS1 <pi> <M>
PDM
1,1 Relationship_1 1,1
Entity_1
Entity_2

MS2 <pi> <M>
Identifier_1 <pi>
Identifier_1 <pk>
MS2 = MS2
1..1
Identifier_1 <pi>
Entity_2
1..1

Identifier_1 <pk>
MS1 = MS1
3. Trng hp 3
CDM
Entity_1
MS1 <pi> <M>
1,n
TT1
Association_1
Identifier_1 <pi>
PDM
1,n Entity_2
MS2 <pi> <M>
TT2
Entity_1
Entity_2

TT1
null

TT2
null
Identifier_1 <pk>
Identifier_1 <pk>
Identifier_1 <pi>
MS1 = MS1
Association_1
MS1 <pk,fk1> <i1,i2>
MS2 <pk,fk2> <i1,i3>
1..*
Identifier_1 <pk>
MS2 = MS2
1..*
4. Trng hp 4
CDM
Entity_2
Entity_1
MS1 <pi> <M> 1,n
TT1
Identifier_1 <pi>
PDM
Association_1
TTMKH1
TTMKH2
MS2 <pi> <M>

TT2
1,n Identifier_1 <pi>
Entity_1
Entity_2

TT1
null

TT2
null
Identifier_1 <pk>
Identifier_1 <pk>
Association_1
MS1 = MS1
1..*
MS1
<pk,fk1> <i1,i2> not null
MS2
TTMKH1
null
TTMKH2
null
Identifier_1 <pk>
MS2 = MS2
1..*
~91~

5. Trng hp 5
CDM
PDM
Entity_1
MS1 <pi> <M>
TT1
TTMKH1 <UNDEF>
TTMKH2 <UNDEF>
1,n
Entity_2
Entity_1
Association_1
MS2

TT1
null
Identifier_1 <pi>
<pk> <i1> not null

<fk> <i2> not null
TT2
null
TTMKH1
null
TTMKH2
null
1..* MS1
Identifier_1 <pk>
MS1 = MS1
1,1
Identifier_1 <pk>
Entity_2
MS2 <pi> <M>
TT2
Identifier_1 <pi>
6. Trng hp 6
CDM
PDM
Relationship
Relationship
0,n MSRELA1 <pi> <M>
1,n
Relationship_2
TTRELA1
0..*
Identifier_1 <pi>
Relationship_1
1,1
1,1
Entity_1
Entity_2
MS1 <pi> <M>

TT1
MS2 <pi> <M>

TT2
Identifier_1 <pi>
Identifier_1 <pi>
MS1
MS2
MSRELA1 <pk>
<i1> not null
TTRELA1
null
MS1 = MS1
Identifier_1 <pk>
1..*
MS2 = MS2
Entity_1
Entity_2

TT1
null

TT2
null
Identifier_1 <pk>
Identifier_1 <pk>
7. Trng hp 7
CDM
PDM
Relationship
Relationship
1,n
Relationship_1
MSRELA1 <pi> <M>

TTRELA1
Identifier_1 <pi>
MSRELA1 <pk> <i1> not null

MS2
<fk2> <i3> not null
MS1
<fk1> <i2> not null
1..*
TTRELA1
null
1,n
Relationship_2
Identifier_1 <pk>
1,1
Entity_1
MS1 <pi> <M>
TT1
Identifier_1 <pi>
MS1 = MS1
1..*
MS2 = MS2
1,1
Entity_2
Entity_1
MS2 <pi> <M>

TT2

TT1
null
Identifier_1 <pi>
Identifier_1 <pk>
Entity_2
TT2
null
Identifier_1 <pk>
~92~

8. Trng hp 8
8.1. Cch 1
CDM
PDM
Entity_3
MS3 <pi> <M>
TT3
Identifier_1 <pi>
Entity_1
Entity_3
Entity_2

TT1
null

TT3
null

TT2
null
Identifier_1 <pk>
Identifier_1 <pk>
Identifier_1 <pk>
0,n
Entity_1
MS1 <pi> <M>
TT1
Entity_2
Association_1
0,n MS2 <pi> <M>
0,n
MS1 = MS1
TT2
MS3 = MS3
Association_1
MS2 = MS2
MS3 <pk,fk1> <i1,i2> not null

