RELAY:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays use an electromagnet to

mechanically operate a switch. They are used where it is necessary to control
a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between
control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled
by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits
as amplifiers i.e. they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and retransmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

Fig. Relay
BASIC DESIGN AND OPERATION
A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a
soft iron core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for
magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts.
The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more
sets of moving contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay
is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition,
one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other
set is open.
When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic
field that activates the armature, the consequent movement of the movable
contact(s) either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a
connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the
relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks
the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current
to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately
half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position.
SOLID-STATE RELAY
A solid-state relay (SSR) is an electronic switching device that switches
states when an external voltage is applied along its n-type and p-type

junctions. SSR has a small control signal that controls a larger load current
or voltage. It consists of a sensor which responds to an appropriate input
(control signal), a solid-state electronic switching device which switches
power to the load circuitry, and some coupling mechanism to enable the
control signal to activate this switch without mechanical parts. The relay
may be designed to switch either AC or DC to the load. It serves the same
function as an electromechanical relay, but has no moving parts. Solid-state
relays are composed of semiconductor materials, including thyristors and
transistors.