0..* MS2 <pk,fk3> <i1,i4> not null
Identifier_1 <pi>
Identifier_1 <pi>
0..*
0..*
Identifier_1 <pk>
8.2. Cch 2
CDM
PDM
Entity_3
Entity_1
Identifier_1 <pi>
Identifier_1 <pi>
Entity_3
Entity_2
Entity_2
MS3 <pi> <M>
MS1 <pi> <M>
Entity_1
MS2 <pi> <M>

Identifier_1 <pi>
1,1
Identifier_1 <pk>
Identifier_1 <pk>
Identifier_1 <pk>
1,1
1,1
Relationship_3
Relationship_1
0,n
Relationship_2
MS3 = MS3
MS1 = MS1
Entity_4
Entity_4

0,n
0,n
MS2 = MS2
0..*
0..*
Identifier_1 <pk>
9. Trng hp 9
CDM
Entity_1
MS1 <pi> <M>
1,1
PDM
Relationship_1
Identifier_1 <pi>
Entity_1
Entity_2
Identifier_1 <pk>
Identifier_1 <pk>
0,n
Entity_3
MS1 = MS1
Entity_2
MS2 <pi> <M>
Identifier_1 <pi>
0,n
1,1
Relationship_2
0..*
Entity_3
MS2 = MS2

Identifier_1 <pk>
0..*
~93~

10.
Trng hp 10
CDM
PDM
Entity_1
Entity_2
Entity_1
Entity_2
MS1 <pi> <M>
MS2 <pi> <M>
Identifier_1 <pi>
Identifier_1 <pi>
Identifier_1 <pk>
Identifier_1 <pk>
1,1
1,1
Relationship_1
Entity_3
0,n TT3
MS1 = MS1
Relationship_2
0,n
Entity_4
1,1
Identifier_1 <pi>
Relationship_3
Identifier_1 <pi>

null
0..* TT3
Identifier_1 <pk>
MS2 = MS2
0..*
Entity_5
0,n MS4 <pi> <M>
Entity_5
MS5 <pi> <M>
Entity_3
MS1 = MS1
MS2 = MS2
Identifier_1 <pk>
Entity_4
0,n
1,1
0..*
Relationship_4

Identifier_1 <pk>
MS5 = MS5
11.
Trng hp 11
CDM
PDM
Relationship_2
0,n
Relationship_1
0,n
Entity_3
0..*
Entity_3
1,1
1,1
Entity_1
Entity_2
1,1
MS2 <pi> <M>

Identifier_1 <pi>
MS1 <pi> <M>

Identifier_1 <pi>
Relationship_3
0,n
Entity_4
MS4 <pi> <M>
Identifier_1 <pi>
MS1 = MS1
MS2 = MS2
Identifier_1 <pk>
Entity_1
Entity_2
Identifier_1 <pk>
MS1 = MS1
MS2 = MS2
Identifier_1 <pk>
Entity_4
0..* MS4 <pk> <i1> not null
Identifier_1 <pk>
~94~

12.
Trng hp 12
CDM
PDM
Entity_1
1,1
MS1 <pi> <M>
Relationship_2
Identifier_1 <pi>
Entity_2
Entity_1
MS2 <pi> <M>

Identifier_1 <pk>
Identifier_1 <pi>
MS2 = MS2

Identifier_1 <pk>
0,n
1,1
0,n
Entity_4
0..*
Relationship_3
0,n
MS1 = MS1
Relationship_1
1,1
0..*
Entity_3
Entity_4
MS3 <fk3> <i4> not null
Identifier_1 <pk>
MS3 <pi> <M>
0..*
MS3 = MS3
Entity_3
Identifier_1 <pk>
Identifier_1 <pi>
13.
Entity_2
Trng hp 13
CDM
PDM
Entity_1
Entity_2
MS1 <pi> <M>
MS2 <pi> <M>
Identifier_1 <pi>
Identifier_1 <pi>
1,1
Entity_3
1,1
Relationship_2
1,1
1,1
Relationship_1
Entity_1
MS1
<pk> <i1> not null
MS2
<fk> <i2> not null
Ent_MS1 <fk> <i2> not null
Entity_2
MS2 = MS2
Identifier_1 <pk>
Identifier_1 <pk>
1..1
MS1 = MS1
1..1
MS2 = MS2
MS1 = Ent_MS1
1..1
1..1
Entity_3

Identifier_1 <pk>
MS2
<pk> <i1> not null
Ent_MS2 <fk> <i2> not null
MS1
<fk> <i2> not null
MS2 = Ent_MS2
MS1 = MS1
~95~
4. M hnh x l cng vic (Business Process Model)

M hnh ny c ngha l mt hay nhiu tin trnh c hon thnh trong vic thc hin thao tc kinh doanh.
M hnh BPM da trn mt i sng thc t (v d: thng tin h thng). Mt BPM l mt m hnh quan
nim, m n cung cp hu nh tt c cc m t cng vic logic v quy lut t cc quan im ca cc cng s
cng lm vic. BPM s dng s m t s tng tc gia cc tin trnh (process), dng d liu (flow),
thng ip (message), cc nghi thc cng tc (collaboration protocol) t mt hay nhiu im xut pht c
kh nng i n im kt thc. Mt BPM c th dng gia tng kh nng hon thin cng vic cn thit hay,
PBM c dng nh mt ti liu a thng tin vo h thng c bit.
Hiu cc tin trnh cng vic.
Ci thin qu trnh x l cng vic.
M t bng th mi tng tc gia cc t chc trong cng ty.
M t cc chu k x l.
Kim tra cho cc thc th m bo s y .
Phm vi phn tch v ng dng: khng m t c ht ton b th gii thc, nh m hnh ny m ta c th
m hnh ha vic t hng ca cng ty no , nu s lng n t hng qu ti th s t ng thay i
knh t hng trong h thng.
V d: mt cng ty nhn n t hng in t th b phn bn hng s ghi vo s v theo di xem khch
hng mua mn hng no nu mn hng khng bn c (ht hng) th b phn bn hng s gi th in t
thng bo cho khch hng, trong khi n t hng s a n b phn k ton kim tra chi tit v th
tn dng ca khch hng nu th tn dng c vn th b phn k ton cng s gi th in t thng bo
cho khch hng, nu thng qua 2 khu trn th b phn bn hng gi th in t thng bo cho khch hng
v sau b phn bn hng yu cu b phn kho hng i phn phi mn hng c t, sau khi b phn
kho hng phn phi th s cp nht li s mn hng trong kho.
4.1 Xy dng m hnh x l cng vic

M Power Designer 9 vo menu : File/New xut hin hp thoi New, chn Business Process Model.
Thanh cng c palette(y l cng c chnh v m hnh BPM).
Cc cng c
Cng dng
Chn biu tng, chn biu tng trong phm vi, chn v di chuyn cc
Pointer, Lasso, i tng c chn, phng to, thu nh
Grabber, Zoom in, Zoom out
Hin th s trong mt gi c chn
Hin th thuc tnh ca mt biu tng c chn.
Properties
Xa biu tng
Cut
~96~

Package
Process
Flow / Resource Flow
Start
End
Decision
Synchronization
Resource
Organization Unit
File
Note
Title
Text
Chn mt gi.
Chn mt tin trnh x l cho bit ni cn x l
V d: ghi nhn n t hng ca khch hng.
Chn mt dng/dng ti nguyn cho bit d liu s i vo hay i ra
V d: khch hng yu cu t hng.
Chn biu tng cho bit im bt u
V d: khch hng t hng
Chn biu tng cho bit im kt thc
V d: khng cung cp hng cho khch hng, hay c th cung cp hng
cho khch hng (ging nh mt kt lun)
Chn mt quyt nh cho bit ti im quyt nh ny c phn ra nhiu
hng khng ?
V d: kh nng cung cp mn hng c c khng, chi tit th tn dng c
hp l khng ?
Chn mt Synchronizationcho bit s ng b ha
V d: mn hng khch hng yu cu c th cung cp c v th tn dng
ca khch hng hp l
Chn mt ngun ti nguyn m s dng cung cp cho cc tin trnh x l
V d: kho hng, ngn hng
Chn mt biu tng tng trng cho n v t chc.
V d: b phn bn hng, b phn k ton, hay b phn kho hng.
Chn mt tp tin vn bn
Chn mt ch thch
V mt ng lin kt gia cc biu tng trong s hay v mt mi
lin kt gia biu tng v ch thch hay v mt s ph thuc gia 2 i
tng cho bit s ph thuc m rng ca i tng
Chn mt tiu cho s PDM
Chn mt chui
V cc ng thng, ng cong, hnh ch nht, hnh ch nht vi cc gc

Line, trn, ng thng nhiu nt, a gic.
Arc, Rectangle, Ellipse, Rounded
Rectangle, Polyline, Polygon
4.2 S dng cc process (tin trnh), flow (dng d liu), v cc i tng

khc trong m hnh x l cng vic
4.2.1 S dng tin trnh (process)
Mt tin trnh phi c t nht mt dng d vo v mt dng d liu ra.
V d 1: xy dng phn mm h thng trn cc yu cu t bit
V d 2: vic rt tin khi c yu cu t hng
Mt tin trnh thuc mt trong 2 loi
ATOMIC (khng cha tin trnh con) : c hnh dng
Process_1
COMPOSITE (c cha tin trnh con m t hnh ng ca n): c dng
Process_1
~97~
Mt tin trnh m cn c tin trnh con cho bit rng cc cng vic ca tin trnh ny c thi hnh bi tin
trnh con bn trong n.
V d: tin trnh cp nht sch trong th vin ca nhn vin th th cn phn r thnh cc tin trnh con l
thm sch, xa sch v sa sch.
Cap nhat SACH
SACH
NHANVIEN
a. Bc 1
M hp thoi thuc tnh ca process nh
sau. Ti tab General cho ta nhp tn Name
v code mi cho process trong Code
dng tham chiu n Name, mc
stereotype : Phn loi cc tin trnh c
bt ngun t tin trnh c, mc
Organization Unit ti tab General lit k
danh sch cc n v t chc (v d: b
phn k ton, b phn bn hng hay b
phn kho), ti check box Composite nu
ta check chn ngha l tin trnh ta ang
xt s tr thnh tin trnh composite (c
tin trnh con)
Mc k tip ti tab General hp thoi
(Process
Properties)
c
tn
Implemented by lit k cc tin trnh c
th thc thi tin trnh m ta ang xt (hay
c th hiu tin trnh m ta ang xt c th
c kch hot bi mt tin trnh c
chn trong mc ny)
Gii thch cc thng tin ti tab General trong bng thuc tnh ca Process
Stereotype : l cc gi tr do ta t nh ngha m cc gi tr xut pht t cc i tng c v n
cho php ta m rng thm cc i tng (v mt ng ngha) m khng lm thay i cu trc ca i
tng. Do ta c th g trc tip gi tr vo ti mc sterectype hay chn mt stereotype nu trc
c.
~98~
Organization Unit: l yu t ty chn, cho ta chn la t chc ph hp vi tin trnh ang xt => c
th l mt cng ty, mt h thng, mt dch v hay mt t chc, mt user, mt role.
Implemented by : nu c check box composite c chn th mc Implemented by s b m i iu
ny cng cho bit rng tin trnh ang xt s c thi hnh bi tin trnh con ca n (implemented
process) , cn khng check ti check box composite th tin trnh ang xt c th c thi hnh bi tin
trnh khc (implemented by process).
b. Bc 2: Xt tab Action trong Process Properties: dng quy nh bn cht hnh ng ca tin trnh.
o Action type: cho bit kiu hot
ng c th l manual hay
automated
o Timeout: dng quy nh thi gian
ngoi l, mc nh l 0
o
Duration: dng c lng thi

gian ca hnh ng
4.2.2 S dng biu tng start (im bt u)

Process_1
Biu tng ny i din cho t bn ngoi i vo tin trnh mt
Start_1
4.2.3 S dng biu tng end (im kt thc): biu tng ny i din cho giao tip vi th
gii bn ngoi. Ta c th dng nhiu biu tng end cho bit c th xy ra nhiu trng hp. C th khng
c end trong mt s BPM v x l c th khng kt thc c ch khng phi lun kt thc, nhng trong
mt tin trnh m c tin trnh con th phi c t nht mt end
Xu ly chuong trinh
<<loi>>
<<loi>>
Tran bo nho
Tham so sai
<<Thanh cong>>
Ket thuc chuong trinh

Ta dng cc biu tng Start, End, Process (khi to cc biu tng s t ng km theo con s cho bit th
t, ta c th dng menu Tools/Display References hin th tt hn) minh ha im bt u sau qua
tin trnh x l v kt thc
~99~

Process_1
Start_1
M hnh th nht
End_1
Process_1
M hnh th hai
Process_2
Start_1
End_1
Cc dng d liu cn qua tin trnh (process) x l mi n im kt thc (end), cho nn t im bt u

(start) n thng im kt thc (end) l khng hng c hay c th hiu l khng hp l vi thc t (cha
x l m c th kt thc)
Ghi ch : Mt tin trnh c xem nh mt hnh ng dng tm n ch.
Cc tin trnh (process) c th xem li trong danh mc tin trnh bng cch chn menu: Model /
Processes s xut hin hp thoi List of Processes
4.2.4 S dng cc dng (flow): dng din t mt s tng tc gia 2 i tng c kh nng trao
i d liu cho nhau. Mt flow t i tng ny n i tng khc c th to thm iu kin bo v trn
flow , nu iu kin l true th flow c chuyn tun t t i tng ny sang i tng khc. Nu 2
flow u t i tng th nht qua th 2 gi l flow song song (parallel flow). Flow ch i t i tng ny
sang i tung khc theo bng lit k sau
i tng bt u
i tng kt thc
Decision Start_2
Start
Synchronization Start_3
Process_2
Process Start_4
Decision
Synchronization
Synchronization
Process_3
Process
End_4
End
Decision
Decision
Synchronization
Process_3
Process
End_4
End
Decision
Process
Process_3
Synchronization
Process
Process_3
Process_3
Process_4
Process_3
End
End_5
~100~
a. Xt tab Genaral ca bng thuc tnh ca flow vi cc mc quan trng nh sau.

Name: tn ca flow, Code: dng tham
chiu n name.
Source: i tng bt u flow,
Destination: i tng ch n ca flow.
Stereotype: phn loi t cc dng c.
Transport: xc nh cch thc truyn d
liu (c 3 loi l : Fax delivery, Mail,
Telephone), ta c th t to kiu khc.
Mc ny ch c mc ch lm ti liu.
Flow Type: xc nh kiu flow (c 4 loi
Success: xc nh flow thnh cng,
Timeout: xc nh ht thi gian,
Technical Error: cho bit li k thut,
Business Error: cho bit li cng vic).
Message format: xc nh kiu dl c
chuyn i gia cc tin trnh (c 2 loi
trong combo box: None: cho bit dl khng
thay i, Undefined: cho bit message
format s c to sau).
b. Xt tab Condition trong bng thuc tnh ca Flow.
Tab condition dng t iu kin cho cc flow
(n l 1 tham s c p t ln flow). Khi c
nhiu flow th mi iu kin c dng c
lng chn ra flow s i qua.
Tham s Alias: dng tng kt cc iu kin
gn kt ln flow, ghi mt b danh ngn gn
bit iu kin cho flow l g.
Khung Editor: dng vit chi tit v iu
kin to
Ghi ch: nu flow trn cng mt process gi l flow phn thn (Reflexive flow). Hnh sau cho thy process
nhn vin c mt Reflexive flow.
Nhan vien
4.2.5 S dng cc dng ti nguyn (resource flow)

C hnh dng mi tn ging flow nhng nt t ch khng lin nt nh flow, cho bit mt tin trnh truy cp
vo ngun ti nguyn.
~101~
Ti tab General c cc mc nh sau.
o Ti mc Message format ca tab General: ta c th dng thm mc ny trong trng hp dng d liu c
thay i gia tin trnh v mt resource. Ta c th kim tra s gn kt gia message format v resource
flow ny qua c trng check model bit message format c c tin trnh chp nhn hay khng ?
o Ti mc Access mode cho bit m hnh truy cp n d liu ngun theo flow c cc loi l create(tao),
update(cp nht), Delete (xa).
Nu mt Resource Flow t mt Process n Resouce nh hnh sau.
SACH
Kiem tra
Hnh trn cho bit process (nhn vin) s x l l to hay cp nht hay xa trn resource (sch).
Nu mt Resource Flow t mt Resouce n mt Process nh hnh sau.
Kiem tra
Nu mt Resource Flow t mt Process v Resouce nh hnh sau
Kiem tra
SACH
Hnh trn cho bit resource (sch) c process

(nhn vin) c, hay ni cch khc l process (nhn
vin) c d liu t resource (sch).
SACH
Hnh trn cho bit resource (sch) v process (nhn

vin) c nhiu phng thc truy cp l thng qua
thao tc c truy cp qua li vi mt hay nhiu m
hnh (to, cp nht, xa).
Tab Condition trong bng thuc tnh ca Resource Flow dng cho vic t iu kin ln resource flow.
Khi c nhiu resource flow th mi iu kin dng c lng chn ra mt resource flow s i qua.
Kiem tra
[chuc vu = "quan ly"]
SACH
o Ti mc Alias : ghi iu kin tng qut

c gn trn resource flow.
o Khung trng Editor: dng cho vic ghi
chi tit iu kin.
~102~
4.2.6. S dng cc synchronization (s ng b ha)

c dng to ra mt im ng b gia 2 s thi hnh : c nhiu dng i vo v c mt hay nhiu dng
i ra ch i kt thc nhp vo thi hnh.
Xt tab Action ca bng thuc tnh ca Synchronization
Dng khai bo mt tham s p t ln
synchronization cho bit v hnh ng
thc thi ca synchronization.
o Editor: dng ghi chi tit v hnh ng
thc thi.
o Timeout: l thi gian dng bit ngoi
l xut hin nu s thi hnh mt qu
nhiu thi gian gii hn.
4.2.7. S dng cc decision (quyt nh)

Biu tng cho bit ng lun phin c th chia thnh cc nhnh khc nhau. C th c mt dng i vo v
nhiu dng i ra, mi nhn ring bit c cc iu kin bo v. Tin trnh x l chung ca decision do ta quy
nh cc dng i theo ng hng da trn iu kin quy nh.
Mt iu kin bo v phi thch hp vi dng thc thi mt vi hnh ng. Thng qua cc dng th cc
iu kin khng c chng cho trnh s khng r rng, nhng chng cn c bao hm trnh s b
ng yn mt ch.
Mt decision cho php ta to cc dng phc tp nh cc cu lnh trong lp trnh:
if ... then ... else ...

switch ... case ...
do ... while ...
loop
for ... next ...
v d: da vo decision quyt nh theo hng bn tri hay
Cc dng (flow) c th xem li trong danh
bn phi
mc dng bng cch chn menu: Model / Flows
s xut hin hp thoi List of Flows.
[yes] thang chuc
duoi viec [no]
phai = "Nam"
Khi ta t tn (name) cho i tng th code s t chn ging tn, nu qu trnh ny khng thc hin hy chn
menu : Tool/General Option/Dialog.
Cc ty chn cho m hnh trong menu : Tools/Model Options
~103~

S dng decision chn ng thch hp trong nhiu kh nng c th xy ra.
V d v DECISION : Sau khi kim tra
mn hng trong kho hng th s c 2
KHO HANG
trng hp xy ra.
Kiem tra mon hang
Trng hp 1: Mn hng trong kho

hng khng tn ti.
Trng hp 2: Mn hng trong kho

hng tn ti.
Tinh trang mon hang
[ton tai]
Thong bao hop le
[khong ton tai]
Thong bao that bai
4.2.8. S dng message format

Mt message format dng xc nh mt loi dl ph thuc vo s thay i bn cht ban u v khi 2 i
tng tha thun truyn thng. Nu dl khng thay i th khng cn message format.
Mt message format c th l ti liu XML, m khi ta cn c mt DTD c bit hay mt lc XML,
hay tham s ca mt th tc gi. Ta phi lit k cc tham s thay i vi kiu dl ca chng, cng nh tn
tham s v thng tin nhp xut. Message format c th xem l mt hnh thc qun tr.
Xt tab General ca bng thuc tnh ca message format.
Trong message format type cho ta chn kiu tng ng c th l Undefined, Xml Schema, Dtd. Nu
khng thch cc kiu ny th c th t g kiu ca ring mnh.
Undefined: khng cn chn kiu.
XML schema: cho bit message format cn
1 lc XML.
DTD: cho bit message format cn 1 DTD.
~104~

Xt tab Definition: dng xc nh vic gn kt ca message format ln flow.
Mc Definition Type: cho bit message format to

lp v lu trong cc i tng (nhng bn trong) hay
lu tr bn ngoi (word, excel).
Embedded file: cho bit message format c to v
lu tr bn trong i tng. Khi chn mc ny th g
trc tip gi tr vo khung trng bn di.
External file v URL: cho bit vic to message
format bn ngoi m hnh => c th l tp tin hay
a ch web. Khi phn External definition s cho ta
chn ng dn cn thit.
Process_1
Message Format_1
~105~
Cch v m hnh DFD trong Power Designer

Chn File / New, ti mc Model type ta chn Business Process Model, v ti mc Process
language ta chn Data Flow Diagram
Sau ta nhn OK, my s xut hin mn hnh thit k s DFD nh sau, vi hai thanh cng c
m ta quan tm l Data Flow Diagram v Palette
Cc biu tng trn thanh cng c Data Flow Diagram nh sau
~106~
Data Store: kho d liu

External Entity: cc thc th bn ngoi
Resource Flow: v dng d liu gia Process v Data Store
Process: tin trnh x l
Split/Merge: chia ct hoc trn
Flow: v dng d liu t Process n External Entity hoc gia cc
Flow
Gii thch v external entity : dung gi v nhn d liu t h thng. N i din cho mt ngi,
my mc, t chc, n l phn bn ngoi ca h thng. Cc dng d liu (Flow) v t cc external
entities i n cc tin trnh x l (process).
Gii thch v data store : l ni m d liu c lu tr c nh hoc tm thi. N p ng yu cu
cho vic lu tr v truy cp d liu, v khng c bt c hnh ng khi to bt ngun t kho d
liu. N c th dng tp tin hoc c s d liu lu tr d liu, hoc dng tn, a ch
Gii thch v process : l mt hot ng m n bin i d liu u vo v a d liu n th tc
x l d liu cho d liu u ra.
V d: trong m hnh v xut bn sch, chn mt bn tho l mt tin trnh (process). D liu
c gi n tin trnh chn la ra bn tho thch hp. Trong sut tin trnh chn la, bn
tho c chuyn i in ngay ra my in, hoc ch i trc khi n c in. Cc dng d
liu i ra t cc tin trnh (process) c th i n cc External Entity, Data Store, Slpit /
Merge hoc cc tin trnh khc.
Gii thch v split/merge : cho php ta chia ct cc dng d liu (flow) cho n c th gi d liu
n cc ni khc nhau, hoc trn cc dng d liu li t cc ngun khc nhau tr thnh mt dng
d liu.
Mt split/merge n gi d liu n nhiu ni t mt dng d liu u vo v chia ra thnh nhiu
dng d liu ra.
Split / Merge c dng cho gi d liu phc tp m khi d liu c chia thnh nhiu
phn t d liu, mi phn t d liu c gi n cc thnh phn khc ca h thng.
Split / Merge cng cn dung cho vic nhn bn cc gi d liu gi n cc phn khc
nhau trong h thng,
v d: v mt m hnh Split/ Merge vi mt dng d liu u vo v nhiu dng d liu u ra nh
sau
~107~
Mt split/merge m n dng kt hp cc dng d liu t cc ngun khc nhau vi nhiu dng d

liu u vo v mt dng d liu u ra. Vic dng ny c ngha khi nhiu gi d liu c kt
hp li thnh gi d liu phc tp.
V d: cho bit split/merge vi nhiu dng d liu u vo v mt dng d liu u ra
V d v mt s DFD c thit k trong Power Designer

Nu cn tp trung vo vic trao i d liu gia cc tin trnh, ta nn xy dng s dng d liu
(DFD), v n cho php ta xc nh c d liu v thy c s lin h vi cc m hnh d liu
khc nh (m hnh mc-CDM, m hnh vt l-PDM, m hnh hng i tng-OODM).

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Trng CAO NG CNG NGH THNG TIN

Khoa CNG NGH THNG TIN

Phn tch thit k

Chng 1: Tng quan v h thng thng tin (Information System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Cch thc nh s th t slide bi ging

Chng 1: Tng quan v H THNG THNG TIN

Phn tch thit k H THNG THNG TIN

L tp hp cc phn t, c cc mi lin h rng

H THNG THNG TIN

Ni dung chi tit

Cc kha cnh trong nh ngha h thng

Cc phn t l rt a dng, chng hn

Lin h gia cc phn t

Chng 1: Tng quan v H THNG THNG TIN

Hnh minh ha H THNG

S hot ng ca h thng th hin trn

L h thng m mc ch l kinh doanh hoc

Dch v phi li nhun

Khi ni h thng nhn ci vo v xut ci

L cc dch v khng th c tng nng

ra, th ngm hiu l h thng phi

cc hot ng gio dc, y t, t thin,

trng . M mi trng chng qua l

mt h thng no , c giao tip vi h

Hnh minh ha H THNG

H thng ca hng bn nc gii kht

Bin son: Th.S Trng Chu Long

Chng 1: Tng quan v H THNG THNG TIN

THNG KINH DOANH/DCH V

L h thng trong mi trng kinh

Do con ngi to ra v c s tham

T chc hnh chnh s nghip

y ban nhn dn, mt trn t quc

Hi t thin, chm sc sc khe cng

Mi trng kinh t: khch hng, ch

Chng 1: Tng quan v H THNG THNG TIN

Xt cng ty ITC chuyn sn xut v kinh

Nhn hng ha, dch v, tin

- Xut khu hng ha

T chc & Mi trng

Mi trng bn ngoi t chc

Mi trng & t chc

Bin son: Th.S Trng Chu Long

Phn tch thit k HTTT

Chng 1: Tng quan v H THNG THNG TIN

v d h thng qun l SINHVIEN

V d v HTQL bn nc gii kht

Thu nhp d liu v

(5) Nc gii kht giao t n v cung ng vo

H thng qun l ca hng in my

(6) Phiu nhp hng gi cho vn phng

(7) Thng bo cho b phn bn hng tnh

trng tn kho hin hnh

(8) Nc gii kht giao cho khch hng

V d v HTQL bn nc gii kht

H THNG THNG TIN

V d v HTQL bn nc gii kht

Khi nim v thng tin

(1) n t mua nc gii kht ca khch

L h thng gm nhiu phn t, phi

hng gi n b phn bn hng

(2) n t mua nc gii kht c kim